Contoh Citation & References

Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Language Centre
APA REFERENCING
GUIDE
DRAFT
2015
http://lc.ubd.edu.bn/
DRAFT
Language Centre
2015
http://lc.ubd.edu.bn
Thank you to the following former LE-1503 and LE-2503 students who have given permission for
their work to be printed in this guide; Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful
Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera; and Norhasnizan binti Hj
Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah Bte Haji Abdul Razak; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah.
DRAFT
1 CONTENTS
2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5
3 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ 5
4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING ...................................................................................... 6
5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST ................................................................................................ 6
6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES............................................................. 7
7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING .......................................................................... 8
EXAMPLE ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 8
EXAMPLE TWO .................................................................................................................................... 8
8 PRINCIPLES ........................................................................................................................... 9
9 APA GENERAL RULES ........................................................................................................ 10
10 APA IN-TEXT GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 11
BASIC FORMS OF A QUOTATION ...................................................................................................... 11
BASIC FORMS OF A PARAPHRASE ..................................................................................................... 11
11 APA LIST OF REFERENCES GUIDE ...................................................................................... 12
BOOK- one author ............................................................................................................................. 12
BOOK - two authors .......................................................................................................................... 12
BOOK - three to five authors............................................................................................................. 12
BOOK - six or more authors .............................................................................................................. 12
BOOK - chapter in edited book ......................................................................................................... 12
BOOK - chapter in edited book from database ................................................................................. 12
BOOK or REPORT Corporate author, eg. organisation, association, government department ..... 13
BOOK or REPORT When author and publisher are the same ........................................................ 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (electronic version) with DOI ........................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (electronic version) with no DOI ...................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (print version)................................................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (Internet only no print version) ..................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE Three to Five authors ....................................................................................... 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (Print version) .............................................................................................. 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (Database like proquest) ............................................................................. 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - No author .................................................................................................... 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Online.......................................................................................................... 14
WEBPAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 14
WEBPAGE No author ...................................................................................................................... 15
WEBPAGE No date ......................................................................................................................... 15
DRAFT
THESIS ............................................................................................................................................... 15
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT .............................................................................................................. 15
REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANISATION - Author and publisher are the same ........................... 15
CONFERENCE PAPER - online ............................................................................................................ 15
ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 15
POWERPOINT SLIDES ........................................................................................................................ 16
COURSE HANDOUTS - Course handout/Lecture notes ..................................................................... 16
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (letters, telephone conversations, emails, interviews) ................... 16
MAGAZINE ARTICLE popular/trade/general interest........................................................................ 16
FILM................................................................................................................................................... 16
SONG ................................................................................................................................................. 16
12 WHAT DO I DO IF ? ...................................................................................................... 17
MALAY NAME.................................................................................................................................... 17
CHINESE NAME ................................................................................................................................. 18
CHINESE NAME MIXED WITH ENGLISH NAMES ................................................................................ 18
INHERITED title.................................................................................................................................. 18
CONFERRED TITLE ............................................................................................................................. 18
NO NAME .......................................................................................................................................... 18
NO DATE ............................................................................................................................................ 18
MULTIPLE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................... 19
MULTIPLE TEXTS - Different authors ............................................................................................... 19
MULTIPLE TEXTS one author-different years ................................................................................. 19
MULTIPLE TEXTS one author -SAME YEAR ..................................................................................... 19
WESTERN NAMES.............................................................................................................................. 19
SECONDARY SOURCE ........................................................................................................................ 20
13 RECOMMENDED WEBSITES ............................................................................................. 20
FOR MORE INFORMATION ................................................................................................................ 20
FOR PRACTICE - Quizzes .................................................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 20
Appendix A Sample essay ........................................................................................................ 20
21
Appendix B Sample report ....................................................................................................... 20
26
UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM LANGUAGE CENTRE APA REFERENCING GUIDE, 2015
DRAFT
2 INTRODUCTION
There are several purposes for using correct referencing; to acknowledge the work of others; to
avoid plagiarism; to show that you have read relevant information about the topic; and to enable a
reader to find and read the source if they wish to.
APA is one of several styles of referencing (APA, Harvard, Chicago, MLA) and it is used through most
of the university. Your faculty may use another style. If so, the principles are the same, but the
formatting may be quite different. You will need to learn both styles. The letters APA stand for
American Psychological Society and that organization issues The Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association. The book has guidelines on document formatting (font size, font
style, spacing, margins and so on) and on spelling, structure of research papers, tables and citations.
This booklet will cover referencing.
3 GLOSSARY
Citation crediting a specific source used in research. The in-text citation gives a brief indication of
the source. The full details are generally given in a reference list at the end of the paper.
Bibliography A list of relevant sources. It is different to a Reference List because a bibliography can
list sources that you have not used in your paper while a Reference List includes only sources that
have been used in the paper.
DOI Digital Object identifier If you retrieved a document from a database, you must cite the
article DOI in the reference. You dont need to cite the database. Using this information, your
readers can find the article by entering the DOI into a DOI resolver (not by entering it into the
address bar like a URL). You can find DOI resolvers at DOI.org and crossref.org.
Ellipsis three spaced dots which are used to show that you have omitted something from a
quotation. Note that if you omit something, you must not change the meaning of the original text.
Hanging indent - first line of each reference is on the left margin, but the following lines are
indented by 1.25 cm creating a hanging indent.
Indirect quotation also called paraphrasing. Restating the authors words in your own words
while keeping the original meaning. To avoid plagiarism there must be significant changes to the
original work.
In-text referencing uses the authors name and the year a document was published. This shows
the reader where the material came from.
Reference List A list of all the sources you have paraphrased or quoted in your assignment. The
Reference List should be on a separate page. All the works are listed alphabetically by the authors
family name (or if there is no name, by the first word in the title). Documents that have been
consulted, but not quoted or paraphrased are not used in your list.
Secondary citation When you are doing your research you sometimes see a quotation in the
document you are reading. If you quote the original document, that becomes a secondary citation.
See page 20 for an example.
5
DRAFT
4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING
There are no L1 or L2 studies examining the relationship between coverage and television
comprehension. However, research investigating the coverage necessary for reading and listening
comprehension may provide some indication of how much vocabulary is necessary for adequate
comprehension of television programs. L2 studies have differed in the amount of text coverage that is
needed for adequate comprehension to occur. Estimates are 95% for reasonable comprehension of a
text (Laufer, 1989), 98% for learners to read for pleasure (Hirsh & Nation, 1992), 98% for adequate
unassisted reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000), and 98% for ideal coverage of written text
(Nation, 2006). Hu and Nation's (2000) research is the most comprehensive study of text coverage.
They examined L2 learners' comprehension of a relatively easy fiction text with differing amounts of
text coverage. The results indicated that at 90% text coverage, a small number of learners gain
adequate comprehension; at 95% text coverage, more learners gain adequate comprehension but they
are still a minority; and at 100% text coverage, most learners are able to understand the text. A
regression analysis indicated that 98% coverage was needed for adequate comprehension without use
of a dictionary or glossary. Hu and Nation also suggested that because the text in their study was
relatively easy to understand, learners may need greater coverage of texts from different genres such
as newspapers and academic texts. Hu and Nation's study is supported by L1 research that also found
text coverage of 9899% to be appropriate, with the difference in coverage dependent on the
difficulty of the text (Carver, 1994).
5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCES
Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative
difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26, 413
437.
Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for
pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689696.
Hu, M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2000). Vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a
Foreign Language, 13(1), 403430.
Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for
comprehension? In C.Lauren & M.Nordman (Eds.), Special language: From humans
thinking to thinking machines (pp. 316323). Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters.
Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern
Language Review, 63, 5982.
Example text for In-text and List of References is from DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x/
NOTE THE FOLLOWING

1. The first line of each reference is on the left margin, but the subsequent lines are indented
creating a hanging indent.
2. The font is Times New Roman
3. References are listed in alphabetical order by author.
6
DRAFT
6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES

There are no L1 or L2 studies examining the relationship between coverage and television
comprehension. However, research investigating the coverage necessary for reading and listening
comprehension may provide some indication of how much vocabulary is necessary for adequate
comprehension of television programs. L2 studies have differed in the amount of text coverage that is
needed for adequate comprehension to occur. Estimates are 95% for reasonable comprehension of a
text (Laufer, 1989), 98% for learners to read for pleasure (Hirsh & Nation, 1992), 98% for adequate
unassisted reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000), and 98% for ideal coverage of written text
(Nation, 2006). Hu and Nation's (2000)research is the most comprehensive study of text coverage.
They examined L2 learners' comprehension of a relatively easy fiction text with differing amounts of
text coverage. The results indicated that at 90% text coverage, a small number of learners gain
adequate comprehension; at 95% text coverage, more learners gain adequate comprehension but they
are still a minority; and at 100% text coverage, most learners are able to understand the text. A
regression analysis indicated that 98% coverage was needed for adequate comprehension without use
of a dictionary or glossary. Hu and Nation also suggested that because the text in their study was
relatively easy to understand, learners may need greater coverage of texts from different genres such
as newspapers and academic texts. Hu and Nation's study is supported by L1 research that also found
text coverage of 9899% to be appropriate, with the difference in coverage dependent on the
difficulty of the text (Carver, 1994).
REFERENCES
Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative
difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26, 413
437.
Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for
pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689696.
Hu, M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2000). Vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a
Foreign Language, 13(1), 403430.
Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for
comprehension? In C.Lauren & M.Nordman (Eds.), Special language: From humans
thinking to thinking machines (pp. 316323). Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters.
Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern
Language Review, 63, 5982.
NOTE THE FOLLOWING
1. Every citation is linked to an entry in the List of References.

