IBM DB2 9

Section -4) Working with DB2 Data

using SQL and XQuery

Amit Daharwal
IT Specialist – IBM Academic Initiative

© 2008 IBM Corporation

 IBM DB2 9

Section 4 - Working with DB2 Data using

SQL and XQuery (23.5%)

Given a DML SQL statement, ability to identify results

Ability to use SQL to SELECT data from tables

Ability to use SQL to SORT or GROUP data

Ability to use SQL to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE data

Knowledge of transactions (i.e., COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and transaction boundaries)

Ability to call a procedure or invoke a user defined
function

Given an XQuery statement, knowledge to identify results

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What is (Structured Query Language) SQL?

Standard language of relational database access is SQL.
Designed to access tabular data.

Invented by IBM in the 1970s, the SQL language continues to
evolve and is the only way to access relational database data.

Three major categories.
 DDL (Data Definition Language) - Used to create, modify,
or drop database objects
 DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Used to select, insert,
update, or delete database data (records)
 DCL (Data Control Language) - Used to provide data object
access control

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Managing Database Objects - DDL

To create, modify, delete objects in a database, SQL Data
Definition Language (DDL) is used.

DDL has four basic SQL statements:
 CREATE

To create objects in a database.
 DECLARE

To create Temporary Tables in a database.
 ALTER

To make permitted alteration in structure of an object.
 DROP

To remove any object created with CREATE/ DECLARE
statements from database.
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Manipulate Data - DML

To retrieve, insert, update or delete from tables and/or views,
SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used.

DML also has four basic SQL statements:
 SELECT

To retrieve data from table or view.
 INSERT

To add records in tables.
 UPDATE

To change data.
 DELETE

To delete records from tables.
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Using SELECT to Retrieve Data

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve table or
view data.

Syntax -
SELECT [DISTINCT] columns
FROM TABLE(S)
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column

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Examples -

SELECT * FROM staff;

SELECT * FROM staff
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY;

SELECT name, salary
FROM staff;

SELECT DISTINCT dept, job
FROM staff;

SELECT name, salary + comm AS pay
FROM staff;
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CASE Expressions In SELECT

SELECT empno, lastname, job, salary,
CASE WHEN job IN ('MANAGER‘, ‘ADMIN’)
THEN salary * 1.10
WHEN job IN ('DBA‘, ‘ARCHITECT’)
THEN salary * 1.08
WHEN job = 'PROGRAMMER'
THEN salary * 1.05
ELSE salary * 1.035
END as new_salary
FROM employee
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With WHERE clause

Use the WHERE clause to select specific rows from a table or
view.

Relational operators including:
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>

The WHERE clause of SELECT statement can include:
 LIKE and NOT LIKE

‘_’ and ‘%’ wildcard character with LIKE/ NOT LIKE
 IS NULL and IS NOT NULL
 BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN
 IN and NOT IN
 AND, NOT, and OR Connectives in Complex Conditions
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Using Functions to Transform Data

Scalar functions
 Also known as row functions
 Operate on a single value to return another single
value.
 ABS(), HEX(), LENGTH(), YEAR(), MONTH(),
DAY(), LCASE(), LOWER(), UCASE() or UPPER()

Column functions
 Also known as vector functions.
 Work on a group of rows to provide a result.
 SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), COUNT()
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Using Set Operators to Combine Multiple Queries

With DB2, it is possible to combine two or more queries into a
single query by using a special operator known as a set
operator. When a set operator is used, the results of each
query executed are combined in a specific manner to produce
a single result data set

UNION - the result data sets produced by each individual query
are combined and all duplicate rows are eliminated

INTERSECT - common records that are found in both the result
data sets will be shown as final result set.

