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RF/microwave system high-fidelity modeling and

simulation: application to airborne multi-channel receiver system for


angle of arrival estimation
Chen Wu*, Sreeraman Rajan, Anne Young and Christina O'Regan
Defence R&D Canada Ottawa, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Z4

ABSTRACT
In this paper, a high-fidelity RF modeling and simulation framework is demonstrated to model an airborne multi-channel
receiver system that is used to estimate the angle of arrival (AoA) of received signals from a stationary emitter. The
framework is based on System Tool Kit (STK), Matlab and SystemVue. The SystemVue-based multi-channel receiver
estimates the AoA of incoming signals using adjacent channel amplitude and phase comparisons, and it estimates the
Doppler frequency shift of the aircraft by processing the transmitted and received signals. The estimated AoA and
Doppler frequency are compared with the ground-truth data provided by STK to validate the efficacy of the modeling
process. Unlike other current RF electronic warfare simulation frameworks, the received signal described herein is
formed using the received power, the propagation delay and the transmitted waveform, and does not require information
such as Doppler frequency shift or radial velocity of the moving platform from the scenario; hence, the simulation is
more computationally efficient. In addition, to further reduce the overall modeling and simulation time, since the high-
fidelity model computation is costly, the high-fidelity electronic system model is evoked only when the received power is
higher than a predetermined threshold.

Keywords: electronic warfare, electronic support measure, high-fidelity RF modeling and simulation, wideband digital
receiver, multi-channel RF receiver, angle-of-arrival estimation, systems-of-systems, antenna array.

1. INTRODUCTION
Modern electronic warfare (EW) RF/microwave systems (e.g. modern phased array radar systems and electronic support
measures (ESM) systems, etc.) use coherent signal processing. Therefore, to develop specifications or evaluate/validate
performance of such systems, an M&S toolset that permits the following is required: 1) signal integrity (i.e., amplitude
and phase of the signal) to be preserved from signal source to final signal processing; 2) electronic system models,
scenario models and RF/microwave wave propagation models with high levels of detail and fidelity; and 3) electronic
system model required fine simulation time steps (up to nanosecond). Multi-system level RF M&S tools that meet these
requirements are referred to here as High-Fidelity RF/microwave M&S (RF-HFM&S). Due to computational cost
considerations, most legacy multi-system level RF M&S tools do not meet the above requirements: e.g., they use only
signal amplitude information, have models with low levels of detail, and run at low update rates (e.g. 50 Hz).
Fortunately, recent developments in modern computer hardware and software technologies have accelerated the
development of RF-HFM&S. Use of high-fidelity and/or hybrid-fidelity threat scenario with single- and multi-platform
and amplitude/phase-based algorithms and simulations have added many capabilities to RF EW M&S beyond those
offered by legacy approaches that only use signal amplitude information [4]. For example, high-fidelity / hybrid-fidelity
M&S is described in [2] and [3]. In [2], EW systems are modeled using Matlab/Simulink, and, in [3], modern radar
systems are modeled using SystemVue and STK. Further, in [5], a Matlab/Simulink based RF receiver front-end
behavioral model is described. Using this receiver model with UAV-based airborne scenarios in STK is described in [6].
The RF-HFM&S tools used in [7] are STK and Matlab/Simulink. In this paper, the selected toolset is STK and Matlab in
conjunction with SystemVue [1]. The toolset is used in the way that received signal is formed using the received power,
the propagation delay and the transmitted waveform. Therefore, the simulation is more computationally efficient when
compared to approaches that require information such as Doppler frequency shift or radial velocity of the moving
platform from the scenario. In addition, in the approach described herein, to further reduce the overall simulation time,
since the SystemVue-based high-fidelity RF system model computation is costly, it is evoked only when the received
power is higher than a predetermined threshold.

chen.wu@drdc-rddc.gc.ca , 1-613-990-0707
Modeling and Simulation for Defense Systems and Applications IX, edited by Eric J. Kelmelis, Proc. of SPIE
Vol. 9095, 909506 2014 SPIE CCC code: 0277-786X/14/$18 doi: 10.1117/12.2051329