2. The List of References is in alphabetical order.
7
DRAFT
7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING

EXAMPLE ONE
Culture too, has many definitions. One of importance is from Hall (1977), who states, All countries
have their own identity, language, systems of nonverbal communication, material culture, history and
ways of doing things (p. 2). There is also another definition, which divides culture into two concepts
(Moran, 2001). The first is called the big C, which is the traditional, objective culture (for example,
food, theater, art, dance, or music). Then there is small c which is the called the subjective culture.
This has no existence except in human behavior. Small c culture is an abstraction produced by
thought and can define characteristics such as body movement, how we live, how we learn, how we
work, and how we express love, in response to similar events and experiences.
This text is from an article by:

Meiki, S., (2010). A Topic-Based Syllabus for a Cross-Cultural Communication Course: The Case of a University in Japan.
Intercultural Communication Studies XIX: 1 2010. Downloaded from
http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2010v19n1/15SusanMeiki.pdf
EXAMPLE TWO
In psychology, disagreement focuses on the empirical process and away from investigators as
individuals. Three common disagreement strategies were illustrated in the sample articles from
psychology. The generality of another's proposal may be challenged, as Tenpenny and Shoben
(1992) did in asserting, this [theoretical] distinction is not able to deal with an increasing number of
results (p. 25), or methodology may be questioned as illustrated by Hirshman and Durante (1992):
The primary criticism is that the threshold-setting procedures used in previous experiments are not
adequate to ensure that (p. 255); or the data of another investigator may be reinterpreted to
support a rival position. Myers's (1990) analysis of empirical biology articles found similar examples
of disagreement.
This text is from an article by:

Madigan, R., Johnson, S., & Linton, P., (1995). The Language of Psychology: APA Style as Epistemology. American
Psychologist 50 (6) 428-436
NOTE THE FOLLOWING
1. In the corresponding List of References, we would expect to see a listing for each of the
authors cited above.
2. Note the placement of the page number for a quotation. It comes at the end of the sentence
outside the quotation marks, but before the full stop.
8
DRAFT
8 PRINCIPLES
1. When do you need to use a citation? To answer that you need to ask the question; is it
common knowledge?
If it is common knowledge, dont use a citation. If it isnt common knowledge, use a citation.
If you arent sure, use a citation. So for example, if you read that the population of Brunei is
420,000 and you want to use that information, you must first ask, is it common knowledge.
In this case it is, so you dont need a citation. However, if you read that the population of
Brunei is 428, 362 and you use that number, that isnt common knowledge, so you do need a
citation. Here are some examples.
1. Pandas are black and white. (Common knowledge no citation)

2. There are only 1650 pandas left in the wild. (Not common knowledge use a
citation)
3. The currency of Europe is the Euro. (Common knowledge no citation)
4. One hundred Kazakhstan Tenge is equal to 72 Brunei sen. (Not common knowledge
use a citation).
2. The entries in the in-text citations must match the entries in the List of References. So, for
example, if the entry in the list of references is:
Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function

of the relative difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal
of Reading Behavior, 26, 413437.
Then the in-text citation must begin in exactly the same way (Carver) and then also include
the year.
(Carver, 1994)
3. If there is no author and you have to use the name of an article, then again the List of
References and the in-text must match:
Malaysia to cut fuel subsidies. (2014, November 22). The Brunei Times. Retrieved on
November 23, 2014 from: http://www.bt.com.bn/business-
asia/2014/11/22/malaysia-cut-fuel-subsidies
And the in-text will be
(Malaysia to cut fuel, 2014)

Note that usually we reduce the article title to the first three or four words and we put it in
quotation marks. Here is another example. An article written in 2014 with no author called
New training facility for welders soon would be shortened to
(New training facility, 2014)
4. If you have a document with no date such as a website, you use the letters n.d. instead of
the date. For example,
(Smith, n.d.)
9
DRAFT
5. If you are quoting, you cannot change anything. You must use quotation marks and you
must reproduce the words of the original author exactly. However, there are two exceptions
to this. One is for ellipsis and one for square brackets.
a. Ellipsis means three dots They are used when we have left out a word or words.
We do this when we dont need the whole quote and we want to leave out
something in the middle. That is okay, but we must not change the meaning.
The participants are also assessed on presentation (Zailani, 2014)

b. Square brackets. We use square brackets when we change or add a word. The usual
reason for doing this is to make the grammar match the rest of our sentence. Again
we must not change the meaning.
Currently the participants are also [being] assessed based on presentation (Zailani,
2014).
6. If you are uncertain about how to format something, google it. It is usually reasonably easy
to find the information you are looking for. However, if you are really stuck, then you need
to give it your best attempt. This is the advice from the APA website.
In general, a reference should contain the author name, date of publication,

title of the work, and publication data. When you cannot find the example
reference you need in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, choose the example that is most like your source and follow that
format. Sometimes you will need to combine elements of more than one
reference format. (APA Style, 2014)
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/example-reference.aspx
This means that you should make every attempt to find the correct way to reference
something, but if you cant find how to do it, use something similar as your model and do
your best. The main ideas are to clearly acknowledge your source, avoid plagiarism, use the
formatting as appropriately as possible and be consistent. If you do something one way the
first time, continue to use the same format throughout the document.
9 APA GENERAL RULES

1. Your essay should be written in Times New Roman, size 12.
2. Use a 2.5 cm margin above below and on both sides of your text.
3. Use a header with the name of your essay all in capital letters.
4. Put the page number in the top right of your header.
5. Double space your writing.
6. There are specific formats for headings.
a. Level 1 centred, bold
b. Level 2 left aligned, bold
c. Level 3 indented 5 spaces, bold, lowercase with a full stop at the end.
d. Level 4 indented, bold, italics. Lower case with a full stop.
7. Put the List of References on a separate page.
10
DRAFT
10 APA IN-TEXT GUIDE
BASIC FORMS OF A QUOTATION
Use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers when they are available.
Zailani (2014) reports that the annual Executive Development Programme for Senior
Government Officials (EDPSGO) had a total of 754 participants since its start in 1996 (p.1).
The annual Executive Development Programme for Senior Government Officials (EDPSGO)
had a total of 754 participants since its start in 1996 (Zailani, 2014. p. 1).
BASIC FORMS OF A PARAPHRASE
Dont use quotation marks. Page numbers are optional.
In the last 18 years 754 people have participated in the Executive Development program
(Zailani, 2014. p. 1).
According to Zailani (2014) 754 people have participated in the Executive Development
program since it began 18 years ago (p. 1).
11
DRAFT
11 APA LIST OF REFERENCES GUIDE

