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http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.18.10.1305 ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA, ISSN 1392-1215, VOL. 18, NO.

10, 2012

Direct AC-AC Step-Down Single-Phase


Converter with Improved Performances
C. Aghion1, M. Lucanu1, O. Ursaru1, N. Lucanu1
1
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology,
Blvd. Carol 1, No. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania
aghion@etti.tuiasi.ro

AbstractThe paper presents two high-performance single- checked by simulation.


phase AC chopper circuits which perform AC-AC bidirectional
direct conversion; one of them contains resistive loads and the II. THE TOPOLOGY OF THE AC-AC STEP-DOWN CONVERTER
other one is for inductive loads. It includes useful equations for
chopper design. The correct functioning is tested by simulation. The inductance L and the capacitor C represent the input
high-frequency power supply filter, which eliminates the
Index TermsChoppers, power conversion, circuit harmonics of the current absorbed from the power supply i m.
simulation.
im L
I. INTRODUCTION S1 S3
The direct AC-AC converters have applications in various
+ (-) D1 D3 L1
fields, such as AC motor drives, electronic transformers, vm + (-)
_ v C_
switching AC adjustable sources, output voltage waveform (+) (+) D2 D4 i0 (-) +
restorers, etc. The AC-AC step-down converters of high ZL v0
frequency can replace the AC phase control made up of SCR S2 S4 (+) _
or triacs. For frequencies of more than 20 kHz, these
converters eliminate disturbing noise, have smaller filters, Fig. 1. AC-AC buck converter with one inductance.
the output voltage is less distorted, irrespective of the load
nature, the output voltage variation field is large, the In the positive alternations of the current io, considering a
efficiency is adequate and the main current can be uniform PWM technique, in the time intervals [0, DTS], S1 is
practically sinusoidal. in conduction, and in the intervals [DT S, TS] S2 is in
In [1] and [2], the authors propose an AC chopper, with conduction, while S3 and S4 are blocked through the entire
improved commutation, which leads to increased efficiency. alternation. The frequency fS=1/TS is the switching frequency
However, this requires many switching devices and complex used for chopping the voltage from the power supply. In the
control circuits. The possibility of using sliding-mode negative alternations, S3 and S4 are in conduction in the
control for AC-AC resonant converters is analysed in [3]. [4] same time intervals, while S1 and S2 are blocked throughout
and [5] present AC choppers with three level converters and these alternations.
[6] suggests several topology versions using commercial The load output voltage is
power modules for circuit design. In [7] an evaluation
methodology for AC choppers is described. vo D v D vm , D 0,1 . (1)
This paper presents a simple circuit of direct AC-AC
single-phase buck converter, which allows eliminating The circuit is simple and can be used for purely resistive
downtime in control by an adequate disposition of power loads; the shift in control between the switch pairs occurs
switching devices. Moreover, snubber circuits are no longer when the voltage V, and therefore the current io, passes
necessary, the work frequency can be substantially increased through zero. There is no need for downtime when the
(over 20 kHz), the control is simple, the power flux can be switch pairs shift, since this occurs when voltage and
bidirectional, the functioning is adequate, irrespective of the currents are zero. For inductive loads, which change during
load nature, and the efficiency is high. The equivalent functioning, it is necessary to introduce a current transducer,
circuits are studied in various functioning modes and, thus, which detects when io is zero. At that time, it is necessary to
we can establish equations which are useful for the design shift the switch pairs under control, by using downtime.
stage. The correct functioning of the proposed circuit was When the current fundamental io passes through zero, in a
specific variation range of the duty factor D, the buck
converter can function in the discontinuous conduction mode
Manuscript received February 29, 2012; accepted June 11, 2012. (DCM) and there is an inadequate timing of io=0, which
This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCU, project number determines an inadequate functioning of the AC-AC
48/28.07.2010 PNII-RU, code 335/2010. converter.

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ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA, ISSN 1392-1215, VOL. 18, NO. 10, 2012

