MUL 15 REVIEWER

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CHAPTER 23 CLASSIC MUSIC IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY

JOSEPH HAYDN
- Born in Rohrau, a village about 30 miles southeast Vienna.
- Spent most of his career serving the Esterhazy family, the most powerful noble in
Hungary.
- Hired in 1761 by Prince Paul Anton Esterazy, a generous patron devoted to music.
- Has been called the father of the symphony not because he invented the genre but
because his symphonies set the pattern for later composers through their high quality,
wide dissemination and lasting appeal.
- Has been called the father of the string quartet not because he was the first to compose
quartets, but because he was among the earliest and the first great master of the genre.

Major Works
- 104 symphonies, 20 concertos, 68 string quartets, 29 keyboard trios, 126 baryton trios,
47 keyboard sonatas, 15 operas, 12 masses, The Creation, The Seasons, numerous other
ensemble, keyboard and vocal works.

Baryton - A favorite instrument of Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy. Resembled a bass viola da gamba
but had an extra set of
resonating metal strings that could be plucked like a harp. Haydn wrote some 165
chamber works with baryton
for the prince to perform, mostly trios with violin and cello.

Symphonic Form
- The typical Haydn symphony has four movements: (1) a fast sonata-form movement,
often with a slow introduction; (2) a slow movement; (3) minuet and trio; and (4) a fast
finale, usually in sonata or rondo form.
- All are in the same key except the slow movement, which is in a closely related key such
as the subdominant or dominant.

Sonata-rondo a form that blends characteristics of sonata form and rondo form. One frequent
structure is ABACABA; in
which A and B correspond to the first and second themes of sonata form and B
appears first in the
dominant and returns in the tonic.

String Quartets
- Established the same four-movement pattern as in the symphony but with minuet often
before instead of after the slow movement.
- Described as quite new and special way

Scherzo (Italian, joke) a joking or particular fast movement in minuet and trio form.

Famous Works
- String Quarter in Eb Major, Op. 33, No.2 (The Joke)
- Symphony No. 31 in D Major (Horn Signal)
- Symphony Nos. 6-8, Le matin (Morning), Le midi (Noon), and Le sour (Evening)
- Symphony No. 45 in F# Minor (Farewell)
- Symphony No. 94 in D Major (Surprised)
- Symphony No. 82 in C Major (The Bear)
- Symphony No. 92 in G Major (Oxford)
- Symphony No. 100 in G Major (Military)
 - Symphony No. 101 in D Major (Clock)
- Symphony No. 103 in Eb Major (Drumroll)
- Symphony No. 104 in D Major (London)

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

- Born in Salzburg, a quasi-independent state ruled by an archbishop.
- His father Leopold, a violinist and composer in the archbishops service, trained him and
his older sister Nannerl in music and took them on tours across Europe, exhibiting their
skills as child prodigies.
- A child prodigy: by the age of 3 he was recognized to have perfect pitch; at 5 he was an
accomplished harpsichord player; at 6 he was composing; at 7 he could read at sight,
harmonize melodies on first hearing and improvise on a tune supplied to him.
- He married Constanze Weber, happy and affectionate, with 4 children died in infancy, but
2 sons lived into adulthood, the younger becoming a composer.
- His almost 600 compositions are listed and numbered chronologically in a thematic
catalogue complied by Ludwig von Kochel in 1862, whose K. numbers are universally
used to identify.

Major Works
- Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte, The
Magic Flute, 15 other operas and Singspiele, 17 masses, Requiem, 55 symphonies, 23
piano concertos, 15 other concertos, 26 string quartets, 19 piano sonatas, numerous
songs, arias, serenades, divertimentos, dances; many other vocal and instrumental
works.

Mozarts Style
- Mozarts style at the beginning of his Vienna period is exemplified by the sonata-form first
movement.
- Characteristics of Mozart are his themes and his combination of heterogeneous style.
- While Haydn built themes by varying small motives or forming a series of contrasting
gestures, Mozarts themes tend to be songlike, perhaps reflecting Italian influence.
- All composers of the time used contrast to delineate form, convey feelings and provide
variety, but Mozarts skill in using diverse style for these purposes was unparalleled.