SOURCE & IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
BOOK- ONE AUTHOR Stiggins, R. (1995) Student-Centered Classroom Assessment.
New York: Macmillan.
(Stiggins, 1995) or
Stiggins (1995) compares Note: The first letter of the first word of the main title,
subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters.
BOOK - TWO AUTHORS Valdes, G., & Figueroa, R. A. (1994). Bilingualism and
testing: A special case of bias. Norwood, New Jersey:
(Valdes & Figueroa, 1994) or Ablex
Valdes and Figueroa (1994) said
NOTE: Before &between authors, do not forget to put a
NOTE: When paraphrasing in text, use and, not comma.
&.
BOOK - THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS Benner, P., Sutphen, M., Leonard, V., & Day, L. (2010).
Educating nurses: A call for radical transformation.
(Benner, Sutphen, Leonard & Day, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
2010) Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Benner, Sutphen, Leonard and Day (2010) argue
that
NOTE: The next time you cite the source you can
use et al.
(Benner et al., 2010)
Benner et al. (2010) argue that
BOOK - SIX OR MORE AUTHORS Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F.,
Keddie, A., Lets, W., & Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching:
(Churchill et al., 2013) Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John Wiley
Churchill et al (2013) suggest & Sons.
NOTE: When there are six or more authors you

can use et al.
BOOK - CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK Kamii, C., & Kamii, M. (1990). Why achievement testing
should stop. In C.Kamii (Ed), Achievement testing in
(Kamii & Kamii, 1990) the early grades? The games grownups play 15-38.
Kamii and Kamii (1990) compare Washington, DCs NAEYC.
NOTE: Include the page numbers of the chapter after the

book title.
BOOK - CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK FROM DATABASE Parson, B. S., & Baer, D. M. (1992). The visual analysis of
data, and current research into the stimuli controlling
(Parson & Baer, 1992) it. In T. R. Kratochwill & J. R. Levin Single-case
Parson and Baer (1992) believe research design and analysis: New directions for
psychology and education. 15-40. Hillsdale, NY:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved July 21,
2005 from Questia database:
http://www.questia.com/PM. qst?a=o&d=29202605>
12
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BOOK OR REPORT CORPORATE AUTHOR, EG. National Commission on Writing in Americas Schools and
ORGANISATION, ASSOCIATION, GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT Colleges. (2003). The Neglected R: The need for a
writing revolution. Princeton, NJ: College Entrance
(National Commission on Writing, 2003) Examination Board.
NOTE: Corporate authors may be abbreviated if

they are easily recognisable.
BOOK OR REPORT WHEN AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER ARE Alaska State Department of Education. (1989). Alaska
THE SAME writing assessment pilot survey. 1988-89. Juneau,
AK: Author.
(Alaska State Department of Education, 1989)
NOTE: when the author and publisher are the same, write
Author in the publisher field at the end.
JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY Blum, C., Borglund, S., & Parcells, D. (2010). High-fidelity
(ELECTRONIC VERSION) WITH DOI nursing simulation: Impact on student self-confidence
and clinical competence. International Journal of
(Blum, Borglund, & Parcells, 2010) Nursing Education Scholarship, 7(1), 1-14. Doi:
Blum, Borglund, & Parcells (2010) demonstrate 10.2202?1548-923X.2035

NOTE: A capital letter is used for key words in journal title.
NOTE: If there are 3-5 authors, then next time The journal title and volume number are in italics.
you can write (Blum et al., 2010)
JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY Greenwald, J. (2013). APA expands list of mental

(ELECTRONIC VERSION) WITH NO DOI disorders. Business Insurance, 47(15), 32. Retrieved
from ProQuest Education Journals database.
(Greenwald, 2013) or
Greenwald (2013) recommends ...
JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY (PRINT Glickman, C. (1991). Pretending not to know what we know.
VERSION) Educational Leadership. 48, 4-10.
(Glickman, 1991)
Glickman (1991) contradicts ...
JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY (INTERNET Baryla, E., Shelley, G., & Trainor, W. (2012, January).
ONLY NO PRINT VERSION) Transforming Rubrics Using Factor Analysis.
Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(4).
(Baryla, Shelley & Trainor, 2000) Retrieved from
Baryla, Shelley and Trainor (2000) counsel http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=17&n=4
against
13
DRAFT
JOURNAL ARTICLE THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS Moll, L, C., Saez, R., & Dworin, J. (2001). Exploring
biliteracy: Two student case examples of writing as a
1st time you cite the writers: social practice. The Elementary School Journal, 101,
(Moll, Saez & Dworin, 2001) 437-449.
Moll, Saez and Dworin (2001) demonstrate
2nd time you cite:

(Moll et al., 2001)
Moll et al. (2001) demonstrate
NOTE: When a work has three, four or five

authors, cite all authors the first time, and in
subsequent citations include only the first author
followed by et al.
If there are six authors, you can use et al. the

first time you cite.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (PRINT VERSION) Wood, D. (2014, November 23). Plan to cut losses due to
illegal fishing. The Brunei Times. p.1.
(Wood, 2014)
Wood (2104) makes a strong case for NOTE: Include p. (one page) or pp. (several pages) before
the page number (for newspapers only, not magazines).
NOTE: Only include the year, not the month and
day in the in-text citation.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (DATABASE LIKE PROQUEST) Behrendt, B. (1998, Jan 23). Educator: Control of classes key
to learning. St.Petersburg Times Retrieved from
(Behrendt, 1998) Proquest database.
Behrendt (1998) argues that
NOTE: The full date is listed in the List of References, but
only the year goes into the in-text citation.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - NO AUTHOR 2 men fined for untaxed cigarettes. (2014, November 28).
The Brunei Times. Retrieved on November 28, 2014
(2 men fined, 2014) from: http://www.bt.com.bn/news-
national/2014/11/28/2-men-fined-untaxed-cigarettes
NOTE: Abbreviate title to the first three or four
words. Use double quotation marks. NOTE: Article title comes first.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ONLINE Malaysia to cut fuel subsidies. (2014, November 22). The
Brunei Times. Retrieved on November 23, 2014
(Malaysia to cut fuel, 2014) from: http://www.bt.com.bn/business-
asia/2014/11/22/malaysia-cut-fuel-subsidies
WEBPAGE Shah, A. (2014). Health Issues. Global Health Issues.

Retrieved on 28 November, 2014 from
(Shah, 2014) http://www.globalissues.org/issue/587/health-issues
Shah (2014) advises
14
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WEBPAGE NO AUTHOR Central Intelligence Agency. (2014). Antarctica. Retrieved

on November 28, 2014 from
(Central Intelligence Agency, 2014) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/ay.html
NOTE: If many webpages are referenced from
the same site, reference the homepage only.
NOTE: Include the retrieval date if it is likely to change.
WEBPAGE NO DATE PETA. (n.d.). Companies That Dont Test on Animals.

Retrieved from http://features.peta.org/cruelty-free-
(PETA, n.d.) company-search/index.aspx
PETA (n.d.) argues ...
THESIS Vingsle, C. (2014). Formative Assessment: Teacher

knowledge and skills to make it happen. (Doctoral
(Vingsle, 2014) dissertation, Umea Universitet, Sweden). Retrieved
Vinglsle (2006) argues that from http://umu.diva-
portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A735415&d
swid=7909
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT Queensland Health. (2014). Lyssavirus in bats prompts

reminder not to touch the animal. Retrieved from
(Queensland Health, 2014) http://www.health.qld.gov.au/news/stories/140313-
lyssavirus.asp
REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANISATION - AUTHOR Engineers Australia. (2007). Telecommunications

AND PUBLISHER ARE THE SAME Infrastructure Report Card 2007: An Assessment of
Australia's Fixed and Mobile Telecommunications
(Engineers Australia, 2007) Infrastructure. Barton ACT: Author
In a recent study, Engineers Australia (2007)
found NOTE: When the author and the publisher are the same,
write Author at the end where you would normally write
the publisher.
CONFERENCE PAPER - ONLINE Sheehan, S. (2010, October). What to teach and assess from
A1 to C1. Putting the CEFR to Good Use. Paper
(Sheehan, 2010) presented at the IATEFL Testing, Evaluation and
According to Sheehan (2010) ... Assessment Special Interest Group (TEA SIG) and
EALTA Conference in Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved
from
http://www.ealta.eu.org/documents/resources/IATEF
L_EALTA_Proceedings_2010.pdf
ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Podium. (2014). In Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters.

Retrieved from
(Podium, 2014) http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/
podium
15
DRAFT
POWERPOINT SLIDES California State University (n.d.). Introduction to Item

Response Theory. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
(California State University, n.d.) www.csun.edu/~ata20315/psy427/Topic08_IntroIRT.
ppt
NOTE: In this example there is no authors name and no

date.
Use square brackets to show what kind of document it is.
Eg. [PowerPoint slides] [Lecture notes]
COURSE HANDOUTS - COURSE HANDOUT/LECTURE Templin, J. (n.d.). Lecture 2: ICPSR Item Response Theory
NOTES Workshop. [pdf]. Kansas: University of Kansas.
(Templin, n.d.) NOTE: Use square brackets to show what kind of document
it is. Eg. [PowerPoint slides] [Lecture notes]
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (LETTERS, TELEPHONE
CONVERSATIONS, EMAILS, INTERVIEWS)
(J. Amrobit, personal NOTE: there is no entry in the Reference List entry as the
communication, August 15, 2014) information is not recoverable.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE POPULAR/TRADE/GENERAL Parsons, H. (2014, September). Birds in Backyards 3.
INTEREST Birdlife Australia. 43(9), 69
(Parsons, 2014) or NOTE: For weekly magazines include the year, month and
Parsons (2014) recommends ... day. For monthly magazines include the year and month
only.
FILM Hitchcock, A. (Producer & Director). (1954). Rear Window

