MAPPING THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES

BY TD ENTRY
 Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE LTCP

3.0 RFP REQUIREMENTS AND SUFC PROPOSAL

4.0 MAPPING THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES BY TD ENTRY

5.0 BASIC ELEMENTS OF MAPPING BY TD

6.0 VOLUME OF PARCELS TO BE MAPPED

7.0 SCHEDULE

8.0 PRIORITY AREAS

9.0 COST

10.0 INTERIM PROCEDURE

ABBREVIATIONS - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

REFERENCES

ANNEX 1 Sample MIM of Q.C.

ANNEX 2 Sample MIM of Paranaque
ANNEX 3 Sample MIM of Cebu City
ANNEX 4 Volume of Parcels to Mapped per RD
ANNEX 5 Schedule of TD Mapping per RD
1. INTRODUCTION

During difficult economic times, there is a very strong competition for limited funds in
circulation. Financial institutions tend to hold on to their funds while most people
would like to borrow money for business activities that will tide them over to better
times. Demand for credit is very high. However, banks or other financial institutions
will only give a loan if it is secured by a real property with verifiable documents. Thus,
PHILARIS is expected to have a lot of transactions because of the required
documents in the applications for loans. There is also a need to annotate these
transactions on the land titles and register them once they are consummated. Also,
many applicants file documents to various institutions simultaneously in order to get
the best loan terms. Thus, the need of one person may result in multiple transactions
to PHILARIS.

On the side of the financiers, they must verify that the real property documents
submitted are accurate. Despite their very strict screening process however, it is
estimated that up to 20% of land titles in their possession are spurious. Thus, banks
and financial institutions have more reason to conduct queries on PHILARIS to ensure
the veracity of documents and facilitate transactions.

Moreover, titled properties have greater values than unregistered lands. Hence, if the
land registration system will be simplified and expedited through PHILARIS, more
people will register their properties in order to get bigger values when they sell or
mortgage these lands. It is estimated that only 40% of the total alienable and
disposable lands in the Philippines are titled. About 60% are still untitled which is
equivalent to approximately 10 million new titles that will enter PHILARIS during its
operation. This will have multiplier effect once the new titles enter the system

In the proposal of LARES to LRA, mapping will be done by TD entry for NCR and the
rest of the country by digitizing existing MIMs and PIMs. As required in the RFP, only
digital maps for NCR will be updated whenever a title is registered in the RDs.
However, an updated and accurate digital map for the whole country is needed to
support various LRA transactions. Moreover, maps by digitizing will have limited use
and will be replaced eventually, non-NCR RDs will have a lower level of service for the
same fees, a hybrid map may make the whole LTCP look half-baked and open to
public criticisms, not giving uniform tools to all RDs may be viewed as discriminatory
and problematic parcels may pass through the system in RDs outside of NCR.

LRA made known to LARES its position to create a digital map by TD entry for the
whole country and not only for NCR. LARES agrees with LRA that creation of
accurate and updated digital map for the entire country is good for the Land
Registration System but will have cost and schedule implications on the entire LTCP.
Thus, LRA requested LARES to make a study and inform LRA of the findings, after
which a final agreement may be reached.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE LTCP

LRA embarked on the Land Titling Computerization Project (LTCP), aiming to enable the
quick and secure registration of land titles in the country through the application of state-of-
the-art information technology. Among the available technologies, LRA identified
Geographic Information System (GIS) and its corresponding map database as a major
component to achieve the following specific project goals:

Provide accurate, current, and speedy lot status verification

Provide a system of control to prevent overlapping or duplication of title by
using modern digital mapping technology to create an accurate, updated
Municipal/ Cadastral Index Map
Eliminate fraudulent and inaccurate surveys by using modern digital mapping
technologies to create Municipal Index Sheets and for updating them with
parcel boundaries
Provide fast and timely response to queries through user-friendly electronic
information access to land title information from the LRA Central Office and all
Registry of Deeds offices.
Provide a system of timely detection and identification of fake land titles which
will assist in the identification of persons responsible therefore
Support other government programs directly linked to the land titling system
functions

The GIS and mapping system of the LTCP will operate and interface with the major
LRA transactions namely: Original Land Registration System, Land Registration
Transaction Processing System, Subdivision/ Consolidation Plan Approval System,
Title Reconstitution System, and Petition After Original Registration System. It will
also update the NCR digital property maps with the technical descriptions of new
transactions. The GIS functionalities will be used by LRA examiners to check that: 1.)
technical descriptions of parcels close through plotting 2.) there is no overlapping
claim to the parcel and a menu of other examination procedures necessary to validate
a transaction. The GIS in the LRA Central Office will be responsible for the
maintenance and updating of the GIS database (digital property maps which have
been created from MIM/PIM sheets and/ or technical description), which will need to
be updated whenever a title is finally issued by LRA.

