Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were performed to ineasure the c!;araclerislics of a particle rope in a vertical pipe fi)llowing a horizontal to vertical
elbow. The experiments were performed will) pulverized coal and air in a O. 154 m diameter pipe. with average velocities of 29 m/s and air-
to-solids mass flow rate ratios from I to 3, A fiber optic probe was used to determine the transverse variations of pmlicle velocity and
concentration at different axial h)cations downstream of the elbow. Measurements were al.,,o made will) an orilice plate at tile elbow exit and
these show thai the flow palteri,s created by the orifice lead to acceleraled rates of axial dispen'.,,ion of the rope. c~; 1998 Elsevier Science
S.A.
It
|
i!
(2") Ro~oryAitl~ck
I .eF -:L
L:=:
(~ Cyclone
Dust Collector
(5~ Pressure Equa!;)ng t,re
E
J
.... i
Fig. I. Sketch of the pneumatic conveying It)ol~.
Table I
I)arlicle ,die distribution of puh, eri/ed coal
.,, I
~ 4 , ~ 1~),7
r
o)
The measurements described in this paper were perl'ormed
with pulverized coal with the si~e distribution given hy
Table I. The solids aml air Ih)w conditioils are comparal)le
with tho~e encoutltered i)1 power plant~ with air to solids Ih)w
rate ralios (A I1,') in a range of I t() 3, and average air vloc-
itie~ in a n.m~,e~.)1'I,'1;to 30 in/s,
o
Meusurements o1'h~al ~olid~ velocitie~ aud concentration.,,, where I. the retlected light signal intensity, is computed from
were obtained using a liher optic probe i I0-15 I. The probe the voltage wave form tt~ t) as follows:
contains t'our gl:lss iihers, two ot' which are u~ed to transmit !
light into the regk)n of particle gas I|ow (see Fig. 2 ). l.ight
reflected from particle~ near the nrobe lip is transmitted hack
I=
,f tt( t ) dt (3)
(l
45
15j.r ..................................
z.tD = 17 :
30 [- "="~ 10 F-
15
z/D = 17 5 Pa.1,.4,.__8 i
g
0 ..................... 0 ~ "1' ~ J
,45 [ - --~ 15 . . . . . . .
5
4 o o= o
5 !3 g 4s o
~ is,- .............
P,:~,t's 1 ,.:s,1 2 ~ i z'/D : 9 1
'15 ~ s
> D=9 o ___X_._._.I
=
"G 0 ................. ~ o -J
),." j
") ' " i-" :~
15 o. 5
o o . . . ~. . . J
Fig. 3. Axial and radial nleasurenlenl port locations in the vertical pipe. 45 15 r. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30 10
over the pipe cross-section. Particle velocities Up and mean 15 5
signal intensities Ip were averaged over the pipe cross-section z/D=3
0 ' I _ ~ _ . . _ _ 0 _ __-~ ...... L. . . . . . . . . . . .
for dilTerent solids loading rates. The particle mass concerF 0,0 0.5 10 00 05 10
tration was obtained using the total ptth, erized coal flow rate xID x/D
rneasured at the feeder and the meat~ particle velocity rneas- Fig. 4. RadM I~rolilc.~ol'partMe xelocilics and parlich." ma.,,,, conccntn~tiol),,
at difl'crent axial Iocaliru).,,;.
ttred by the probe:
li~,.o,,I tile exit of the elbow have about half tile velocity of tile
'"' = A t),, (4) conveying air. Particles lose kinetic energy due to direction
This was then correlated agaii,lsl tile mean signal intensity: change ill tile elbow, resulting fmnl particle-wall and parti-
cle-particle colli,lqtls, As rIley rnove downstrearrl of tIle
('p = KI~',' (5) elbow in tile vertical direclion, tile panicles it,l tIle n)pe t'~ion
are reltelet'aled. Secorldat'y Ih)ws carry tile pat'licle..,,aroLItll
It) deh.,rnline the calibration constllnls K at,ld , , Since the I}robe
IIle pipe circurnfet'ence and evenlually to Ihe nlildle section
itlllStlt'e,~ I'~at'licl velocity and conctnlrllliOll Ill a I')oinlt. it
nlUsl be It'avet'sed over Ihe pipe tross-selion It) obu,tin it,lf o r t)f the pipe where air turbulence disperses the for,.,.