In order to eliminate the drawbacks mentioned above, Fig. current io is positive (its direction is shown in Fig. 2); b) Vm
2 shows the proposed circuit for the direct AC-AC is negative (it has the polarity between brakes) and the
converter. As compared to Fig. 1, another inductance is current io is positive; c: Vm is negative and io is negative; d:
added, which allows a new disposition of the switching Vm is positive and io is negative.
devices. Thus it is possible to control simultaneously the
switch pairs S1-S3 and S2-S4 and downtime is no longer III. THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF THE AC-AC CONVERTER
necessary, as shown in the waveforms in Fig. 3. The equivalent circuits correspond to the following
simplified hypotheses: the passive components are ideal, the
im L power devices are ideal switches, the voltage V and the load
S1 S3 current io are sinusoidal.
Fig. 4 presents the equivalent circuits and waveforms
+ (-) D1 L1 L2 D3
_
vm + (-)
v C_
corresponding to A and B states of the converter.
(+) (+) iL iL D4
1 (-) + 2
D2 v0
ZL S3
v''0 S1
S2 v'0 (+) _ S4 iL vL vL
1 2 iL
i0 1 2
D1 D3
vL vL + L1 + L2 D
Fig. 2. AC-AC buck converter with two inductances. 1 2
v D2 ZL v 4
_ 0
_
+ iL L1 + L2 iL i0
1 2 S4
_ v ZL v0 S2
_
D A B C i0
2 Vm /
vk v'0 / a) b)
v
2 I0 i 01 vk
vk-1 period k
period k-1
v0
v'0k v''0k
t v'0k-1 v''0k-1
Ts
(k-1)Ts t k kTs t
t k-1 tk
IL2k-1 I L2k
DTs (1-D)Ts I L2k-2
v''0 iL2
Tm
S1
S2 t t
S3 DTs DTs
t
S4 t Ts Ts
t
Fig. 3. Voltage and load current waveforms; the generation of the c)
switching devices conduction intervals. Fig. 4. The equivalent circuits and iL2 current corresponding to A and B
states: a) the equivalent circuits in the interval DTS b) the equivalent
In the positive alternations of the load current, in the time circuits in the interval (1-D)TS. c) the waveform of the current through the
intervals DTS, io will flow through S1, D1, L1, ZL, and in the inductance L2 corresponding to the A, B states.
intervals (1-D)TS, it will flow through S2, D2, L1, ZL. In the
negative alternations, in the time intervals DT S, io will flow The equations related to the circuits are calculated based
through ZL, L2, D3, S3, and in the time intervals (1-D)TS, it on the assumption that, in a switching period T S, the voltage
V is constant at the value
will flow through ZL, L2, D4 and S4.
The waveform of the current io in Fig. 3 corresponds to an
vk 2 V sin tk , (3)
inductive load

Ts
where tk k 1 Ts .
Z R 2 L 2 , 2
L L L
For the inductive load, the voltage Vo is chopped (Fig.
LL
tg , (2) 4c). In the intervals DTS and (1-D)TS, we consider that the
RL output voltages remain constant respectively at the values:
2
2 f m , vo vok' , vo vok'' . (4)
Tm

If the circuit is in the A state, in the intervals DT S and (1-


where RL and LL are the load resistance and the load
D)TS, the voltage VL1 are:
inductance, respectively, fm is the main frequency of the
power supply of the AC-AC converter.
Depending on the time intervals, the circuit in Fig. 2 can vL1'k vk vok' , vL1''k vok' . (5)
be in four states (also marked in Fig. 3): a) the main voltage
Vm is positive (has the polarity without brakes) and the Since the average voltage on the inductance L1 is zero:

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ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA, ISSN 1392-1215, VOL. 18, NO. 10, 2012

vL1'k DTs vL1''k 1 D Ts , vL1''k


D
vL1'k . D vL1'k D vL1'k
(6) iL 2 0. (17)
1 D L2 f s L2 f s
In order to calculate the iL2 current, we first consider Fig.
The waveform of the iL2 current in B state is shown in Fig.
4(b) in the switching period k-1, corresponding to the
4(c) in dotted line.
intervals (1-D)TS:
For converter states C and D, when the load current
becomes reverse, these equivalent circuits and equations
diL 2 D
vL 2 L2 vL1''k 1 vL1'k 1 , (7) remain valid, except for the role of inductances L1 and L2,
dt 1 D which is reversed.
D vL1 k 1
iL 2 t , iL 2 0 0 . (8) For the resistive load, the voltage Vo is no longer chopped
1 D L2 and has the value:

In the final part of the interval (1-D)TS (Fig. 6), we have vo RL io 2 DV sin t ,

D 2V (18)
D vL1'k 1 io sin t.
t 1 D Ts , iL 2 I L 2 k 1 . (9) RL
L2 f s
The converter will be only in states A and C. In the A
In the DTS interval within the switching period K,
state, (5) becomes
according to Fig. 4(a):

diL 2 vL1'k 2 1 D V sin tk , vL1''k 2 DV sin tk . (19)


vL 2 L2 vL1'k , (10)
dt '
Eq. (9) leads to the following equation for the peak
vL1'k ' DvL1'k 1 vL1'k '
iL 2 I L 2 k 1 t t (11) current in the switching period K
L2 L2 f s L2
D 1 D 2 V
and in the final part of the interval (t =DT S) I L2 k sin tk . (20)
L2 f s

iL 2
D
L2 f s

vL1'k 1 vL1'k 0 . (12) The load current and the ratio of these currents in the
switching period K are

