4/13/2011

Thefourmajorcomponentsofthe
environmentarebrokendowninto
ComponentsoftheEnvironment subdivisionsinthenextfigure.Adescription
of each subdivision and the parameters to
ofeachsubdivisionandtheparametersto
considerintheenvironmentalassessment
follow.Further,thetypesofanalysisthat
couldbemadeareinclude

EnvironmentalCategoriesand
componentsforenvironmental
Assessment
ComponentsoftheEnvironment
Thesystempresentedforenvironmentalanalystsdividesthe
humanenvironmentintofourmajorcategories.21Thefirsttwoare
physicalandbiological,andthelatterconsidersocialandcultural
factors.
1.Physical/chemicalfactorsdescribethephysicalandchemical
effectsofair,waterandlandpollution.Changesinthissectorofthe
environment usually demonstrate their impacts on the other
environmentusuallydemonstratetheirimpactsontheother
environmentalsectors.
2Ecologicalfactorsdescribethefloraandfaunaoftheenvironment
andtheimpactsmadeonthem.Eachspeciesanditshabitatis
consideredastopopulation,growthrate,interactionswithitsown
species,andinteractionswithotherspeciesandlifecycles.
3.Aestheticfactorsdescribethelanduseimpactsoftheproposed
projectandothersensoryeffects,prim3Iilyvisual.
4.Socialfactorsdescribethehumanlifequality,healthandwelfare.

Leopoldmatrix Physicaland
LeopoldInteractionMatrix
ChemicalProperties
Theenvironmentisdividedintothefollowing AEarth. BWater.
majorcategories:physicalandchemical 1MineralresourceS. 1Surface.
characteristics,biologicalconditions,cultural
factors.andecologicalrelationships.Figure32 2Constructionmaterial. 2Ocean.
itemizes78environmentalfactorsusedinthe 3Soils. 3Underground.
environmentalevaluationsystempreparedfor 4Landform. 4Quality.
waterresourceprojects byBattelleColumbus.In SForcefieldsand STemperature.
thismethodtheenvironmentisdividedinto backgroundradiation. 6Recharge.
ecology.environmentalpollution,aesthetics,and 6Uniquephysical
humaninterest.Itshouldbenotedthatthese 7Snow,ice,and
features. permafrost
twomethodsdiscussedherehaveverylittle
emphasisonthesocioeconomicenvironment.

1
 4/13/2011

Leopoldmatrix Physicaland
Leopoldmatrix BiologicalConditions
ChemicalProperties
C Atmosphere. D.Processes. AFlora BFauna.
1Quality(gases, 1Floods. 1.Trees 1Birds.
particulates). 2Erosion.
2Climate(micro,macro). .3Deposition
2Shrubs 2Landanimalsincluding
3Temperature. (sedimentation. 3Grass reptiles.
precipitation). 4 Crops
4Crops 3Fishandshellfish.
3 Fish and shellfish
4Solution. 4Benthicorganisms.
SSorption(ionexchange,
5Microflora
complexing). 6Aquaticplants 5Insects.
6Compactionandsetting. 7Endangeredspecies 6Microfauna.
7Stability(slides,slumps). 8Barriers 7Endangeredspec;:ies.
8Stressstrain 8Barriers.
(earthquake). 9Corridors
9Airmovements 9Corridors.

LeopoldInteractionMatrix Cultural LeopoldInteractionMatrix Cultural

Factors Factors
ALanduse. BRecreation. CAestheticsandhuman DCulturalstatus.
interest. 1Culturalpatterns(lifestyle).
1Wildernessandopen 1Hunting 1Scenicviewsandvistas. 2Healthandsafety.
spaces. 2Fishing 2Wildernessqualities. 3Employment.
2Wetlands. 3Boating 3Openspacequalities. 4Populationdensity.
3Forestry.
3 Forestry 4Landscapedesign.
p g
4 Swimming
4Swimming SUniquephysicalfeatures.
4Grazing. 5Campingandhiking 6Parksandreserves.
5Agriculture. 6.Picnicking 7 Monuments.
6Residential. 8Rareanduniquespeciesor
7.Resorts ecosystems.
7Commercial. 9Historicalorarcheological
8Industrial. sitesandobjects_
10Presenceofmisfits..
9Miningandquarrying