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2. RF-HFM&S APPROACH USING STK/MATLAB/SYSTEMVUE
The model detail/fidelity/resolution and the scenario scope used at different RF M&S levels (for electronic warfare
applications) are illustrated in Figure 1. As the RF M&S applications move from Level-I (research/development) to
Level-V (campaign level), the scenario scope increases but the complexity/fidelity/resolution of the RF
system/subsystem models decreases, and the RF wave propagation models become simpler. The main reason is that, in
the past, the computer technology (hardware and software) could not process and model the higher fidelity system
models with detailed RF environment in a large scope scenario. Recent developments in modern computer technology
enable the movement of the M&S complexity/details from Level-I to Level-II, or even to Level III. The RF-HFM&S
used in this paper addresses this need. Detailed system level models are used in complex/detailed scenarios.

V Coripaiyn Camel
Multi Doy
Force on Force......
Operations

IV Mission Level / Rehearsal


Da - Man on Many

II / Engagement Level - One on one


CM & TTP Development

Engineering/ Acquisition/ DT &E


Detailed System & sub -system representation

Research & Development


Very detailed component level representation / hardware In the loop

Figure 1: In traditional RF system M&S paradigm for EW, different applications have different fidelity/detail of models and scenario
scope (after [2]), CM-countermeasure, TTP-Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, DT&E-Development Test and Evaluation.

The EW systems-of-systems level RF-HFM&S mainly comprises three parts: 1) the detailed models of RF analog/digital
systems/subsystems, 2) close to reality scenarios that allow these systems/subsystems to demonstrate their performance,
and 3) the RF wave propagation environment and the methods used to a) model RF wave propagation, b) platform RF
properties (such as RCS), and c) environmental RF properties (such as radar clutter). Moreover, from a RF M&S
technical perspective, correctly modeling the signal phase in frequency domain and delay in time domain from the signal
source to the final signal processing is crucial. However, currently the modeling of the signal phase is not included in the
conventional RF M&S approaches. The development of advanced RF propagation and asset/environment RF property
models is a challenging R&D topic [6] [11], and will be addressed in the future papers. The following subsections
discuss the tools used in this RF-HFM&S approach.

Tools used in the RF-HFM&S approach


The SystemVue application [1] is electronic design automation software for electronic system-level model and design. It
enables system architects and algorithm developers to innovate the physical layer of wireless and aerospace/defense
communication systems, and provides the basis for analog/digital system, digital signal processing, and FPGA/ASIC
developments. Its multi-rate simulation capability makes it easy for co-simulation of RF systems having different
sampling rates or system clocks, while its state-of-the-art RF/microwave and digital simulation libraries and co-
simulation approaches allow RF/electronic system design/modeling from component level to system level. SystemVue
can seamlessly invoke analog- and digital-based models from both time and frequency domains for waveform level

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simulations. Its advanced timing method allows the simulations to have a mixture of timed and untimed models [8].
SystemVue primarily is used for Level-I RF M&S in Figure 1.
STK [9] is a software application that models, visualizes and analyzes defence, intelligence and space systems. It models
the real world, assets and sensors on these assets in both time and spatial domains. From a RF systems-of-systems M&S
perspective, this tool can be used in levels above Level-I for operating environment and system level one-on-one or
many-on-many EW engagement M&S. Although STK provides very accurate time and spatial data of assets, its RF
system modeling capability has to be augmented by inputs from other software, such as SystemVue, so that both
amplitude and phase of waveforms or signals can be properly generated, correctly changed and appropriately processed
inside RF analog/digital systems during the simulation. Some data provided by an STK scenario can be used as input
information of RF systems modeled in SystemVue/Matlab, e.g., received signal power and signal propagation delay from
a transmitter (Tx) antenna to a receiver (Rx) antenna, and others can be applied as the ground truth information to verify
the estimated/calculated data obtained by the algorithms developed in Matlab/SystemVue.
Matlab [10] is popular numerical computing software that allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with other software, such as STK and
SystemVue. The algorithms written in Matlab may be used as untimed models for SystemVue [8]. Here, these untimed
models are used to 1) translate time-domain data generated from other SystemVue models to frequency-domain
information (such as spectrum with Doppler shifts created by moving sensors), or vice versa, and 2) estimate relevant
information such as received signal AoA from data in time, frequency and spatial domains.