The waveform of the iL2 current is shown in Fig. 4(c) in


D 2V I L 2 k 1 D RL
continuous line. Under real functioning conditions, the iL2 io k sin tk , . (21)
current becomes 0 before the end of the DT S interval, even if RL io k L2 f s
vL1'k vL1'k 1 , because of the losses on the real components
The final equation can be used for the design of
of the converter. inductances L1 and L2, with a view to imposing a specific
If the circuit is in the B state, we have to consider initially value of the ratio (less than 1%), calculated for the lowest
Fig. 4a for the calculation of the iL2 current. In the DTS value of the duty factor D.
intervals within the K switching period, v and vo voltages
have the polarities indicated between brakes: IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The correct functioning of the proposed circuits was
vL 2 L2
diL 2
dt

vk vok' vL1'k 0 , (13) tested by simulation. In all circuits, the converter was
powered by a voltage Vm = 24 V, fm = 50 Hz, the
vL1'k D vL1'k components of the power supply filter are: L=0.4 mH,
iL 2 t , I L2 k . (14)
L2 L2 f s C=5F and the switching frequency is fS=20 KHz. For the
chopper in Fig. 1, used for a purely resistive load RL=5,
In the following interval (1-D)TS: the converter inductance was L1=4 mH. Fig. 5 shows the
waveforms of the Vo voltage and of the io current for a duty
vL 2 L2
diL 2
vL1''k
D
vL1'k 0 , (15) factor D=0.3, leading to an efficiency =0.78. Fig. 6 shows
dt 1 D the waveforms for D=0.9 and the resulting efficiency is
D vL1'k ' D vL1'k D vL1'k ' =0.89. The controlled switch pair was selected according to
iL 2 I L 2 k t t . (16) the Vm voltage polarity.
1 D L2 L2 f s 1 D L2
For the chopper in Fig. 2, destined to inductive loads, the
simulations were made for L1=L2=4mH, LL=6 mH, RL=5 .
In the final part of this interval, t = (1-D)TS, the iL2
Fig. 7 shows the waveforms of Vo voltage and of the
current is

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ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA, ISSN 1392-1215, VOL. 18, NO. 10, 2012

currents im and io for D=0.3 and Fig. 8 shows the same The circuits analysed are single-phase circuits, but a three-
waveforms for D=0.9. In the first case, the efficiency was phase converter can be easily obtained by joining three
=0.86 and in the second case, =0.78. single-phase converters. A terminal of the load impedance is
connected to the network null.
10
v0

5 i0 REFERENCES
0
[1] M. Lucanu, O. Ursaru, C. Aghion, Single Phase A.C. Choppers with
inductive load and improved efficiency, in Proc. of the International
-5 Symposium on Signal, Circuits and Systems (SCS2005), Iasi,
Romania, 2003, pp. 597600.
-10
40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
[2] J. H. Kim, B. D. Min, B. H. Kwon, S. C. Won, A PWM buck-boost
Time AC chopper solving the commutation problem, IEEE Trans. on Ind.
Fig. 5. Waveforms of the vo voltage and io current for D=0.3. Electron., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 832835, 1998. [Online]. Available:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.720341
35 [3] L. Garcia de Vicunia, M. Castilla, J. Miret, J. Mates, J. M. Guerrero,
20 v0 Sliding-mode control for a single-phase AC/AC quantum resonant
i0 converter, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol 56, no. 9, pp. 3496
3504, 2009. [Online]. Available:
0
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2026766
[4] J. D. Yang, L. Li, K. M. Yang, A novel buck-boost mode single
-20
stage three level AC/AC converter, in Proc. of the IEEE Indus.
-35 Electron. (IECON), 2008, pp. 596600.
40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
Time [5] L. Li, Y. Yang, K. M. Zhong, Novel family of single-stage three
Fig. 6. Waveforms of the vo voltage and io current for D=0.9. level A.C. Choppers, IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 26, no.
2, pp. 504511, 2011. [Online]. Available:
40V http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2010.2061866
v0 [6] B. Thiago Soliero, A. Petry Clovis, et al., Direct AC-AC converters
using commercial power modules applied to voltage restorers, IEEE
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Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 278288, 2011. [Online].
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-40V [7] R. Lai, F. Wang, R. Burgos, Y. Pei, D. Boroyevich, B. Wang, T. A.
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i0 Lipo, V. D. Immanuel, K. J. Karimi, A Systematic topology
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0A converters, IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 7, pp.
16711681, 2009.
-2.0A
40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
Time
Fig. 7. Waveforms of the vo voltage, im and io currents for D=0.3.

40V
v0

0V

-40V
5.0A i0

im
0A

-6.0A
40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
Time

Fig. 8. Waveforms of the vo voltage, im and io currents for D=0.9.

V. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presents two simple circuits of direct AC-AC
buck converter; the first contains resistive loads and a single
inductance (besides the input filter); the second is for
inductive loads and contains two inductances.
The switches can be controlled without downtime and
there is no need for snubber circuits. Circuit simulation
showed that they function correctly within a high range of
values of the duty factor D, and efficiency values obtained
are =0.89 for D=0.9 and =0.78 D=0.3 in the case of
resistive loads, and =0.89 for D=0.9 and =0.76 for D=0.3
in the case of inductive loads.
The power source voltage was evenly sampled, the control
circuits are very simple and the component voltage and
currents requirements are normal. The network filter, which
eliminates the input current harmonics, is also very simple.

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