Von Mises - MODE I 1

Plane Stress 1
Plane Strain 2

Von Mises - MODE II 2

Plane Stress 2
Plane Strain 2

Tresca MODE I 2
Plane Stress 3
Plane Strain 3

Tresca MODE II 4
Plane Stress 4
Plane Strain 4

Maximum Normal Stress MODE I 5

Plane Stress 5
Plane Strain 5

Maximum Normal Stress MODE II 6

Plane Stress 6
Plane Stress 6

0
Derive the equations and draw the profiles of the elastic-plastic boundary for (i) plane stress
and, (ii) plane strain conditions for a crack undergoing A) mode-I and B) mode-II loading. Use
a) the Maximum Normal Stress, b) Tresca, and c) von Mises yield criterion.
__________________________________________________________________________

Detail algebra was done using wxMaxima software, the full print of the wxMaxima worksheet
will be attached at the end of the document. The graphs are plotted using Python and it's
respective code will also be attached at the end of the document.

2
k
Plotting in Python are done in non-dimensional, meaning the plots present, r y / 2 2 . Plots are
y

attached at the end of the document for each of the failure criterion for MODE I and MODE II.
Additional plots for r y are provided as extra material, note that as stated above Python code is
only for non-dimensional plots.

The principle stresses that will be used for MODE I and MODE II are shown below:

MODE I MODE II
h i p
2 3sin (x)+4
sin(x)
1 = p k 2 + cos( x2 ) [1a] 1 = pk 2 sin( x2 ) [2a]
(2r) (2r)

h i p
sin(x) 3sin2 (x)+4
2 = p k 2 + cos( x2 ) [1b] 2 = p k 2 sin( x2 ) [2b]
(2r) (2r)

3 = p k 2cos( x2 ) *Plane Strain
3 = p k 2sin( x2 ) *Plane Strain only
(2r) [1c] (2r) [2c]
only

Von Mises - MODE I

The Von Mises failure criterion can be expressed as the following with y being the ultimate
yield stress.

2 y = ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 [3]

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is zero.

2 y = ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 + ( 1 )2
By substituting the stresses for MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve
for r y is:
k2
3
r y = 2 sin 2 (x) + cos2 ( x )
2
y 4 2 [4]

1
Plane Strain
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is not zero. When solving for plane strain the value for
poissons ratio, , of is assumed.
2 y = ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

By substituting the stresses for MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve
for r y is:
k2
3
r y = 2 sin 2 (x) + 1 cos2 ( x )
2
y 4 9 2 [5]

Von Mises - MODE II

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is zero.

2 y = ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 + ( 1 )2
By substituting the stresses for MODE II the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve
for r y is:

k2

ry = 22y 3 49 sin2 (x) + sin2 ( x2 ) [6]

Plane Strain
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is not zero. When solving for plane strain the value for
poissons ratio, , of is assumed.
2 y = ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

By substituting the stresses for MODE II the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve
for r y is:
k2
9 2 x

2
r y = 2 2 3 4 sin (x) + sin ( 2 ) [7]
y

Tresca MODE I

The tresca failure theory predicts that yielding begins whenever the maximum shear stress in
any element equals or exceeds the maximum shear stress in a tension-test specimen of the
same material when that specimen begins to yield. The tresca failure criterion can be
expresses as the following:

2
 Sy
max = 2

Incorporating the three principal stress the tresca failure criterion can be expressed as:

y = max [j 1 2 j ; j 2 3 j ; j 1 3 j] [8]

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is zero.

y = max [j 1 2 j ; j 2 j ; j 1 j]
By inspection it can be seen that 1 > 2 , as such:

max [j 1 2 j ; j 2 j ; j 1 j] = 1

By substituting the stresses for MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve
for r y is:
k2

r y = 2 2 x x 1 2
2 cos ( 2 ) + cos( 2 )sin(x) + 4 sin (x) [9]
y

Plane Strain
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is not zero. When solving for plane strain the value for
poissons ratio, , of is assumed.
y = max [j 1 2 j ; j 2 3 j ; j 1 3 j]

( 1 2 )2 = sin2 (x)

( 2 3 )2 = 1 2 x
9 cos ( 2 ) 31 cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 (x)

( 1 3 )2 = 1 2 x
9 cos ( 2 ) + 31 cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 (x)

