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STEAM TURBINE
1.INTRODUCTION
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal
energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its
modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.

Definitions of a   




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A machine for generating mechanical power in rotary motion from the


energy of steam at temperature and pressure above that of an available
sink. By far the most widely used and most powerful turbines are those
driven by steam. Until the 1960s essentially all steam used in   

was raised in boilers burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) or, in minor
quantities, certain waste products. However, modern turbine technology
includes nuclear steam plants as well as production of steam supplies from
other sources.
The illustration shows a small, simple mechanical-drive turbine of a
few 
 . It illustrates the essential parts for all steam turbines
regardless of rating or complexity: (1) a casing, or shell, usually divided at
the horizontal center line, with the  
bolted together for ease of assembly
and disassembly; it contains the stationary blade system; (2) a rotor
carrying the moving buckets (blades or vanes) either on wheels or drums,
with bearing journals on the ends of the rotor; (3) a set of bearings attached
to the casing to support the shaft; (4) a governor and valve system for
regulating the speed and power of the turbine by controlling the steam flow,
and an oil system for lubrication of the bearings and, on all but the smallest
machines, for operating the control valves by a relay system connected with

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the governor; (5) a coupling to connect with the driven machine; and (6)
pipe connections to the steam supply at the inlet and to an 
system at
the outlet of the casing or shell.
Steam turbines are ideal prime movers for driving machines requiring
rotational mechanical input power. They can deliver constant or variable
speed and are capable of close speed control. Drive applications
include centrifugal pumps, compressors, ship propellers, and, most
important, electric generators.

Steam Turbines Basics


Though "Steam Turbines" might sound like a technical term, most of
the things we do everyday would be impossible to do without this wonderful
technology in power generation. Nature does not have sockets from where
power plants pull out electricity to run your laptop or charge your iPod!
Energy needs to be converted to electricity or electrical energy, from its
natural occurrences. Steam Turbines are devices that help in the production
of electricity, by converting mechanical energy into useful electrical energy!
The Steam Turbine was invented by Parson, more than a century ago, and it
has gone through numerous changes to become an effective power
generator in today's power plants.

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*.THE MODERN STEAM TURBINE


The steam turbine continues to be a major factor in electric power
generation throughout the world. Even nuclear plants use the heat from a
controlled nuclear chain reaction to produce needed steam. In the United States,
more than 88 percent of all electricity is produced by steam turbines



    
             



As mentioned earlier, there are basically three stages of matter: Solid, liquid
and gas. Each stage is held together by a different level of molecular force.
With water, gaseous steam takes up space due to its molecules being furthest
apart. However, when enough pressure is applied to steam, an amazing thing
happens. The molecules are forced together to the point that the water becomes
more like a liquid again, while retaining the properties of a gas. It is at this point
that it becomes a supercritical fluid.

Many of today's power plants use supercritical steam, with pressure and
temperature at the critical point. This means supercritical steam power plants
operate at much higher temperatures and pressures than plants using subcritical
steam. Water is actually heated to such a high pressure that boiling does not even
occur.

The resulting high-pressure fluid of supercritical steam provides excellent


energy efficiency. With the aid of high pressure, supercritical steam turbines can
be driven to much higher speeds for the same amount of heat energy as
traditional steam power. They also release less CO2 exhaust into the atmosphere.
Additionally, new high-pressure boilers built with rocket technology are being
developed to further control the levels of CO2 emitted. Some boilers will even cool
the steam back into a liquid and channel it into the ground to capture emissions.

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X.Principle of Operation and Design


    
   

   
 


   

    

  
  
      
   

     
    


  


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.Steam Turbine Parts Know Your Turbine!


  
  
  
        
      

 
  
 
 
 

    
  
   
                   

 
 
  
 
   
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o.How are Steam Turbines Classified?



 

  

  
    
   
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.Basic types of turbine


   

     

 
   

  
   

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 The Reacti n Turbine



    
    

   
    

       
   
  


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.How Can A Steam Turbine Be Improved?


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Steam Turbine Applicati ns


   
 

        


        
     

   



 
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el cit diagram f steam at entrence & exit f blade f


steam turbine

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