Math 138: Assignment 4 Solutions

due Friday, June 5, 2015 at 12:00 pm

1. Determine whether the following integrals converge or diverge. Evaluate the integral
in the case that it is convergent.
Z
8
(a) dx
e x(ln(x))2
We have an improper integral of type 1 since one of the limits is infinity and there
are no discontinuities (on our interval of integration).
First of all we have by definition
Z Z t
8 8
2
dx = lim 2
dx
e x(ln(x)) t e x(ln(x))

1
Let u = ln x then du = x
dx. Also when x = e, u = 1 and as x = t, u = ln t so we
have

Z Z t
8 8
dx = lim dx
e x(ln(x))2 t e x(ln(x))
2
Z ln t
8
= lim du
t 1 u2
ln t
8 
= lim 
t u
 1 
8
= lim +8
t ln t
=8

Therefore, the integral converges to 8.

Z
1
(b) dx
0 1+ x
We have an improper integral of type 1 since one of the limits is infinity and there
are no discontinuities
Z Z t
1 1
dx = lim dx
0 1+ x t 0 1+ x

2
We let u = 1 + x so that u 1 = x and x = (u 1) . Then dx = 2(u 1)du.
Also when x = 0, u = 1 and when x = t, u = 1 + t so we get
 Z Z t
1 1
dx = lim dx
0 1+ x t 0 1+ x

Z 1+ t
1
= lim (2(u 1)) du
t 1 u

1+ t
2u 2
Z
= lim du
t 1 u

Z 1+ t
2
= lim 2
du
t1 u
1+t

= lim 2u 2 ln(u)
t
1

= lim 2(1 + t) 2 ln(1 + t) 2
t

Now let s = 1 + t. As t we have that s so we can say

lim 2(1 + t) 2 ln(1 + t) 2 = lim 2s 2 ln(s) 2
t s
 
ln(s) 1
= lim 2s 1
s s s
(1 0 0)

ln(s)
Since 0 as s by LHopitals rule.
s
Therefore, the given integral is divergent.
Z 2 x
3
(c) x ln dx
0 2
Note that this
 x is an improper integral since ln 0 is undefined.
Let u = ln and dv = x3 dx.
2
1 x4
Then du = dx and v = .
x 4
Using Integration by Parts, we have
2 Z
Z 2 x 4 2 4
x x x 1
lim+ x3 ln dx = lim+ ln  dx
t0 t 2 t0 4 2 t 4 x
t
 4  2
x x x4 
= lim+ ln
4 2 16 

t0
t
t4 t t4
 
= lim+ 1 ln +
t0 4 2 16
 4 
t t
= 1 lim+ ln
t0 4 2
 We can evaluate the remaining limit using lhopitals rule since
 4 
t t ln(t/2)
lim+ ln = lim+
t0 4 2 t0 1/t4
1/t
= lim+
t0 4/t5

t4
= lim+
t0 4
= 0

Thus, the integral converges to 1 + 0 = 1.

Z 4
dx
(d)
4 x2 4
2 x
Note that there is a discontinuity at x = 2, so this is an Improper Integral.
Lets first evaluate the indefinite integral by Trig Substitution.

Let x = 2 sec . Then dx = 2 sec tan d and x2 4 = 4 sec2 4 = 2 tan .
The integral becomes
Z Z Z
dx 2 sec tan d 1
= = cos3 d
x4 x2 4 (24 ) sec4 (2 tan ) 16
Z
1
= (1 sin2 ) cos d
16
sin3
 
1
= sin
16 3
3
!
1 x2 4 x2 4
=
16 x 3x3

Now we will evaluate the definite improper integral.

Z 4 Z 4
dx dx
dx = lim+
4 x2 4 4 x2 4
2 x t2 t x
3
! 4
1 x2 4 x2 4 
= lim+
t2 16 x 3x3


t
3 3
!
1 12 12 2
t 4 t2 4
= lim +
t2 16 4 3(4)3 t 3t3
!
1 3 2 3
=
16 2 16
!
1 3 3
=
16 8

The integral is convergent.

2. Use the Comparison Test to determine whether the integral is convergent or divergent.
Z 1
1
(a) 3/2
dx
0 x cos x
 For 0 < x 1, we have 0 < cos(1) cos x < 1 and thus
1 1
>
x3/2 cos x x3/2
Now,
1
Z 1 Z 1  
 1
x3/2 dx = lim+ x 3/2
dx = lim+ 2x 1/2 
 = lim+ 2 1 =
0 t0 t t0  t0 t
t

Thus, the given integral is divergent by the comparison theorem.