[Motion picture]. US: MGM
(Hitchcock, 1954)
Hitchcock (1954) began NOTE: For movies, DVDs or videorecordings put [Motion
picture] in square brackets. Give the country of origin and
the name of the movie studio.
SONG McCartney, P., (1970). Let it Be [Recorded by The Beatles]

On Let it Be. [Album]. London. Apple. (1969).
(McCartney, 1969)
McCartney (1969) first recorded NOTE: The first date is the date of copyright. The second
date is the date of recording. In this example, the song is
called Let it Be and the album (in italics) has the same
title. The recording artist is listed in square brackets.
16
DRAFT
12 WHAT DO I DO IF ?
IN-TEXT LIST OF REFERENCES
MALAY NAME Recommended method:
(Ena Herni Wasli, 2011) Ena Herni Wasli. (2011). Group Stage Drama SIRIH.'
Brunei: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
NOTE: Enter the name as it appears in the document, but do not

include titles like Dato, Haji, Tun or Dr. Do not include bin or binti
or Haji or Hajah. The general rule is that if someone is born with
the title, it should remain, but if they have acquired it, it is
dropped for referencing purposes.
Ena Herni binti Wasli becomes Ena Herni Wasli.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The APA style guide does not discuss how to
reference Malay names. As a consequence there are several
different styles in use. We recommend the style above which
involves taking out any titles and presenting the name/s in the
order they appear. The rationale is that Malay names do not
include a family name.
However, there are other options. These are also possible:
1. Reference it as you would a western name.

Ena Herni Wasli becomes Wasli, E.H.
(Wasli, 2011) Wasli, E.H. (2011) followed by year and document title
2. Ask the author how they would like their name

referenced. For example, Associate Professor, Noor
Azam OKMB Haji-Othman from UBD would tell you that
his preference is : Noor Azam Haji-Othman
Noor Azam Haji-Othman (2014) followed by year and
(Noor Azam Haji-Othman, 2014) document title
3. Another UBD staff member

Hairuni Hj Md Ali Maricar is generally cited as:
Hairuni M.A.
(Hairuni, 2014)
Hairuni M.A. (2014) followed by year and document title
So you can see that the whole area is quite confusing.

We recommend the example at the top of the page, but the
MOST IMPORTANT RULE is that whatever you choose to do, you
MUST BE CONSISTENT. The List of References and the in-text
references must match.
If you ask the writers you are citing and two or three of them ask
for different styles, one option that is sometimes used is to put a
note in italics at the top of the page under the References
heading. In that note you can give a quick explanation of why
you have used different styles for different Malay names.
17
DRAFT
CHINESE NAME Du, W. H. (2011). Empirical study on unbalanced development of

regional environmental economy in china. Asian Social
(Du, 2011) Science, 7(2), 12-19. Retrieved from Proquest database.
NOTE: Use the first listed name and the initials of the
subsequent names.
Du Wei Hua becomes Du, W. H.
CHINESE NAME MIXED Chong, C.W.S. (2013). Sarawak: Today and Tomorrow Selangor,
WITH ENGLISH NAMES Malaysia: Fajar Bakti.
(Chong, 2013) NOTE: If the first name is an English name, use the first Chinese
name as the family name. Start with this, then use the initial of
the English name followed by the initials of the other Chinese
names.
Cassandra Chong Wei Shan becomes Chong, C. W. S.
INHERITED TITLE Ak Ali Pg Osman (2014). followed by document title

Dk Ismahana Pg Abu (2014). followed by document title
(Ak Ali Pg Osman, 2014) Malai Ahmad Sheikh Amir (2014). followed by document title
(Dk Ismahana Pg Abu, 2014) Wan Safinah Malai Daud (2014). followed by document title
(Malai Ahmad Sheikh Amir, 2014) Ampuan Reza Ampuan Ibrahim (2014). followed by document
(Wan Safinah Malai Daud, 2014) title
(Ampuan Reza Ampuan Ibrahim, 2014) Sharifah Muna Sheikh Adnan (2014). followed by document
(Sharifah Muna Sheikh Adnan, 2014) title
NOTE: Inherited titles such as Awangku, Pengiran, Dayangku,

Malaj, Wan, Ampuan and Sharifah should not be removed. Only
conferred titles are removed.
CONFERRED TITLE Mahathir Mohamad (2011). The challenges of turmoil. Selangor,

Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications.
(Mahathir Mohamad, 2011)
NOTE: Drop titles like Dato, Haji, Tun or Dr. Do not include bin or
binti or Haji or Hajah.
Tun Mahathir Mohamad becomes Mahathir Mohamad.
NO NAME NOTE: If it is a book, place the book title in the author position.
If it is a wepage, use the title of the page.

If it is a newspaper, use the article title.
If it is a corporate website, use the corporation name.
If it is a government website, use the name of the
department.
NO DATE NOTE: If there is no date, use the abbreviation (n.d) meaning no

date.
18
DRAFT
MULTIPLE AUTHORS
1st time you cite: Moll, L.C., Saez, R., & Dworin, J. (2001). Exploring Biliteracy:
(Moll, Saez & Dworin, 2001) Two Student Case Examples of Writing as a Social Practice. The
Moll, Saez and Dworin (2001) demonstrate Elementary School Journal, 101(4), 435-449

2nd time you cite:

(Moll et al., 2001)
Moll et al. (2001) demonstrate
NOTE: When a work has three, four or five

authors, cite all authors the first time, and
in subsequent citations include only the
first author followed by et al. NOTE: The information must be written out fully according to
the style for the particular document you are working with
If there are six authors, you can use et al. (book, journal, etc.)
the first time you cite.
MULTIPLE TEXTS - DIFFERENT AUTHORS Schmoker, M. (2008). Measuring what matters. Educational
Leadership, p. 70-74.
(Schmoker, 2008; Spillane, 1998)
Spillane, J. P. (1998). State policy and the nonmonolithic nature of
NOTE: Sometimes two or more authors the local school district: Organizational and professional
have said the same thing and you are considerations. American Educational Research Journal, 35(1), 33-
paraphrasing all of them. In that case 63.
you list them in brackets as above
separated by a semi-colon. NOTE: In the List of References, you list them separately in
alphabetical order as you normally would.
MULTIPLE TEXTS ONE AUTHOR-DIFFERENT YEARS Olson, D. R. (1994). The world on paper. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
(Olson, 1994, 1995) Olson, D. R. (1995). Conceptualizing the written word: An
intellectual autobiography. Written Communication,
12(3), 277-297.
MULTIPLE TEXTS ONE AUTHOR -SAME YEAR Singer, P. (2009a). Animal Liberation: The definitive classic of
the animal movement. Melb: Harper Perennial
(Singer, 2009a, 2009b) Singer, P. (2009b). The life you Can Save: Acting now to end
world poverty. NY: Random House.
NOTE: If you have two or more works by the same author in the
same year, in your list of references, number them a, b, c and so
on. Then refer to them the same way in-text.
WESTERN NAMES Donovan, P.A. (1938) followed by document title
(Donovan, 1938) The family name is almost always the last name.
Paul Alex Donovan = Donovan, P.A.
NOTE: There is an exception when there is a comma after the first

name.
Donovan, Paul Alex = Donovan, P.A.
19
DRAFT
SECONDARY SOURCE Green, P., McCulloch, E., & Black, J. (2003). Introduction to
Psychology: A Primer. New York, NY: Black
Sybler (as cited in Green, McCulloch and Publishing House.
Black, 2003) introduced
You want to use information from If you want to quote or paraphrase something that Sybler said,
Sybler, but you havent read the original. but you havent seen the original, youve only read a quote or
You found it in another authors work. paraphrase in another source, then you need to do two things:
1. In-text use the name of the person you are citing (in
For the In-text citation name the author this case Sybler), but in brackets show the secondary
being paraphrased or quoted AND in source (the place where you read the information).
brackets show where the information 2. In the List of references, ONLY cite the secondary
was found. source.
13 RECOMMENDED WEBSITES
FOR MORE INFORMATION
http://apastyle.org/
FOR PRACTICE - QUIZZES

http://latrobe.libguides.com/content.php?pid=145852&sid=1268095
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apaactiv2/index.html (double click the items!)
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apaactiv1/index.html
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/quiz/index.html
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/whentocite/index.html
http://symmetree.smartbuilder.com/repository/ReferencingDragNdropV2/loz0003b6000000000001
f/share.html
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/05/alphabetization-in-apa-style.html
APPENDICES
The papers in the appendices were written by students in LE-1503 and LE-2503. The students have
generously agreed to have their papers reproduced here so that future students will have a good
idea of what is required.
Thank you to Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur
Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera; and Norhasnizan binti Hj Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah
Bte Haji Abdul Razak; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah.
APPENDIX A SAMPLE ESSAY
APPENDIX B SAMPLE REPORT

