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Article history: This paper presents teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) approach to minimize power loss and
Received 2 March 2013 energy cost by optimal placement of capacitors in radial distribution systems. The proposed algorithm
Received in revised form 20 June 2013 is based on two basic concept of education namely teaching phase and learning phase. In rst phase,
Accepted 13 July 2013
learners improve their knowledge or ability through the teaching methodology of teacher and in second
part learners increase their knowledge by interactions among themselves. To check the feasibility, the
proposed method is applied on standard 22, 69, 85 and 141 bus radial distribution systems. Numerical
Keywords:
experiments are included to demonstrate that the proposed TLBO can obtain better quality solution than
Radial distribution system
Optimal capacitor placement
many existing techniques like genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), direct search
Optimal sizing algorithm (DSA) and mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach.
Loss reduction 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Teaching learning based optimization
1. Introduction methodology [4] for the optimal location and sizing of static and
switched shunt capacitors in radial distribution system. Jabr ap-
The analysis of power distribution systems is an important area plied mixed integer linear programming (MINP) [5] approach for
of research due to the fact that it is the nal link between the bulk optimal placemen of xed and switched type capacitors in a radial
power system and consumers. However, reactive power ows in a distribution network. The aim of this paper was to minimize the
distribution network always cause high power losses. At heavy costs associated with capacitor banks, peak power and energy
loads, the losses due to reactive power ows can even more signif- losses while satisfying a specied set of physical and technical con-
icant. Moreover, these ows result in a high voltage drop at certain straints. Recently, a pareto based multi-objective MILP approach
areas of distribution network. It is important for the distribution [6] was proposed by Franco et al. for solving the optimal allocation
companies to optimize their operation by diminishing the losses of voltage regulators and capacitors in radial distribution systems.
and improving the voltages at different busses. To assure minimum A mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) [7] approach for
loss and adequate levels of voltage at various points of the distribu- the reconguration of capacitor allocation to minimize energy
tion network, the use of some devices that accomplish an effective losses on radial electrical networks was proposed by Oliveira
voltage control, a reactive power control and a power factor control et al. Wu et al. developed loop analysis based method [8] to nd
is essential. The shunt capacitor is one of the basic equipment to the optimal size of capacitor to minimize the power loss in distri-
full these objectives. To achieve the benets of loss reduction, bution systems for daily operation. An interior point method (IPM)
power factor correction, voltage prole improvement to the ut- [9] to solve the optimal capacitor placement problem in radial dis-
most extent under various operating constraints, distribution engi- tribution systems was proposed by Segura et al. However, the opti-
neers are required to determine the optimal location and size of mal capacitor placement problem of radial distribution system for
capacitors to be placed at different load levels. Hence, the optimal variable load level is considered as a non-linear optimization prob-
capacitor allocation in electrical distribution networks is always a lem with a non-differentiable objective function due to the fact
major concern of electric power utilities. Many researchers used that the costs of the capacitor vary in a discrete manner and the
classical methods [13] for solving optimal capacitor placement system load also varies continuously throughout the day. There-
problem. Khodr et al. presented mixed integer linear optimization fore, the classical optimization techniques cannot perform satisfac-
torily, in solving optimal capacitor placement problems.
Over the last two decades, the studies on meta-heuristic tech-
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 3436512192; fax: +91 3432533186. niques have shown that the most of the difculties of classical
E-mail address: sneha.sultana@gmail.com (S. Sultana). methods can be eliminated by applying these techniques. The most
0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.07.011
388 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398
popular modern meta-heuristics stochastic search evolutionary Kaur and Sharma proposed ant colony optimization (ACO) algo-
algorithms are evolutionary programming (EP), simulated anneal- rithm to solve capacitor allocation problem of radial distribution
ing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization system [30]. Taher and Bagherpour introduced hybrid honey bee
(PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), differential evolution (DE), colony optimization (HBCO) [31] algorithm to place shunt capaci-
biogeography based optimization (BBO), etc. Song et al. proposed tors in IEEE 25-bus and a modied IEEE 37-bus test systems to
fuzzy controlled evolutionary programming (Fuzzy EP) [10] to minimize power system losses while maintaining total harmonic
recongure distribution network to reduce system power loss. distortion (THD) of buses in an acceptable range. A modied dis-
Ching et al. developed SA [11] for feeder reconguration and crete PSO [32] for nding the optimal rating and location of xed
capacitor settings for power loss reduction and voltage prole and switched capacitors of radial distribution system was pro-
enhancement in distribution systems. Ghose and Goswami intro- posed by Ziari et al. in his recent endeavor.