LeopoldInteractionMatrix Cultural LeopoldInteractionMatrix Ecological

Factors Relationships
EConstructedfacilities ASalinization ofwater
andactivities. resources.
1Structures. BEutrophication
2Transportation CDiseaseinsect
network vectors.
(movement;access). DFoodchains.
3Utilitynetworks. E.Salinlzation of
4Wastedisposal. surficial material.
SBarriers. FBrushencroachment.
6Corridors. GOther

2

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHE
PROPOSEDACTION
4/13/2011
InthissectionoftheEIStheimpactsofthe
proposedprojectontheenvironmentare
discussedindetail.Theseimpactsaredescribed
inreIation tophysical,biologicalandhuman
environment.Thefollowingoutlinesthe
g
proceduresthatmaybefollowedinthe
preparationofthisportionoftheEIS.Firstthe
impactsareidentified.Evaluationandassessment
oftheirinteractionsfollow,andthencomparisons
aremadewiththecontrolenvironmentshould
noactiontakeplace.
IdentificationofImpacts
Theimpactsontheenvironmentofa projectare
determinedthroughanexaminationofits
processoperations,itsrawmaterial
requirements,itstransportationrequirements,
anditssiterequirements.Obviouslydifferent
q y
projectswilldemandgreaterdetailindifferent
areas.Arefineryorchemicalplantwould
necessitatealargesectiononprocessimpacts
whileadammingreservoirprojectwouldrequire
detailedsiteimpactanalysis.Thefollowingfigure
illustratestheanalysisoperationnecessaryfor
finalimpactidentification.
Environmentalcostsandbenefits
3

Pollutionpreventionistheuseofmaterials,
processes, orpracticesthatreduceor
eliminatethecreationofpollutantsorwastes
at the source It includes practices that reduce
atthesource.Itincludespracticesthatreduce
theuseofhazardousandnonhazardous
materials,energy,water,orotherresourcesas
wellasthosethatprotectnaturalresources
throughconservationormoreefficientuse.
BENEFITSOFAPOLLUTION
PREVENTIONPROGRAM
Inthecaseofpollutionpreventionnational
environmentalgoalscoincidewithindustryseconomic
interestsBusinesseshavestrongincentivestoreduce
thetoxicityandsheervolumeofthewastethey
g
generate.Acompanywithaneffective,ongoing
p y , g g
pollutionpreventionplanmaywellbethelowestcost
producerandhaveasignificantcompetitiveedge.The
costperunitproducedwilldecreaseaspollution
preventionmeasureslowerliabilityriskandoperating
costs.Thecompany'spublicimagewillalsobe
enhanced.
4/13/2011
POLLUTIONPREVENTION
PROGRAMS
PollutionPreventionProgram
examinationoftheoperationsatafacilitywith
thegoalofminimizingalltypesofwaste
products.Aneffectivepollutionprevention
programwill:
reduceriskofcriminalandcivilliability
reduceoperatingcosts
improveemployeemoraleandparticipation
enhancecompany'simageinthecommunity
protectpublichealthandtheenvironment
ReducedRiskofLiability
Youwilldecreaseyourriskofbothciviland
criminalliabilitybyreducingthevolumeand
thepotentialtoxicityofthe vapor,liquid,and
solid discharges you generate You should look
soliddischargesyougenerate.Youshouldlook
atalltypesofwaste,notjustthosethatare
currentlydefinedashazardous.Sincetoxicity
definitionsandregulationschange,reducing
thevolumeofwastesinallcategoriesisa
soundlongtermmanagementpolicy.
4