20
BRUNEI, ABU DHABI AND DEPLETING OIL AND GAS RESERVES
DRAFT
SAMPLE ESSAY
MARKING CRITERIA COMMENTS

1. Content Good work on the research. Evidence and ideas are relevant to
the topic and are well organized.
2. Language & Style Good vocabulary. Some mistakes with grammar, but they dont
interfere with meaning.
3. Coherence Excellent structure (thesis statement, topic sentences,
organization of paragraphs). Good linking of ideas.
4. Referencing Excellent referencing.
MARK A
The following essay is printed with permission of the authors and was written as a group project by:
Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah
Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera (2014).
21
BRUNEI, ABU DHABI AND DEPLETING OIL AND GAS RESERVES 1
DRAFT
What can Brunei Darussalam learn from Abu Dhabi or Qatars

exploration of alternative energy sources to ensure Bruneis economic
prosperity in the light of its depleting oil and gas reserves?
Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful

Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar
Perkasa Putera
LE-1503
October, 2014.
1
DRAFT
As the worlds population continues to grow, the strain increases on the limited
energy resources that can be provided, particularly its finite oil and gas reserves.
According to Central Intelligence Agency, CIA (2014), the worlds oil reserves have
been depleting as there is only a proven reserve of 1.63 trillion barrels left. Thus, it is
vital to look into alternative energy resources to reduce the worlds over-reliance on oil
and gas. Brunei and Qatar are two particular examples of oil-producing countries that Comment [u1]: NICE BACKGROUND. This raises
the readers interest
need to focus more on sustainable alternative energy resources to meet the rising
demands of their people and to ensure the prosperity of their respective economies.
However, Qatar has made far more progress in exploring alternative resources compared
to Brunei. This essay will discuss: the current status of Brunei and Qatars oil and gas
reserves; actions in overcoming the prevalent issue of over-dependency on oil and gas,
using solar energy in particular; and what Brunei can learn from Qatar towards enhancing
Bruneis economic prosperity. Comment [u2]: GREAT! Your THESIS statement

is simple and clear. It effectively tells the reader
what to expect in your three body paragraphs.
Bruneis oil and gas are depleting and it is now looking towards alternative
energy resources. According to CIA World Factbook (2014), it was estimated in 2013 Comment [u3]: GOOD. TOPIC sentence is very
simple, but it does its job well. It is quite clear what
your paragraph will be about.
that Brunei has proven reserves of 1.1 billion barrels of crude oil. Despite the countrys
Comment [u4]: GRAMMAR - 2013 is the past.
>> Brunei had
continuous efforts in preserving their sustainability, Bruneis amount of oil and gas is still
Comment [u5]: GRAMMAR - Delete
moving in a downward trajectory. Thus, Brunei is determined to search for alternative
energy resources in order to maintain its economic prosperity. A number of possible
options - namely solar, wind, biomass and hydroelectricity - have been considered.
Currently, solar energy has been discovered to have the highest potential as a major
alternative in Brunei, due to the high availability of solar radiation in the country since it
is located near to the equator. A few projects have been conducted to prove this. For Comment [u6]: GRAMMAR due to its location
Comment [u7]: Prove is a word that is best
instance, a solar diesel battery hybrid electric power system was installed in the avoided in academic essays. It is really hard to
prove anything at all.
Temburong district back in 2000, and the first demonstration solar power plant that is
able to provide 1.2 MW of renewable energy was built in the Belait district in 2011
DRAFT
(Green Brunei, 2014). Another example to show that solar thermal energy is highly
viable in the country and a significant level of technologies can be utilised is the Comment [u8]: GRAMMAR this sounds odd.
We dont usually qualify the word viable. Drop the
word highly.
production and experimentation of a solar cooker in a local university, which yielded an
Comment [u9]: GRAMMAR - with
interior temperature of 130C without any reflectors (Malik, 2011). This energy may be
the key in preventing the reduction of oil and gas supplies and in sustaining the countrys Comment [u10]: GRAMMAR - to
economic prosperity. In order to achieve this, The government has made it a priority to
increase production in oil and gas, reassure an efficient and considerable supply of
energy and improve the economy with the help of the energy sector by 2030, as stated in
the Energy White Paper (Islam and Bahari, 2012, p. 9). Additionally, more solar-
powered plants are already under development to help provide energy in exchange for oil
and gas. According to Malik (2011), Brunei has also formed partnerships with Japan and
USA in expanding Bruneis use of other alternative resources. With this, Brunei attempts
to ensure that it is not over-reliant on its oil and gas. Comment [u11]: This would benefit from a
rewrite.
Qatars oil and gas are also depleting, however, it has more proven reserves than
Brunei and it is already exploring alternative energy resources. Statistics as revealed by Comment [u12]: WRONG WORD. Youve said
that Brunei is already exploring alternatives too. IN
this sentence, do you want to say is also exploring
CIA World Factbook (2014) show that Qatar has the third largest amount of proven OR do you want to say is further advanced in its
exploration ?
natural gas resources in the world which is 25.2 trillion cubic metres, and also 25.38
billion barrels of proven oil reserves as of 2013. It is clearly evident that these figures far Comment [u13]: Delete
exceed those of Bruneis. This is also apparent based on the reserves-to-population ratio Comment [u14]: GRAMMAR
>> Brunei
for oil resources of both nations, which can be derived based on the amount of available
reserves for each country divided by the generally-known population numbers
respectively. Qatars figure is approximately 12,000 barrels per person while the figure
for Brunei is estimated at 2,700 barrels per person. Nevertheless, Qatar has taken a Comment [u15]: Did you calculate this, or do
you need to cite a source?
proactive approach towards achieving a sustainable future in the field of energy by
expanding their potential resource options, such as the use of biofuels and assessing the
prospects of solar, nuclear, geothermal and hydroelectric energy applications for the gulf
nation. Qatar is currently more focused on using solar energy as an alternative as its
DRAFT
geographical location ensures that the country receives a high solar exposure. One of the
major actions that has been taken by Qatar is the construction of a polysilicon production
plant in Ras Laffan Industrial City which is projected to produce 8000 tonnes per year of
polysilicon - a vital component in photovoltaic cells used for solar energy generation
(Bachellerie, 2012 in Bhutto, Bazmi, Zahedi and Klemes, 2014). Furthermore, in the light
of Qatars successful bid for the hosting of the World Cup in 2022, it has plans to build Comment [u16]: You could simplify this:
hosting the
new stadiums equipped with solar-powered cooling facilities (Marsh, 2013). In fact,
Darwish (2013) stressed that His Highness The Emir of Qatar has pledged in December
2012 whereby at least two percent of Qatars energy production would be supplied by Comment [u17]: GRAMMAR check this and
rewrite.
solar energy by the year 2020. This further highlights Qatars ever-growing commitment
towards the application of solar technologies to sustain its future energy requirements.
Brunei has much to learn from Qatar in finding alternative energy resources to
maintain and improve its economy by taking more actions in diversifying its options. It
was discovered that Brunei has the potential to produce more than 16,000 MW of solar
power (ASEAN Affairs, 2011). Therefore, similar to Qatars goal in achieving a two
percent target of solar-produced energy by 2020, Brunei has the ability to supply most of
its required energy through solar-powered plants. Solar energy can be used in the
production of materials to further expand the development of solar power generation,
hence broadening the applications of the technology. Brunei can also decide to use solar
energy for more useful purposes such as providing a better environment and service for
the society by channeling and widening its usage to improve Bruneis infrastructure. Comment [u18]: Example?
Brunei must learn from Qatar to advance its research on more energy resource options
such as nuclear energy, geothermal energy and biofuels. This, however, will require a
huge sum of financial investment which Brunei needs to take into account of. Moreover, Comment [u19]: GRAMMAR Check your
grammar here.
Brunei must be prepared to take risks and be more ambitious in undertaking projects and
cooperating with more countries to achieve a better future for Brunei in its energy sector.
DRAFT
In conclusion, Brunei and Qatar have both taken steps to reduce their dependency
on oil and gas, hence assuring the stability of their respective economies. This essay has
discussed Bruneis rising interest in solar energy and the projects that the sultanate has
embarked upon to utilise this renewable resource. Qatar, on the other hand, has
conducted more studies on alternative resources and has used solar energy in the
production of other important materials. In addition, Brunei has to learn from Qatar to Comment [u20]: This is quite strong. Do you
mean could learn?
have more initiative and be assertive in taking on projects; to increase research on other Comment [u21]: GRAMMAR Phrasal verbs are
best avoided. Better to replace it with something
more academic.
possible energy resources; and to implement solar technologies for better, more
pragmatic applications. This would therefore ensure that Bruneis economic prosperity Comment [u22]: NICE final sentence. It takes
the reader back to the essay topic.
can still be preserved in the light of the depletion of its limited oil and gas resources, for
the benefit of its current and future generations on its road of transition from being a
developing country to becoming a developed nation.