Since there are three separate stress equations, there will be three equations for r y . Only the
highest value of the three will be plotted for each increment. By substituting the stresses for
MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve for r y is:

k2
( 1 2 )2 : ry = 22y
[sin2 (x)] [10a]

k2
1
2 x 1 x 1
( 2 3 )2 : ry = 22y
2
9 cos ( 2 ) 3 cos( 2 )sin(x) + 4 sin (x) [10b]

k2
1
2( x ) + 31 cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 (x)
( 1 3 )2 : ry = 22y 9 cos 2 [10c]

3
Tresca MODE II

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is zero.
y = max [j 1 2 j ; j 2 j ; j 1 j]

Substituting the principal stresses will yield:

( 1 2 )2 = 4 3sin2 (x)
p
( 2 )2 = 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)
p
( 1 )2 = 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)
Since there are three separate stress equations, there will be three equations for r y . Only the
highest value of the three will be plotted for each increment. By substituting the stresses for
MODE II the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve for r y is:

k2
( 1 2 )2 : ry = 22y
[4 3sin2 (x)] [11a]

h p i
k2
( 2 )2 : ry = 22y 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [11b]
h p i
2 k2
( 1 ) : ry = 22y 1+ sin2 ( x2 ) 3 2
4 sin (x) sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [11c]

Plane Strain
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is not zero. When solving for plane strain the value for
poissons ratio, , of is assumed.
y = max [j 1 2 j ; j 2 3 j ; j 1 3 j]

Substituting the principal stresses will yield:

( 1 2 )2 = 4 3sin2 (x)
p
( 2 3 )2 = 1 + 91 sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + 31 sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)
p
( 1 3 )2 = 1 + 91 sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) 31 sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)

4
Since there are three separate stress equations, there will be three equations for r y . Only the
highest value of the three will be plotted for each increment. By substituting the stresses for
MODE II the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve for r y is:

k2
( 1 2 )2 : ry = 22y
[4 3sin2 (x)] [12a]

h p i
k2
( 2 3 )2 : ry = 22y 1 + 91 sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + 31 sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [12b]
h p i
2 k2 1 2 x 3 2 1 x
( 1 3 ) : ry = 22y 1+ 9 sin ( 2 ) 4 sin (x) 3 sin( 2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [12c]

Maximum Normal Stress MODE I

The maximum-normal-stress (MNS) theory states that failure occurs whenever one of
the three principal stresses equals or exceeds the strength. This can be expressed as:

y = max [j 1 j ; j 2 j ; j 3 j] [13]

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is zero.
y = max [j 2 j ; j 1 j]

By inspection it can be seen that 1 > 2 , as such:

max [j 2 j ; j 1 j] = j 1 j

By substituting the stresses for MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve
for r y is:

k2

ry = 22y cos2 ( x2 ) + cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 (x) [14]

Plane Strain
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is not zero. When solving for plane strain the value for
poissons ratio, , of is assumed.
y = max [j 1 j ; j 2 j ; j 3 j]

Substituting the principal stresses will yield:

( 1 )2 = cos2 ( x2 ) + cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 ( x2 )

( 2 )2 = cos2 ( x2 ) cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 ( x2 )

5
 ( 3 )2 = 94 cos2 ( x2 )

Since there are three separate stress equations, there will be three equations for r y . Only the
highest value of the three will be plotted for each increment. By substituting the stresses for
MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve for r y is:

k2

( 1 )2 : ry = 22y cos2 ( x2 ) + cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 ( x2 ) [15a]

k2

( 2 )2 : ry = 22y cos2 ( x2 ) cos( x2 )sin(x) + 41 sin2 ( x2 ) [15b]

k2
4
2( x )
( 3 )2 : ry = 22y 9 cos 2 [15c]

Maximum Normal Stress MODE II

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane stress case, 3 is zero.
y = max [j 2 j ; j 1 j]

Substituting the principal stresses will yield:

p
( 1 )2 = 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)

p
( 2 )2 = 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)

Since there are two separate stress equations, there will be two equations for r y . Only the
highest value of the two will be plotted for each increment. By substituting the stresses for
MODE I the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve for r y is:
h p i
k2 2 x 3 x
( 1 )2 : r y = 2 y
2
2 1 + sin ( 2 ) 4 sin (x) sin( 2 ) 4 3 sin 2 (x)
[16a]

h p i
2 k2
( 2 ) : ry = 22y 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [16b]

