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Experiment 2
BUBBLE CAP DISTILLATION PROCESS
1.0 OBJECTIVES
2.0 OVERVIEW
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Chemicals required:
Ethanol industrial grade.
Deionized-Water.
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Refractometer
1. Obtain 21 test tubes; label the test tubes with A1 until A21. Total volume in each test
tube is 20 ml.
2. Prepare the mixture of ethanol and deionized water to each test tube according to
volume indicate by Table 1.
3. Note that, Stir the mixture of solution (A1 until A21) with glass rod.
4. Obtain the refractive index reading for solution in each tube using refractometer.
5. Record the refractive index reading for each tube tests using Table 1.
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A7 6 14
A8 7 13
A9 8 12
A10 9 11
A11 10 10
A12 11 9
A13 12 8
A14 13 7
A15 14 6
A16 15 5
A17 16 4
A18 17 3
A19 18 2
A20 19 1
A21 20 0
PART B: Operate vapor -liquid separation process using a Packed Column Distillation Unit
under reflux ratio.
Chemicals required:
Ethanol industrial grade.
Deionized-Water.
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4. Collect samples for bottom product from valve V5 and the overhead product from
valve V4 for every 5 minutes.
5. Observe the temperature of the reboiler T14.If the temperature is already 90 OC,
reduce the current of the reboiler to between 20A.
6. Concentration of the samples drawn is measure using the refractive index method
7. Repeat step 2-6 ,for reflux ratio of 1.5 and 2.0
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4. Determine the number of stages that occur in the processes for each reflux by
construct the graph McCabe Thiele Method. Equilibrium data for ethanol-water
system is given in Appendix A.
5. Discuss the results obtained and effect of reflux ratio for ethanol-water mixture
separation
6. Discuss any possible errors in the experiment and state any recommendation to
improve the process.
5.0 REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
Table of Results
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
APPENDIX B
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0.10 0.53
0.40 0.75
0.60 0.79
0.80 0.86
0.94 0.94
0.90 0.91
0.94 0.94
0.96 0.96
0.98 0.99
1. Draw the equilibrium curve based on data given in Appendix B, by plotting mole fraction
of ethanol in vapor on the y-axis against mole fraction of ethanol in liquid on the x-axis.
2. Draw the 45-degree line( y =x)
3. Indicate distillate (xD), bottom (xB) and feed (xF) composition on the graph based on
data obtained from experiment.(refer to appendix A).
4. Draw the feed line (q line). For saturated liquid, this is a vertical line running from the
feed composition (xF) through the equilibrium curve.
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5. For a specified reflux ratio, r, draw the 'rectifying' line (ROL). This rectifying line begins
at the point xD on the 45-degree line and has intercept on y-axis.
ROL equation:
6. Draw the 'stripping' line (SOL) by connecting the intersection of the feed line and the
rectifying line and the point xB on the 45-degree line.
7. Beginning at the point xD on the rectifying line, draw a horizontal line to the equilibrium
curve and then a vertical line to the operating (rectifying or stripping) line.
8. Repeat step 7 forming a staircase until you reach or pass the point x B on the 45-degree
line.
9. Each point where the staircase intersects the equilibrium curve denotes one stage in the
column.
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