duced hybrid SA (HSA) [12] for solving the problem of optimal Very recently, a new optimization technique, known as teaching
capacitor placement in radial distribution system including the ef- learning based optimization (TLBO) has been developed by Rao
fects of supply harmonics and load unbalances. Goswami et al. et al. [33]. It is one of the newest evolutionary algorithms and is
developed greedy search technique (GST) [13] to determine the based on the natural phenomenon of teaching and learning pro-
optimal size and optimal placement of capacitor to minimize cess. It has already proved its superiority over other existing opti-
power loss and energy cost. Masoum et al. presented maximum mization techniques such as GA, ABC, PSO, harmony search (HS),
sensitivities selection algorithm (MSS) [14] for optimal sizing and DE, Hybrid-PSO [33]. It has also proved as an efcient optimization
placement of xed and switched capacitor banks in radial distribu- technique in other elds of engineering such as Mechanical Engi-
tion lines in the presence of linear and nonlinear loads. A PSO [15] neering [34], Civil Engineering [35] and Electrical Engineering
based approach for optimal capacitor placements to minimize har- [3638]. However, from the literature review it is seen that the
monic distortion effects in radial distribution systems was intro- application of TLBO for optimal capacitor placement problem of
duced by Yu et al. Prakash and Sydulu also used PSO [16] distribution system has not been explored in previous works. This
approach for nding the optimal size and location of capacitors motivates the authors to use TLBO to locate optimal position and
in radial distribution system. The proposed method was imple- rating of capacitor in radial distribution system to minimize power
mented on standard 70-bus and 135-bus systems and its perfor- loss and save energy cost. The present work describes TLBO meth-
mance was compared with the Tabu Search (TS) and GA odology for optimal capacitor allocation, considering the daily load
algorithm. Singh and Rao developed modied PSO [17] for nding curve represented by a given number of load levels. This problem is
the optimal sizing and location of capacitors. The proposed tech- formulated as a nonlinear constrained mixed discretecontinuous
nique was used to nd optimal locations for shunt capacitors from optimization problem. In order to show the effectiveness of the
the daily load curve. Kalyuzhny et al. proposed GA [18] as an opti- proposed approach, three test systems are used in this paper. Re-
mization tool to place shunt capacitor on distribution system un- sults obtained from the proposed approach are compared with
der capacitor switching constraints. A non-dominated sorting those obtained from PSO, GA, fuzzy based GA and DSA.
genetic algorithm (NSGA) [19] to solve optimal capacitor place- This rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides
ment problem for reactive power compensation in electric radial the mathematical problem formulation. TLBO algorithm is de-
distribution network was proposed by Antunes et al. Szuvovivski scribed in Section 3. Section 4 presents the TLBO method for solving
et al. proposed GA [20] to locate optimal position of voltage regu- the optimal capacitor placement problem. Section 5 presents the
lators and capacitors banks to control the voltage, reactive power numerical simulation results for the TLBO method applied on three
and power factor of radial distribution system. A multi-objective standard distribution networks. Section 6 outlines the conclusions.
fuzzy based GA [21] for simultaneous minimization of energy cost
and improvement of voltage prole was proposed by Das. Sydulu 2. Mathematical problem formulation
and Reddy presented GA [22] to determine optimal size and loca-
tion of capacitor to minimize the power loss of 15, 31, 34, 69 and 2.1. Objective function
85-bus radial distribution networks. Chiou et al. presented hybrid
differential evolution (HDE) [23] for solving capacitor placement The objective of optimal capacitor placement problem of radial
problems of large scale distribution systems. Huang et al. proposed distribution system is to optimize a certain objective function such
a two stage immune algorithm (IA) [24] to solve multi-objective as cost, loss, voltage prole, voltage stability index while satisfying
optimal capacitor placement problem. Mandal et al. proposed all operational constraints. In this article, two objective functions
BBO [25] to identify the optimal location of capacitor in order to given below are used for simulation study.