3. RFP REQUIREMENTS AND SUFC PROPOSAL

The objectives of the LTCP clearly spelled out the crucial role that maps would play to ensure
the overall success of the project. The Request for Proposal (RFP) of the project, however,
only specified that LRAs existing Municipal Index Maps (MIMs) and Provincial Index Maps
(PIMs) will be digitized and later NCR maps will be updated with parcels resulting from
consolidation-subdivision surveys approved by DENR-LMS. This approach to producing
digital maps is inconsistent with the specific objectives of the LTCP and will pose difficulties
during system implementation because of problems with the source maps, schedule and
updating of NCR maps only.

3.1 Digitizing Existing MIMs and PIMs

Digitizing is the most elementary method of converting traditional paper maps into digital
form. The process depends largely on the quality of the existing analog maps. Existing MIMs
and PIMs of LRA are of dubious quality hence, cannot be good sources in producing the digital
maps. The disadvantages of digitizing the existing MIMs far outweighs the advantages as
summarized in the table below:

Digitizing Existing MIMs

Advantages Disadvantages

Could be very fast Doubtful positional accuracy

parcel boundaries were drawn
Relatively cheap manually, only first corner of lot
drawn by computed coordinates
Easy from tie point and the rest of the
boundary lines drawn by
pantograph and scale.

Outdated information on the

existing MIMs are not current,
parcel boundaries or title numbers
may have changed. For example,
out of 120 TCT numbers shown on
a MIM of QC, the records officer of
QC RD was able to retrieve only
65. The rest were probably burned
in 1988.

Incomplete not all parcels are

reflected on the existing MIMs. On
the average, parcels cover only 48%
of Paranaque MIMs, about 58% of
Q.C. and only about 18% of Cebu
City MIMs (please see Annex 1-3
for sample MIMs).

Inconsistent mapsheets are drawn

with various scales (1:4000, 1:2000
and 1:1000), on various media
 (cardboard, mylar, tracing paper),
and some mapsheets have overlaps.

Incompatible with data from DENR

LRA maps are drawn based on a
local system using pantograph and
scale while cadastral maps of
DENR are based on the PPCS
(Philippine Plane Coordinate
System) and drawn by coordinates.
Also, the coordinates of some tie
points used by LRA are not the
same with those used by DENR.

Will not support LRA transactions -

digitized MIMs will not detect gaps,
overlaps and duplicate parcels to some
degree of certainty and cannot be use
for any analysis as required in the RFP.
Analytical functionality is the main
driving force for all GIS/LIS.

It will be very difficult to produce a seamless digital map by digitizing the existing MIMs due
to above disadvantages. Updating and fitting them together with parcels from DENR will even
be a bigger problem. Aside from that, the resulting digital maps will not be useful in fulfilling
the specific LTCP objectives they were supposed to attain. In fact, the resulting maps will
actually magnify the distortions inherent in the existing MIMs and is not adequate for present
and future needs of the system. This is a classic example of the adage garbage in, garbage
out in information technology.

3.2 Schedule of Digitizing MIMs in the RFP

The RFP specifies that digitizing the MIMs should be completed within 36 months (within
Phase IV) and updating will be done afterwards during the concession period. This means that
digitized maps will not be completely available during Phase I to Phase IV. Thus, maps will
not be able to support the major transactions of the LRA. Moreover, even if the maps are
digitized within this period, they would have limited use because they are not yet updated and
of poor quality.

3.3 Updating of NCR Maps Only

The RFP only requires that NCR maps will be updated by adding parcels from DENR and
from new transactions using GIS. With this kind of set-up, only RDs from NCR will have a
complete a set of tools for use during transactions. In effect, the RD system outside of NCR
will be inferior to that of NCR. Problematic parcels may pass through the system without
 getting detected. Consequently, transactions in non-NCR RDs will have lower credibility than
those in NCR. However, transactions will be charged the same rate of fees in both NCR and
non-NCR RDs. Thus, this unequal situation may invite complaints of discrimination and
unfairness from people outside of NCR.

3.4 SUFC Proposal

The SUFC Proposal improved on the RFP requirement by offering to produce the digital maps
of NCR through entry of technical descriptions and completing them at the same time with the
rollout schedule of the NCR RDs. This solves the quality and availability of digital maps that
will support the transactions at NCR RDs. However, non-NCR RDs will have the same type of
maps as before and their systems will still be inferior to NCR RDs. The disparity will actually
be more pronounced as the difference in map quality is now bigger. Consequently, the
discrepancy in service level will be more noticeable.

4. MAPPING THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES BY TD ENTRY

During the BPR process, LRA process experts made mention of the need to map the
whole country by TD entry and not just NCR. This is the most accurate method of
producing digital parcel maps apart from re-surveying the parcels again. Mapping by
TD entry uses a completely different approach that is not dependent on the existing
MIMs. TD entry mapping is becoming the standard method of parcel map conversion
for GIS/LIS while digitizing is used to capture other map features (roads, rivers, trees,
etc.). On a long-term basis, the advantages of TD entry mapping greatly exceeds the
disadvantages as summarized in the table below.