Environmentalregulationsatthefederaland
statelevelsrequirethatfacilitiesdocument
thepollutionpreventionandrecycling
measures they employ for wastes defined as
measurestheyemployforwastesdefinedas
hazardous.companiesthatproduceexcessive
wasteriskheavyfines,andtheirmanagers
maybesubjecttofinesandimprisonmentif
potentialpollutantsaremismanaged.
ReducedOperatingCosts
Aneffectivepollutionpreventionprogramcan
yieldcostsavingthatwillmorethanoffset
programdevelopmentandimplementationcosts.
Costreductionsmaybeimmediatesavingsthat
appeardirectlyonthebalancesheetor
pp y waste As wastes are reduced the percentage
anticipatedsavingsbased
1avoidingpotentialfuturecosts.Cost'savingsare
particularlynoticeablewhenthecostsresulting
fromthetreatment,storage,ordisposalof
wastesareallocatedtotheproductionunit,
product,orservicethatproducesthewaste.
Wastemanagementanddisposalcostsarean
obviousandeasilymeasuredpotentialsavingsto
berealizedfrompollutionprevention.Federal
andstateregulationsmandatespecialinplant
handling proced res and specific treatment and
handlingproceduresandspecifictreatmentand
disposalmethodstoxicwastes.Thecostsof
complyingwiththeserequirementsreportingon
wastedispositionaredirectcoststobusinesses.
Therearealsoindirectcosts,suchashighertaxes
forsuchpublic
4/13/2011
Civilliabilityisincreasedbygeneratinghazardous
wasteandtherepotentialpollutants.Waste
handlingaffectspublichealthandproperty
valuesinthecommunitiessurrounding
p
productionanddisposalsites.Evenmaterialsnot
p
currentlycoveredbyhazardouswasteregulations
maypresentariskofcivillitigationinthefuture.
Workerscompensationcostsandrisksaredirectly
relatedtothevolumeofhazardousmaterials
produced.Again,itisunwiseto)confineyour
attentiontothosematerialsspecificallydefined
ashazardous.
Materialscostscanbereducedbyadopting
productionandpackagingproceduresthat
consumefewerresources,therebycreateless
waste.Aswastesarereduced,thepercentage
ofrawmaterialsconvertedtofinished
productsincreases,withaproportional
decreaseinmaterialscosts
servicesaslandfillmanagement.Thecurrent
trendsforthesecoststocontinuetoincrease
atthesameorhigherrates.Someofthese
cost savings are summarized
costsavingsaresummarized
5

Wastemanagementcostswilldecreaseaspollution
preventionmeasuresareimplemented:
Reducedmanpowerandequipmentrequirementsforonsite
pollutioncontrolandtre.atment
Lesswastestoragespace,freeingmorespaceforproduction
Lesspretreatmentandpackagingpriortodisposal
Less pretreatment and packaging prior to disposal
Smallerquantitiestreated,withpossibleshiftfromtreatment,
storage,anddisposal(TSD)facilitytononTSDstatus
Lessneedtotransportfordisposal
Lowerwasteproductiontaxes
Reducedpaperworkandrecordkeepingrequirements,e.g.,less
ToxicRelease
Inventory(TRI)reportingwhenTRIlistedchemicalsare
eliminatedorreduced.
Energycostswilldecreaseaspollution
preventionmeasuresareimplementedin
variousproductionlines:Inaddition,energy
used to operate the overall facility can be
usedtooperatetheoverallfacilitycanbe
reducedbydoingathoroughassessmentof
howvariousoperationsinteract
Improvecompanyimage
Asthequalityoftheenvironmentcomesan
issueofgreaterimportancetosociety,your
company'spolicyandpracticesforcontrolling
waste increasingly influence the attitudes of
wasteincreasinglyinfluencetheattitudesof
youremployeesandofthecommunityat
large.
4/13/2011
Productioncostscanbe.reducedthrougha
pollutionpreventionassessment.Whenamulti
disciplinarygroupexaminesproductionprocesses
fromafreshperspective,opportunitiesfor
increasingefficiencyarelikelytosurfacethat
g y y
mightnototherwisehavebeennoticed.
Productionscheduling,materialhandling,
inventorycontrol,andequipmentmaintenance
areallareasthatcanbeoptimizedtoreducethe
productionofwasteofalltypesandalsocontrol
thecostsofproduction.
Facilitycleanupcostsmayresultfromaneed
tocomplywithfutureregulationsorto
prepareaproductionfacilityoroffsitewaste
storage or disposal site for sale These future
storageordisposalsiteforsale.Thesefuture
costscanbeminimizedbyactingnowto
reducetheamountofwastesofalltypesthat
yougenerate.
Employeesarelikelytofeelmorepositive
towardtheircompanywhentheybelievethat
managementiscommittedtoprovidingasafe
work environment and is acting as a
workenvironmentandisactingasa
responsiblemember
6