minimize power losses and capacitor installation cost. Sedighi-
2.1.1. Minimization of real power
zadeh and Kalimdast presented binary honey bee foraging (BHBF)
The optimal capacitor placement problem is mainly concerned
approach [26] to solve optimal capacitor placement problem of ra-
with the minimization of power loss in distribution network. Math-
dial distribution systems. To test the effectiveness, the proposed
ematically, the real power loss minimization may be dened as:
method was implemented on IEEE 9-bus test system and its perfor-
mance was compared with binary PSO (BPSO) and GA. Muthuku- X
nn
the voltage level of different buses. This results in lower power loss interaction with their classmates which also helps them to improve
and better energy efciency of the network which ultimately re- their results. The knowledge of the students is nally evaluated on
duces the energy loss cost. However, the installation of capacitor the basis of their results. The concept and mathematical formula-
increases the investment cost. Therefore, the objective of optimal tion of teaching and learning phases are as follows.
capacitor placement problem in this case is to minimize the total
cost and is dened as [28]:
3.1. Teaching phase
X
L X
ncap
Minimize S K e T j Pj K c Q ci 2 This is the initial part of the algorithm which is mostly respon-
j1 i1
sible for the global search of the algorithm. In this phase, the stu-
where Ke is the energy cost per each kWh; Tj is the duration for dents enhance their knowledge with the help of the teacher and
which jth load level operates; Pj is the active power loss during the teacher tries to improve the average result of the class from
jth load level; Kc is the purchase cost of capacitor per kVAr; Qci is the initial level to his own level. However, in spite of his best effort,
the size of the capacitor placed at the ith bus; ncap is the number the teacher can only improve the mean grade of the class to some
of capacitor locations. extent but not up to his own level. If the mean grade of the ith sub-
ject at the tth iteration is improved from k to ktnewi , the difference of
2.2. Constraints the previous and new mean ktdiffi may be given by [33]:
where xt1 t
k;j ; xk;j are the grade points of the jth subject of the kth student
where nb is the number of buses in the network.
at tth and (t + 1)th iterations; xti;j is the grade point of the jth subject of Step 3: Initialize randomly the size of the capacitors within their
the ith student (randomly selected) at tth iteration; f X k ; f X i are the operating limits which are installed in the distribution network.
overall grade point of the kth and the ith students. The initial discrete rating of the capacitors are obtained as
The different steps of TLBO algorithm are as follows: follows
6 x ; x ;. .. ;x ;. .. ;x 7 Q di Q S2
6 2;1 2;2 2;j 2;ND .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7 ..
P6 7 8 .
4 xi;1 ; xi;2 ; .. .; xi;j ;. . .; xi;ND . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 5
Q Sn1 Q Sn2 Q Sn Q Sn1
xNP ;1 ;xNP ;2 ; .. .; xNP ;j ;. .. ;xNP ;ND elseif Q Sn1 2 6 Q i 6 Q Sn 2
Q di Q Sn1
where xi,j represents the initial grade of the jth subject of the Q Sn Q Sn1
ith student; NP is the population size and ND is the number of elseif Q i P Q Sn 2
control variables. Q di Q Sn
Step 2: Evaluate the average grade of the individual subject end
offered to the students. The average grade of the jth subject end
may be represented by:
ki meanx1;j ; x2;j ; . . . ; xi;j ; . . . ; xNP ;j 9 Q S1 ; Q S2 ; . . . ; Q Sn are the available capacitor size; Qdi are the avail-
able capacitor size, The operating kVAr of all the installed capac-
Step 3: Calculate the overall grade (objective value) of each itor, comprise a vector which represents the grade of different
individual student and sort the students based on their subjects of a particular student and it also represents a candidate
results and the best solution set is considered as the teacher solution for the optimal capacitor placement problems. Each set
and is given by: of the feasible solution of matrix Pi represents a potential solu-
X teacher Xjminf X tion and is given by:
xbest;1 ; xbest;2 ; . . . ; xbest;j ; . . . ; xbest;ND minf X 10 Pi loci;1 ; loci;2 ; . . . ; loci;nc ; Q i;1 ; Q i;2; ; . . . ; Q i;j; ; . . . ; Q i;nc 12
Step 4: Compute the grade point of all subjects (control vari- Depending upon the population size, initial solution P is cre-
ables) of each student using teaching phase mention in Sec- ated which is given by:
tion 3.1. The modied grade point of the jth subject of the ith
P P1 ; P2 ; :::; Pi ; :::; PNP 13
student is given by:
xt1
i;j xti;j r2 xteacherj round1 r1 kj 11 Step 4: Run the load ow to nd the power losses of the distri-
bution network. In this article, a direct load ow algorithm
where r1 and r2 are the random number uniformly distrib-
based on the bus-injection to branch-current (BIBC) matrix
uted between [0, 1].
and the branch-current to bus-voltage (BCBV) matrix [39] are
Step 5: Update the grade points of various subjects using the
used. Afterward, the objective functions using (1) and (2) are
concept of learning phase as explain in Section 3.2.
evaluated. Based on the objective value, sort the students from
Step 6: Repeat Steps 25 for a specied number of iteration
best to worst and the best solution obtained so far is assigned as
cycles.
the teacher of the class.