DRAFT
REFERENCES Comment [u23]: NICE work on your referencing.
Asean Affairs (2011). Brunei has solar potential. Retrieved on Oct 5 2014 from Comment [u24]: Use capital letters.
http://www.aseanaffairs.com/brunei_news/energy/brunei_has_solar_potential
Bhutto, A.W., Bazmi, A. A., Zahedi, G. & Klemes, J. J. (2014). A review of progress in
renewable energy implementation in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Journal
of Cleaner Production, 71, pp. 168 180.
CIA World Factbook (2014). The World Factbook. Retrieved on Sept 12 2014 from
https://www.cia.gov/index.html
Darwish, M. A. (2013). Energy status in Qatar. International Journal of Energy Sector
Management, 7 (2), pp. 163 193.
Green Brunei (2014). Green Brunei visit to Tenaga Suria. Retrieved on Oct 13 2014 from
http://www.green-brunei.com/green-brunei-visit-to-tenaga-suria/
Islam, S. & Bahari, Z. (2012). Energy Commodities for Economic Growth of Brunei. Institute
Technology of Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam.
Malik, A. Q. (2011). Assessment of the potential of renewables for Brunei Darussalam.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 427 437.
Marsh, S. (2013, April 8). Qatar races to develop solar-powered cooling for World Cup.
Reuters. Retrieved on October 12 from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/04/18/uk-
soccer-world-qatar-idUKBRE93H0PC20130418 Comment [u25]: Check your formatting.
This essay is printed with permission of the authors and was written as a group project by: Sabrina
binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati
Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera (2014).
DRAFT
SAMPLE REPORT
MARKING CRITERIA COMMENTS

1. Sections & layout, Great layout. Two areas for improvement are the section on
length, relevance to recommendations and the introduction. Remember that the
section, on task recommendations need to be much more closely related to your
research findings.
For your introduction, consider the sections of the template you

were given initially.
What is the problem? Why is it interesting?
Background
Vocabulary / concepts
Scope / limitations
You have done most of this, but it could have been stronger.
2. Grammar, Grammar is a weak area in this report. Importantly the problems
Vocabulary, dont interfere with meaning, but they do interfere with
Academic style readability and they do undermine the credibility of your work.
In future, you need to spend more time on proof-reading.

3. Referencing Excellent work on this criterion. Well done!
4. Depth of research, Your use of the literature is strong and you have done some good
logic, strength of work with your data collection and analysis. For the most part
argument your report is logical and youve argued well. Importantly youve
been realistic about your findings and have not over-claimed.
Generally you have been quite cautious in your findings and your
language.
Well done.
MARK A
28
1
DRAFT
FAST FOOD OUTLETS AND EATING HABITS IN BRUNEI
Has the proliferation of fast food outlets in the last 5 years changed the eating habits
of people in Brunei?
Norhasnizan Binti Hj Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah Bte Haji Abdul
Razak; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah
LE-2503
April, 2014.
DRAFT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 3
2. Literature Review 3
3. Methodology 4
4. Findings 5
5. Discussion 8
6. Conclusion 9
7. Recommendations 9
References 10
Appendices
Appendix A: Adults aged 20 years and above who are obese, 2008 12
Gender distribution of survey respondents 12
Appendix B: Age group distribution of respondents 13
Respondents favourite fast food restaurant by gender 13
Appendix C: Top favourite fast food restaurant of respondents 14
Frequency of eating fast food according to respondents age-group 14
Appendix D: Questionnaire on relationship between 15
proliferation of fast food, eating habits and health problems
in Brunei-Muara District
List of Figures
Figure 1: Frequency of eating fast food five years ago compared to these days 5
Figure 2: Respondents frequency of eating fast food, 2014 6
List of Tables
Table 1: Forecast of obese adults aged 30 years and older in Brunei 4
Table 2: Respondent's opinions on the increase of the fast food restaurant over 5
five years affect eating habits of Bruneians
Table 3: Reasons why Bruneians favours fast food 6
Table 4: Respondent's opinion on the relationship between fast food 7
consumption and health problem
Table 5: Respondent's health status 7
Table 6: Row percentages (crosstabulation) for each health condition category 7
DRAFT
with frequency of eating fast food
1. Introduction
This report was requested on January 22, 2014 for LE-2503 Academic Report Writing
and Presentation Skill assessment. The topic is Has the proliferation of the fast food
outlets in the last five years changed the eating habits of the people in Brunei?
Findings must be submitted by March 29, 2014. The main task is to research if there Comment [u26]: Change the word perhaps
discover or find
was a change in the eating habits among Bruneians in relation to rise of fast food
Comment [u27]: delete
outlets during the past five years. An additional interest is the increase of health Comment [u28]: change
in response to the
problems among Bruneians as a result of unhealthy fast food consumption. Fast food
can cause high blood pressure, obesity and heart disease due to the high amounts of salt
and fat in the food (Therien, 2013). Therefore there could be a relationship between an
increase of health problems, the proliferation of fast food outlets and eating habits of
Bruneians. This report will focus on fast food restaurants and fifty Bruneian customers
aged fifteen to sixty years old in Brunei-Muara District, overlooking foreign buyers and
other district in Brunei Darussalam. Comment [u29]: Unnecessary addition - delete
2. Literature Review
Obesity is the number one fastest-growing health problems in Brunei and the number Comment [u30]: GRAMMAR
of Bruneian adults who are obese has doubled to 27 per cent in 2011 compared to 1997
data (Oxford Business Group, 2014). Comment [u31]: GREAT use of referencing in
your Lit Review. Well done.
Research conducted by the American Heart Association on South East Asia
populations showed that people in this region who ate fast food (hamburgers, hot dogs,
French fries and pizza) at least twice a week were 56 per cent more likely to die of
heart disease (Therien, 2013).
According to University of Denvers (n.d.) forecasting system, total percentage of
Bruneis adults aged 30 years and older that are obese shows increasing trends from Comment [u32]: GRAMMAR future use will
DRAFT
29.6 per cent in 2014 to 30.6 per cent in 2030 and by 2060 the obesity rate will reach
one third of the overall population aged 30 years and older (Table 1).
Year 2014 2030 2060
Percentage 29.6 30.6 33.1
Table 1: Forecast of obese adults aged 30 years and older in Brunei
There are twelve new fast food outlets in Brunei from the year 2009 to 2014 which are Comment [u33]: GRAMMAR
are = now
You want from the past until now
five KFC branches, three Sugar Bun outlets, two Jollibee branches and one outlet each
for both Burger King and Pizza Hut (Zin, 2010; KFC branch opens in SPARK, 2011;
Noor, 2011&2013; Joanda, 2011&2012; Lee, 2012; KFC opens in Mentiri, 2013;
Adnan, 2013; & Salleh, 2014).
3. Methodology
Research for this report was conducted through survey and references from newspaper
and authorised websites. The aim of the survey is to gather data and information on Comment [u34]: meaning is not clear. What is
an authorised website?
Bruneians eating habits and preference in relation to fast food. A common set of
questions was used for all the surveys and the survey was in English language. A self-
administered survey with fifteen questions was used and was conducted from 8th to 19th
March 2014. The number of respondents is fifty people which are approximately 0.02
per cent of the total population in Brunei-Muara Districts. The target respondent for the
survey are Bruneis working age-group aged between fifteen to sixty years old and they Comment [u35]: delete
were randomly chosen at shopping complexes, government office and universities.
Microsoft excel was used to analyse the data and for constructing the tables and
figures. Simple statistics methods also used to analyse the data such as cumulative
DRAFT
frequency distributions and crosstabulations. The responses of the survey will not
reflect the views of a majority of Bruneians about the research. Comment [u36]: Why not? More explanation of
the limitations of your survey is needed.
4. Findings
Almost 85 per cent of the respondents say either slightly agree or agree that the Comment [u37]: delete
increase of the fast food restaurant over five years does affect Bruneians eating habits Comment [u38]: GRAMMAR
Only one restaurant?
(Table 2). Comment [u39]: Change to >>
the last five years
Respondents opinion Number of respondents Percentage