EXCEPT - all records found in the first result data set that do
not have a corresponding record in the second result data set
will be shown as final result set.
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SELECT lastname, hiredate FROM employee

WHERE MONTHNAME(hiredate) = 'December' AND
salary NOT BETWEEN 20000.00 AND 90000.00

SELECT * FROM emp_exp_02 UNION
SELECT * FROM emp_exp_01

SELECT empno, lastname FROM employee
WHERE lastname LIKE 'S%' ORDER BY empno

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE
workdept IN (SELECT deptno FROM department
WHERE admrdept = 'A00')

SELECT workdept, DECIMAL(AVG(salary), 9, 2)
AS avg_salary FROM employee GROUP BY work
dept HAVING AVG(salary) > 60000
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Using Joins - Concepts

A join combines data from two or more tables. A join
condition is required to refine the result set (eliminates a
cartesian product). Joining can be INNER or OUTER.

INNER JOIN - Keeps only the rows from the cross product
that meet the join condition. Result set of inner join consist
only those match rows that are present in both join table.

OUTER JOIN is a concatenation of the inner join and rows
from the left table, right table, or both tables that are missing
from the inner join. There are 3 types of Outer Join.
1. Left outer join = inner join + rows from the left table
2. Right outer join = inner join + rows from the right table
3. Full outer join = inner join + the rows from both the tables
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Using Joins — Examples

SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e,
department d WHERE e.workdept = d.deptno
OR

SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e INNER
JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno

SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e LEFT
OUTER JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno

SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e RIGHT
OUTER JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno

SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e FULL
OUTER JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno
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INSERT Statement

The INSERT statement is used to add new rows to a
table or a view.

Examples:
INSERT INTO staff VALUES
(1212,'Cerny',NULL,'Sales',3)

INSERT INTO staff (id, name, dept, job, years)

VALUES (1212,'Cerny',20,'Sales',3),
(1213,'Wolfrum',20,NULL,2)

INSERT INTO department (deptno, deptname)

SELECT deptno, deptname FROM sales_depts
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UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to change the data in
a table or a view.

For example:
UPDATE staff SET dept = NULL
WHERE ename LIKE ‘A%’
UPDATE staff SET (dept, sal)=(51, 7000)
WHERE id = 750
UPDATE employees SET (dept) =
(SELECT deptname FROM department
WHERE deptno = 1)
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DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete entire rows
of data from a table.

For example:

DELETE FROM staff WHERE id IN (1212, 1213)

DELETE FROM sales WHERE salesperson IS NULL

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The COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements

A unit of work (UOW), also known as a transaction, is a
recoverable sequence of operations within an application
process. Ex. transfer funds transaction.

The application ends the UOW by issuing either a COMMIT or
a ROLLBACK statement, whichever is appropriate.

The COMMIT statement makes all changes made within the
UOW permanent, whereas the ROLLBACK statement reverses
those changes.

If the application ends normally without an explicit COMMIT or
ROLLBACK statement, the UOW is automatically committed.

If the application ends abnormally before the end of a UOW,
that unit of work is automatically rolled back.
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Savepoints

A savepoint lets you selectively roll back a subset of actions
that make up a UOW without losing the entire transaction.
do some work;
savepoint s1 on rollback retain cursors
do some more work;
savepoint s2 on rollback retain cursors
do even more work;
savepoint s3 on rollback retain cursors
wrap it up;
roll back to savepoint s1;

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What is XML?

XML was designed to structure, store and to send
data/information.

At its core XML is text formatted in the form of tags and text
that follow a well-defined set of rules.
<? xml version=“1.0” ?>

This text may be stored/represented in: <purchaseOrder id=‘12345” secretKey=‘4x%$^’>
<customer id=“A6789”>
<name>John Smith Co</name>
<address>
 A normal file stored on disk <street>1234 W. Main St</street>
<city>Toledo</city>
<state>OH</state>
 A message being sent over HTTP <zip>95141</zip>
</address>
</customer>
<itemList>
 A character string in a programming language <item>
<partNo>A54</partNo>
<quantity>12</quantity>
 A CLOB (character large object) in a database </item>
<item>
<partNo>985</partno>
<quantity>1</quantity>
 Any other way textual data can be used </item>
</itemList>
</purchaseOrder>

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XML specifications
DTD
describes

supersedes XML
document
s
XSD describes

uses
searches searches transforms

XQuery XPath
XSLT
uses
uses

uses
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XPath Expressions

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XML Facilities

XML data type for columns
 create table s1.t1 (c1 int, c2 xml)

Language bindings for XML type in programming languages
 cobol, c, java, etc..