4. Algorithm of TLBO applied to optimal capacitor placement Step 5: Modify the grade point of each subject (kVAr of installed
problem capacitors) of each student using the concept of teaching phase
as explain in Section 3.1.
In optimal capacitor placement problem, the size of the capac-
Step 6: Update the grade point (kVAr of installed capacitors) of
itors and their positions are considered as decision variables and each subject of all students using the learning phase explain in
are used to form objective function. The procedure for implement-
Section 3.2.
ing the TLBO algorithm in solving optimal capacitor placement Step 7: Convert the continuous ratings of capacitors to discrete
problem may be summarized by the following steps:
ratings using the concept explain in Step 3.
Step 8: Check whether the calculated kVAr of the any installed
Step 1: Initialize the population size (NP), the maximum number
capacitor violates the operating limits or not. If any value is less
of iterations and the number of capacitors to be installed in the
than the minimum level it is made equal to minimum value and
distribution network.
if it is greater than the maximum value it is made equal to the
Step 2: Depending upon the capacitor numbers, their positions
maximum level.
are randomly generated as follows:
Step 9: Stop the iteration process and print the best solution set
(optimal locations and optimal size of capacitors) if the stop-
for i 1 : N P ping criterion is satised, else go to Step 4.
a randpermnb
for j 1 : nc 5. Simulation results and discussion
locj aj
end To assess the efciency of the proposed TLBO algorithm, three
end test systems with two different objective functions are used. The
implementation of the proposed TLBO algorithm for optimal
S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 391
capacitor placement problem is done in MATLAB 7.6 on a personal 5.1.2. 85-Bus test system
computer having 2.53 GHz core i3 processor with 3 GB RAM. Here, To show the effectiveness of TLBO for large scale distribution
the population size (NP) and the maximum iteration number (Nmax) network, it is implemented on 85-bus test system. The single line
are taken as 50 and 100, respectively, for all the test systems under diagram of the system is illustrated in Fig. 2. Line data and load
consideration. In all three cases, TLBO algorithm is run for 50 times data of this system are taken from [40]. Without using any capac-
with the different randomly generated initial solutions and the itor in the network, the total real power loss of this system is
best results are listed in the corresponding Tables. 286.52 kW [40]. For this test system, fourteen capacitors are opti-
mally sized and placed. Simulation results of optimal position and
size of capacitors along with power loss and minimum bus voltage
5.1. Power loss optimization are compiled in Table 2. It is seen that after installation of capaci-
tors, the total power losses obtained by different methods are sig-
In rst case study, the proposed TLBO technique is tested to nicantly reduced. It may also be noted that minimum bus voltage
minimize the power loss of 69-bus and 85-bus radial distribution is improved signicantly (from 0.8713 p.u. [28] to 0.9242 p.u.)
systems. The minimum loss values obtained from the proposed after installing the capacitors. Moreover, it is found that the loss
method and those obtained from the other solution methods, re- obtained using proposed TLBO technique is 143.18 kW which is
ported in the literature recently, are compared, and the outperfor- less compared to 144.01 kW of active power loss obtained by
mance of the proposed solution method in terms of solution DSA [28], 163.32 kW obtained by PSO [16] and 146.061 kW ob-
quality against the other methods is demonstrated. tained using GA [22]. Therefore, it can be concluded that for this
large and complex system, TLBO produces better simulation results
5.1.1. 69-Bus test system than GA [22], PSO [16] and DSA [28] with full constraint
Initially, the proposed method is implemented on 69-bus test satisfaction.
