Industrial Instrumentation (2170913)

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TRANSDUCER
To study about transducer in detail.
AIM:
Transducer is devices which convert mechanical force into an electrical signal.
THEORY
These devices form a very large and important group of transducers commonly
used in industrial instrumentation area. many others physical parameters such as
heat, intensity of light, flow rate, liquid level, humidity and PH value may also be
converted into electrical form by means of transducer.
Electrical Transducer:
In order to measure non-electrical quantities a detector is used, which usually
converts the physical quantity into a displacement. This displacement actuates an
electric transducer, which acting as a secondary transducer. Given an output that is
electrical in nature. The electrical quantity so produced is measured by standard
method used for electrical measurements. The result (electrical o/p) gives the
magnitude of physical quantity or condition being measured.
The electrical signal may be a current or a voltage or a frequency and protection of
this signal is based upon electrical effects which may be resistive, capacitive,
induction etc. in nature the first stage of a measurement system may simply be
called a transducer stage instead of detector transducer stage. Another name of a r
is picking up.
Advantages of electrical transducer:
1) Electrical amplification and attenuation can be done easily.
2) The mass inertia effects are minimized.
3) The effects of friction are minimized.
4) The electrical and electronic systems can be controlled with a very small
power level.
5) The electrical output can be easily used, transmitted and processed for the
purpose of measurement.

Classification of transducer:
a) Classification based on the principle of transduction:

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Its based on the how they convert the input quantity into resistance,
inductance and capacitance respectively.
b) Primary and secondary transducer:
Here, there are two stages of transduction. For example, consider a case of
bourdons tube; there are two stages of transduction. The bourdon tube acting
as a primary detector senses the pressure and converts the pressure into a
displacement of its free end. The displacement of the free end moves the core
of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). Which produce an output
voltage which is proportional to the movement of the core, which is
proportional to the displacement of the free end which is turn in proportional to
the pressure. Thus, there are two stages of transduction. Firstly, the pressure is
converted into an analogous voltage by L.V.D.T. The bourdon tube is called a
primary transducer while the L.V.D.T is called a Secondary Transducer.
Diagram:

c) Passive and active transducer:

Passive transducer: Passive transducers derived the power required for

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 Industrial Instrumentation (2170913)

transduction from an auxiliary power supply. They also derive part of the
power required for conversion from the physical quantity under measurement.
They are known as extremity powered transducers. Typical example of
passive transducers is resistive, inductive and capacitive transducer.
Active Transducer: Active transducer is those which do not require an
auxiliary power source to produce their output. They are also known as self
generating type since they develop their own voltage or current output. The
energy required for production of output signal is obtained from the physical
quantity being measured.
c) Analog and digital transducer:
Analog Transducer: This transducer converts the input quantity into an
analog output which is a continuous function of time. Thus a strain gauge, an
L.V.D.T, a thermocouple or a thermistor may be called as analog transducer
as they give an output which is continuous function of time.
Digital Transducer: This transducer converts the input quantity into an
electrical output which is in the form of pulses.
d) Transducer and inverse transducer:
Transducer: Transducer can be broadly defined as a device which converts a
non-electrical quantity into an electrical quantity.
Inverse transducer: An inverse transducer is defined as which converts an
electrical quantity into a non electrical quantity. It is a precision actuator which
has an electrical input and a low power non-electrical output. A piezoelectric
crystal acts as an inverse transducer because when a voltage is applied across
its surfaces, its changes its dimensions causing a mechanical displacement.

CONCLUSION:

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 Industrial Instrumentation (2170913)

Sigma Institute of Engineering (050) Page No.