rnalion oti Ilow t,lrulunilbrmilies. "l'hlis was done using mcas- Fig. 5 shows Ihe variation it,l particle mass collcentl'aliott
ttrernenl porls placed al various Iocalion,,; alotlg Ihe pipe and will1 lime a! differerlt Iocalit)ns ~lh)ng tile diameler at an el-
around its cirtuml'~retice ( see Fig. 3 ). valiotl of = / 1 ) = 9 . Ra|,Idomly sampled signals exhihi! ft'e.
qttcnt excursions It) h)wcr I'~at'licle concerltt'alion a! all radial
Iocati~ms. "rhe tenlpot'a] Ih,tclualiot,l in pat'lile i,II~iSS concet,l o
3. Results and discussion Iraliot,l is greatest in tile rnJddle of tile r o p e (.v/I):=~ ( ) , 3 2 ~ ) , IL
is evident that dilTel'ent flow slrtlctLtl'es p r e v a i l at different
Ot,le of the objectives of this study was tt) obtain data on
the hydmdyt~atnics of roping. All of tile experiments radial Iocalions. Fig. 6 shows the rwobability density fttnc-
described in this paper were perfortned at a conveying veloc- lions for tIle signals in Fig. 5. It,l the region with Ihle lowest
ity o1" 29 t'n/s and an air-to-solids mass loading ratio of I. particle concetlll'alit)ns ( . v / I ) = ().B().~). Ihe very sharp peak
Fig. 4 illustrates the r,'tdial variations o1' p:u'ticle velocity at,ld close to zero indicates that tile solids mass Ihtx fluctuates very
concer~tration at dit'ferent axial locations in the vertical pipe. little, in conlt'asl, i11 .~/D = ().~2.~. the particle m;.Lss ct)tlcen-
These profiles, obt:fined tit axial posilion :/19 ranging I'rom 3 Lt';,LIJOt,lvat'Jes over a wide range even thottg]l ;,i peak prevails
to 17. show the variations el'concentration at,ld velocity along l.II tile lower concenlratJon end.
a diameter in the x-direction as defined in Fig. 3. As they DJl'ferent ilow pllenonlena occur in the axial as well as in
tuove through the elbow, the particles are I'orced Io the outer the radial directiotl d)wnstretinl of tile eil.,v,. Fig. 7 shov.~,,,
wall ( x / D = 0) due to the centril'ugal effect o1' the elbow. The the "typical" t e m p o r a l varJiltJon in p a r t i c l e 111ass c o n c e n t r a t i o n
higller particle rnass concerllraliort close to tile outer wall at at radM locations where the roping intensity is mosl severe
the lit'st elevatiot,l (=/!) = 3) is tin indication ol'the centrilitgal (see Fig. 4). At = / D = 3. Ihe rope appears a.,, a continuou~
effect. This region o1" high concet~mttiot~ is a rope and iL has stream 11"Ifigh cotlcerltralion. However. at : / / ) : = 0 loose
substantially lower particle velocities than that of the con- agglomerated particles dominate the Ilow Mrtlcture tlS the rope
veying air. Huber and Somrnerfeld [ 9 ] reported Lhat ropes tit dissolves. Finally. at the highest elevation ( : / D = 17 ). ll~e
46 A. Yilma:, E.K. L(,vy/ Pow~h,r 7"eclmohJgy05 (199,~)43-48
11
11
O[ I I I I I i
x/D= 0.325
0
d,
A
x/D = 0.325 and z/D = 9
22
g
0 ]dO= 0.416
= 0
.~ x/D = 0.13 and z/D = 3
~ 22
0 I I I I I
x/D = 0.805
22
11
.L . . . . 1I 0 i
0 - "1 " I ~ ~ I I _ .L~_ I
50 - o ~ =
$0 0.325 and zlD = 9
v 140
50
t x/D = 0.13 and z/D = 3
25
0 -=-
0
1000 ] x/D = 0,805 0 12 24
500
[
0 --- t
Particle Mass Concentration. cp (kglm 3)
Fig. ~. I:~'s4)ahilitv dc,sily I'u,t:tio,s of signals it) Fig. 7.