system. This radial distribution system consists of 69 buses with
68 numbers of branches as it is shown in Fig. 1. The full system 5.1.3. 141-Bus test system
data for this system are given in [21]. The total system rated load In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed TLBO
is of 1.896 MW and 1.347 MVar [21]. After load ow, a real power algorithm for a practical large scale distribution system, it is ap-
loss without capacitors at rated load is 224.7 kW [21]. To validate plied to a real network of 231 nodes that covers a zone of the
the effectiveness of the proposed method to nd the optimal size metropolitan area of Caracas. In order to simplify the calculations,
and location of capacitors, its results are compared with other the network is converted to 141 buses by eliminating the section-
techniques. For this test system, three capacitors are optimally ing devices. The detailed data of this system are taken from [41].
sized and placed. Table 1 shows the power loss, minimum bus volt- The base values of apparent power and voltage used for this test
age, optimal locations and optimal size of the three capacitors ob- systems are 100 MVA and 12.47 kV, respectively. The lower and
tained by GA [22], PSO [16], DSA [28] and TLBO techniques. It is the upper voltage magnitude limits at all buses are 0.95 p.u. and
seen from Table 1 that installation of capacitors reduces the power 1.05 p.u., respectively. The total active and reactive powers of sys-
loss signicantly. In may further be noted from the simulation re- tem load are 1171.5125 kW, and 725.7846 kVAr, respectively. The
sults reported in Table 1 that the total power loss using TLBO is re- schematic diagram for the test system is shown in Fig. 4. It is as-
duced by 10.27 kW compared to the GA [22], 6.13 kW compared to sumed that a capacitor is composed of several banks, and each
PSO [16] and 650 W compared to DSA [28]. This shows that the bank has a xed size of 150 kVAr and can be operated separately.
proposed TLBO algorithm is more effective than the other methods. Meanwhile, for the sake of verifying the advantages of the pro-
The minimum bus voltage obtained with the proposed algorithm is posed method for solving capacitor allocation problem, the simula-
0.9313 p.u. which is better when compared to 0. 90919 p.u. ob- tion results obtained by TLBO are compared directly to the results
tained without capacitor installation [28]. obtained by MILP for solving the same problem which are reported
42 43 44 45 46
41
40 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
50
39 49
38 55
48
37 54
47
36
53
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 51
29 52
66
30
32 33 68 69
31 34 35 67
Table 1
Simulation results using GA, PSO, DSA and TLBO for loss minimization (69-bus system).
Techniques
GA [22] PSO [16] DSA [28] TLBO
Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar)
Optimal placement of capacitor 61 700 46 241 61 900 12 600
64 800 47 365 15 450 61 1050
59 100 50 1015 60 450 64 150
Minimum voltage bus NA NA NA 65
Minimum voltage (p.u.) NA NA NA 0.9313
Best power loss (kW) 156.62 152.48 147.00 146.35
Worst power loss (kW) NA NA NA 146.92
Mean power loss (kW) NA NA NA 146.57
Standard deviation NA NA NA 0.02134
Average computational time (S) NA NA NA 15.76
51
50 56
42
39
37 41 49
38 43
48 52
40 53 54
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
24
55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15
85 14
80 81 82
18 78 44 45 46 47
16 19 57 60 61 62 83 84
20 58 77
17
21 23 59
63 64 65 66
22
79
67 68 69 70 71
76
72
73
74 75
in the literature [41]. In addition to the TLBO results, the obtained load (100%) and peak load (160%) are considered to show the effec-
results from MILP method are also represented in Table 3. It is tiveness of the proposed method. Duration of time for light load,
noted that the mentioned results of the MILP method reported in nominal load and peak load taken from [28] are 2000 h, 5260 h
this paper, are directly quoted from the references. Observation and 1500 h, respectively. Here, energy cost is assumed as US $
of Table 3 shows that the best location of capacitors using the pro- 0.06 per kWh and purchase cost of capacitor is taken as US $ 3.0
posed method for obtaining the optimal loss is 26, 42, 46, 49, 61 per kVAr [28].
and 116. From Table 3, it can be inferred that, the active power loss
obtained using TLBO technique is comparatively better than the
MILP algorithm. 5.2.1. 22 Bus test system
To investigate the performance of the proposed method for
practical system, a practical 22 bus agricultural distribution system
5.2. Energy cost optimization [28] is used to evaluate the energy cost. This test system consists of
22 buses, 21 branches and the total system load is of 662.311 kW,
To demonstrate the efciency of the proposed method for cost 667.40 kVAr. The data of this test system can be obtained from [28]
minimization objective function, simulation studies are carried and it is demonstrated in Fig. 3. The results obtained by the pro-
out on 22, 69 and 85 bus test systems. In this simulation study, posed algorithm are compared to those of DSA [28] reported in
three different load demand patterns of light load (50%), nominal the literature. The capacitor optimal locations and sizes along with
S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 393
Table 2
Simulation results using GA, PSO, DSA and TLBO for loss minimization (85-bus system).
