Harmonic Filter For Better Power Quality

3/15/2017 Harmonicfilterforbetterpowerquality
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Harmonicfilterforbetterpowerquality
April16th,2009|PostedinPowerquality
Tags:DCmotor,electricalsystem,harmonics,powerfactor,Powerquality,uninterruptiblepowersupplies
PowerQualityOptimizationwithActiveHarmonicFilter:
Itiswidelybelievedthatactiveharmonicsfilters(AHF)areverycostly
and,therefore,arethelastchoiceforpowerqualitysolutions.Theanswerisitdepends.Everyharmonics
mitigationandpowerfactorcorrectiondevicehasitsplaceinthemarket.
Knowingwhatasolutiondoesforpowerqualityandtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachsolutionprovide
optimizedsolutionswithmaximumbenefitsfortheuser.
Activeharmonicsfiltersprovidecontrolledcurrentinjectiontoremoveharmoniccurrentfromthesourceside
ofelectricalsystemsandreactivecurrenttocorrectforpoordisplacementpowerfactor(PF).Active
harmonicsfilterscanbeappliedtoasinglenonlinearloadormany.Thenonlinearloadscanbemixedtypesor
devices,suchasvariablefrequencydrives(VFD),DCmotorspeedcontrols(akaDCdrives),uninterruptible
powersupplies(UPS),orthyristor(DC)powersupplies,tonameafew.
http://engineering.electricalequipment.org/powerquality/harmonicfilter.html 1/28
Whenisthebestvalueachievedwithactiveharmonicfilters?
Whenmorethanonenonlinearloadand/ortypeofloadsarepresent:DCdrives,UPS,VFD,andothers
canoperateonthesameelectricalsystemasanactiveharmonicsfiltersystem
Wheninputlinereactorsareusedtoreducethetotalharmonicsdistortionofnonlinearloads.
When6pulserectifiersareemployedinDCdrives,UPS,VFDorDCpowersupplies.
Whenthyristorrectifiersareusedandpowerfactorandharmonicscorrectionarerequired:DCdrives
andDCpowersuppliesrequirepowerfactorcorrectionandharmonicmitigation.
WhenPFcorrectionisrequiredwherehighharmonicscontentispresent:Poorpowerfactorinan
electricalsystemahighcontentofnonlinearloadscannotbeperformedbytraditionalpowerfactor
correctioncapacitorsystems
Whererapidinrushorsteploadchangesrequiresupport(akaVARcompensation)tostopflicker:The
powerqualityofanelectricalsystemisquitepoorduetothemassivevoltagevariationscausedbythe
loads.
Whenmeetingharmonicsspecificationswithinyourfacility.
Thenatureofharmoniccurrentsisthattheyarevectorsumsoftheamplitudes,currentandvoltage,ateach
harmonicorder.Thatistheyaretherootsumsquareofeachharmonicordertimesthecosineofthephaseangle
differencesbetweenthevectors.Vectormathmakes1+1=Sqrt2(1.414)not2.Activeharmonicfilter
selectionusesthistoactuallyreducetheperampsizeoftheactivefilterasthequantityofnonlinearloads
increases.Individualsolutions(thatisperrectifier)mustbesizedforthefullamplitudeharmonicspectrum
makingthem,collectively,moreexpensiveandphysicallylargerthanAHF
6pulserectifiersproducethehighestlevelofharmoniccurrentamongthreephaseloads.Ifnoimpedanceis
presentasaninputlinereactororaDCbuschoke(fordioderectifiersonly),6prectifiersmayapproach100
120%totalharmoniccurrentdistortion(TDD).AfirststeptoreducethisveryhighlevelofTDDistoinsert35
%impedancelinereactancetoreducetheTDDtoabout3240%perrectifier.ThentheAHFisselectedforthis
muchlowerTDDlevel.ThustheAHFsizeisreducedduetotheinexpensiveinsertionofinductors.
Thyristorrectifiersareknownasphasecontrolledrectifiers.ThyristorsareturnedonatvaryingpointsintheAC
waveformtocontrolthepowerdeliveredtotheDCsideoftherectifier.ThisprocesscausesdisplacementPF
variationsandharmonics.TheinterestingpointisthatmaximumharmonicsoccuratbestdisplacementPFand
viceversa.TheAHFisthebestdevicetoprovideexactlywhatisrequiredtoachievebesttotalortruePF
highestlaggingPFandlowestTDDallthetime.Thisachieveshighlevelsofpowerquality.
ItisalwaysdifficulttoselecttunedPFcapacitorsystemswhentheharmonicscontentishigh.Thetuningtends
tobedifficultduetotheamplitudeofharmoniccurrentthatflowsthroughthecapacitorcircuit.Thesolutionis
tomakethePFcapacitorVARslargersoasnottooverloadthecapacitors.Thismaypreservethecapacitorsbut
cancauseleadingPFattimes.AHFwillnotcauseleadingPFatanytimeanddontcareifharmonicsare
presentwhileperformingPFcorrection.
Loadsthatcauseflicker(lightintensityvariationsduetorapidlinevoltagevariations)areveryshortduration
eventssometimesasshortas23cycles.AHFarefastenoughtoprovidesupportinabout100microseconds.
OftentheAHFcanbepackagedwithPFcapacitorstagestocreateahybridVARcompensation(HVC)system
forpriceandphysicalsizeoptimization.
Whenapplyingharmonicsstandardsinsideafacility,thesolutionissometimesdifficulttoattain.Thisis
usuallyduetothelowshortcircuitcurrentcapacityofthepointofcommoncouplingchosenwithintheplant.
AHFmakemeetingorexceedingthestandardsimple,effective,andcomplete.
DoestheabovehelpyouunderstandAHFandpowerquality?
Whatcanwedotohelpyoufurther?
JimJohnson
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Comment(s)toHarmonicfilterforbetterpowerquality
1. didarsinghsays:
2009/05/13at9:56am
willkvareffectsgeneration&transmission
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2009/05/13at2:51pm
UitlitysystemshavetheabilitytoprovideKW(voltageandcurrentinphase),KVAR(voltageand
currentoutofphase),andharmoniccurrent(currentatintegermultiplesofthebasefrequency).
VARandharmoniccurrentareconductedinthepowercables.
VARcurrentproportionallyreducestheabilityofthegridtoproviderealcurrent(KW).
Harmoniccurrentcausesheatingdisproportionatetoitsamplitude.Heatingeffectismuchlarger
thanactualcurrentamplitude.
WhenloadsdemandeitherVARorharmoniccurrent,thegridcapacityisreduced.Therefore,the
gridconductorsmustbeoversizedwherethisoccurs.Thesolutiontopreventoverutilizationor
oversizingofthegridduetoVARandharmoniccurrentistoprovidethesourceofeachlocallyand
removethedemandfromthegridPFcorrectionandharmonicfilters.
Fromthegenerationside,whenrotatinggeneratorsareusedtoproducethepower,thegeneratorhas
theabilitytoprovideVARsupportreadily.Itistheelectricalnatureofthegenerator.Generatorsdo
notliketoproduceharmoniccurrentextraheatingoccursbutcan.
However,aswemovetomoreandmorealternativemethodsofpowergeneration,theelectronics
usedtocreatethepower(fromPVorwindoretc.)onlyproduceKW.Thusaneedofalternate
KVARandharmonicsupportisrequired.Thiscanbelocalbytheuseroruniversalbytheutility.
Thecostmustbebornbytheuserinallcases.
Fromanenergyefficiencystandpoint,localsupportforbothKVARandharmoniccurrentreduces
thecostoftransmission(sizeofcablesandalternatesources)andutilizationofthegrid.Itpermits
moreKWtobetransmittedontheexistingcablesandpermitsplanningoffuturegridstoinclude
smallercables=lessmineralresourcesconsumedandprocessed.Ithelpsmaketheplanetgreener.
Reply
UmeshSonawanesays:
2010/11/22at7:23am
IhavereadyourcommentsonHarmonicFillters.Iamreallyimpressedonyourknowledge
aboutpowerconditioning.Wearefacingoneproblemregardingharmonics.Wehavevarious
ratingsofinductionmotorsatourwaterpumpingstationsinNASIK,INDIA.Themotorsare
440Vratingsfrom3HPto300HPatalmostallsites.At2sites,wehave3.3KV430HPand
1000HPmotors.WeareusingconventionalDOL,StardeltaandAutotransformerstarters.