The decrease in particle mass concentration with increasing parison between the present experimenlal data and those of
elevation is obvious from this figure. Huber and Sommerfeld. Fig. 9(a) compares panicle veloci-
Huber and Sommerfeld 191 studied segregation of glass ties, while Fig. 9(b) compares particle mass concentrations.
beads in a vertical pipe alter an elbow with R/D = 2.54, using The rope dispersion process appears to be similar in these
a phase Doppler anemometer (PDA). Fig. 9 shows a com- two cases, despite the different geometries and flow
conditions.
(a) (b)
As already noted, to obtain particle concentration meas-
1,5
1,0
,o I urements, the fiber optic probe had been calibrated in the
vertical pipe of the test loop with an orifice plate (/3=0.7)
installed at the elbow exit. Figs. 10 and 11 show the effect of
0.5 the orifice plate in dispersing the rope and creating a homo-
geneous gas-solid flow. The effect of the orifice on acceler-
0.0 ~ o -
ating the rate of rope dispersion is shown in Fig. 12. The
1.5 I. o quantity co. ,,,,,~ is the maximum particle concentration occur-
ring over the pipe cross-section at any given axial location
1.0 ,.. 10 ,,1
5 zlD=7.5 z/D. The results for/3 = I are for the limiting case of a straight
vertical pipe with no orifice.
0.5
0.0 ~ 0 --- 45
10 [ .... z/D=1.25
1.0 i ~' 3 0 - ~
o.
0.5 I
0.0 ~ . . . . ~. . . . ! . . . .
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 _o
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
x/D x/D
Fig. 9. Con|parJ,~onof Huber and ,%nn|nlerfeld's daw measured by PDA 191 ~_
~. ~s Orifice
and prc,~ent data b v lil~er eq~tic probe. Q No Orifice
Uo=28,Smls j
Itube,' mid Sommerfeld 19 l, Ih'e~cnt study. NF=I. z/D=13 I
,i?,
0 =~_t.._._ I j____l~=====J
U,, 21 m/~ 2t~ m/,~ 0.00 0.25 0,50 0.75 1.00
,,t/l: 2 I X/D
RID 2,54 1.5 I:ig, I I, Particlevlncity di,~tributionin the radi~ildirctinllwith and wilht~tll
i,) 81) mm 154 mm all orilice plate ( ~ ~ 0.7 ),
4 12
= Orifice ca , ~ U0
A/F == ~9 m/s
A
m o No Orifice " ~ . D = 0.154 m
~ Uo =28.5 mls ,~ ~ \ RID =1'5
9
d' ' ' ~..... 1~= 1.00
=- ~"" \ ~ o'~ I~ = 0.82
0
2
m 6 I~.... e \ \ \\\
c- E
O
tJ ", ',\
\\ \\~
m
\ "r~,.? -- ~,
"o .......... ~..=
0 ~ ' 1 .~ I L.~_
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
x/D z/D
Fig. I0. Particlema,~,~concemration distributionin tile radialdirectionwith Fig. 12. Effect of tIle oritic on the rate of axial di.~per~ionof the particle
and withoutan orilice plate (/3 = 0.7). rope,
48 A. )71ma=, !:: K./+t'l'y//!+,wth'r 7'cchmdol+y t)5 f 19V8~ 43-48