Techniques
GA [22] PSO [16] DSA [28] TLBO
Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar)
Optimal size and location of capacitor 26 48.437
28 214.062
37 103.125 6 150 4 300
38 120.312 8 150 7 150
39 178.125 14 150 9 300
51 100.000 17 150 21 150
54 212.5 18 150 26 150
55 101.562 7 314 20 150 30 0
59 4.6875 8 796 26 150 31 300
60 157.812 27 90 30 150 45 150
61 112.5 58 453 36 450 49 150
62 104.688 57 150 55 150
66 9.375 61 150 61 300
69 100 66 150 68 300
72 67.187 69 300 83 150
74 112.5 80 150 85 150
76 71.875
80 356.25
82 31.25
Minimum voltage bus NA NA 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) NA NA 0.9224 0.9242
Best power loss (kW) 146.061 163.32 144.01 143.18
Worst power loss (kW) NA NA NA 143.65
Mean power loss (kW) NA NA NA 143.29
Standard deviation NA NA NA 0.02209
Average computational time (S) NA NA NA 18.38
Table 3 1 2 3
Simulation results using MILP and TLBO for loss minimization (141-bus system).
Techniques
MILP [41] TLBO
9 10
Location Size Location Size 4
(KVar) (KVar)
13 14 15
Optimal size and location of 23 300 26 900 5
capacitor 50 300 42 900 11
55 300 46 900
64 300 49 900 6
12
79 300 61 750
7 16
94 300 115 900 8 19 20 21
Minimum voltage bus 124 86 17
Minimum voltage (p.u.) NA 0.9487
Best power loss (kW) 45.26 44.5854 18
Worst power loss (kW) NA 45.2140
Mean power loss (kW) NA 44.7932 Fig. 3. The schematic diagram of the 22-bus radial distribution system.
Standard deviation NA 0.02316
Average computational time NA 22.34 5.2.2. 69 Bus system
(S) The proposed TLBO algorithm is further applied on 69-bus test
system to determine the optimal size and location of capacitors such
that energy cost is minimized. The total cost for the system without
any capacitor is found to be 135,905 $ [21]. Before the capacitor
power loss and minimum bus voltage for three different load levels placement, minimum voltage level and power loss of the system
are listed in Table 4. Without capacitor installation, the real power for light, nominal and peak load are 0.95668 p.u., 51.60 kW;
losses in the system are 4.32 kW, 17.69 kW and 46.68 kW for light, 0.90919 p.u., 224.96 kW; and 0.84449 p.u., 652.40 kW, respectively
nominal and peak load as reported in [28]. It is observed that en- [21]. The size of capacitors, their positions and the impact of optimal
ergy loss cost, capacitor installation cost and total cost obtained placement and sizing of capacitors on the energy loss cost, capacitor
by the proposed TLBO method are signicantly less than those pro- cost and total cost of the system are given in Table 5. It is found that,
duced by DSA [28]. Moreover, it is noticed that the proposed algo- after compensation, for all the algorithms the total cost, the mini-
rithm gives more reduction in power loss for the normal and peak mum voltage level and power loss at different load levels are im-
load levels as compared to DSA and same loss for light load. Fur- proved signicantly. From Table 5 it can also be found that the
thermore, it is observed that the after installing capacitors the pro- objective value found by the TLBO algorithm is better than those ob-
posed algorithm gives better bus voltages for the light (from tained by the Fuzzy GA [22] and DSA [28]. This demonstrates that
0.9866 p.u. [28] to 0.9903 p.u.), normal (from 0.9729 p.u. [28] to the TLBO successfully achieves better simulation results than other
0.9822 p.u.) and peak load (0.9560 p.u. [28] to 0.9712 p.u.) levels. techniques while satisfying all system operational constraints.