TheElectricityboardhassentusnoticethatatsomesites,nearthemeteringpoint,thesupply
checkedisdistortedandTHDfoundfrom10to25%.Wearenotusinganytypesofdrives,
wedonothaveUPS,Inverter,Rectifiersoranytypeofelectronicswitchingdevices.Howcan
harmonicsbecreatedbyourload?Isitpossible?Wearemaintainingpowerfactorunityatall
oursites.Isitpossiblethatatsomepointifpowerfactorgoesleading,harmonicsare
generated?Willleadingpowerfactorcreateharmonics?Isitpossiblethatharmonicsare
enteringfromelectricityboardline?Pleaseexplaincurrent/voltageharmonics.
Jimsays:
2010/11/22at3:39pm
HI,Umesh,
WhenthereannononlinearloadspresentandPFcapacitors(PFC)areusedtoraisethe
displacmentPF(DPF)aboveabout0.95lagging,theissueisusuallyresonance.
YouindicatedtheDPFobjectiveisunity.Attemptingtomaintainaboveabout0.95lagging
DPFwithPFCisoftendangerousandresultsinexactlywhatyouhavestated.
PFCaredesignedtoswitchslowly.TheresultisthatattimestheDPFgoesleading.If
curcumstancesarecorrectresonancewiththeutilityPFCcanoccur.Onesymptonisthatthe
mainsvoltagerisesbeforetheresonancebegins.
Asageneralrule,SchniederElectricdosnotrecommendusingPFCtocorrectforDPFabove
0.95lagging.Wesuggestusinganactiveharmonicfilter.Activeharmonicfilters(AHF)
provideDPFcorrectionbyinjectingphaseshiftedcurrentelectronically.Thiseliminatesthe
possibilityofresonance.
YoucanusePFCtocorrectto0.95laggingandsupplementtheresttounitywithAHF.
PleasecontactyourSchneiderElectricsalesandaplicationcenterinIndiaforassistance.
Thanksforwritingandgoodluck.
Cobussays:
2014/11/03at6:53am
HiJim,
Ihavesomethingdifferenttoaskyouaboutplease.Irecentlydiscoveredthatitispossibleto
take3phases400VoltsAC50hzandwiththehelpofachokeandacapacitor,makeita3
phasebalancedsupplytoa2phase400Voltsinductionfurnace.ButIknowverylittleabout
itandwishtounderstandthisbetter.Canyouhelp?Wehave12furnaceson2phasesandthe
powerisveryunbalancedallthetime.Thefurnacesarebeingswitchedbythyristorsat
presentfromaPIDconfiguredEurotherm3204temperaturecontrollerputtingout4to20mA
toaphaseanglecarddrivingabacktobackthyristorpackinonelegofthe2phasesupply.
IalsowishtounderstandhowswitchingitwithIGBTdriverswillworkandifitisbetter,
sinceIhavebeenadvisedtochangethethyristorcontroltoIGBT.Canyouhelpmewith
adviceherealsoplease?
Cobus
2. GopalaKrishnansays:
2009/06/13at3:17pm
Thisblogisfantasticbyjohnsonandistootechnical.IsimplyloveitandIwanttoaskonethingtoJim,
Whatisexactlythediff.betweentunedanddetunedharmonicfilter.WhichoneisappropriateforVFDs?
whatistheexactprocessofconnectingthefilterswiththeload?Isthereanygoodqualitymakesavailable
inthemarket?Pleaseconfirm
Reply
3. JimJohnsonsays:
2009/06/15at6:25pm
Thanksforthecompliment.Thesubjectisnotsimpleitgetstoughtomakeitsimple.
APFcapacitorwhenplacedinanelectricalsystemhasaresonantfrequencybasedupontheinductanceof
theelectricalsystem(fromanypoint)andthecapacitanceofthePFcapacitors.ThePFcapacitorsare
installedparalleltotheloads.Addingareactorintheparallelportionofthecircuitinserieswiththe
capacitorsmodifiesthefrequencyofthePFcapacitorbankandthustheresonantfrequencyofthePF
capacitorbankintheelectricalsystem.Thisisdetuning.
PFcapacitorswillinteractwithallfrequenciespresentintheelectricalsystem.Whenharmonicsare
presentthisisharmfulltothecapacitors.TheharmoniccurrentswilloverheatthePFcapacitorstoshorten
itslifeortripitsthermalsafetydevices.Detuningcanbedesignedtoblockmostoftheharmonic
currentsorcanbedesignedtopermitthecurrentofoneharmonicfrequencytoflowintothecapacitors.
Theblockingdesignisconsidereddetunedwithintheindustry.Thedesignthatpermitsaharmonic
ordertoflowintothecapacitorsiscalledatunedcapacitororaharmonicfilter.
Detunedandtunedcapacitorsystemsaretypicallyoftwoapplicationphilosophies.Oneisanelectrical
systemsolutionwhereonelargebankisusedforagroupofloadsorusedattheutilityconnection.Local
andworldwidesuppliersoftheseexist.However,aharmonicstudyisrequiredforthesetypesofsolutions.
Besurethecompanychosencanprovidethisbeforeequipmentispurchased.
Thesecondphilosophyistoplaceasmalltunedcapacitorsystemateachnonlinearloadtoprovide
harmonicsuppressionfortheelectricalsystem.Tobesurethatthesesmalltunedbanksdonotinteract
witheachother(whenmorethanoneisinstalled)oroverloadduethepresenceofothersourcesof
harmonics,aseriesreactoronthesourcesideofthefiltersectionisrequired.Theseriesreactorissizedfor
thefullloadcurrentofthenonlinearloadonwhichapplied.
Thetunedfilteralsoprovidesleadingreactivecurrentthatmustbeevaluatedwithinthesystemto
determineifproblemsmayoccurduetoexcessiveleadingPF.Themanufacturersofthesetypeoffilters
tendtobelocalizedoperationswithinindividualconutries.Theyexistsinmanycountries.
TheresultofproperlyapplyingeitherdevicewillrelievetheutilityofconductingVARsandspecific
harmonicsandpermitgreengenerationtechnologiestobemoreeasilyemployed.
Regards
Reply
4. Engr.OrlandoOrensesays:
2009/08/18at4:15am
DearJim,
ReallyadmireyourindepthknowledgeandexpertiseinthePowerQualityissues.Thoughtheressome
otherschoolofthoughtwhichIwishtostreamlinetoavoidconfusionsasthereareotherterminologies
beingutilize.
CouldyougiveusparticularcommercialavailableasourcesofHarmonicsMitigatosandfilters.
Thanksandregards,
Orlando
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2009/08/18at5:29pm
Hi,Orlando,
Thankyouforyourcommentsandinterestinthesubject.
Thecommercialmarkethasadifferentconcernthandoestheindustrialmarket.Forthemostpart
theindustrialmarketutilizesthreephaseloads.Thatiswhatthepreviousdiscussionsaddress.
Thecommercialmarkethasamixtureofthreeandsinglephaseloads.Typically,theseloadsare
dividedintoenvironmentcontrol(HVACequipment)andofficeenvironment.TheHVAC
equipmentofbuildingsistypicallyisolatedfromtheofficeenviornment(suppliedbyseparate
electricaldistributionsystems).Thecomfortequipmentisalmostallvariablefrequencydrive
(VFD)controlled.VFDprovidebestefficienciesandbestandrepeatablecontrols,butdorequire
harmonicmitigationduethehighconcnetrationofVFD.
Theofficeareacanbedividedintotwosegmentstodaylightingandallotherequipment.Lighting
hasbeenoneareawherethemanufacturershavetakenverygoodstepstoreducetheirharmonic
levels.Generally,electronicballastsarelimitedtoabout20%TDD(totalharmoniccurrent
distortionbaseduponfullloadlevel).Someofferpremiumsystemsthatlimitharmonccurrent
contenttoabout5%TDD.Manygovernmentshaveissuelawsdemandingtheselevels.
Allofficemachines(copiers,printers,desktopPCs,computerperipherals,etc.)utilizeswitched
modepowersupplies(SMPS).TheearlySMPSwereveryhighinharmoniccontentbutoperatedat
nearunitydisplacementpowerfactor.
Sincethemid2000s,codesandstandardshavebeenissuedthatrequireSMPStobelowharmonic
devices.Theresultsarethatnewinformationtechnology(IT)equipmentcomplywithabout5%
TDD.However,thedesignoftheSMPSisnowcausingleadingdisplacementpowerfactoratlow
loadlevels.ThishascausedmuchtroublefortheUPSmanufacturerssincetheUPSwasnot
designedtohandlethishighleadingpowerfactorlevels.Theresultisthatactiveharmonicfilters
havebeenusedtocorrectfortheleadingpowerfactorbyinjectinglaggingpowerfactortopermit
useontheinstalledUPS.(NotethatnewerdesignsofUPShaveaddressedthisissuesotheUPS
doesoperateproperlywithleadingpowerfactorloads.)