Mapping by TD Entry
Advantages Disadvantages

Provide updated, complete and Time consuming

accurate parcel maps for all RDs and
CO Labor intensive

Support various transactions in all Relatively higher upfront cost

RDs and CO, may be used for
analysis and decision-making with a Titles for all active parcels must be
quantifiable degree of confidence accessible
Uniform quality of content and
appearance

Similar functionality for GIS

application module in both NCR and
non-NCR RDs
 Easy maintenance and updating

Will detect discrepancies in

individual parcels (polygon closure,
area) and between adjoining parcels
(gaps, overlaps or duplicates) for
resolution by LRA

Enhance possibilities of linkages

with other agencies through the
provision of a nation-wide accurate
and complete spatial base map

Address present and future user

needs for land information

Contribute to the restoration of

confidence in the Land Registration
System

Enhance revenue generation

Parcel base maps are the necessary foundation upon which all other geospatial data layers are
built. The quality of the parcel base maps is especially crucial in a project with GIS
component. In this regard, it is mentioned that "it is easy to build a less accurate map on a
more accurate base, but virtually impossible to build a more accurate map on a less accurate
base."

The LTCP provides a rare opportunity to establish an accurate map database for the whole
country. Through mapping by technical description, updated and accurate maps will be
produced for all RDs and CO. The availability of current, complete and accurate maps will
support various LRA transactions in all RDs and CO. Discrepancies on the technical
descriptions of individual parcels between adjoining parcels will be easily detected, facilitating
examination of parcels during transactions. An accurate and current digital parcel map will
also hasten the resolution of boundary conflicts and may lessen litigations in the future.

Further, user clients will be ensured of a uniform level of service for the same fees in
all RDs. This is particularly important for GIS applications. Accurate digital map
database will address user needs for land information as well as the development of
user-friendly GIS application modules that will possess similar functionalities in both
NCR and non-NCR RDs. A good and accurate spatial database will also enhance
possibilities of linkages with other agencies that generate other land-related maps and
information. It is expected that revenue generation will be enhanced as more land
information are incorporated into the database and made available to users.
 If incorporated within the original scope of work, the generation of parcel maps by
technical description will require additional resources in terms of budget, manpower
and logistics. Additional training and/or hiring of technical personnel will be required to
support the manpower needs. The completion of the base map will also require
longer time. But the quality of the final product is well worth the additional effort and
expense. The resulting digital map will be easier to maintain, will not have to be
redone when future needs call for greater accuracy, will have the greatest number of
potential uses and hence, will broaden the revenue base of the LTCP.

5. BASIC ELEMENTS OF MAPPING BY TD ENTRY

The LTCP intends to eventually create a "seamless digital map" of the entire country
with the goal of developing a GIS/LIS that will have credibility and longevity. To
accomplish this task, there are three fundamental elements that need to be
considered. An additional fourth element would complete a parcel-based GIS/LIS.
Literature varies on the descriptions of these elements but agree on what they are:

Geodetic/Geographic Control Data

Base Map Data
Cadastral Data
Attribute Data

5.1 Geodetic Control Data

Geodetic or geographic control is the common geometric framework which ties all objects in a
GIS/LIS to a specific point on the surface of the earth, and to each other through a
mathematical relationship. This is the underlying foundation upon which all data of a GIS/LIS
are systematically and spatially related. Because of this, several items need to be considered in
the establishment of geodetic control.

Geodetic Datum
Coordinate Systems
Geodetic Reference Framework
Accuracy of the Framework Control Stations

5.1.1 Geodetic Datum

A geodetic datum is model of the surface of the earth based on assumptions about its size and
shape. It is the basis in calculating the coordinate values of points on the earth's surface for a
particular system. A horizontal datum is used for calculating relative horizontal positions while
a vertical datum is use for calculating relative vertical positions. The horizontal datum used in
the Philippines is the Luzon Datum based on the Clarke Spheroid of 1866 with the following
characteristics: equatorial semi-axis (a)=6,378,206.4, polar semi-axis (b)=6,356,583.8 (see
figure 1). The vertical datum is the Mean Sea Level (MSL) derived from 19 years (1951-1969)
of continuous tidal observations at the Manila Harbor.

Figure 1: Clarke Spheroid of 1866 and the geoid.

5.1.2 Coordinate Systems

A horizontal coordinate system, based on particular datum, provides the mathematical

reference framework for describing the position of objects on the surface of the earth and their
relative position to each other. The three general types of coordinate systems used are:

Plane coordinates
Spherical coordinates
Grid coordinates

The plane coordinate system is based on a flat surface with an arbitrary point of origin,
and provides information on the relative distance and direction between map objects
(see figure 2). This is the type of coordinate system commonly used in land surveys
in the Philippines. Most parcels are referred to a floating tie point with arbitrary
coordinates Northing=20,000.00 and Easting=20,000.00 in a given locality. However,
the plane coordinate system is not geo-referenced, i.e. plane coordinates do not
provide a direct reference or tie to a specific location on the earths surface. Also,
there are so many different local coordinate systems corresponding to the number of
municipalities and chartered cities having the same coordinates for their tie points.
Thus, it is very difficult to cross-reference parcels and maps between adjacent
localities.