Piano Concertos
- Mozarts concertos follow the traditional 3 movement pattern in the sequence fast-slow-
fast.
- The first movement blends elements of ritornello and sonata form.
- Mozart includes a cadenza for the soloist, but his cadenza usually interrupts the final
ritornello.
- The second movement resembles a lyrical aria. It is set in the subdominant of the
principal key, or less often, in the dominant or relative minor.

Operas - Still the most prestigious musical genre and considered Mozarts favorite genre.

Comic opera opera with spoken dialogue, whether comic or tragic.

Opera buffa genre of Italian comic opera, sung throughout in which the story was an entertaining
musical comedy.

Opera seria genre of Italian opera, on a serious subject but normally with a happy ending.

Famous Works
- Serenade No. 13 (Eine Kleine Nachtmusick)
- Symphony No. 40 in G Minor
- Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter)
 - Requiem (Lacrimosa)
- The Magic Flute
- Don Giovanni
- The Marriage of Figaro

CHAPTER 24 REVOLUTION AND CHANGE

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN

- Born in Bonn in north Germany, where his grandfather and father were musicians at the
court of the Cologne.
- His earliest music teacher was his father.
- He studied with Haydn (1792-94) and with other composers.
- Influences include Muzio Clementi and Ian Ladislav Dussek.
- He began to lose his hearing in 1798 and by 1818 he could hardly hear at all.
- In despair, he considered suicide, but resolved to continue for the sake of his art.
- He wrote the Heiligenstadt Testament, intended to be read after his death.
- His compositions are divided into 3 creative periods.

First Creative Period from his birth in 1770 to about 1820, Beethoven mastered the musical
language and genres of his
time and gradually found a personal voice.

Second Creative Period through about 1814, he developed a style that achieved a new level of
drama and expression and
brought him enormous popularity.

Third Creative Period from about 1815 to his death in 1827, his music became more
introspective and more difficult for
performers to play and for listeners to comprehend.

Major Works
- 9 symphonies, 11 overtures, 5 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, 16 string quartets, 9
piano trios, 10 violin sonata, 5 cello sonatas, 32 piano sonatas, 20 piano variation sets,
the opera Fidelio, Missa solemnis, Mass in C Major, the song cycle An die ferne Geliebte,
over 80 songs and numerous other works.

Pathetique Sonata
- One of Beethovens most popular pieces, the sonata in C minor, has outer movements of
a stormy, passionate character which Beethovens predecessors associated with that
key around a calm, profound slow movement in Ab major.
- The first movement begins with a dramatic, fantasia-like slow introduction.
- The main themes of the movement are energetic and determined, and in the
development the main motive of the introduction is transformed and assimilated into the
character of Allegro.
- The sonata-rondo finale is equally serious and intense, unlike the typically light-hearted rondos
of Haydn and Mozart

Eroica Symphony
- Symphony No.3 in Eb Major, composed in 1803-4, which he eventually named Heroic
Symphony.
- The title suggests that the symphony has a subject the celebration of a hero and
expresses in music the ideal of heroic greatness.
 - It represents in music his experience of being almost overpowered by affliction, fighting
against despair and winning back his will to create.
- Beethoven originally named the symphony Bonaparte in honor of Napoleon, but when
he heard that Napoleon had crowned himself emperor, he angrily tore up the title page.

Ninth Symphony
- The first three movements of the symphony are on a grand scale and the whole takes
more than an hour.
- The most striking innovation is the use of solo voices and chorus in the finale.
- It looked to another genre, the choral ode.

Famous Works
- Moonlight Sonata, No. 14 Op. 27 in C Minor
- Pastoral Symphony, No. 6 in F Major
- Fifth Symphony, Op. 67 in C Minor
- Fidelio, Op. 72. Beethovens only opera