AlloftheaboveisapreambleforthediscussionthatIthinkyouaskedaboutharmonicmitigation
fortheofficeenvironment.
Thereareseveralpointsthatareuniversal.1)Singlephasenonlinearloadscreateneutralharmonics.
(Neutralharmonicsaresometimescalledzerosequenceharmonicsortriplen(multiplesof3)
harmonics.)2)Neutralharmonicscanexceedtheamplitudeofthefundamentalcurrentmaximum
levelsare1.73(squarerootof3)timesthefundamentalcurrent.3)Mostcodesandstandardsnow
requiretheneutraltobesizedtotwicethesizeofthefundamentalcurrentcables(whereoneneutral
servicesallthreephases)oreachphasegetsitsown100%ratedneutral.
Inthe480V/60Hzworld,the208/120VAClevelisderivedfromthe480Vsupplyutilizing
isolationtransformerswithadeltaprimaryandwyesecondary.Thisconfigurationpreventsthe
neutralharmonicsfrombeingconductedonthe480VACsystem.
Inthe400V/50Hzworld,thesinglephaseloadsareconnectedfroma400Vphasetoneutraland
operateat220VAC.Theresultisthatthe400VACsystemcarriersthetriplenharmonics.
Theemphasisinthe480Vworldistopreventoverheatingoftheneutralandthetransformer
providingthesupplyvoltage.Protectingthetransformeriseasy.Manytypesofneutralfiltering
exist.Theyrangefromblockingreactorsthathaveaveryhighimpedanceforthethirdharmonic,to
zigzagtransformersthatshuntthetriplenharmonicsintothemains,totunedthirdorderpassive
filters,andultimatelyactiveharmonicfiltersthattreatthetriplenharmonics.Theissueinallof
thesesolutionsisthattheelectricalsystemupstreamfromthefilterlconnectionwillhavereduced
harmoniccurrent,butnothinghasbeendonefortheloadsideoftheharmonicsolution.Theneutrals
stillcarrytheharmoniccurrentsthatthenonlinearloadsneedtooperate.
The400Vworldhasaverydifferentissue.Besidestheneutraldiscussionwhicharethesame,the
400Vsystem(whichcanfeedmanyusers)totalharmonicsincludethetriplens.So,theTDDlevels
arehigherandmoredangerous.Surprisingly,thesamesolutionsareused.
Ihopethisishelpful.
Regards,Jim
Reply
josemauriciobarrossays:
2011/01/03at2:33am
PrezadoJim
eusouengenheiroeletricoetrabalhocommanutenopredial,UPS,cablingedatacenters.
eumoroemBrasiliaDCBrazilepresencionodiaadiatudooqueVcrelatounotextoacima.
SEUSCOMENTRIOSSOTIMOS.
poucosprofissionaisentendemdeharmonicas,aliteraturasuperficialoumuitoacademica.
osfiltrosativossoamelhorsoluonomeupontodevista,masnoBrazilsomuitocaros.
asharmonicassoumproblemamundialeasituaostendeapiorarcomoacessoa
computadoresetodosequipamentoseletronicospresentesnoslares,escritorioseindustrias.
temosumainvasodeprodutoschinesescomfontescomFDPpertode1oucapacitivose
comaltaTHI.
meuprincipalclienteoGOVERNOFEDERALeomenorpreofundamental,acimada
qualidade.
temospredioscomenergiatrifsica380/220Volts,poremcomcargaspredominantemente
monofasicascomharmonicasdesequenciazero.
oscomputadoressoligadoscomumentementeem120Vac(F,N,T)emalgunscasos
utilizamtransformadoresisoladoresK20deltaestrela.
cuidamdoprimarioeesquecemdafontedasharmonicas
5. CobusVerstersays:
2009/08/24at1:56pm
Jim,
InmyEnergymanagementbusinessIfindthatharmonicsispoppingupalloverformyindustrialandbig
commercialclients.
IseethebenefitofAHFandunderstanditisquiteexpensive.Atpresentmyfeelingisthatitisbestto
makeeachpieceofequipmentorlightingcircuitascleanaspossiblebecausethenitseemstomea
shoppingmallownercanexpecthistenantstonotcontributeanyharmonicstothereticulationofthemall.
MyquestioniswherecanIfindsomeonewhohasthedesignsavailableforbothkindofharmonics
filteringAFHandLCLorwhateverotherdesignisfeasable?
My2ndquestionis,whetheritmaybepossibletodiverttheharmonicsenergyintoaresonantfrequency
tunedcircuit,andtapitoffforotherusessuchasresistiveheatingetc?
IaminJohannesburgRSAandislookingforafilterdesigner.
Reply
6. JimJohnsonsays:
2009/08/24at8:59pm
Hi,Cobus,
Thereasonharmonicsareatopicisbecausesemiconductortechnlogyisbeingusedforenergysavingsin
alltypesofapplications.Newwashngmachinesemployavariablefrequencydriveanddigitallogic.They
haveeliminatedthemechanicalgearboxforadirectcoupledmotor.Itismoreefficient.Also,all
electronicproductsemployACtoDCrectifiers.Switchedmodepowersupplies(SMPS)areeverywhere.
Astimepassesmoreofthesenonlinearloadswillemploytheirownharmonicmitigationmethods.But
designevolutiontakestime.
Inthemeantime,solutionsareofferedinmanyvarities.Dependinguponthetypeofloadsandthe
concentrationofthoseloadsonanygivennetworkthesolutionsvarywidely.Iamnotfamiliarwiththe
SouthAfricanmarket,soIdontknowwhomightbeabletohelpyou.ShaunWilsonat
shaun.wilson@za.schneiderelectric.comisonecontactIdoknowwhomaybeabletoassist.
Harmonicsiscalledimaginaryorreactivecurrentinelectricalengineering.Itdoesnotdoworkbut
permitsworktobedone.Thisisthesamedefinitionappliedtoreactivecurrentthatisphaseshiftedfrom
thefundamentalcurrent(Cosphi).Thereisnoknownwaytocapturethispowerandreuseitforrealwork.
Regards,Jim
Reply
2009/08/28at9:19am
Jim,
Ihavequestionsforyouregardingtheselectionanddesignofharmonicsfilters.IfIhavea400/440Volt3
phase40kVarcapacitorbankinaPowerfactorsystemwhichneedstobeprotectedagainst3rdto13th
harmonicsofvariousamplitudes,howdoIchoosetheinductanceorXlforeachlegofthe3phasesupply
tothecapacitor?Myconcernisresonanceatsomeoftheharmonicfrequenciesobviously,aswellasthe
internalheatintheinductor/filterandthevoltagedropaccrosstheinductoratthebasefrequencyof50Hz,
becausethatwillreducethecapacitorseffectivekVarslightly.
ThenIalsowishtoknowifIcanusetunedfiltersforeachharmonicinasmallerinductor/filterdesign
insidethevariousmachineswheretheharmonicsarebeinggeneratedandifitisagoodidea,whatmustI
bearinmind,ordoIratherblocktheharmonicsinamachinewithalocalinductor/filterdesignedforthe
machineandwhataboutvoltagedropandheat?
Regards
Reply
raedodehsays:
2009/12/18at2:47am
HiCobus,
Youwouldporpablyneedtoconnectyourcapsindelta.Thisdecuplethecapsfromthetriplens.
Asforthereactor,youneedtoselectatunningorderwherethecap/reactorwillprovidelowest
impedanceatthatorder.forinstancewetuneourfilterto3.7order.Thisorderwillnotinterferwith
utilityripplesignalandwilldecuplethecapsfromanythinghigherthan5thorder.Thiswillonly
workwhenvoltagedistortionisaround7%.Abovethatyouneedtomannagetheharmonicsviaa
tunedfilter.usuallyaround57orderthusremovingalmost80%oftheharmonicsinthesystem.
Theissuewiththistypeoffilterisyouneedtomakesurethefiltercanabosrballharmoniccurrents
withoutoverloadingthecaps.Thecapwillonlytake130%ofitsratedcurrentbeforeitstartstoe
fail,henceyoumayneedtoaddresstheamountofharmoniccurrentinthenetwrokthensizeafilter
accordingly.Thekvarvalueoftheallthefilterswillcontributetoreactivecompenstaion.Thisis
verycruicalindefiningthecorrectwaytocontrolthefilter.TheeasiestoptionistoinstallanActive
filteratthemainLVboradandallowittoruninPF/harmonicmode.youhit2birdsinonestone
andyoudonothavetoworryaboutresonance.