Ofthecommunitybyparticipatinginpollution
preventionactivities,employeescaninteract
positivelywitheachotherandwith
management Helping to implement and
managementHelpingtoimplementand
maintainapollutionpreventionprogram
shouldincreasetheirsenseofidentitywith
companygoals.Thispositiveatmosphere
helpstoretainacompetitiveworkforceand
toattracthighqualitynewemployees
PublicHealthandenvironmental
benefits
Reducingproductionwastesprovides
upstreambenefitsbecauseitreduces
ecologicaldamageduetorawmaterial
extraction and refining operations
extractionandrefiningoperations.
Subsequentbenefitsarethereducedriskof
emissionsduringtheproductionprocessand
duringrecycling,abatement,anddisposal
operations.
WhatispollutionPrevention
Pollutionpreventionisthemaximumfeasible
reductionofallwastesgeneratedatproductionsites.It
involvesthejudicioususeofresourcesthroughsource
reduction,energyefficiency,reuseofmaterialsduring
p
production,andreducedwaterconsumption.
, p
Therearetwogeneralmethodsofsourcereduction
thatcanbeinapollutionpreventionprogramproduct
changesandprocesschanges.Theyreducethevolume
andtoxicityofproductwastesandofendproducts
duringtheirlifecycleandatdisposal
4/13/2011
Communityattitudeswillbemorepositivetoward
companiesthatoperateandpublicizeathorough
pollutionpreventionprogram.Mostcommunities
activelyresistthesiting ofnewwastedisposalfacilities.
intheirareas.Inaddition,theyarebecomingore
conscious of the monetary costsoftreatmentand
consciousofthemonetary costs of treatment and
disposal.Creatingenvironmentallycompatible
productsandavoidingexcessiveconsumptionand
dischargeofmaterialandenergyresources,otherthan
concentratingsolelyontreatmentanddisposal,will
greatJy enhanceyourcompany'simagewithinyour
communityandwithpotentialcustomers
Theenvironmentalmanagement
hierarachy
Thepollutionpreventionactof1990reinforces
theUSEnvironmentalManagementOptions
Hierarchy;Thehighestprioritiesareassignedto
preventingpollutionthroughsourcereduction
andreuse,orclosedlooprecycling.Preventingor
, p y g g
recyclingatthesourceeliminatestheneedfor
siterecyclingortreatmentanddisposal.
Eliminationofpollutantornearthesourceis
typicallylessexpensivethancollecting,treating,
anddisposingofwastes.Italsopresentsmuch
lessrisktoyourworkers,thecommunity.andthe
environment.
Productchangesinthecompositionoruseof
theintermediateorendproductsare
performedbythemanufacturerwiththe
purpose of reducing waste from manufacture
purposeofreducingwastefrommanufacture.
use.orultimatedisposaloftheproducts
7

Source
Reduction
Models
Thefollowingprocesschangesarepollution
preventionmeasuresbecausetheyreducethe
amountofwastecreatedduringproduction.
Examplesofinputmaterialchanges:
Stopusingheavymetalpigment
Usealesshazardousortoxicsolventforcleaning
orascoating.
Purchaserawmaterialsthatarefreeoftrace
quantitiesofhazardousortoxicimpurities.
4/13/2011
EnvironmentalManagementoptions
Hierarchy
Processchangesareconcernedwithhowthe
productismade.Theyincludeinputmaterial
changes,technologychanges,andimproved
operating practices All such changes reduce
operatingpractices.Allsuchchangesreduce
workerexposuretopollutantsduringthe
manufacturingprocess.Typicalimproved
operatingpracticescanbeimplementedmore
quicklyatlessexpensethaninputmaterial
andtechnologychanges
Examplesoftechnologychanges:
Redesignequipmentandpipingtoreducethevolume
ofmaterialcontained.cuttinglossesduringbatchor
colorchangesorwhenequipmentisdrainedfor
maintenanceorcleaning.
Changetomechanicalstripping/cleaningdevicesto
g avoidsolventuse.
Changetoapowdercoatingsystem.
Installahardpipedvaporrecoverysystemtocapture
andreturnvaporousemissions.
Usemoreefficientmotors.
Installspeedcontrolonpumpmotor.;toreduce
energyconsumption.
8
 4/13/2011