Interoperability and functions of tools


Both SystemVue and STK interoperate with Matlab for data communication and application level API. Matlab plays the
central role in the current framework by controlling the overall simulation and logic between the platforms and sensors
during the simulation. The future version of SystemVue will integrate full version of Matlab and the integrated
SystemVue/Matlab may become the main tool in this framework. Table 1 lists the functions of the three tools used in this
paper. The main function of STK is to build a detailed scenario that has platform trajectories, terrain data, weather and
RF environment data to calculate RF propagation from a Tx antenna to an Rx antenna. These antennas are installed on
fixed or moving platforms, and create multiple RF Tx-Rx links. All RF EW systems, such as radars, communication
systems, RF jammers and RF receivers, can be built as Tx and/or Rx models in SystemVue. A multi-system RF-HFM&S
consists of one to many Tx-Rx pairs, and their RF propagation links are calculated by the electromagnetic (EM)
numerical models, such as TIREM [12] integrated in STK. Other advanced EM numerical methods can be found in
[6].

3. SCENARIO AND SYSTEM MODELS


This section presents the scenario settings and the Tx and Rx system models. The first simple scenario, Search Radar
Airborne ESM (Figure 2) is modeled in STK while the RF Tx and Rx system models are generated in SystemVue. The
scenario and its RF systems are built only for the purpose of demonstrating the RF-HFM&S. Figure 2 (left) shows the
scenario that has:
1. Detailed terrain data: GTOPO30 global elevation model [13] with a horizontal
grid spacing of 30 arc second;
2. Scenario details, platform and assets: the ground-based search radar facility has a
radar Tx, the aircraft with a 4-channel RF receiver is a moving platform. Both
radar Tx and airborne ESM Rx antenna are modeled in STK, and their patterns
are shown in the figure;
3. Trajectory: the aircraft trajectory is given by a white line in the figure, and
obtained from [14], as the aircraft flying along its trajectory, the search radar
scans its surrounding space and the 4-channel ESM receiver intercepts the radar
signal;

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4. Timing: the aircraft leaves the air force base at 12:30 pm (Figure 2, right-top),
and its body coordinate system is shown in (Figure 2, right-bottom), which
defines the azimuth angle used in the AoA calculation, and the total scenario
lasts about 2340 seconds.

Table 1: Functions of STK/Matlab/SystemVue in the framework

STK Matlab SystemVue


Engagement level one-on-one or The standalone and/or embedded RF system models include:
many-on-many scenario M&S, Matlab High-fidelity RF Tx models
information and data can be provided To initialize STK scenario o Waveform signal source
by STK scenario: and set up platforms and o Baseband signal
Earth terrain data parameters o From baseband to RF
Platforms and assets models To set model parameters in band frequency up-
o Location vs. time SystemVue conversion
o Orientation vs. time To send and get data o Power amplifier
o Physical size for sensor between STK and connecting to antenna
installations SystemVue modeled STK
o Radar cross section To change the scenario and o All the linear and
Sensors on the assets RF system parameters nonlinear properties of an
o Location related to the during the simulation, e.g., RF analog and digital Tx
platform at the pulse-by-pulse and/or system
o Pointing directions and scan-by-scan level Tx/Rx pair RF propagation
methods To process data obtained channel model using time-
o Antenna models from STK scenario and/or stamped propagation loss and
Radiation pattern SystemVue models delay data obtained from the
Gain scenario in STK
Polarization High-fidelity RF Rx models
Efficiency o Low noise amplifier
Data sent to SystemVue (LNA) connects to the Rx
o At certain carrier frequency, antenna modeled in STK
signal propagation loss o Frequency down-
between a pair of RF convertor model
transmitter (Tx) antenna phase o Analog to digital
center and receiver (Rx) convertor model
antenna phase center vs. time o All the linear and
o At certain carrier frequency, nonlinear properties of an
signal propagation delay RF analog and digital
between Tx and Rx antenna receiver
phase centers vs. time Connect, control and
o Moving platform Doppler communicate to electronic
shift between a pair of Tx and system models or hardware in
Rx vs. time loop
o Locations and angle-relations Data processing and post
between different platforms processing algorithms can be
vs. time implemented using:
RF propagation environment o SystemVue models
RF propagation calculations o MathLang
(TIREM) o Embedded Matlab