Reply
2009/09/03at8:04am
Jim
IsthereamuchbetterrectifiersystemforplatingplantsotherthanSCRcontrol,whichwillhavezeroor
verylittleharmonicdistortioncontributiontothesystem?
Cobus
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2009/10/19at12:27am
Hi,Corbus,
Sorryforthelatereply.Gotalittlebusyandfailedtogobacktomynoticefromtheblog.
Thethyristorrectifieristhemostrugged,mostdependable,andeasiesttocontrolrectifieronthe
market.Itisalsotheleastcost.Noonehasspenttime,thatIknowof,indevelopingadifferent
method.
Regards,Jim
Reply
9. Er.parmjitSinghsays:
2009/09/15at12:47pm
iamparmjitfromdaviet.wearemakingamajorporject.sopleacetellmecircuitdiagramofHarmonic
filterforbetterpowerquality.
iamverythankfulltoyou.
Reply
10. suyogsays:
2009/09/22at8:16am
iamsuyogfrombhopaliampreparingamajorporject.sopleasetellmecircuitdiagramofHarmonic
filterforbetterpowerquality.
Reply
11. anilsays:
2009/10/18at7:28pm
thepaperisexcellentbutiwantfullinformationaboutthetopic.canugivemeplease??????
myemailidisanil05.perala@gmail.com
Reply
12. nadiasays:
2010/03/14at6:18pm
hello..imadmiredyourknowledgeinpowerqualityproblem..imdoingmyprojecttoeliminatethe
harmonic,butstillinprogresssincethecircuitisnotwelldesign.mayiknowhowtodesignasimulationof
singlephaseactivepowerfilterthatuseIGBTasaninverter,andhowtocontroltheIGBT,Iveinject
pulsegeneratortocontrolIGBTbutitsstillnotsucceed.mysimulationrunusingmatlab/simulink.will
youhelpmetosolvethisproblem?ireallyneedyourattention..thismyemailnadya_mon87@yahoo.com
Reply
Jimsays:
2010/04/05at9:58pm
Ihaveconsultedourengineeringstaffregardingyourquestion.Theadvisethatamastersdegreeor
PhDcouldprovidetheknowledgerequiredtofulfillyourquestion.Thatplusonthejoblearninghas
permittedthemtoknowtheanswers.
However,theprocesscannotsimplybemadeviathismedium.Sorry
Reply
13. Premkishoresays:
2010/05/15at12:39pm
HiJimJohnson,
Iwentthoughtyoupaper.Itisverynicetostudyabouttheharmoniesasiamnewtothisfield,Ineed
someclarification.WhattypeaharmoniesfilterscanbeusedinAirconditionandwhatamountofpower
willbesavedintheprocess.Wehavelike5000Airconditionindifferentplace.Plsletmekonwmore
aboutit.
Thankingyou
Reply
2010/05/16at5:47pm
Prem,
Idonotbelieveyouactuallyhaveharmonicproblemsbecauseofairconditioners.Normallytheyare
eitheronoroffandpureinductiveload.Ifyouhavephaseanglecontrolonheatingelementssomewhere,
thenyouwillhaveharmonics.YoushouldconsiderinstallingaPowerQualityMonitoringMeter
permanentlywhichyoucandownloadandseewhetheryoumayreceiveharmonicsfromthegridor
generateharmonicsandtheusertrends,balancingofphasesetc.ifyouareseriousaboutimprovement.
Regards
Cobus
Reply
15. Premkishoresays:
2010/05/17at6:26am
HiCobus
WeareinterestedinharmonicfiltersforBSNLelectroMechanicalequipments.Canyouplsletmeknow
weatherpowersavingwillbethereifwedesignhormonicfiltersforeachsite.
Thankingyou
M.Premkishore
Reply
16. Jimsays:
2010/05/17at5:35pm
HI,Prem,
Airconditioners(A/C)canbepurelyACmotorloads(directconnectedtoAClines)orcouldbedriven
viaACmotordrives(PWMVFD).
IftheA/CareACmotordriventherecannotbeanyharmoniccontentdeveloped.Theproblemcouldbe
reactivecurrent(phaseshiftedcurrentfromtheACvoltagewaveform).
IftheA/CaredrivenbyPWMVFDthenharmoniccurrentwillbepresent.Theamountwillvarybased
uponthemountofimpedanceinstalledintheVFDDCbus(akaDCchoke)or3phaseinductors(akaline
reactors)ontheinputtotheVFD.IfnoinductanceispresenttheTHDiatfullload(worstcasefor
harmoniccontent)willbe90120%perVFD.Usinga3%impedanceratedinductorintheDCbusoron
theAClineswillreducetheTHDitothe3240%range.
AsfarasenergysavingsgoesitisonlytheIsquaredR(I2R)lossesthataresaved.Thatisthepowerloss
duetotheconductorresistancecharacteristics.
Forreactivecurrentduetoinductiveloads,thecurrentreductionisproportionaltothereactivecurrent
reduction.So,placingPFcapsattheACmotorsthatarelineconnectedwillreducethecurrentandsave
theI2R.Foreveryampereofreductionthereisa3timessavingsatthepowerplantthatusescoal
generationtechniques.Locally,thereductionsareatbest12%.
Also,theutilitymayenhancethemonetarysavingsforusersbychargingforpoorpowerfactor.This
powerpenaltywillnolongerbechargediflocalPFcorrectionisemployed.Thisisusuallyamuch,much
highermonetraryvaluethantheI2Rlossessavings.
Asfarasharmoniccurrentreduction,theI2Rlossesareminimal.Thermscurrentduetoharmonicsisa
functionof[Ifundxsqrt(1+THDisquared)].So,theI2Rsavingsaremuchlessthanreactivecurrent
correctionforpoorpowerfactor.Aoneamperereductioninharmoniccurrentyieldlessthan1amp
benefitontheAClinesasfaraslossesareconcerned.
Greatersavingsisachievedduecapacityutilizationreductionsintransformersandpowercables.Greater
savingsisachievedduetoreducedTHDvcausedbynonlinearloads.ReducingTHDvreducesthechance
oftheTHDvcausingotherequipmenttofailandthuscausedowntimewithintheplant.Downtimeisa
majormonetaryloss.
So,IdontseeanenergysavingsdiscussionforTHDireductions.Itistheleastbenefittodiscuss.
Operationaldowntimeisamuch,muchlargerplay.
Regards,Jim
Reply
17. OmairAnwarsays:
2010/06/09at8:31pm
IhaveahugeconfusionregardinganewVFDpanelinstalledatmyfertilizerplantsinceIamafresh
traineeengineerandIhavenohandsonexperienceonthem.TherearetwoVFDsofDanfossmakeand
areusedtocontroltwounbalancedmotorsperVFD.MyconfusionisthatifIfollowthetheory,thenany
vfdhasessentiallythreeparts:therectificer,thedclineconditioning,theinverter.Nowmyconfusionis
thatthatattheVFDPanel,theinputsupply(480V)firstentersintoanAHF,fromtheAHFthentothe
VFD(thatcontrolsthefrequencywithintheband,35to60hz),thenintoalinereactorandthenfinally
subdividestofeedtwomotors.SincetherectifierandPWMcircuitryarepresentINSIDEtheVFD,why
hasthelocalmanufacturerisfeedingthelinesL1,L2,L3withanAHFBEFOREtheVFD?
Reply
18. Jimsays:
2010/06/15at10:57pm
Hi,Omar,
DanfossoffersanAHF/VFDpackagewheretheAHFandVFDarepackagedinthesameenclosure.As
partofthispackage,theyincludealineside3phaselinereactorandDClinereactorafterthediode
rectifier.
TheentireharmonicfilteringsystemconsistsoftheAClinereactors,theDCbusreactor,andtheparallel
AHF.Itissupposetomeet5%THDilevelsatfullload.
ThepurposeistoreduceVFDharmonicstomeetaharmonicstandard.
Regards,
Reply
19. santhoshKGsays:
2010/07/25at4:29am
IHAVEANREQUIREMENTTOREDUCETHIDLESSTHAN5%ANDVOLTAGEHARMONICS
LESSTHAN3%FOR50HPVFDFORHVACSECONDARYPUMPINGSYSTEM,ANYBODYCAN
GUIDEMEOVERTHIS
Reply
20. Jimsays:
2010/07/25at11:02am
HI,Santhosh,
SettingTHDiandTHDvlevelsisnotalwaysstraightforward.