Disagree 0 0%
Slightly disagree 0 0%
Neutral 8 16%
Slightly agree 17 34%
Agree 25 50%
Total 50 100%
Table 2: Respondent's opinions on the increase of the fast food restaurant over five
years affect eating habits of Bruneians
Nearly one-third of the respondents say they eat more fast food nowadays compared to
5 years ago (Figure 1).
Frequency of eating fast food five years ago compared to

these days
Not Sure
12% Less
30%
Same
26%
More
32%
DRAFT
Figure 1: Frequency of eating fast food five years ago compared to these days Comment [u40]: FONT - labelling should use a
headline font to differentiate it from other text.
Figure 2 shows that both responds for ate fast food more than once a week and ate fast Comment [u41]: wrong word
food twice a month score 29 per cent followed by eating fast food once a week (21 per
cent).
Respondents frequency of eating fast food, 2014

4%
17%
29%
More than once a week

Once a week
Twice a month
Once a month
Other
29%
21%
Figure 2: Respondents frequency of eating fast food, 2014
Table 3 shows the three main reasons why the respondents favour fast food; fast (70
per cent), tasty (68 per cent) and affordable price (54 per cent).
Reasons Number of respondents Percentage

Accessible 24 48%
Affordable 27 54%
Ambience 2 4%
Convenient 22 44%
Fast 35 70%
Quality 6 12%
Tasty 34 68%
Comment [u42]: GRAMMAR
Table 3: Reasons why Bruneians favours fast food
DRAFT
The majority (90 per cent) of the respondents says either slightly agree or agree that Comment [u43]: delete
there are relationship between fast food consumption and health problem (Table 4). Comment [u44]: GRAMMAR
Comment [u45]: GRAMMAR
Respondents opinion Number of respondents Percentage

Disagree 0 0%
Slightly disagree 0 0%
Neutral 5 10%
Slightly agree 15 30%
Agree 30 60%
Total 50 100%
Table 4: Respondent's opinion on the relationship between fast food consumption and
health problem
Around two-fifth (42 per cent) of the respondents are healthy and about one-third (34
per cent) is either overweight or obese and one of the obese respondents (2 per cent) is Comment [u46]: GRAMMAR
also having diabetes and high blood pressure disease (Table 5). Comment [u47]: GRAMMAR
also has
Health status Number of respondents Percentage

Healthy 21 42%
Underweight 12 24%
Overweight 11 22%
Obese only 5 10%
Obese, diabetic and
1 2%
high blood pressure
Total 50 100%
Comment [u48]: PUNCTUATION
Table 5: Respondent's health status
A crosstabulation is use to find out the relationship between both variables that is a
health condition and frequency of eating fast food (Table 6).
Health condition More Once a Twice Once a Other Never Total

of respondents than week a month
once a month
week
Underweight 33.33 8.33 16.67 41.67 0.00 0.00 100.00
Healthy 38.10 33.33 19.05 4.76 4.76 0.00 100.00

DRAFT
Unhealthy exclude
11.76 11.76 52.94 11.76 5.88 5.88 100.00
underweight
Table 6: Row percentages (crosstabulation) for each health condition category with
frequency of eating fast food
5. Discussion
Based on the findings, there is no correlation seen between the respondents eating
habits and the increased of fast food outlets for the past five years. Although there is an
increase of approximately twelve new fast food outlets from the year 2009 to 2014
(Zin, 2010; KFC branch opens in SPARK, 2011; Noor, 2011&2013; Joanda,
2011&2012; Lee, 2012; KFC opens in Mentiri, 2013; Adnan, 2013; & Salleh, 2014),
there is no significant difference in the frequency of fast food consumption of the
respondents today compare to five years ago as shown in Figure 1. However 84 per
cent of the respondents slightly agree and agree that the eating habits of Bruneians were
affected by the increase of the fast food outlets for the past five years (Table 2).
From the findings, it is seen that half of the respondents eat fast food at least once a
week (Figure 2). This could be because in the fast food outlets, the preparation of meals Comment [u49]: Could be?
Does your research point to this?
is fast, tasty and the price is affordable. Other reasons could be accessibility, Comment [u50]: Again is this based on your
research?
convenience, and have high ambience and quality (Table 3). It is also seen that 29 per Does the research suggest ?
cent of the respondents eat fast food more than once a week. These respondents are 56 Comment [u51]: Wow! Thats bad news for the
respondents. Id suggest changing this around so
that the focus is on the risk rather than on the
per cent more likely to die of heart disease (Therien, 2013). There is a relationship respondents.
between fast food consumption and health problems according to almost all (90 per According to Therien (2013) this group is at greater
risk because consumption of fast food more than
once a week increases risk of death from heart
cent) of the respondents (Table 4). disease by 56 per cent
Comment [u52]: This could also be worded with

more caution.
Obesity has become one of the fastest growing public health problems in Brunei Ninety per cent of respondents believe that
(Oxford Business Group, 2014). There is an increasing trend in obesity among Bruneis
DRAFT
adult aged 30 years and older (University of Denvers, n.d.). According to Table 5,
approximately one-third of the respondents are either overweight or obese and one of
the obese respondents has both diabetes and high blood pressure. However from Table Comment [u53]: delete
6, shows that there is no distinct relationship between unhealthy respondents with the Comment [u54]: Use more caution
suggests
frequency of eating fast food. This because if there is relationship between both
Comment [u55]: Wrong word
variables (health condition and frequency of eating fast food), the more frequent the
respondents consume the fast food the greater the percentages are for the unhealthy
respondents but in Table 6 it does not reflect those answers. Therefore there is no Comment [u56]: This sentence needs a rewrite.
relationship between the two variables.
6. Conclusion
In conclusion, although majority of the respondents slightly agree and agree that the Comment [u57]: It is possible to collapse this
into one category and report that
eating habits of Bruneians were affected by the increase of the fast food outlets for the the majority of respondents agree that
Comment [u58]: delete

past five years and almost all of them agree there is relationship between fast food
consumption and health problems but from the survey analysis results, there is no
relationship between the increase of health problems in particular obesity, the
proliferation of fast food outlets and eating habits among the respondents. Comment [u59]: GOOD conclusion. It is clear
and simple and it links back to your initial report
question.
7. Recommendations
In order to stay healthy, Bruneian should adopt a healthy lifestyle by reducing the Comment [u60]: GRAMMAR
Only one Bruneian? Which one?
quantity and frequency of eating fast food but consume more healthy food and do
exercise regularly. Bruneian also should maintain their body mass index at healthier
level and do health screening yearly to prevent or detect any early symptoms of
Comment [u61]: This information is not within
diseases. Ministry of Health should vigorously promote awareness programmes to
the scope of your report. You havent discussed this
previously.
public on healthy diet through media, roadshows and seminars.
The content of this section needs to be more
aligned to your research.
You might recommend that the link between fast

food and health problems needs to be monitored as
although there is no obvious short term link, a link
may become more evident over time. A reference
(1,286 words) to that effect would be useful.
DRAFT
References Comment [u62]: EXCELLENT work on
referencing.
Adnan, A. (2013, July 12). First in Brunei, KFC opens drive-thru. The Brunei Times. Well done.
Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/2013/07/12/first-brunei-kfc-opens-drive-thru
Joanda, Z. (2011, November 12). Eleventh KFC outlets opens at Airport Mall. The Brunei
Times. Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/11/12/eleventh-kfc-outlets-
opens-airport-mall
Joanda, Z. (2012, May 24). Pizza Hut opens at Airport Mall. The Brunei Times. Retrieved
from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2012/05/24/pizza-hut-opens-airport-mall
Joanda, Z. (2012, October 27). Sugar bun opens Mulaut branch. The Brunei Times. Retrieved
from www.bt.com.bn/2012/10/27/sugarbun-opens-mulaut-branch
KFC branch opens in SPARK. (2011, September 3). The Brunei Times. Retrieved from
www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/09/03/kfc-branch-opens-spark
KFC opens in Mentiri. (2013, November 11). The Brunei Times. Retrieved from
www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2013/11/22/kfc-opens-mentiri
Lee, M. F. (2012, November 23). Jollibee opens 13 th in Times Square. The Brunei Times.
Retrieved from dns.btclick.com.bn/2012/11/23/jollibeeopens13th-branch-timessquare
Noor, A. (2011, August 1). Sugar Bun open fifth outlet in Giant Rimba. The Brunei Times.
Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/08/01/sugarbun-opens-fifth-outlet-
giantrimba
Noor, A. (2013, October 24). KFC opens at The Core, UBD. The Brunei Times, p. 12.
DRAFT
Oxford Business Group. (2014). A good prognosis: health care strategies target prevention
and best practices. The report: Brunei Darussalam 2013. Oxford Business Group.
Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/good-prognosis-health-
care-strategies-target-prevention-and-best-practices
Salleh, I. (2014, February 26). Burger King opens for business. The Brunei Times, p. 13.
Therien, S. (2013). Statistics of health risks from eating fast food. Livestrong.com. Retrieved
from http://www.livestrong.com/article/383621-statistics-of-health-risks-from-
eating-fast-food/
University of Denver. (n.d.). Forecast categories for Brunei. International Futures, University
of Denver. Retrieved from
http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BN
World Health Organization. (2013). World health statistics 2013. World Health Organisation.
Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf
Zin, R. A. (2010, December 22). Fourth Sugar Bun outlet open in Times Square. The Brunei
Times. Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2010/12/22/fourth-sugarbun-
outlet-opens-times-square
DRAFT
Appendix A
Male Female
Country
% Ranked % Ranked
Brunei Darussalam 8.5 2 7.2 4
Cambodia 1.6 9 2.8 9
Indonesia 2.5 6 6.9 5
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 1.7 8 4.1 8
Malaysia 10.4 1 17.9 1
Myanmar 2.0 7 6.1 7
Philippines 4.5 5 8.3 3
Singapore 6.6 3 6.2 6
Thailand 4.9 4 11.8 2
Viet Nam 1.2 10 2.0 10
South East Asia 1.7 - 3.7 -
Global 10.0 - 14.0 -
Adults aged 20 years and above who are obese, 2008 (World Health Organization, 2013)
Gender distribution of survey respondents
Male
26%
Female
74%
Gender distribution of survey respondents
Age group distribution of respondents