Figure 2: The Plane Coordinate System

Spherical coordinate system like the common geographic coordinate system is based on a
spherical grid that follows the earths curved surface. With its underlying datum, the
geographic coordinate system describes a specific location on the earths surface with specific
latitude and longitude coordinates. The spherical (curved) grid, however, is very difficult to
use for flat maps and the related mathematical manipulation is rather complex. Many of the
primary tie points in the Philippines have geographic coordinates but using them to determine
corresponding geographic coordinates of parcel corners will be very cumbersome.

Grid coordinate systems are based on a rectangular grid derived from mathematically
projecting a section of the earths curved surface to a flat surface (a map). Grid coordinates are
geo-referenced, i.e. tied to specific locations on the earths surface. In the Philippines, the
Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS), also known as Philippine Transverse Mercator
(PTM) Grid System, was adopted as the standard reference system since 1965. Pursuant to
Executive Order No. 45 dated January 5, 1992, however, the Philippine Reference System of
1992 (PRS-92) replaced PPCS-PTM as the new reference system for all surveys and maps in
the country. A transition up to year 2000 was allowed to integrate all surveys into the new
system. Executive Order No. 280 dated August 14, 2000 extended this period to the year 2005.
Thus, PRS-92 should be used as the coordinate system for the digital map of the LTCP.

Figure 3

5.1.3 Geodetic Reference Framework

A geodetic reference framework is a network of permanently monumented control stations

with accurately measured locations mathematically described relative to a common datum.
The spatial relationship among the points is known; hence the relationship between objects
related to these points is also known. For GIS/LIS, the known locations of the geodetic
reference framework serves as the basis for tying together the physical locations of features on
the earths surface to their locations on a map through the coordinate system. These control
stations also relates the position of natural and man-made features on the earths surface
(rivers, streets, buildings, etc.) to the legal property boundaries or technical descriptions.

The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) is the agency
responsible for establishing and maintaining the nationwide geodetic reference framework
PRS-92. As of December 1999, NAMRIA has already established 1,356 geodetic control
points all over the country. The agency aims to establish a total of 4,000 geodetic control
points, providing at least two points for every municipality and city to complete PRS-92.
Eventually, all surveying and mapping activities in the Philippines will be tied to these points.
 Figure 4

5.1.4 Accuracy of Framework Control Stations

The quality and type of the geodetic framework is one of the major determinants affecting the
initial, as well as the long-term, use, efficiency and sustainability of a land
registration/information system. A misapplied investment on low accuracy reference
framework may form an insurmountable hindrance to the evolutionary development of the
system with wider and varied uses. Over time, it will be increasingly difficult and costly to
effect necessary improvements to the system.

In our case, most tie points of parcels have geographic coordinates in the PPCS but only a few
have PRS-92 coordinates. Since conversion from one coordinate system to another is non-
linear and at best just approximations, it is not advisable to use transformation parameters to
convert PPCS coordinates of these tie points to PRS-92. In the first place, the PPCS
coordinates of most tie points were derived from astronomic observations with varying degrees
of precision and not adjusted to a basic geodetic control network. On the other hand, PRS-92
coordinates were taken from GPS observations with rigorous adjustments. Thus, the
conversion parameter for a given point or set of points may be different to another point or set
of points.

In view of the foregoing, it is recommended that a sufficient number of recoverable tie points
with PPCS geographic coordinates or those without any be observed with GPS to get the
equivalent PRS-92 coordinates. If there are no existing tie points in an area, prominent
identifiable points should be observed by GPS to get the equivalent PRS-92 coordinates from
where other adjoining parcels will be referred to for adjustment.

Figure 5: Control Stations

5.2 Base Map Data

Base map data are natural or man-made features such as roads, railroads, rivers, lakes and other
objects seen from above or referenced on the ground. In some cases, these may include
administrative boundaries and fence lines. All line work for these data will be taken from the
rectified images of the existing MIMs. Information taken from available orthophotos may also
serve as the more accurate base map data.
Figure 6: Digital Orthophoto

5.3 Cadastral Data

Graphic information describing and delineating parcels are known as cadastral data. These
include property corners, boundaries and parcels of land. Parcels are polygons (closed
geometric figures) with unique Property Identification Numbers relating the parcel to attribute
information.

Parcels will be generated by entry of technical descriptions in the encoding stage and exporting
them to mapping software. Parcels will be group according to tie points and sorted according
to the tie line distance. The software will then check for the closure of the sequential set of
bearings and distances (polygon closure) and display the computed area. If there are
discrepancies within the allowable limits, the operator will make adjustments in accordance
with the Philippine Geodetic Engineering rules and practice. The parcel will also be fitted to
previously adjusted adjoining parcels until a given area is filled with adjusted parcels. Parcels
with discrepancies that cannot be resolved will be listed in a report for submission to LRA.
 5.4 Attribute Data

Attribute data are information about the land parcels like owner, title number, area, etc.