THDiandTHDvaresubjecttothesizeofthesource(shortcircuitcapacity),impedanceoftheelectrical
network,allloadsinsatlled(suchasACmotors),thetypeofrectifierandtheloadontherectifier.Since
thisknowledgerequiresutilityinput,systeminvestigationthroughmeasurements,andknowledgeofthe
equipmentitisdifficulttoprovideanswers.
Ofcourse,asimulationcouldbedoneusingassumptions.Theresultsareonlyasgoodastheassumptions.
InsertionofsolutionsinthesimulationisrequiredtoobtainTHDiandTHDvresults.
DocumentslikeIEEE5191992andtheIEC61000seriesofrequirementsarefinedocumentsthatprovide
discussionsaboutthissubject.
Onemajorpointtorememberisthat%THDiisacounterindicatorforharmonccurrentlevels.Harmonic
currentamplitudeisalwaysworstatfullload.%THDiincreasesastheharmoniccurrentamplitude
decreases.So,theneedistomeet5%THDiatfullload(notthroughouttheoperatingrange).
5%THDiisadifficultspecificationtocomplywith.IfyouhavenotpurchasedtheVFD,activefrontend
VFDsormutlipulseVFD(18pulse)couldbeused.TheseVFDtypeswilllimitTHDi(atfullload)to
about5%.
IftheVFDexiststhepathtosolutionisfirsttobesurethat35%impedancelinereactorsareinstalled.
ThiswillreduceVFDharmoniccurrentfromabout100%to35%.Applyinganactiveharmonicfilterat
thispointwillobtain5%orlessTHDi(atfullload)aswell.
Allpassivesolutionssuchastunedharmonicfiltersandbroadbandfiltersaresubjecttosystemelements
(asmentionedabove).Theymayattain5%THDIbutmaynot.
NotethatIhavereallyleftTHDvoutofthisdiscussion.Thatisbecauseitreallydependsuponthe
electricalsystemelements.
Also,TotalTHDvisalsodependentuponthesupplyquality.Iftheutility(supplysystem)hasTHDv
levelstheycontributetothetotalandcannotbeincludedinsimulationseasily.OnlyloadinducedTHDv
canbesimulated.
Nowhavingsaidalloftheabove,ifyouhaveone50HPVFDinapumpstation,thesolutionmaybevery
simple.Iftheshortcircuitcapacityoftheutilityorgenerator(backupifpresent)isabove20timesthe
VFDfullloadcurrentrating,thesolutionrangeislargeasfarasTHDi.
Iftheshortcircuitcurrentofthesourceislargerthan1000timestheVFDrating,youcanlikelybywith
3%inputlinereactorsbecausetheloadisverysmallcomparedtothesource.But5%THDiisnotthe
objective,20%THDiispermitted(perIEEE5191992).
Astheshortcircuitofthesourcedrops,passivefilterswillworkAccordingtoIEEE5191992THDi
guideleines.
Ifyoumustmeet5%THDi,thenanactivefilterand3%linereactorswillmeetthis.
ImguessinghatyouarelocatedinIndia.IfyouprovideanemailaddressIcanhaveourexpertsinIndia
contactyou.Sendtojjohnson@accusine.com.
Regards,Jim
Reply
21. OwenMurphysays:
2010/09/30at6:55am
thebestthingaboutACmotorsisthattheyrequirelessmaintanennance'
Reply
22. Kersteinsays:
2010/11/07at5:18pm
foryearswehavebeenusingacmotorsforindustrialuseandyestheylastlonger
Reply
Jimsays:
2010/11/22at4:42pm
Hello,Owen,GarageandKerstein,
IdontknowwherethisdiscussioncomefrombutIwilloffersomecomments.
Directonline(DOL)ACmotorsaretheworldwidestandardtoproducemechanicalworkfrom
electricity.Nodispute.Itshuge.
DOLACmotorsprovdefixedspeedoperation.Theyaredependableandlastalongtimeif
environmentalconditionsaremaintainedtostandard.
DCmotorsareonlyusedwhenvariablespeedisneededandaDCcontroller(DCdrive)isrequired.
SoanydiscussionaboutcomparingDCandACmotorsrequiresadiscussionaboutthemotor
controllersalso.
DCmotorsaremoreefficientthanACmotors.TypicallyDCmotorsare9799%efficient.AC
motorsarenotmorethan94%efficient(checkthemanufacturerstables).
DCdrivesare99%efficient.ACmotorspeedcontrols(PWMVFD)areatbest9798%efficient.
Typicallyabout97%.
Butefficiencyisonlyonepartofthediscussion.Maintainenceisanotherissue.DCmotorsrequire
maintenenceforthebrushes.ACmotorsneedgreaseandtheyrunforever.
DCdrivesaresimpleandlesscostlyandeasytomaintain.PWMVFDaremorecomplexanddo
requiremoremaintenecethanDCdrives.
DCmotorsareconsideredspecialandhaverelativelylongdeliveries.ACmotorsforDOLuseare
stockedandreadilyavailable.Foragivensizerating,theDCmotorislargerphysically.
ACmotorstobeusedwithPWMVFDrequireadifferentdesignthandostandardDOLACmotors.
NEMAandotherbodieshavedefinedhowthesediffer.NeedlesstosaytheACmotorthatoperates
onVFDshouldbespecial.
Tradeoffsabound.
Generally,PWMVFDwithACmotorsareusedasapreferenceoverDCdirveandmotorstoday.
Regards,
Reply
23. Jimsays:
2010/11/22at4:12pm
Hi,Alen,
Sorryforthelateresponse.IwasansweringanothercommentwhenIsawyourquestion.
Imnotabletoseethedetailsofloadsizesinyourattachements.So,Iwillmakegeneralcomments.
Usingpowerfactorcapacitors(PFC)withdetuningtomake5thand7thharmonicfiltersisalways
questionable.ThereasonistheamountofleadingVARsinjectedbythetwofilters.Ifoftenexceedsthe
requiredVARinjectionandleadingdisplacementPFoccurs.LeadingPFcancausethesafetydevices
(circuitbreakersandcontactors)tofailovertime.Also,iftheleadinglevelishighenoughothercustomers
ortheutilitymayexperienceresonance.Youwillseeelevatedmainsvoltagelevels.
SchneiderElectricgenerallyrecommendsthefollowingregardingnonlinearloadcontent:
a)Ifthenonlinearcontentoftotalloadislessthen15%,thenstandardPFcapacitorscanbeused.
b)Ifthenonliearcontentisbetween15and50%ofcontent,thendetunedPFcapacitorsystemsareused.
c)Ifthenonliearcontentexceeds50%ofcontent,thenacticeharmonicfiltersareusedforPFcorrection.
Itsoundslike(baseduponyourbriefdescription)thatyournonlinearcontentisover50%ofthetotalload.
IfsoyoumayneedsomedisplacmentPFcorrectionbutnotasmuchasparalleld5thand7thorderfilters
willinject.
Activeharmonicfilters(AHF)injectcontrolledreactivecurrentfordisplacementPFcorrectionand
harmonicmitigation.CurrenttransformersareusedtodefinetheloadcurrentsoAHFinjectonlywhatis
requiredtoattainthesetpointdisplacmentPFand5%TDDforharmonics.Thereisnochanceofover
correctingdisplacementPFandthusnochanceofleadingPF.
IsuggestyoucontactyourlocalSchneiderElectricspecialistsforassistance.
Regrads,Jim
Reply
24. JohnMauldinsays:
2011/01/28at10:40am
AlthoughwearetalkingaboutanentirelydifferentfieldoffiltersImustcommentthatmanyofmy
commercialclientsforhvacfiltershavebegundiscussingtheharmonicfilterissuefrequently.Outof
curiosity,Ididsomeresearchandfindthatthisarticleislikelythemostcomprehensiveoneonthenet
regardingthissubject.Admittedly,Idonothavethebrainpowertointelligentlydiscussthisissue.ButI
mustsaythatanyonewhodoeshavethatcapacityhasaTexashatsofftoyousaluteforyourlevelof
intelligenceandcomprehension.NowIknowwhatblogtorecommendtomyclientsIwillsurelysend
sometrafficyourway!Bestregards!JohnMauldin,Dallas,Texas
Reply
Jimsays:
2011/01/28at3:25pm
WOW!!!Thankyouforyourverykindwords.
Theknowledgeexpressedhereistheresultof39yearsofworkinthepowerelectronicfield.First
withACandDCmotorspeedcontrolsandthenativeharmonicfilters.ButIhavetosayalotof
otherpeoplehaveteughtmemuchovertheyears.Withoutcompetentengineerstodiscussissues
withtherewouldbemuchconfusionandpoorassumptions.
Please,dosendotherstothissite.Ihopeeveryonethatcomesandlearnspassesitontoanother.