16
14
Number of Respondents
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
15 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60
Age Group / years old
Age group distribution of respondents

DRAFT
Appendix B
Respondents favourite fast food restaurant by gender

100%
90%
80%
Percentage of responds
70%
60%
50%
40%
30% Male
20% Female
10%
0%
Fast food restaurants
Respondents favourite fast food restaurant by gender
Top favourite fast food restaurant of respondents

10
9 9
9
8
Number of respondents
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
3 3
3
2
1
0 0 0
0
Fast food restaurants
Top favourite fast food restaurant of respondents

DRAFT
Appendix C
Frequency of eating fast food according to Bruneian age-group

5
4
Number of Respondents
3 15 - 20 years old
21 - 25 years old
26 - 30 years old
2
31 - 40 years old
41 - 50 years old
51 - 60 years old
1
0
Everyday > 3 times a Once a Twice a Once a Other
week week week week
Age group / frequency of eating fast food
Frequency of eating fast food according to Bruneian age-group

DRAFT
Appendix D
UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

SURVEY PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET
1. Topic of survey
Relationship between proliferation of fast food, eating habits and
health problem in Brunei-Muara District.
2. Purpose of survey
The survey is part of the module assignment requirement. This
has been assigned to students who are taking module LE-2503
Communication Skills II: Academic Report Writing and
Presentation Skills. The purpose of this survey is to investigate
the relationship between the increase of fast food outlets, eating
habits and health conditions of the respondents.
3. Confidentiality
The survey collects no identifying information of any respondent.
All of the response in the survey will be recorded anonymously.
4. Name of researchers
Nurul Fatin Afiqah binti Haji Abdul Razak
Zatil Izni Syamimi binti Haji Awang Tengah
Norhasnizan binti Haji Abdul Razak
If you have any questions regarding the survey or this research project
in general, please contact any of the researchers above at their
respective email. By completing and submitting this survey, you are Comment [u63]: EMAILS DELETED FROM THIS
DOCUMENT FOR PUBLICATION PURPOSES.
indicating your consent to participate in the study. Your participation is
highly appreciated.
DRAFT
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Please put a in the corresponding
1. Gender
Male Female Comment [u64]: GOOD font size throughout.
2. Which age group are you in?

Below 15 31 40 Comment [u65]: You made tables for some of
the information you asked, but you didnt actually
use it in the main part of your report. So in fact it
was not necessary to ask some of these questions.
15 20 41 50
In future, always carefully consider what
21 25 51 60 information you need. Dont ask questions if you
arent going to use the information.
26 30 Above 60
3. Weight (kg)
___________________________________________ (please
state)
4. Height (cm)
___________________________________________ (please
state)
5. Are you currently on medication? If yes, please more than Comment [u66]: We go from general to specific
questions and from simple to more invasive.
one if applicable.
This may be a cultural issue, but as an Australian, Id
No Diabetes mellitus be reluctant to answer this question honestly on a
questionnaire; particularly if it is one of the first
Cancer Hypertension questions. Once I have an idea of what sort of
information you want (later in the questionnaire), I
Cardiovascular/heart disease Obesity would be more inclined to answer honestly.
Other, _________________________________ (please However, if Bruneians would have no problem with

this question, and if you are only surveying
specify) Bruneians, then it would be okay but Id still
recommend putting it later on the basis that it is
more specific than some of the other questions.
6. Do you like fast food? Comment [u67]: Now, thats an easy, general
question and would be good as the first question.
DRAFT
Yes
No ___________________________________ (please
specify)
7. Do you eat in fast food restaurants? If yes, please more

than one the reason why, if applicable.
No (please proceed to question 12)
Accessible
Affordable
Ambience
Convenient
Fast
Quality
Tasty
Other, ________________________________ (please
specify)
8. How often do you eat in fast food restaurants? Please one

only.
Everyday Twice a month
More than 3 times a week Once a month
Once a week
Other, ________________________________ (please
specify)
9. Which time of the day do you normally eat in the fast food
restaurant? Please more than one if applicable. Comment [u68]: GRAMMAR
Breakfast Hi-tea
Brunch Dinner
Lunch
Other, ________________________________ (please
specify)
DRAFT
10. What is your favourite fast food restaurant? Please more

than one if applicable.
Ayamku KFC
Burger King McDonald
Express RBC Pizza Hut
Ideal Sugarbun
Jollybee Tasconi pizza
Other, ________________________________ (please
specify)
11. Please specify and rank your top three favourite fast food
restaurant. Comment [u69]: GRAMMAR
i. _______________________________________________
_____
ii. _______________________________________________
_____
iii. _______________________________________________
_____
12. How often do you eat fast food five years ago compare to
these days? Comment [u70]: GRAMMAR
Less
More
The same
Not sure
13. Do you think the increase of the fast food restaurant over the
past five years affect eating habits of Bruneians? Please Comment [u71]: GRAMMAR
one only.
Disagree Slightly Neutral Slightly Agree
Disagree Agree

DRAFT
14. Do you think there is a relationship between fast food

consumption and health problems? Please one only.
Disagree Slightly Neutral Slightly Agree
Disagree Agree

15. Other opinion, please specify. Comment [u72]: Rewrite this.
_________________________________________________
_____
_________________________________________________
_____
End of questions.
Thank you for your participation. Comment [u73]: GOOD

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Universiti Brunei Darussalam

4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING

5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

1. Every citation is linked to an entry in the List of References.

7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING

This text is from an article by:

This text is from an article by:

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

1. Pandas are black and white. (Common knowledge no citation)

Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function

And the in-text will be

(Malaysia to cut fuel, 2014)

The participants are also assessed on presentation (Zailani, 2014)

In general, a reference should contain the author name, date of publication,

9 APA GENERAL RULES

10 APA IN-TEXT GUIDE

BASIC FORMS OF A QUOTATION

BASIC FORMS OF A PARAPHRASE

Dont use quotation marks. Page numbers are optional.

11 APA LIST OF REFERENCES GUIDE

NOTE: When there are six or more authors you

NOTE: Include the page numbers of the chapter after the

NOTE: Corporate authors may be abbreviated if

JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY Greenwald, J. (2013). APA expands list of mental

2nd time you cite:

NOTE: When a work has three, four or five

If there are six authors, you can use et al. the

WEBPAGE Shah, A. (2014). Health Issues. Global Health Issues.

WEBPAGE NO AUTHOR Central Intelligence Agency. (2014). Antarctica. Retrieved

WEBPAGE NO DATE PETA. (n.d.). Companies That Dont Test on Animals.

THESIS Vingsle, C. (2014). Formative Assessment: Teacher

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT Queensland Health. (2014). Lyssavirus in bats prompts

REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANISATION - AUTHOR Engineers Australia. (2007). Telecommunications

ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Podium. (2014). In Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters.

POWERPOINT SLIDES California State University (n.d.). Introduction to Item

NOTE: In this example there is no authors name and no

FILM Hitchcock, A. (Producer & Director). (1954). Rear Window

SONG McCartney, P., (1970). Let it Be [Recorded by The Beatles]

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However, there are other options. These are also possible:

1. Reference it as you would a western name.

2. Ask the author how they would like their name

3. Another UBD staff member

So you can see that the whole area is quite confusing.

CHINESE NAME Du, W. H. (2011). Empirical study on unbalanced development of

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APPENDIX A SAMPLE ESSAY

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