Figure 7:

6. VOLUME OF PARCELS TO BE MAPPED

To arrive at a reasonable estimate of the total number of active titles to be mapped,

the following assumptions and computations were made:

The total number of titles transacted in the year 2000 is of the same value as
1999.

By the end of year 2000, the total number of titles will be equal to the RFP
volume plus half of the total titles transacted during 1998 plus the total number of
titles transacted during 1999 and 2000.

The volume of active titles was estimated from the percentage of active titles on
the index of microfilmed TCTs at LRA. For NCR, the percentage of active titles
was computed at 50% and 60% for areas outside NCR.

The volume of active titles will increase by 10% per year starting year 2000.

With the above assumptions, the projected total volume of active titles to be mapped
is 11,465,155 broken down as follows:
 VOLUME OF PARCELS TO MAPPED
NCR RDs 1,515,428
Non-NCR RDs 9,949,727
Total 11,465,155*

*please refer to Annex 4 for volume per RD.

7. SCHEDULE

Mapping by entry of TDs is more complex and costly than digitizing. The volume is
also too large to handle efficiently in a short period of time. There may not even be
enough people with surveying/geodetic engineering background to perform the
adjustments and fitting of parcels for a short period. In this regard, it is recommended
that an incremental, more business-like approach to TD mapping be adopted. To
prevent increasing the upfront cost by a big amount, the same number of people used
in the TD mapping for NCR RDs (with the addition of a few personnel for Cebu City)
will be utilized to map the rest of the RDs outside NCR. The duration will just be
lengthened to complete all required volume of parcels to be mapped. However, after
finishing NCR RDs, the sequence of mapping RDs will be according to demand,
volume of transactions, potential for growth and revenue generation. With this
approach, the digital maps will have optimum utility and will greatly enhance revenues
as soon as they are put on-line.

The original timeframe given for mapping the whole Philippines was 3 years. The
schedule was to map NCR by TDs up to the end of Phase 2 and map the rest of the
country by digitizing the MIMs and PIMs up to the end of Phase 4. With the
recommended approach, it is projected that mapping will be completed in seven
years.

(SCHEDULE Per RD Annex 5)