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Figure 2: Screen copies from the scenario in STK 10.1 (left), the aircraft body coordinates (right-bottom), and the aircraft leaves
airport at 12:30pm (right-top). The aircraft trajectory and scenario location are from [14].
Figure 3 shows a view from the ground-based radar to the aircraft. Some RF system properties of the radar Tx and
airborne Rx used in the scenario are given in the figure. The search radar operates at 2.25 GHz and emits 10 KW peak
power, its antenna vertical and horizontal beamwidths are 5o and 1.1o with 30 dBi maximum gain. The antenna scans at 5
RPM. The Rx radiation pattern is in the shape of a Gaussian-function with 90o 3-dB beamwidth (Figure 6 right-top). The
Tx and Rx antennas have 65% and 50% efficiency, respectively. The Rx receivers also operate at 2.25 GHz. From the Tx
to the four Rxs, the scenario provides 4 sets of data, including the received power and propagation delay as a function of
time. These data are used in the RF Tx-to-Rx propagation channels in the SystemVue and are shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 3: Screen copies from the scenario looking from radar to aircraft, and radar Tx and airborne Rx properties are input to STK.
Figure 4 shows the schematic designs of the radar Tx, the 4-channel airborne Rx, the RF Tx-to-Rx propagation channels,
and the data collections for post processing. The simple pulsed waveform is used as the signal source with pulse

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repetition interval 1.25 mSec and pulse width 10 Sec. A 100 MHz oscillator in the RADAR Tx w LO is modulated by
the waveform, and then up-converted to the RF carrier frequency at 2.25 GHz. Since the radar peak transmitted power is
10 KW, the total RADAR Tx w LO gain is adjusted by taking into account all the IF (intermediate frequency), RF and
IF-to-RF conversion losses, so that the peak power level at node-23 is 10 KW. It can be understood that node-23 is the
input port of the Tx antenna with its radiation pattern approximated by Cosine Aperture Rectangular in STK (Figure 3,
right-bottom). There are four RF propagation channels from the Tx antenna to four Rx antennas. STK provides four sets
of RF data to the SystemVue RF channel models. Node-31, 4, 18 and 20 are the output ports of the receiving antennas 1,
2, 3 and 4. Four Rx w LO receiver models down-convert the RF signal to base-band signal, which is then collected by
the data collection blocks for signal processing in Matlab. These receivers have slightly different properties as in Table 2,
so that receivers RF gain variations are also accounted in the model. It should be mentioned that these properties in
Table 2 only change the receiver total gain. Discrepancies of time delay and/or phase noise in the receiving channels are
not modelled in this work. However, SystemVue can easily model these discrepancies.

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Figure 4: A radar transmitter, four RF propagation channels and 4-channle airborne receiver in SystemVue.
Table 2: Typical RF properties of four receiver channels.
Rx LNA noise LNA IF amplifier IF amplifier Mixer insertion
figure (dB) gain (dB) noise figure (dB) Gain (dB) loss (dB)
1 1.5 11.2 4.6 20.6 7.1
2 1.4 11.5 4.1 21.2 7.5
3 1.3 12.1 3.9 20.7 6.9
4 1.6 11.7 4.2 20.9 7.2

Figure 5 shows the antenna received power vs. scenario time. As the radar scans, the received power levels of the
receivers vary following the scan-rate, Tx antenna pattern and the changes in the terrain between Tx and Rx. Since the
main beams of these receiving antennas point at different directions on the aircraft (Figure 6, left), the output power
levels are different. For example, at 498th second, antenna 1 and 2 are facing the radar, and their received power levels
are much higher than that of antenna 3 and 4. By calculating the power difference between the adjacent antennas, and
using the Gain-Difference vs. Azimuth curves in Figure 6, the receiver can estimate the AoA of the radar signal.