ThankyouandRegards,
Jim
Reply
25. Jimsays:
2011/01/28at3:54pm
HI,Joe,
Safetydevicesandcontactorsaredesignedtooperatewithleadingvoltage,notleadingcurrent,onanAC
system.Whenasafetydeviceorcontactoropensitisdesignedtobreakthevoltagewhichthenstopsthe
currentflow.
Ifthecontactoropenswithleadingcurrent,thevoltageisstillpresentandarcingoccurs.Thearcingcauses
damagetothecontactsurfaces.Theamountofarcingdependsuponthevoltagepresentwhentheconacts
areseparated.Asthephaseangle(displacementpowerfactor)becomesmoreandmoreleadingthe
instantaneousvoltagelevelincreasestowardthepeakofthesinewaveofthevoltageandmoredamage
willoccur.
Theproblemisthepitting(chunksofmetalarepulledfromthemetalsurface)uponeachactivationdueto
arcing.Astheamountofpittingincreasestheactualsurafcearealeftislessandlessonthecontacts.At
somepointthecontactsurfacesareerodedsufficientlytoeithertheyweldshutuponthenextoccurenceor
preventclosurebecausenotenoughsurfaceispresent.
Hopethishelps.
Regards,Jim
Reply
26. Jimsays:
2011/01/28at3:59pm
Hi,Alen,
MostofyourattachmentshavebeenremovedfromtheBlogcontent.Ihavenotbeenabletoreviewmost
ofwhatyousent.
Obviously,thisisnotthecorrectmediaforyourinvestigation.
PleasepsotyouremailandIwillgetbacktoyou.
Regards,
Reply
27. Jimsays:
2011/02/01at4:02pm
Hi,Joe,
ItlookslikethelastresponseIpostedforyoudidnotmakeithere.So,Iwilldoitagain.
ContactorsandcircuitbreakersdeisgnedforACvoltagesystemsoperateontheprincipleofbreakingthe
voltagebeforethecurrentisinterrupted.Inthismannertheenergysupplyvoltagehasbeenremoved
andthecontactsopenstoppingcurrent(andvoltage).
Ifcurrentleadsvoltage,thecontactsmustbreakthecurrentbeforeitbreaksthevoltage.Thiscausesthe
source(voltage)tocontinueasthecurrentisinterrupted.Theresultofthisisahighenergyarcaccording
tothelevelofvoltagebroken.Asthepowerfactorgoesmoreleadingtheinstantaneousvoltageriseson
theACvoltagewaveformtowardthepeakvoltageat90degrees.
Theissueiswhathappenstothecontactswhenthevoltageisstillpresentandsupplyingenergy.This
energymustarctobetweenthecontacts.Eacharcliftsthemetalcontentatthepointofarc.Overtimethe
contactbecomesheavilypitted.
Atsomepointoneoftworesultswilloccur.Oneistheconatctswillweldclosedandpreventopeningthe
contacts.Thuscontinuedsupplyofpowertotheload.Theotherisifthecontactsareopen,theymaynot
closebecausethereisanirregularsurfaceandlockincannotoccur.
Regards,Jim
Reply
28. Mahesh.says:
2011/03/02at12:55pm
DearJim,
Actuallyiaminthefiledofpowerquality,andvisitindustriestodoharmonicanalysis.
Ihavesomequestionsinmymindthatiwanttoaskyou,
1.Reasonforselecting189Hzdetuningfrequency,forthedetunedfilters??
2.Iftheparticularindustriyishavingtotalcurrentharmonicsofsay25%ithd(withoutcapacitors),
customerusedtoaskmewhatwillbethepossiblereductionofharmonicwithdetunedortunedfilter.
IsthereanyformulaeorMatlabsimulationsoftwareavailabletocalculatethis%reductioniniTHD,5th,
7th,11thlevelafterconnectingpassivefilters.
Ifyoucouldhelpme,iwillbeveryglad.Bythisicancommitcustomerthatafterconnectingpassive
filtersharmoniclevelswillcomedowntobelow56%asperIEEEnorms.Iknowthereareveriousfactor
involveinthistocalculateexactreduction.
Youarerequestedtoguideme.
Reply
29. charuvarshneysays:
2011/03/25at2:11pm
hellojim,
iamveryimpressedwiththeknowledgethatyousharedwithusinyourblog.ihavneverseensuchapool
ofinformationgatheredatoneplaceonpowerqualitysolution.yourknowledgewillprovetobehighly
benificialformyprojecti.e.powerqualityimprovementatdistributionstation.coulduplzmailme
researchpaperbasedonit.myemailidis:chavar05@gmail.com
thankyou!
Reply
30. Owensays:
2011/06/21at11:54am
HiJim,
Ilovethewayyouexplainthingsimlearningalotjustbyreadingyourblog.IhaveaquestiononPower
qualityoptimizationasatooltoEnergyefficiencyperhapsyoucanhelp.Icomefromanonelectrical
engineeringbackgroundbuthaveanelectricalhardwareshopandsomefamiliaritywithelectrical
engineering,imconsideringchangingmyentirebusinesstoprovidingEnergyefficiencytechnologiesin
Kenya.LEDs,CFLs,Geysercontrolsystems,lightautomationsystems,Solar,electricitymonitoringare
easyenoughtounderstandwhatimhavingaproblemwithis3specificPowerqualityimprovement
technologieswhethertheyworkassaid,whataretheirdisadvantagesandwhatelseishouldknowabout
them.MostoftheEngineersiveconsultedseemtohavelimitedexperiencewiththesetechnologies
perhapsyoumayhaveencounteredthem.TheyareVoltageOptimization(PowerPerfectorUK),
Capacitortypeeg.KVARUS,Wavepropellingchipie.(Sunglobalsaver)Themanufacturerstalkabout
severalbenefitsincludingActualKVAreduction15%,Powerfactorimprovement,Harmonicsreduction,
Surgeprotection,lessequipmentwear&tear.Myquestionis.Dotheyworkassaid?arethereany
disadvantagestousingthemthatthemanufacturerdoesntstate?Whatelseshouldiknowaboutthem?
wouldyourecommendthem?
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2011/06/21at4:47pm
Hi,Owen,
Itisprettyamazingtowatchtechnologiesemergewhenthecostofelectricityincreasesor
somethingisdoneinthenameofreducedgreenhousegassesor.
Thethreecompaniesyouhavereferenceddealwithpassivecomponents(inductorsand/orPF
capacitors).Theyassemblytheminuniquewaysandaretoutedasnew,energysaving,
harmonicfilter,andtransientprotector,tonameafewpoints.
AsnearasIcantellthedevicethatemploysaseriesinductorandstardeltatransformersprovides
loadbalancingandtransientprotectionprimarily.Sinceitisaninductor,itwillcauselaggingPFto
getworsethatisdrawmorephaseshiftedcurrentforworsePF.Theamountoftransientprotection
dependsupontheactualinductiveimpedanceitcontains.[ThiswillcausetheI2Rlossestoincrease
aswell.Seebelowdiscussion.]
BenefitswouldbebalancedvoltageandcurrentdrawperphaseforcoolerACmotoroperation.Is
thereabigproblemhere?Mightthisoffsetthephaseshiftcausedbytheadditionoftheinductor?
MightthiscovertheaddedI2Rlossestheinductors/transformerscause?Maybemaybenot.
Theinductordoesactasaharmonicfilter.Ithelpstodecreasetheharmoniccurrentdrawnfromthe
utility,butnotatthenonlineardevice.Theamountofthebenfitdependsupontheimpedancerating
oftheinductor.Lowimpedancehaslittleeffectwhilelargerimpedances(37.5%)havegood
effects.Noideawhatisdesignedintothisproduct.
TheothertwoproductsarePFcapacitorsinabox.TheyeithercorrectforpoordisplacementPF
(laggingcurrent)ofaddleadingcurrenttocauseleadingPF(whennolaggingisrequired).Thereis
noKWsavingsfortheuser.TheKVAisreducedandtheKVARisnormallyreduced(iflagging
loadsarepresent).Neitheractionprovidesanybenefittotheusersutilitybill.Ifadevicecould
generateKWandreplacetheutilityKWsupply,thentherewouldbeauserbenefitthinksolar
panelsorwindturbines.
PFcapacitors(alone)donotfilterharmoniccurrent.Theywillcauseresonanceifhighlevelsof
harmoniccurrentarepresent.PFcapswonthelpbutcouldharminstallationswhenharmonic
producingloadsarepresent(sayabove15%oftotalloading).[Heresaninterestingthought:More
andmoreoftheloadsinresidentialhomesareenergysavingdevices=electronicloads=harmonic
producingloads.Whathappensasmoreandmoreelectronicsareinstalledinhomesandthese
capacitorsareinplace?]