XML indexes
 create ix1 on s1.t1(c2) generate keys using pattern ‘/dept/emp/@empno’

An XML schema/DTD repository

Support for XQuery as a primary language as well as:
 Support for SQL within XQuery
 Support for XQuery with SQL
 Support for new SQL/XML functions

Performance, scale, and everything else they expect from a
DBMS
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Two ways to query XML data in DB2

Using XQuery as the primary language

 All queries begin with XQuery.
 Tells the DB2 parser what to expect
 Can execute SQL within a query beginning with XQUERY

Using SQL as the primary language

 Part 2

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XQuery: The FLWOR Expression

FOR: iterates through a sequence, bind variable to items

LET: binds a variable to a sequence

WHERE: eliminates items of the iteration

ORDER: reorders items of the iteration

RETURN: constructs query results
create table dept(deptID char(8), deptdoc xml);
Input:
xquery <dept bldg=101>

for $d in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(‘dept.deptdoc’)/dept <employee id=901>

<name>John Doe</name>
let $emp := $d//employee/name <phone>408 555 1212</phone>
<office>344</office>
where $d/@bldg > 95
</employee>
order by $d/@bldg <employee id=902>
<name>Peter Pan</name>
return <EmpList>
<phone>408 555 9918</phone>
{$d/@bldg, $emp} <office>216</office>
</EmpList> </employee>
</dept>
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 IBM DB2 9 <dept bldg=“101”>
<employee id=“901”>
<name>John Doe</name>
FLWOR Expression <phone>408 555 1212</phone>
<office>344</office>
create table dept (deptID char(8), deptdoc xml); </employee>
<employee id=“902”>
xquery <name>Peter Pan</name>
for $d in xmlcolumn(‘deptdoc’)/dept <phone>408 555 9918</phone>
where $d/@bldg = 101 <office>216</office>
</employee>
return <namelist>
</dept>
{$d/employee/name}
</namelist> xquery
for $d in xmlcolumn(‘deptdoc’)/dept
where $d/@bldg = 101
return $d/employee/name
xquery
<namelist> for $d in xmlcolumn(‘deptdoc’)/dept
<name>John Doe</name> where $d/@bldg = 101
<name>Peter Pan</name> return $d/employee/name/text()
</namelist>
<name>John Doe</name>
<name>Peter Pan</name>
John Doe
This result is not an XML document! Peter Pan
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Two ways to query XML data in DB2

Using XQuery as the primary language

 Done

Using SQL as the primary language

 Looking at query only
 All queries begin with “Select”
 XML Retrieval done with XMLQUERY (flags db2 parser to
switch to XML Processing)

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XML Functions

XMLQUERY(). function that enables you to execute an XQuery
expression from within an SQL context. It returns an XML
value, which is an XML sequence. This sequence can be
empty or it can contain one or more items.

XMLTABLE(). returns a table from the evaluation of XQuery
expressions; XQuery expressions normally return values as a
sequence, however, XMLTABLE() allows you to execute an
XQuery expression and return values as a table instead.

XMLEXISTS(). If it returns an empty sequence, XMLEXISTS
returns FALSE; otherwise, TRUE is returned. The XMLEXISTS
predicate can be used in the WHERE clauses of UPDATE,
DELETE, and SELECT statements.