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In RF-HFM&S development, since high-fidelity RF analog/digital systems/subsystems modeled in the tools, such as
SystemVue, usually require long computation time due to very high sampling rates and the model complexity, it is
important invoke computations only when necessary. In this work, to speed up the simulation, SystemVue models are
only invoked when one of the receivers input power is higher than a pre-determined threshold, for example -100 dBm.
This threshold should be at least 10 to 15 dB lower than a receiver sensitivity determined by its frequency bandwidth and
system operating temperature. Threshold should not be set too low, otherwise SystemVue simulation time will be
increased. For example, in Figure 5 around 498th second, Rx-1 has the maximum received power. During the time-period
(T) when the received power is greater than the set threshold, the SystemVue simulation is turned on. With future
computer technologies such graphic processing units, field-programmable gate arrays, computer clusters and cloud
computing, simulation would be faster and easier. Even with such technologies, evoking the computational resources
only on demand would be a good practice.

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Figure 5: Receiving power at the output ports of the 4 receiving antennas vs. scenario time, and detailed received power at about 498
Sce.
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Figure 6: Top view of 4 receiving antenna patterns related to the aircraft (left). Gaussian-shaped pattern (right-top), 4 antenna patterns
cover 3600 azimuth angles (right-middle), and adjacent-antenna amplitude-comparison curves (right-bottom) for AoA estimation.
^mxu~

.8P) am.,

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A simple scenario with ground and air platforms and sensors was presented along with STK/Matlab/SystemVue
framework in the preceding section. This section demonstrates the ability of the framework to correctly model signal
amplitude and phase through the received signal AoA and the aircraft Doppler shift estimations in three scenarios. The
three scenarios are: (1) the scenario discussed in the last section with simple pulsed waveform, (2) same as (1) expect that
the simple pulse waveform is replaced by a LFM signal and the radar facility is at a new place, and (3) a different
scenario with the same 4-channel receiver, as in (1) and shown in Figure 4, connected to a 4-element linear antenna
array, with radar emitting the same LFM signal as in (2), and a new flight trajectory obtained from an example scenario
Aircraft Engineering from [15].
As discussed in the last section, for the first scenario, using adjacent channel received signal amplitudes, the intercepted
signal AoA is estimated, and results are shown in Figure 7 (left). The root mean square (RMS) estimation accuracy is
about 2.70. This error is mainly due to 1) the receiver channel gain differences, and 2) changes in the elevation due to the
aircraft manoeuvers, since the curves given in Figure 6 are for 00 elevation angle. In reality, a calibration table can be
developed to remove the gain discrepancy between the receiving channels and this will lead to better estimation.
Moreover, antenna patterns are not as smooth as the Gaussian-shaped patterns, and would also introduce an error in the
AoA estimation. All these effects can be easily incorporated through models in the RF-HFM&S approach, as well.
To demonstrate the RF-HFM&S can correctly model the signal phase information, the proposed receiver model is also
validated by extracting the Doppler frequency information from the transmitted and received signals, and comparing it
with the ground truth data provided by STK. The instantaneous frequency is calculated as follows [16]:

1
2

where is the signal phase. Using the 1, 2, 3 4 and _ produced by the model (shown in
Figure 4), the received and transmitted signal instantaneous frequencies can be calculated. The difference between these
instantaneous frequencies is the estimated Doppler shift. Figure 7 (right) shows the estimated Doppler shift (red)
comparing with aircraft Doppler frequency shift data provided by STK Data Provider. They have good agreement.

200
600

150
400
100

200
50
Doppler shift (Hz)
AoA (degree)

0 0

-50
-200
-100

-400
-150

-200 -600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Scenario epoch time (sec) Scenario epoch time (sec)

Figure 7: The estimated AoA results with its STK data (left), the SystemVue receiver calculated moving aircraft Doppler shift and
STK Doppler shift data (right), the transmitted signal has a pulsed waveform. Red: SystemVue receiver estimated result, Blue: STK
data.

To the best of authors knowledge, the current RF M&S tools use the Doppler frequency shift or moving platform radial
velocity obtained from the scenario as a part of the input data to a receiver model to derive the received signal. In this
work, the Doppler frequency shift is obtained from the time-domain received RF signal without using the ground truth
Doppler frequency shift provided by the STK scenarios.

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Figure 8 depicts the second scenario where the radar is located at a different location (when compared to the first
scenario) and its transmitter emits a LFM signal with 5.1 MHz bandwidth. The aircraft trajectory is the same as in Figure
2. The results for AoA and the Doppler frequency shift for the second scenario are presented in Figure 9, and compared
the ground truth data from the STK scenario. Again, the estimated and ground truth data agree well.