ThediscussionregardingenergysavingstypicallyhingesonI2R(IsquaredR)losses.Thisisareal
losswithintheelectricalnetworkanddoeswasteenergy.BUTattheuserlevelitisusuallyvery
small(under2%potetnial).Howevertotheutilitythesumofallthesavingscanbelarge.Thisis
truebecausetheenergytoprovidetheI2Rlossesatthecustomerdeliverypointmustbegenerated
atthegenerationfacilityandpushedthroughthewholeelectricalnetwork(HV,MVandLV+
transformers,etc).Thiscanbe34timestheactualI2Rlossesforthesumoftheuserssavingsata
PCCwiththeutility.
TodaythereisnoeconomicbenefitforuserstolimitI2Rlosses.TheutilitychargesfortheKW
deliveredandthatmakesupmorethan98%oftheKWneededforoperatingthefacility.Ifthe
utilitiesgotseriousandofferedanincentivetosavethe2%I2Rlosses,thentherewouldbecash
backforusers,albeitsmall.
Imadeapointabovethatmoreoftheloadsinhomesarebaseduponelectronicsbecausetheysave
realenergyKW.ThissavingsfarexceedsanybenefitsPFcapswillprovideforI2Rlosses.
Utilitiessometimesofferrebatesforinstallingenergysavingsdevicesbecausetheycanreducethe
quantityoffuturegenerationsfacilities.Rebatesforheatpumps,highefficiencyfurnaces,thenew
washingmachines(VFDdriven),tonameafewexist.Why?Becausethereallysaveenergy.
Justtomakeanotherpoint,whenutilitybillsavingsareproclaimed,itisusuallybaseduponthe
utilitybill.Howmuchoftheutilitybillisaffectedbytheweathernotwhattheuserdoesor
doesntdo?Istheweatherforanyperiodofthisyearequaltosameperiodaslastyear(theusual
basisofcomparison)?Notveryoften.Thevariablesalsoarewastheheatorairconditioningturned
onoroffforthesameperiodsoftimeaslastyear?Mypointisthatsuchcompariosnsarehardto
doandtypicallyaresubjecttomanyvariableswhichbythewaytheequipmentsuppliersfrom
aboveusetotheiradvantagewhenchargesincrease.
Reply
31. govindarajsays:
2011/10/13at1:38pm
hi,wehavea2500kVAtransformer13.8kV/480Vsystemsupplyingharmonicloads2x300kW6
pulsevariablefrequencydriveandmotorat480Volts.Thesystemalsohasone30kVAUPS.Thereis
standby1x1250kVAgeneratoralso.
Weproposetoinstallharmonicfilterhoweverthereisnoisolatorswitchonmainbustoconnect,since
UPStrippingisobservedduringoperationofmotors.
Howtodeterminethesizeofactiveharmonicfilter?
Pleaseadvice
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2011/10/13at3:12pm
Hi,govindraraj,
Theabsolutemostaccuratemethodistoperformapoweranalysisandcreateacomputermodel.
Thepoweranalysisdefinestheentireelectricalsysemfromtheutilitytotheloads.Itisalsovery
expensiveandtakesanfairlylongtimetocomplete.
SchneiderElectrichavedevelopedanactiveharmonicfilterselectiontoolthatusessome
approximationstoshortcuttheabovetimeandcostsandprovideanaccuratesolution.Thetool
includesguidelinesandbestpracticesdiscussionstohelpyouinstalltheoptimumequipmentfor
bestresultsinharmoniccurrentelimination.
Usingthattoolandtheinformationprovided,yieldsthefollowingprovidedtheVFDandUPShave
3to5%impedanceinductoanceinstalledeitheronthemains(3phaselinereactor)orDCbus
chokes.TheTDDiscalculatedat238ampsofrmsharmoniccurrent=30.87%TDD.So,youneed
anactiveharmonicfilterthatisrated1.2x238=286amps.
Quicksolutionnocostinvovled.Butyouneedtobesuretheinductorsarepresentora300amp
activefilterwillnotprovidethebeenfitsexpected.
ContactyourlocalSchneiderElectricrepresentativeforlocalassistance.
Rgeradsandgoodluck,
Jim
Reply
32. Maheshsays:
2012/01/05at2:16pm
Mr.Jim
Myquestionisstillunansweredpleaseguideme..awaitingyourreply..
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2012/01/05at4:55pm
Hi,Mahesh,
Sorryforthetardyreply.
Theselectionofadetuningfrequencyis1)definedbytheobjectiveand2)customaryandusual
practiceswithinacountryorregionofgeographyor3)philosophyofthedesigner.
The189HztuningrepresentsadetuningtoprotectthePFcapacitorsusedforpowerfactor
correctionfrom5thharmoniccurrents(fora50Hzelectricalsystem).Thistuningactuallypermits
smallamountsof5thharmoniccurrenttoflowinthecapacitors.The5thharmonicfrequencyisat
250Hz.
Thedetuningfrequnecydefinestheamountof5thharmonic(inthiscase)currentthatwillbe
permittedtoenterthecapacitors.Tuningatthe5thharmonicwillresultinresonance.So,tuning
belowthe5thharmonicisdonetolimitthe5thharmoniccurrentflowandpreventresonance.
189Hztuningisatthe3.78thharmonic.ThisindicatesthattheresonantpointforthisPFcapbank
isatthisfrequency.Sincethisfrequencyisnotsupposetobepresentitisasafefrequencyto
preventexcessive5thharmoniccurrentflowintothecapacitorsandpreventresonancefrom
occurring.Thistuningpermitsthecapacitorstoprovidepowerfactorcorrectionatthebanksrating
andsurviveina5thharmonicrichenvironment
Bytuningclosertothe5thharmonic,more5thharmoniccurrentwillflowintothecapacitorsand
providemore5thharmonicfiltering.Thecapacitorsmustbeincreasedincurrentcapacitytohandle
thetotalhighercurrentas5thharmoniccurrentflowsintothecapacitors.
Thecapacitorbankisconsidereda5thharmonicfilterwhenthetuningfrequencyisabovethe4.7th
harmonicorder.At4.8,about80%ofthe5thharmoniccurrentisremovedfromthesourcesystem.
At4.9,about90%ofthe5thharmoniccurrentisremovedfromthesourcesystem.
Simulationsmustbemadetoreviewtheresonantfrequenciesthatmayoccurduetoadding
capacitanceintotheelectricalsystem.Sourcecharacteristics,transformerandcablingimpedances,
thetypeofloadsinstalledbothlinearandnonlinearmustbeincludedinthesimulation.
Omissionofanydatacouldresultinanundefinedresonancefrequency.
OurengineerstypicallyuseSKMToolstomodelthesystem.IassumeMatlabcandothejobas
well.
Somethingtokeepinmind,ascapacitorsagethefaradratingchanges.Thisresultsinthefrequency
ratingofthedetunedcircuitincreasing.Thusadetunedcapacitybankforsomefrequencybelowthe
5thharmonicwillactuallyovertimewalktothe5thharmonicfrequencyandresonate.So,regular
maintenacemustbeperformedtoinsurethecapacitorsarehealthyandarenotindangerofcausing
resonance.
Also,ifanyofthesimulationvariables(electricalsystem,transformersandcableimpedance,loads,
etc)changethesimulationmustbereviewed.Itispossibletoaddoneloadandcauseresonance.
Finally,differentcompaniesthatprovidedetunedcapacitorsystemstunetodifferentfrequencies.
Someofthisisbasedupontheircapacitordesignsandsomeisbaseduponlocalcustomsor
companyphilosophy.ItistypicaltoseedetuingforPFcorrectiontolevelsbetween3.8and4.3.5th
harmonicfiltersaretypicallytunedto4.8to4.9.Butanytuningcanbeachievedbaseduponthe
needs.
Obviously,tuningtoperform5thharmoniccancellationforthesourcesystemcostsmorethan
tuningat3.8thorder.Thecapacitorsandinductorsmustberatedforthehighercurrentspermittedat
thehighertuningpoints.