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DML statements for XML Data

INSERT INTO customers (custinfo) VALUES (
XMLPARSE(DOCUMENT '<name>John Doe</name>'
PRESERVE WHITESPACE))

DELETE FROM customer WHERE XMLEXISTS ('declare

default element namespace "http://custrecord.dat";
$info/customerinfo[name/text()=" John Doe"]'
PASSING custinfo AS "info")

UPDATE customer
SET custinfo = XMLPARSE (DOCUMENT ‘<name>Jane
Doe</name>’ PRESERVE WHITESPACE)
WHERE empno = 11;

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XMLTABLE - XML to relational

SELECT X.* from
XMLTABLE (‘db2-fn:xmlcolumn(“PORDERS.PO”)//customer’
COLUMNS
“CID” INTEGER PATH ‘@id’,
“Name” VARCHAR(30) PATH ‘name’,
“ZipType” CHAR(2) PATH ‘zip/@type’,
“Zip” XML PATH ‘zip’
) AS “X”

CID Name ZipType Zip

1325 Bobby US <zip>33129</zip>

4711 null US <zip>95023</zip>

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Given the following queries:

SELECT c1 FROM tab1; SELECT c1 FROM tab2;

Which of the following set operators can be used to
produce a result data set that contains only records
that are not found in the result data set produced by
each query after duplicate rows have been
eliminated?

A. UNION

B. INTERSECT

C. EXCEPT

D. MERGE
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Given the following UPDATE statement:

UPDATE employees SET workdept = (SELECT deptno FROM
department WHERE deptno = 'A01') WHERE workdept IS NULL

Which of the following describes the result if this statement is
executed?

A. The statement will fail because an UPDATE statement cannot

contain a subquery.

B. The statement will only succeed if the data retrieved by the
subquery does not contain multiple records.

C. The statement will succeed; if the data retrieved by the subquery
contains multiple records, only the first record will be used to perform
the update.

D. The statement will only succeed if every record in the
EMPLOYEES table has a null value in the WORKDEPT column.

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Given the following SALES table definition:

SALES_DATE DATE
SALES_PERSON CHAR(20)
REGION CHAR(20)
SALES INTEGER
Which of the following SQL statements will remove all rows that
had a SALES_DATE in the year 1995?

A. DELETE * FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995

B. DELETE FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995
C. DROP * FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995
D. DROP FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995

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Given the following EMPLOYEEStable definition:

EMP ID INTEGER
NAME CHAR(20)
DEPT CHAR(10)
SALARY DECIMAL (10, 2)
COMMISSION DECIMAL (8, 2)
Assuming the DEPT column contains the values 'ADMIN', 'PRODUCTION',
and 'SALES', which of the following statements will produce a result data set
in which all ADMIN department employees are grouped together, all
PRODUCTION department employees are grouped together, and all SALES
department employees are grouped together?

A. SELECT name, dept FROM employees ORDER BY dept

B. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY dept
C. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY ROLLUP (dept)
D. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY CUBE (dept)

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Given the following EMPLOYEEStable definition:

EMP ID INTEGER
NAME CHAR(20)
DEPT CHAR(10)
SALARY DECIMAL (10, 2)
COMMISSION DECIMAL (8, 2)
Assuming the DEPT column contains the values 'ADMIN', 'PRODUCTION',
and 'SALES', which of the following statements will produce a result data set
in which all ADMIN department employees are grouped together, all
PRODUCTION department employees are grouped together, and all SALES
department employees are grouped together?

A. SELECT name, dept FROM employees ORDER BY dept

B. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY dept
C. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY ROLLUP (dept)
D. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY CUBE (dept)

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Which of the following best describes a unit of work?

A. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose point of
consistency is established when a connection to a database
has been established or when a mechanism known as a
savepoint is created.

B. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose current
point of consistency can be determined by querying the system
catalog tables.

C. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose point of
consistency is established when an executable SQL statement
is processed after a connection to a database has been
established or a previous transaction has been terminated.

D. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose point of
consistency is only established if a mechanism known as a
savepoint is created.
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A stored procedure has been created with the

following statement:CREATE PROCEDURE proc1 (IN
var1 VARCHAR(10), OUT rc INTEGER) SPECIFIC
myproc LANGUAGE SQL … What is the correct way
to invoke this procedure from the command line
processor (CLP)?
A. CALL proc1 ('SALES', ?)
B. CALL myproc ('SALES', ?)
C. CALL proc1 (SALES, ?)
D. RUN proc1 (SALES, ?)

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