394 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398
108 109
110 95
94
22
93 107
125
92 101 102 103 104 105 126 127 128 129 130
124
91
123
90 106
96 97 98
122
89 134
121 133
88
99
120
100
60
119 131 132
118
34
117 136
33 35
15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20
36 114
111 21
112 135
37 113 115 137
22
38 53 116 138
23
39 24
25
40 72
70 71 26
41
58 139
54 55 56 57 59
74 73 42 27
28
43
77 76 29
44
60
75
30
45
60
31
46 78 79 80 141
61 69 140
32
62 63
47
83 81
64
48
82
49
84 65 66 67 68
50
51
85
52
86
87
5.2.3. 85 Bus system Without compensation, minimum voltage and loss for light, nom-
In order to prove the scalability of the proposed method, it is inal and peak load are 0.9397 p.u., 70.11 kW; 0.8713 p.u.,
applied on 85 bus test system to minimize the energy cost. 316.11 kW; and 0.7722 p.u., 975.93 kW, respectively [21]. To
S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 395
Table 6
Simulation results using DSA and TLBO for cost analysis (85-bus system).
Techniques
DSA [28] TLBO
Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar)
Light load
Optimal size and location of capacitor 6 0 15 0
8 0 23 150
14 150 26 150
17 150 32 150
18 0 36 150
20 0 38 0
26 0 45 0
30 150 52 0
36 300 57 150
57 150 61 0
61 0 64 150
66 150 73 150
69 150 82 0
80 0 84 150
Minimum voltage bus 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9629 0.9616
Power loss (kW) 34.76 34.11
Nominal load
Optimal placement of capacitor 6 150 15 150
8 150 23 300
14 150 26 300
17 150 32 150
18 150 36 150
20 150 38 150
26 150 45 150
30 300 52 150
36 450 57 300
57 150 61 150
61 150 64 300
66 150 73 150
69 300 82 150
80 150 84 0
Minimum voltage bus 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9224 0.9241
Power loss (kW) 144.01 143.2493
Peak load
Optimal Placement of Capacitor 6 150 15 150
8 300 23 0
14 150 26 300
17 150 32 450
18 300 36 150
20 300 38 150
26 150 45 150
30 450 52 300
36 900 57 300
57 300 61 150
61 300 64 450
66 300 73 300
69 600 82 450
80 450 84 0
Minimum voltage bus 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.8770 0.8647
Power loss (kW) 410.69 411.60
Energy loss cost ($) 86,586 86,346
Rating of installed capacitors (KVAr) 150, 150, 150, 150, 300, 300, 150, 150, 300, 300, 450, 150, 150, 150,
450, 900, 300, 300, 300, 600, 450 300, 300, 150, 450, 300, 450, 150
Capacitor cost ($) 13,950 11,250
Best total cost ($) 100536 97,596
Worst total cost ($) NA 97,622
Mean total cost ($) NA 97,608
Standard deviation NA 0.02876
Average computational time (S) NA 41.46
Due to nonavailability of simulation time of the other methods, the literature. However, from the simulation results it may be said that
computational efciency in terms of CPU time of the TLBO method the TLBO method is a computationally efcient optimization
could not be compared with other methods reported in the technique.
S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 397
Table 7
Simulation results using TLBO for cost analysis (141-bus system).
Techniques
TLBO
Location Size (KVar)
Light load
Optimal size and location of capacitor 49 150
50 0
75 0
78 0
81 150
87 150
Minimum voltage bus 52
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9680
Power loss (kW) 13.2511
Nominal load
Optimal placement of capacitor 15 900
21 600
55 900
63 900
78 900
85 750
Minimum voltage bus 52
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9484
Power Loss (kW) 44.7311
Peak load
Optimal Placement of Capacitor 31 900
45 900
62 900
63 900
79 900
87 900
Minimum voltage bus 52
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9073
Power loss (kW) 129.1649
Energy loss cost ($) 27332.1245
Rating of installed capacitors (KVAr) 900, 900, 900, 900, 900, 900
Capacitor cost ($) 16,200
Best total cost ($) 43532.1245
Worst total cost ($) 43561.5462
Mean total cost ($) 43548.0064
Standard deviation 0.02083
Average computational time (S) 49.08
164 5
x 10
162 1.5
160
Active power loss (kw)
1.4
158
Total cost ($)
156 1.3
154
1.2
152
150 1.1
148
146 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Iteration cycles Iteration cycles
Fig. 5. Convergence curve of power loss of 69-bus system using TLBO.
Fig. 6. Convergence curve of cost of 85-bus system using TLBO.
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