Examplesofimprovedoperatingpractices:
Trainoperators. WHATISNOTPOLLUTION
Coversolventtankswhennotinuse.
Segregatewastestreamstoavoidcrosscontaminating PREVENTION?
hazardousandnonhazardousmaterials.
Improvecontrolofoperatingconditions(e.g.,flowrate, Thereareanumberofpollutioncontrol
temperature,pressure,residencetime,stoichiometry.
Improvemaintenancescheduling,recordkeeping,orprocedures measuresthatareappliedonlyafterwastes
toincreaseefficiency. aregenerated.Theyare,therefore,not
Optimizepurchasingandinventorymaintenancemethodsfor
input materials Purchasing in quantity can reduce costs and
inputmaterials.Purchasinginquantitycanreducecostsand correctly categorized as pollution prevention
correctlycategorizedaspollutionprevention.
packagingmaterialifcareistakentoensurethatmaterialsdo
notexceedtheirshelflife.Reevaluateshelflifecharacteristicsto Nextslideprovidessomeexamplesof
avoidunnecessarydisposalofstableitems.
Stopleaks,drips,andspills.
proceduresthatarewastehandling,not
Tum.offelectricalequipmentsuchaslightsandcopierswhen pollutionprevention,measures.
notinuse.
Placeequipmentsoastominimizespillsandlossesduring
transportofpartsormaterials.
Usedrippansandsplashguards.

Wastetreatment
Thefollowingarenotpollutionprevention Wastetreatmentinvolveschangingtheform
measures orcompositionofawastestreamthrough
OffsiteRecycling controlledreactionstoreduceoreliminatethe
Offsiterecycling(eg
Off it li ( solventrecoverycentral
l t t l amount of pollutant Examples include
amountofpollutant.Examplesinclude
distillationfacility)isanexcellentwaste detoxification,incinerationdecomposition,
managementoption.Howeveritdoescreate stabilizationandsolidificationorencapulation
pollutionduringtransportandduringthe
recyclingprocedures

Dilutingtheconstituentstoreduce
Concentratinghazardousortoxic
hazardortoxicity
chemicalstoreducevolume
Volumereductionoperationssuchas Dilutionisappliedtothewastestreamafter
dewateringareusefultreatmentapproaches generationanddoesnotreducetheabsolute
buttheydonotpreventthecreationof amountofhazardousconstituentsentering
pollution for example pressure filtration and
pollutionforexamplepressurefiltrationand the environment
theenvironment
dryingofaheavymetalwastesludgepriorto
disposaldecreasesthesludgewatercontent
andwastevolumebutitdoesnotincreasethe
numberofheavymetalmoleculesinthe
sludge.

9
 4/13/2011

Transferringhazardousortoxic
materialsfromoneenvironmental
mediumtoanother
Manywastemanagementtreatmentand
controlpracticesusedtodatehavesimply
collectedpollutantsandmovedthemfrom
one environmental medium to another (air
oneenvironmentalmediumtoanother(air,
waterorland)
Eg.Scrubbingtoremovesulphur compounds
fromoffgasprocess.
Offsitetreatmentisvastlypreferabletoother
formsofwastehandlingbecauseithelpsto
preserverawmaterialsandreducesthe
amountofmaterialthatwillrequiredisposal.
Howevercompared,toclosedlooprecycling
(orreuse)performedattheproductionthere
islikelytobemoreresidualwastesthatwill
requiredisposal.Furtherwastetransportation
andtherecyclingprocesscarryrisksofworker
exposureand ofreleaseintotheenvironment

Transferringhazardouswastestoanother
environmentalformisnotpollution
prevention.Manywastemanagementpolicies
have simply collected pollutants and moved
havesimplycollectedpollutantsandmoved
themfromoneenvironmentalmediumto
another

10