8. PRIORITY AREAS

To strike a balance among the cost, length of time to complete and revenue
generation, we deem it necessary to come up with a prioritization scheme for area to
be mapped by TDs. After mapping NCR, areas will be prioritized according to
demand, transaction, volume, potential for growth and revenue generation. With
these criteria, we came up with the following order of priority:
TIMEFRAME PHASE REG. RD
1-14 mos. 1 NCR Quezon City
1 NCR Paraaque
1 VII Cebu City
2 NCR Kalookan City
2 NCR Las Pias
2 NCR Makati
2 NCR Malabon
2 NCR Mandaluyong
2 NCR Manila
2 NCR Marikina
2 NCR Muntinlupa
2 NCR Pasay City
2 NCR Pasig City
2 NCR San Juan
2 NCR Valenzuela
15-36 mos. 2 II Ilagan, Isabela
2 III Meycauayan, Bulacan
2 IV Trece Martirez, Cavite
3 IV Batangas, Batangas
2 IV Lipa City
2 IV Calamba, Laguna
2 IV Pasig, Rizal
2 VI Iloilo City
2 VI Iloilo, Iloilo
2 VII Cebu, Cebu
2 X Cagayan de Oro City
2 X Malaybalay, Bukidnon
3 XI Digos, Davao del Sur
2 XI Tagum, Davao del Norte
2 XI Davao City
2 XI General Santos City
2 VI Bacolod City
4 XI Koronadal, South Cotabato
2 I Lingayen, Pangasinan
37-48 mos. 2 XII Kidapawan, North Cotabato
4 V Naga City
3 III Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
2 III San Fernando, Pampanga
2 III Guiguinto, Bulacan
2 IV Tagaytay City
2 III Tarlac, Tarlac
2 VII Lapu-Lapu City
2 VIII Tacloban City
3 CAR Lamut, Ifugao
3 CAR La Trinidad, Benguet
3 I Tayug, Pangasinan
3 I Batac, Ilocos Norte
3 III Olongapo City
4 IV Nasugbu, Batangas
4 IV Romblon, Romblon
4 IV San Jose, Mindoro Occidental
4 IV Lemery, Batangas
3 IV Siniloan, Laguna
2 IX Dipolog City
4 V Iriga City
3 V Daet, Camarines Norte
4 VI San Jose, Antique
2 VI Kalibo, Aklan
4 VII Bais City
2 VII Dumaguete City
4 VII Danao City
2 CAR Tabuk, Kalinga-Apayao
2 CAR Baguio City
3 IV Trece Martirez City
2 IV Puerto Princesa, Palawan
3 IV Baler, Aurora
3 IV Puerto Princesa City
4 V Legaspi City
YEAR 5 4 IV Batangas City
2 IV San Pablo City
4 IV Infanta, Quezon
4 IV Calapan, Mindoro Oriental
3 IV Tanauan, Batangas
3 IV Lucena City
3 IV Sta. Cruz, Laguna
3 IV Boac, Marinduque
 4 IV Cavite City
4 IV Mamburao, Mindoro Occidental
4 IV Morong, Rizal
3 IV Lucena, Quezon
4 V Virac, Catanduanes
4 VI La Carlota City
2 VII Mandaue City
4 VIII Biliran
2 X Ozamis City
2 X Oroquieta City
2 X Tangub City
3 CARAGA Surigao City
3 CARAGA Butuan City
3 I Vigan, Ilocos Sur
3 I Alaminos, Pangasinan
2 I San Fernando, La Union
3 VIII Borongan, Eastern Samar
3 VIII Calbayog City
3 X Mambajao, Camiguin
2 X Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Or.
2 XI Alabel, Saranggani
3 XII Isulan, Sultan Kudarat
3 I Laoag City
3 I Dagupan City
3 II Cabarroguis, Quirino
2 III Iba, Zambales
3 III San Jose City, Nueva Ecija
2 V Naga, Camarines Sur
4 VII Toledo City
4 VI Roxas City
YEAR 6 4 VI San Carlos City (Negros)
2 IX Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte
2 IX Zamboanga City
4 VI Cadiz City
4 VI Bago City
4 VI Silay City
2 VI Roxas, Capiz
4 VI Bacolod, Negros Occidental
4 VI Guimaras
3 VII Tagbilaran City
3 VII Tagbilaran, Bohol
4 VII Canlaon City
4 VII Dumaguete, Negros Oriental
4 VIII Catarman, Northern Samar
 2 VIII Ormoc City
2 VIII Leyte Province
4 VIII Maasin, Southern Leyte
2 X Gingoog City
4 CARAGA Butuan, Agusan del Norte
2 III Cabanatuan City
3 III Angeles City
3 III Palayan City, Nueva Ecija
2 III Balanga, Bataan
4 IX Dapitan City
4 IX Pagadian City
4 XI Mati, Davao Oriental
3 CAR Bontoc, Mt. Province
2 CAR Bangued, Abra
4 CARAGA Tandag, Surigao del Sur
4 CARAGA Surigao, Surigao del Norte
3 I Laoag, Ilocos Norte
3 I San Carlos City, Pangasinan
4 IX Isabela, Basilan
2 X Oroquieta, Misamis Occidental
3 XII Iligan City
3 II Sanchez Mira, Cagayan
3 CARAGA Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur
2 V Sorsogon, Sorsogon
3 II Basco, Batanes
YEAR 7 2 II Bayombong, Nueva Viscaya
2 II Tuguegarao, Cagayan
3 II Tuao, Cagayan
3 III Talavera, Nueva Ecija
4 IX Jolo, Sulu
4 IX Bonga, Tawi-Tawi
4 IX Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur
4 V Masbate, Masbate
4 V Legaspi, Albay
4 VII Larena, Siquijor
4 VIII Catbalogan, Western Samar
4 VIII Catbalogan City
4 XII Marawi, Lanao del Sur
4 XII Tubod, Lanao del Norte
4 XII Cotabato City
4 XII Marawi City
4 XII Maguindanao (Cotabato City)
9. COST

For the first sixteen months, there will be no increase to the mapping cost except for
Cebu City. However, for succeeding months there will be additional costs after
completing three or four RDs.

10. INTERIM PROCEDURE

While the digital maps by TD entry are being built, geo-rectified scanned images of the
existing MIMs will be used by the system to support various transactions. The
procedure for generating these geo-rectified scanned images of the existing MIMs is
described below:

A. MAP SCANNING

LRA-LPS personnel will prepare (and groom) the MIMs and PIMs prior to scanning.

Map scanning equipments will be transported to LRA.

The geodetic engineers will check the MIMs and PIMs prior to scanning.

The MIMs and PIMs will be scanned, cleaned and checked by the scanning personnel.

The Quality Control team will check the image quality of the MIMs/PIMs. Rejected scanned
MIMs/PIMs will be sent back to the scanning personnel for rescanning.

The geodetic engineers will further check the image quality of the scanned MIMs and PIMs. If
the images are not clear enough, the GEs will recheck the respective MIMs/PIMs. The GEs
will notify the scanning personnel to rescan the respective MIMs/PIMs.

The Mapping manager will then check the overall quality of the scanned images. If the images
are not clear enough, the mapping manager will notify the geodetic engineers to recheck the
respective MIMs/PIMs. The MIMs/PIMs will be rescanned and rechecked by the scanning
personnel.

If the scanned images meet the approval of the mapping manager, the mapping manager will
instruct the geodetic engineers to prepare the deliverables.

The mapping manager will check the deliverables prepared by the GEs. If the prepared
deliverables fail to meet his approval, it will be sent back to the GEs. Otherwise, the scanned
images will be ready for file storage and image rectification.
B. GEO-REFERENCING AND RECTIFICATION OF SCANNED MIMs/PIMs

The mapping manager will receive the scanned images (in WORM CDs).

The GEs will identify the projection type and coordinate system used in the scanned
MIMs/PIMs and distribute the images to the mapping operators.