Tx LO
Frequency=2.15e49Hz [Tx lo_Freql Lo_40001
Power=18dBrn

S1
SampleRater10.48MHz [BB SamplingRate)
23
5 RADAR
10 Tx w LO 23

Zero. dBm_Ck_sig1 Tx
ain=0:316227766017 Vero_dBmj RF_Freq=2.25e+9HgRF2 req]
IF Freq.100L.13Hz1Tx Reg]
-Tx GairP70 (TX_Galn 'dB) " '
Pidietifidthi1Opi [PIN] TX_NF.S
RADAR PRI=1.26ms [PRI]
LFM Bandwidthrt5.1MHz [Chirp_BW1
1313_,SamplingRate10.48MHz

Figure 8: Radar is at a new place (top). Its transmitter emits a LFM signal with 5.1 MHz bandwidth (bottom), and other parameters are
the same as those given in Figure 3.

200 600

150

400

100

200
50
Doppler shift (Hz)
AoA (degree)

0 0

-50

-200

-100

-400
-150

-200 -600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Scenario epoch time (sec) Scenario epoch time (sec)

Figure 9: The estimated AoA results with its STK data (left), the SystemVue receiver calculated moving aircraft Doppler shift and
STK Doppler shift data (right), the transmitted signal has a linear frequency modulated waveform with bandwidth 5.1 MHz. Red:
SystemVue receiver estimated result, Blue: STK data.

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Figure 10 shows the third scenario where a 4-element linear array is used with the 4-channel receiver used in previous
two scenarios. The element spacing in the array is 66 mm and is slightly less than a half wavelength of 2.25 GHz. The
radar emitter peak power is set to 0.1 KW, and the same LFM waveform is used.

Using adjacent-channel phase comparison method, the measured AoA result (red dots in Figure 11 left) is compared with
the data from STK scenario. The overall RMS estimation accuracy is about 0.260. This result agrees with the general
knowledge that the phase comparison method produces better AoA estimation results than that of the amplitude
comparison method. The Doppler frequency shift results are also shown in Figure 11 (right), which are in agreement
with the ground truth data.

4-element linear array

Figure 10: The third scenario has 4-element linear array carried by an aircraft. The element spacing of the array is 66 mm. The ground
emitter parameters are the same as those in the first scenario, except the peak power is 0.1 KW.

130 1000

800
120
600
110
400
Doppler shift (Hz)

100 200
AoA (degree)

90 0

-200
80
-400
70
-600

60
-800

50 -1000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Scenario epoch time (sec) Scenario epoch time (sec)

Figure 11: The phase-comparison method estimated AoA result and STK data (left), the SystemVue receiver calculated moving
aircraft Doppler shift and STK Doppler shift data (right). Red: SystemVue receiver estimated result, Blue: STK data.

5. CONCLUSIONS
An RF-HFM&S approach is discussed in this paper. The approach applies modern modeling and simulation software
tools including STK, Matlab and SystemVue. Using three scenarios, the paper demonstrates how to use these software
tools for multi-system level RF-HFM&S. By correctly modeling the signal time delay and/or phase change from a
transmitter, via RF propagation environment, to a receiver, the received signal frequency can be modeled without using

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the Doppler frequency shift or moving platform radial velocity information from its scenario. Through modeling the RF
transmitter and receiver pairs in STK and SystemVue, the approach can be used to model any RF systems-of-systems
problem in a close to reality RF environment. In order to speed up the simulation, this work 1) only invokes the
SystemVue models that only use the information of 1) received signal power level at the output port of receiving antenna
and 2) propagation delay between Tx and Rx antennas from STK scenario, and 2) introduces a simulation scheme that
only runs a SystemVue Tx-Rx pair when the received signal power level exceeds a predetermined threshold. Different
receiving antenna array configurations are used in different scenarios to measure different modulated received-signal
AoA using amplitude and phase comparison methods. Future papers will address the advanced R&D topic such as
modeling the 3-dimesional RF multi-path environment and apply it to the RF-HFM&S.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like thank Mr. Girish Rao for first introducing the SystemVue to this work and demonstrating his
M&S work.

REFERENCES

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