Plane Stress
Solving for the plane strain case, 3 is not zero.
y = max [j 2 j ; j 1 j ; j 3 j]

6
Substituting the principal stresses will yield:
p
( 1 )2 = 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)
p
( 2 )2 = 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x)

( 3 )2 = 94 sin2 ( x2 )

Since there are three separate stress equations, there will be three equations for r y . Only the
highest value of the three will be plotted for each increment. By substituting the stresses for
MODE II the ultimate yield stress, y , and rearranging to solve for r y is:

h p i
2 k2
( 1 ) : ry = 22y 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [17a]
h p i
k2
( 2 )2 : ry = 22y 1 + sin2 ( x2 ) 43 sin2 (x) + sin( x2 ) 4 3sin2 (x) [17b]

k2
4
2 x
( 3 )2 : ry = 22y 9 sin ( 2 ) [17c]

7
 2
Plots - non-dimensional, r y / 2
k
2
y

8
Plots - r y

9
Python Code

#%%
#Von-Mises MODE I
from math import *
import numpy
import pylab as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ntheta = numpy.arange(0, 2*pi, pi/180)
x1 =[];x2=[]
y1= [];y2=[]

for a in range (len(ntheta)):

r_pstress = (4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2+3*sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Stress

r_pstrain = ((4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9+3*sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Strain

x1.append(r_pstress *cos(ntheta[a]))
y1.append(r_pstress *sin(ntheta[a]))

x2.append(r_pstrain *cos(ntheta[a]))
y2.append(r_pstrain *sin(ntheta[a]))

plt.ylim((-2.3,2.3))
#plt.xlim((-.5,1.2))
pl.plot(x1,y1)
pl.plot(x2,y2)

plt.title('Von-Mises MODE I')

plt.legend(['Plane Stress', 'Plane Strain'], loc='upper right')

plt.show()
#plt.savefig('V on-Mises MODE I.png')
__________________________________________________________________________
____
#%%
#Von-Mises MODE II
from math import *
import numpy
import pylab as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ntheta = numpy.arange(0, 2*pi, pi/180)
x1 =[];x2=[]
y1= [];y2=[]

for a in range (len(ntheta)):

r_pstress = -(-12-4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2+9*sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4## Plane Stress

r_pstrain = (12+(4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9-9*sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Strain

x1.append(r_pstress *cos(ntheta[a]))
y1.append(r_pstress *sin(ntheta[a]))

x2.append(r_pstrain *cos(ntheta[a]))

10
 y2.append(r_pstrain *sin(ntheta[a]))

plt.ylim((-3,3))
plt.xlim((-5,4))
pl.plot(x1,y1)
pl.plot(x2,y2)

plt.title('Von-Mises MODE II')

plt.legend(['Plane Stress', 'Plane Strain'], loc='upper right')

#plt.show()
#plt.savefig('V on-Mises MODE II.png')

______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
#%%
#Tresca MODE I
from math import *
import numpy
import pylab as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ntheta = numpy.arange(0, 2*pi, pi/180)
x1 =[];x2=[]
y1= [];y2=[]

for a in range (len(ntheta)):

r_pstress = (4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2+4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)*sin(ntheta[a])+sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Stress

r_pstrain_s1_s2 = sin(ntheta[a])**2 ## Plane Strain

r_pstrain_s2_s3 = ((4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9-(4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)*sin(ntheta[a]))/3+sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Strain
r_pstrain_s1_s3 = ((4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9+(4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)*sin(ntheta[a]))/3+sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Strain

r_pstrain_max = max( r_pstrain_s1_s2, r_pstrain_s2_s3,r_pstrain_s1_s3)

x1.append(r_pstress *cos(ntheta[a]))
y1.append(r_pstress *sin(ntheta[a]))

x2.append(r_pstrain_max *cos(ntheta[a]))
y2.append(r_pstrain_max *sin(ntheta[a]))

plt.ylim((-3,3))
#plt.xlim((-.5,1.2))
pl.plot(x1,y1)
pl.plot(x2,y2)

plt.title('Tresca MODE I')

plt.legend(['Plane Stress', 'Plane Strain'], loc='upper right')

plt.show()

#plt.savefig('T resca MODE I.png')