The map operators will apply rubber sheeting to geo-reference and rectify the scanned images
according to known map controls (BLLMs).

The Quality Control team will check the quality of the rubber-sheeted images. The images will
be sent back to the map operators if the rubber-sheeted images fail to meet their standards.

The rubber-sheeted images/maps will be sent to the GEs for verification. If the GEs find the
rubber-sheeted images/maps unsatisfactory, the images will again be sent back to the map
operators.

The mapping manager will check the overall quality of the geo-referenced/rectified
images/maps. If they do not meet his approval, the geo-referenced/rectified images/maps will
be sent back to the GEs. Steps 2 until 6 will be repeated until the geo-referenced/rectified
images/maps meet the standards set by the mapping manager.

The mapping manager will ask the GEs to prepare the deliverables.

The mapping manager will check the deliverables prepared by the GEs. If the prepared
deliverables fail to meet his approval, it will be sent back to the GEs. Otherwise, the geo-
referenced/rectified images/maps will be ready for file storage and vector overlay.
 ABBREVIATIONS - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Accuracy The degree of conformity of a product with a standard or

accepted value. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result.

Annotation Labels or text on a map associated with identifying or explaining

graphic entities shown.

Area A generic term for a bounded, continuous, two-dimensional

object that may or may not include its boundary.

Attribute Alphanumeric (non-graphic) data related to a specific map

feature (point, line or polygon). For example, parcel information
linked to a specific parcel (polygon) might include the parcel
owners name and the parcel address.

Attribute Data A characteristic of a geographic feature described by numbers or

characters, typically stored in tabular format and linked to the
feature by an identifier.

Base Map Data Basic level of data or features to establish and maintain a base
map. See also Base Map.

Base Map A term which varies in different applications, but, in general,

refers to a map referenced to a coordinate system that depicts the
fundamental map elements, such as Public Land Survey System
section corners, streets, buildings, streams, etc., which are used
for locational reference. It is the control document from which
various other maps in a geographic information system are
developed.

BLLM Bureau of Lands Location Monument

BPR Business Process Re-engineering

Cadastral Data The graphic and/or non-graphic information describing parcels.

These data include property corners, boundaries, parcels of land,
and related tabular attribute information. An example would
include a polygon representing the boundaries of a property
parcel and/or attribute information describing the area and
ownership of that parcel

CO Central Office of the Land Registration Authority

Coordinate Systems A framework used to define the positions (locations) of points in
space either in two or three dimensions. Examples of such
systems would be a spherical system, such as latitude and
longitude, or a planar system, such as Philippine Plane
Coordinates System (x, y).

Datum In mapping, a numeric or geometric quantity which serves as a

reference or base to accurately define other quantities. It most
often refers to either a horizontal standard, such as a particular
spheroid for referencing coordinate positions, or it refers to a
vertical datum, such as the geoid or sea level, from which
elevations are reference.

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Digital Orthophoto A rectified digital image of an aerial photograph with distortion

and displacements (caused by camera tilt and terrain relief)
removed. The result combines the image characteristics of a
photograph with the geometric qualities of a map.

Digital Map A computer-readable representation of a geographic area or

phenomenon that can be displayed or analyzed by a digital
computer. This is in contrast to an analog paper map.

Digitizing A method of converting map data that is in analog form (paper or

hard copy) into digital data usable by a computer by using a
tablet digitizer or by tracing over the scanned image of the
analog on-screen.

Feature A defined entity and its object representation.

GE Geodetic Engineer

Geodetic Control A system of horizontal and/or vertical stations tied into

horizontal and/or vertical datum, which are established to
facilitate the location of other features on, above or below the
earths surface. Also known as geographic control.

Geodetic Reference This framework consists of permanently monumented

Framework stations whose locations are accurately measured and
mathematically described relative to a common datum.

Geographic Control A geometric framework which ties all object in a GIS/LIS to a

specific point on the surface of the earth, such as control on
major road intersections. Also known as geodetic control.
Geoid A surface which is everywhere normal to the force of gravity.

Geospatial Data Information that identifies the geographic location and

characteristics of natural or constructed features and boundaries
on the earth.

Geo-referenced Applies to any set of map data that is spatially referenced to a

specific location on the earths surface.

GIS Geographic Information System. An organized collection of

computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze
and display all forms of geographically referenced information.
Certain complex spatial operations are possible with GIS that
would be very difficult, time-consuming or impractical
otherwise.

GPS Global Positioning System. A constellation of satellites

originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense as a
navigation aid. It is now used by the civilian community for
navigation and horizontal/vertical positioning of features.

Grid (1) Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles in a

plane coordinate system; (2) A set of cells or points arranged in a
grid.

Grid Coordinate System Based on a rectangular grid derived from mathematically

projecting a section of the earths curved surface to a flat surface
(a map). Grid coordinates are geo-referenced, i.e. tied to specific
locations on the earths surface.

Horizontal Datum A surface of constant values used for calculating relative

horizontal positions.

LARES Land Registration Systems, Inc. the corporation put up by the

winning consortium to implement the Land Titling
Computerization Project.