Hopethishelps,
Regards,Jim
Reply
33. szekcionltgarzskapusays:
2012/01/17at10:20pm
Thankyoualotforsharingthiswithallpeopleyouactuallyrecognisewhatyourespeaking
approximately!Bookmarked.Kindlyalsotalkoverwithmywebsite=).Wemayhaveahyperlink
alternateagreementamongus
Reply
34. smitasays:
2012/01/28at3:46pm
Hallojim
weareconnectedwithmaintenanceofelectricaldistributionsysteminindia.Asuknowourstdfrequency
is50Hz.systenratedvoltagebysypplyagencyis11KV.weinstalled250KVA11/.433KVtransformer
atoursite.ourMaxdemandisapprox210KVA.andtypeofloadsarelightingMechanicallaundry,traing
workshopswithlatheetc.Wearefacingproblemoflowpf.whilecheckingtheparametersLTvoltageis
460volts.Anoldpowerfactorcorrector115KVARisinsystembutnotworking.Howcanweincrease
ourPftounityor0.99lag.areharmonicfiltersalsoessential?
Reply
35. francissays:
2012/08/07at4:25pm
hellojim
imanelectricalengstudent
imstudyingthecauseoftheoverheatingofequipmentatafactoryinthephilippines.
DowejustdividethetotalcurrentcapacityoftheLVSGby2todeterminethemodeloftheAFHtobe
installedcanuexplainwhy.
CurrentTHD=PhaseA=972.5x26.9%=261.60Amperes
PhaseB=1051.3x25.1%=263.87Amperes
PhaseC=1001.2x26.2%=262.31Amperes
MinimumRequiredAHFCapacity=Max.CurrentTHD=264Amperes
RecommendedAHFCapacity=300Amperes
RecommendedTotalAHFCapacityforLVSG1A=600Amperes
Sircanyoutellmewhytherecommendedtotalcapacityis600A
CanyougivemeagoodreferencehowactiveharmonicfiltersworkIcantunderstandhowAHF
producetheoppositeneededcurrentwheredoesthecurrentcamefrom.Fromothersource?Isitbetter
thanapassivefilter?
Ineedhelpfrompeoplewhoareknowledgeableinthistopic..helpme.Thanks
Ihavemoredatajusttellmeiftheaboveisinsufficient.
Reply
36. francissays:
2012/08/08at7:12am
fransjack123@yahoo.comismyemail
canisendyousomemoredataandexplainsomeofthemforme?activeharmonicfilterisnewtome
ineedyourexpertiesherethankyouforthereply
Reply
37. francissays:
2012/08/08at1:00pm
haveyoureceivedthedataisentyou?
Reply
38. francissays:
2012/08/10at3:07am
thankyoumrsrinivas.ioweyouone.
Reply
39. K.R.NATARAJANsays:
2012/09/03at8:09am
DearSir,Canyoupleasesuggest/commenthowtoselectadetunedfilterwhenthesystemispollutedwith
5th&7thharmonicpredominantly.Isitadvisabletoselectatunedfilterseparatelyfor5th&7th?Please
reply.Regards
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2012/09/04at6:07pm
Hi,K.R.,
Itsoundslikeyouaretryingtocorrectforharmonicsemploying5thand7thharmonictunedfilters.
Thiscanbedifficultandresultinsystemissuesifthetotalharmonicloadsaremorethan50%ofthe
totalloads.
Inordertomeetthecancellationcapacityneededfor5thand7thharmonicfilters,itisverylikely
thatthetotaldisplacementPFiscorrectedtoleading.IftheleadingPFissubstantial,thevoltage
willbeincreasedtounacceptablelevelsfortheconnectedloads(>10%ofactual).Thiswillbe
harmfultoyourloadssomemayfaultduetoovervoltageorfailcompletely.
Additionally,itispossiblethatsafetydevicesandcontactorsbegintofailtooperate.LeadingPF
causescontactstobecomepittedastheyareactuated.Oneresultisthatcircuitbreakersmayfailto
openorfailtoclose.
AnotherissueisthatPFcapacitorsystemsaredesignedtoswitchaccordingtothedisplacementPF
atthepointofmonitoring(wheretheCTislocated).Thisdoesnotassurethattheproperamountof
filteringstepsareactivatedattherighttimes.Itispossiblethatthe5thand7thtunedfiltersareover
loadedandsufferprematurefailure.
Finally,ifadditionalloadsareaddedtothenetwork,thewholefiltering/PFcorrectionsystemmust
bereexaminedforsuitabilityofuse.
Wesuggestthatactiveharmonicfiltersbeusedwhenmorethan50%ofthetotalloadsareharmonic
producing.Thismaybemoreexpensivebutthesystemwillnotencounteranyoftheaboveissues.
[Doremembertoinsurethat35%impedancereactanceisinstalledateachharmoncrectifier.]
Regards,Jim
Reply
40. Johnnysays:
2012/11/26at9:42pm
HiJim,
InregardstotheActiveHarmonicFilter.Howwouldonesizethefilterwithbothlinearandnonlinear
loadsonthebus.
Example:Withseveralnonlinearloadswithafullloadampratingof225Amps@480Volts/60hzand
linearloadsof75amps.Assuming35%THDandwantingtobeat<5%THD.Whatwouldbetheproper
calculationtofindthecorrectiveampsneededforanactiveharmonicfilter.
Regards,
Johnny
Reply
41. Kalisays:
2013/01/06at6:53pm
Hi,
Oneofthesubstationwearefacingissuehormonicsmorethan25THD,onlywhentheloadisvery
low(10amps&PFisunity).someonecanexplianhowtomitigatetheharmonicsdistoration.
Thanks,
Kali
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2013/01/09at3:44pm
Hi,Kali,
Theinformationyouhaveprovidedisverysketchyandmakesitextremelydifficulttoprovidegood
andpertinentcomments.
Asageneralstatement,youmentionasubstationwith25THD.IstheTHDmeasurementfor
voltageorcurrent?IfthatisaTHDvmeasurment,thenyoumayhaverealproblems.Ifthatisa
THDimeasurement,thenyoumaynothaveaproblem.
Ifyouarereferringtoasubstation,Iwouldexpectthecurrenttobemuchgreaterthan10amperes
asstated.Forasubstation10amperesisalmostnothing.
Somethingtothinkaboutisthat10amperesisaverysmallload.Dependinguponthesourcerating
(shortcircuitamperesShCA),theTHDvshouldbealmost0%(12%wouldbetypical
backgroundnoise).IftheShCR(Shortcircuitratio:ShCA/fundamentalcurrentofload)isvery
high,theTHDvwouldbeextremelylowfora10amploadwith200%THDi.
Muchmoreinformationisneededtobetterunderstandyoursituation.ButIcansaywithmuch
convictionthata10amploadisnotgoingtobeaproblem.
Regards,
Reply
42. MD.SHAHZAHANALIsays:
2013/01/20at6:52am
HiJim,
IthankyouforgivingtheideaofPowerQualityinElectricalDistributionSystemthatleadstoEndusers.
Reply
43. krunalsays:
2014/09/25at8:25am
in50hpVFDigotTHDiis67%..
pleasetellmetheallowablelimitofthat.
samewayallowablelimitofTHDiforUPSsystem
Reply
44. LBOdendaalsays:
2015/12/04at8:11am
PleasesupplycontactdetailsforSouthAfrica.
Reply
45. JimJohnsonsays:
2015/12/06at12:00am
nathan.potgieter@schneiderelectric.com
NathanistheProductManagerforPowerQuality.Hewillbeabletoputyouincontact.
Regards,
Reply
46. hargagensetsays:
2015/12/22at12:20pm
Thankstomyfatherwhostatedtomeconcerningthiswebpage,thisblogisactuallyawesome.
Reply
47. MANZOORsays:
2016/04/04at12:31pm
heyjim..Iamconfusedabouttheselectionofharmonicfilter..Ifiwanttoputaharmonicfilterin
500kvarPFIplantwhatshouldbetheratingofharmonicfilter
Reply
JimJohnsonsays:
2016/04/04at5:11pm
Hi,Manzoor,
Therearetwomainmethodstoselectanactiveharmonicfilter.
1)Knowtheplantoperatingdetails:Couldbefromcontinuousmonitoring(alreadyhave
appropriatemeteringinstalled)couldbefromperformingaharmonicstudyorcouldbefrom
performingasimulation.AllprovidedetailsaboutV(phasesandneutrals,ifappropriate),I,KW,
KVAR,KVA,PF,THDi,andTHDv.Fromthis9informationsomegoodsizingcanbeattained.
2)Ifplanning/designingafacility,simplecalculatorsprovidedbytheactiveharmonicfilter(AHF)
manufacturersallowentryofloadsizesandtypesandutility/generatorsourceinformation.Thisis
moreconservativethanpoint1above.Butitpermitsonetoknowwhatwillmeettheharmonic
standardsandprotecttheeventualusers.
Youneedtodefinethestartingpointanddecidewhatthestandardsofcompliancetobeapplied.
Regards,Jim
Reply
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Harmonic Filter For Better Power Quality

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