Turbo machine: device that add or extract Reduce tip leakage flow due to diference

energy from fluid in pressure

1.1
Classification of pump

ws -shaft work, wf friction loss in pump

SFEE
Example
- Diffuser
o Flow leaving impeller have high absolute
velocity and kinetic energy
Difuser vanes decelerate flow as fluid is
directed into pump case
Result in decrease velocity and increase

Exact
Efects of blade angle on pump head

Velocity
Centrifugal / Radial flow pumps
Rotating impeller with a number of
blades/vanes enclosed in a casing
Fluid is suck in thru eye of casing then flow pressure
radially outwards due to centrifugal ef This is to with pump energy input head
Energy is added to fluid by rotating blades, gain
both pressure and absolute velocity
Angular momentum analysis
increase (eye to periphery of blade)
T = Torque
(Bernoulli wont work cause mech energy
(Work) is added Power Transmitted to fluid

Power and Flowrate

Power For backwards curve blades, He decrease

Axial-flow pumps
A impeller/rotor(propeller) in a cylindrical linearly with Q
Actual H decrease non linearly with Q,
casing Shaft power (pump power) this is due to losses.
Typical plot

Efficiency
Pump Head

Real flow in centrifugal pump

1.3 Angular momentum
considerations He = euler head (head develop by a ideal
Assumptions pump) Plot for backwards curve blade.
o No viscous efects (ef=1) Ideal case
o Steady flow
o Flow enters the impeller tangentially to the ,
Mixed flow pump
blade ( no shock condition)
Intermediate of centrifugl and axial flow
o Flow leaves impeller tangentially to the
pump ,
blades
Flow enters parallel to impeller rotation axis Exit velocity
o Assume there is infinitely many blades of 0
Leaves at some angle between radial and
thickness to guide the
axial direction.
1.2 From mass conservation - fluid viscosity cause boundary layer
Bernoulli head - boundary layer can separate due to adverse
,
Head = Energy pressure gradient
- Flow can also separate due to shock which is BEP is desired
Where is cross Desirable that efficiency curve be fat near
caused when fluid do no enter
o section area and tangentially to the blades.
Vn1 is normal velocity - Boundary layer and separation region
Dimensionless analysis
gH = Energy per unit mass reduced flowrate
H = Energy per unit weight (W) - All this results in energy loss called impeller
W=MG loss.
Other Geometric feature of
centrifugal pump
- Shrouded impeller
 Parallel pumps (2 identical)
-If 1 pump gives enough H but not
enough Q
-When 2 pump in parallel, Q2A will not be
double of QA due to losses not being Cavitation
asasd linear. Physical phenomenon where formation of
- Given dimensionless graph generate little bubble within a liquid causing
dimensional graph decrease in absolute pressure.
- Caused by
o Decrease in absolute pressure cause air and
gas that are initially dissolved to come
out of solution
o Absolute pressure is near or below vapour
Application of pump similarity rules pressure (pvap), liquid will experience
After simplification 1)Pump is homologous to itself, performance of vaporization rapidly leading to formation
a pump at speed NA can be used to of vapour bubbles
determine performance at NB - Usually occur at point of lowest absolute
2)Performance of Pump with Dia DA can be used pressure. Tut example
to determine performance of pump with 2 series pump
Parallel pumps (2 non identical)
Dia DB
Limitation of pump similarity law
- Must be complete geometric similar - Weaker pump does no help when when Hsys is
- Re number and roughness ratio is completely larger than H of weaker pump
negligible - Check valve are usually used to prevent back
Specific speed flow to weaker pump when only strong
pump is working
- In pump lowest absolute pressure is usually 2 parallel
at
Pump similarity o Inlet
Dynamic similarity o Points in pipe with high velocity
- Geometric Similarity - Ns takes a fixed value for a homologous o Points in pipe with high elevation(at low pt,
Scale up or down only family hydrostatic pressure adds to atmospheric
- Diferent family diferen Ns pressure to counteract cavitation.
- Ns can be used for selecting pump type for a - The cavitation bubble will travel with the
particular design, energy efficient liquid to a higher absolute pressure and
operation. collapse(implosion)
- Kinematic similarity o This will produce locally very high pressure
o Locally very high temp
, o Sound 2 pump 1000rpm 1 1700rpm
o Emit light (sxono-luminescene)
- Near the end of collapse bubble forms a tiny
jet
- Force similarity - Consequences
o Deterioration of pump
System head curve o Damage to pump
, Efects of Re may be o Noisy operation
small Pump in series (identical) o Fatigue problem
-When Q is enough but H isnt - Net positive Suction head (NPSH)
, -H isnt doubled
Pump in series (non identical)
-when Q is higher than QA, only pump B
/ work
Equilibrium state

if losses change system curve change as

well.