Latitude The angular distance of a location north or south of the equator.

LIS Land Information System. A geographic information system

having, as its main focus, data concerning land records.

LMS Land Management Service, a unit of the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources
Longitude The angle between the plane of a meridian and the plane of an
initial meridian arbitrarily chosen (the Greenwich Prime
Meridian)

LRA Land Registration Authority

LTCP Land Titling Computerization Project

Luzon Datum The horizontal datum used in the Philippines which is based on
the Clarke's Spheroid of 1866.

Map Projection A systematic method of representing the whole or part of the

curved surface of the earth on another, usually flat, surface. See
also Projection.

Map Scale The relationship existing between a distance on a map and the
corresponding distance on the ground. A scale of 1/2000, also be
expressed as 1:2,000, means that 1 m on the map is equal to
2,000 m. on the earths surface.

MIM Municipal Index Map, map showing parcels in a given area

MSL Mean Sea Level, average level of tide derived from 19

years (1951-1969) of continuous tidal observations at the
Manila Harbor.

NAMRIA National Mapping and Resources Information Authority

NCR National Capital Region

Parcel A single cadastral unit, which is the spatial extent of the past,
present, and future rights and interests in real property.

PIM Provincial Index Map

Plane Coordinate Based on a flat surface with an arbitrary point of origin, and
provides information on the relative distance and direction
between map objects.

Point A zero-dimensional object that specifies geometric location. A

single x, y coordinate that represents a geographic feature too
small to be displayed as a line or area.

Polygon A closed plane figure bounded by three or more line segments.

Positional Accuracy The variance of the position of a map feature from the true
position of the entity on the earths surface.

PPCS Philippine Plane Coordinate System

Precision A measure of the uniformity or reproducibility of the result of

a set of measurements. Precision relates to the quality of the
operation by which a result is obtained.

Projection A mathematical model that transforms the locations of features

on the earths surface onto a 2-dimensional map surface. See also
Map Projection.

Property Boundaries A series of lines between various property corners resulting in a

closed geometric figure.

Property Corners Legally established points on the earths surface.

Property Identification A unique number permanently linking a parcel with

Number (PROPIN) information relating to that specific parcel. A reference number.

PRS-92 Philippine Reference System 1992

PTM Philippine Transverse Mercator

QC Quezon City

RD Registry of Deeds

RFP Request for Proposal

Scanning A method of data capture whereby an image or map is converted

into digital raster form by systematic line-by-line sampling using
a scanner.

Spatial Refers to features or phenomena distributed in space and, thus,

having physical, measurable dimensions.

Spherical Coordinate Based on a spherical grid that follows the earth's curved
System surface, describes a specific location on the earth's surface
with specific latitude and longitude coordinates.

SUFC Stradec, Unisys, F.F. Cruz & Comfac the consortium

awarded with the implementation of the LTCP
TCT Transfer Certificate of Title

TD Technical Descriptions

Tie points points on the surface of the earth with known coordinates

Title Evidence of the right of the owner or the extent of his

interest, and by which means he can maintain control and
as a rule assert right to exclusive possession and
enjoyment of the property.

Universal Transverse A metric worldwide planar coordinate system

Mercator (UTM) predominately used in U.S. federal mapping.

Vertical Datum A reference surface used to accurately define vertical elevations.

WORM Write Once Read Many

 REFERENCES

Barnes, Dr. Greenville, PhD. Topic Cycle 1 : International Comparative Review of

Land Administration Initiatives. International Comparative Review. Indonesia. 2000.
Internet; Accessed February 7, 2001.

Cadastral Mapping for GIS/LIS

http://wwwsgi.ursus.maine.edu/gisweb/spatdb/acsm/ac94114.html; Internet; accessed
February 10, 2001.

Methods of Digital Parcel Mapping.

http://www.blm.gov/nils/general/refdocs/new-jersey-draft.html; Internet; accessed
February 9, 2001.

NAMRIA. National Mapping and Resource Information Authority : Annual Report 1999.
Philippines. 1999.

NAMRIA. Philippine Reference System 1992 . The Philippine Geodetic Network.

Philippines. 1992.

Ozakee County Wisconsin Land Information Office Cadastral Mapping Handbook

http://www.co.ozaukee.wi.us/landinfo/cadastral.html; Internet; accessed February 10,
2001.

Process and Outline for Developing a Nebraska Guidebook for a Local Government
Multipurpose Land Information System. Standards for Multipurpose Land
Information Systems. http://www.calmit.unl.edu/gis/LIS_Stds_Intro.html; Internet;
accessed January 22, 2001.

Revised Manual of Land Surveying Regulation in the Philippines. Manila, Philippines, July
27, 1998.

Taupier, Dr. Rick. A guide to Digital Parcel Map Development for Local Governments
in Massachusette. Parcel Mapping Using GIS. University of Massachusettes,
Amherst. August 1999. http://www.umass.edu/tei/ogia/parcelguide/mparcel.pdf;
Internet; accessed January 24, 2001.