11
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
#%%
#Tresca MODE II
from math import *
import numpy
import pylab as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ntheta = numpy.arange(0, 2*pi, pi/180)
x1 =[];x2=[]
y1= [];y2=[]

for a in range (len(ntheta)):

r_pstress_s1_s2 = 4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2 ## Plane Stress
r_pstress_s1 = -(-4-4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2+3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/4 ## Plane Stress
r_pstress_s2 = (4+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/4 ## Plane Stress

r_pstrain_s1_s2 = 4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2 ## Plane Strain

r_pstrain_s2_s3 = (4+(4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+(4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/3)/4 ## Plane
Strain
r_pstrain_s1_s3 = (4+(4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2-(4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/3)/4 ## Plane
Strain

r_pstress_max = max(r_pstress_s1_s2,r_pstress_s1,r_pstress_s2)
r_pstrain_max = max( r_pstrain_s1_s2, r_pstrain_s2_s3,r_pstrain_s1_s3)

x1.append(r_pstress_max *cos(ntheta[a]))
y1.append(r_pstress_max *sin(ntheta[a]))

x2.append(r_pstrain_max *cos(ntheta[a]))
y2.append(r_pstrain_max *sin(ntheta[a]))

plt.ylim((-4,4))
plt.xlim((-4.5,4.5))
pl.plot(x1,y1)
pl.plot(x2,y2)

plt.title('Tresca MODE II')

plt.legend(['Plane Stress', 'Plane Strain'], loc='upper right')

#plt.show()

plt.savefig('T resca MODE II.png')

______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
#%%
#Maximum Normal Stress MODE I
from math import *
import numpy
import pylab as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ntheta = numpy.arange(0, 2*pi, pi/180)
x1 =[];x2=[]
y1= [];y2=[]

for a in range (len(ntheta)):

r_pstress = (4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2+4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)*sin(ntheta[a])+sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Stress

12
 r_pstrain_s1 = (4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2+4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)*sin(ntheta[a])+sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Stress
r_pstrain_s2 = (4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2-4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)*sin(ntheta[a])+sin(ntheta[a])**2)/4 ## Plane Stress
r_pstrain_s3 = (4*cos(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9 ## Plane Strain

r_pstrain_max = max( r_pstrain_s1, r_pstrain_s2 , r_pstrain_s3)

x1.append(r_pstress *cos(ntheta[a]))
y1.append(r_pstress *sin(ntheta[a]))

x2.append(r_pstrain_max *cos(ntheta[a]))
y2.append(r_pstrain_max *sin(ntheta[a]))

plt.ylim((-3,3))
#plt.xlim((-.5,1.2))
pl.plot(x1,y1)
pl.plot(x2,y2)

plt.title('Maximum Normal Stress MODE I')

plt.legend(['Plane Stress', 'Plane Strain'], loc='upper right')

plt.show()

#plt.savefig('Maximum Normal Stress MODE I.png')

______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
#%%
#Maximum Normal Stress MODE II
from math import *
import numpy
import pylab as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ntheta = numpy.arange(0, 2*pi, pi/180)
x1 =[];x2=[]
y1= [];y2=[]

for a in range (len(ntheta)):

r_pstress_s1 = -(-4-4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2+3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/4 ## Plane Stress
r_pstress_s2 = (4+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/4 ## Plane Stress

r_pstrain_s1 = (4+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/4 ## Plane Strain

r_pstrain_s2 = (4+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2+4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)*sqrt(4-3*sin(ntheta[a])**2))/4 ## Plane Strain
r_pstrain_s3 = (4*sin(ntheta[a]/2)**2)/9 ## Plane Strain

r_pstress_max = max(r_pstress_s1,r_pstress_s2)
r_pstrain_max = max( r_pstrain_s1, r_pstrain_s2,r_pstrain_s3)

x1.append(r_pstress_max *cos(ntheta[a]))
y1.append(r_pstress_max *sin(ntheta[a]))

x2.append(r_pstrain_max *cos(ntheta[a]))
y2.append(r_pstrain_max *sin(ntheta[a]))
plt.ylim((-3,3))
plt.xlim((-4.5,2))
pl.plot(x1,y1)
pl.plot(x2,y2)

13
plt.title('Maximum Normal Stress MODE II')
plt.legend(['Plane Stress', 'Plane Strain'], loc='upper right')
#plt.show()

plt.savefig('Maximum Normal Stress MODE II.png')

14
 WxMaxima WorkSheet
(See Following Pages)

-Page Intentionally Left Blank-

15