Z
dx
(b) 3 2/x
(Hint: Begin by showing that et 1 + t for all t 0.)
1 x (e 1)
We will begin by showing et 1 + t for all t 0. Equivalently, we can show
et (1 + t) 0.
We let f (t) = et (1 + t). Then f 0 (t) = et 1.
Since et 1 for all t 0, we have f 0 (t) 0 for all t 0 and hence f is increasing.
Also, f (0) = e0 (1 + 0) = 1 1 = 0.
Together, this implies that f (t) 0 for all t 0.
Now, we have

et 1 + t t 0
2 2
e2/x 1 + since 0 becasue x > 0
x x
2
e2/x 1
x
1 x
2/x

e 1 2
1 2
3 2/x
2
since x3 0
x (e 1) x
Z Z
2 dx
Since 2
dx is convergent (p = 2 > 1), then 3 2/x
is convergent
1 x 1 x (e 1)
by comparison.
1
3. Let R be the region defined by 0 y and x 0.
1 + x2
(a) Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the x-axis.
Using disks, we find the volume is
Z  2
1
V = dx
0 1 + x2

We will use the trig substitution x = tan , for ( 2 , 2 ).

Then dx = sec2 . Also, we can rewrite the denominator (1+x2 )2 = (1+tan2 )2 =
(sec2 )2 = sec4 .
We also note that when x = 0, tan = 0 so = 0 and when x , tan ,

so 2
.
t
sec2
Z
V = lim d

t 2 0 sec4
Z t
= lim

cos2 d
t 2 0
Z t 
1 1
= lim + cos 2 d
t 2 0 2 2
  t
1
= lim + sin 2

2 4

t 2 
0
 
t 1
= lim + sin 2t 0 0
t 2 2 4
 
1
= + sin
4 4
2
=
4

(b) Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the y-axis.
Using cylindrical shells, the volume V is
Z
1
V = 2x dx
0 1 + x2
Z t
x
= 2 lim dx
t 0 1 + x2
t
1 
= 2 lim ln |1 + x2 |

t 2 
0
1
ln |1 + t2 | ln |1|


= lim
t 2

= ( 0)
2
=
dy
4. A direction field for the differential equation + 3x2 y = 6x2 is shown below.
dx
(a) Trace the solution curve that satisfies the initial condition y(0) = 3.

(b) Find all equilibrium solutions.

y = 2 is the equilibrium solution. Note that when y = 2, the differential equation
becomes

0 + 3x2 (2) = 6x2

 which is valid for all x.
(c) Use Eulers Method with step size h = 0.2 to approximate y(1), where y(x) is the
dy
solution of the initial-value problem + 3x2 y = 6x2 , y(0) = 3.
dx
We rewrite our differential equation as
dy
= 6x2 3x2 y
dx
Using the formula

(xn , yn ) = (xn1 + h, yn1 + hF (xn1 , yn1 ))

where x0 = 0, y0 = 3, and F (x, y) = 6x2 3x2 y = 3x2 (2 y) to obtain

(x1 , y1 ) = (0 + 0.2, 3 + 0.2F (0, 3))

(x1 , y1 ) = (0.2, 3 + 0.2(3(0)2 (2 3))) = (0.2, 3)
(x2 , y2 ) = (0.2 + 0.2, 3 + 0.2(3(0.2)2 (2 3))) = (0.4, 2.976)
(x3 , y3 ) = (0.4 + 0.2, 2.976 + 0.2(3(0.4)2 (2 2.976))) = (0.6, 2.882304)
(x4 , y4 ) = (0.6 + 0.2, 2.882304 + 0.2(3(0.6)2 (2 2.882304))) = (0.8, 2.691726336)
(x5 , y5 ) = (0.8 + 0.2, 2.69172636 + 0.2(3(0.8)2 (2 2.69172636))) = (1, 2.42610343776)

Therefore, y(1) 2.4261.

9e9t
5. Verify that the function y = is a solution to the equation
10 e9t
dy
= y(9 + y)
dt

9e9t
We simply do a left-side right-side comparison here. With y = we have
10 e9t
dy
LS = RS = y(9 + y)
dt
81e9t (10 e9t ) 9e9t (9e9t ) 9e9t 9e9t
  
LS = RS = 9+
(10 e9t )2 10 e9t 10 e9t
810e9t 9e9t 90 9e9t 9e9t
   
LS = RS = +
(10 e9t )2 10 e9t 10 e9t 10 e9t
810e9t 9e9t
   
90
LS = RS =
(10 e9t )2 10 e9t 10 e9t
810e9t 810e9t
LS = RS =
(10 e9t )2 (10 e9t )2

9e9t dy
Since LS = RS then y = is a solution to the DE = y(9 + y)
10 e9t dt