Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Shiv Kumar
DIRECTOR
IRICEN, Pune
Acknowledgement
The rapid development of cities and consequent population
explosion in urban areas has led to depletion of surface water
resources. For fulfillment of daily water requirement, indiscriminate
pumping of ground water is being resorted to, leading to lowering
of ground water table. At the same time the rain water is not
being conserved which ultimately goes waste. To avoid this
imbalance, conservation of rain water in the form of rain water
harvesting is the only solution.
Efforts have been made to make the book more useful for
the field engineers. In this effort, the IRICEN staff and faculty
have contributed immensely, notably among them are Mrs.
Gayatri Nayak and Shri Sunil Pophale. I am particularly thankful
to Shri N.C.Sharda, Senior Professor/Works for his valuable
suggestions and proof checking and Shri Praveen Kumar,
Professor/Computers for providing logistic assistance for printing
of the book.
A.K. Gupta
Professor/Track
IRICEN/Pune
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 GENERAL
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Hydrologic cycle
1.2 Advantages of rain water
1.3 Rain water harvesting
1.4 Need for rain water harvesting
1.5 Advantages of rain water harvesting
1.6 Rain water harvesting potential
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Rain water harvesting at IRICEN hostel
References
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1.0 Introduction
1
Table 1.2 World-wide Distribution of Fresh Water
S. Water type Volume Percentage of
No. (1000 km3) Total Fresh
Volume
1 Glaciers 24,000 85.000
2 Ground water 4,000 14.000
3 Lakes and reservoirs 155 0.600
4 Soil moisture 83 0.300
5 Atmospheric water 14 0.050
6 River water 1.2 0.004
Total 28,253.2 100.00
The harvested rain water can also be used directly
for various purposes, which will improve per capita water
availability substantially.
1.1 Hydrologic cycle
The never-ending exchange of water from the
atmosphere to the oceans and back is known as the
hydrologic cycle (Fig. 1.1). This cycle is the source of all
forms of precipitation (hail, rain, sleet, and snow), and thus of
2
all the water. Precipitation stored in streams, lakes and soil
evaporates while water stored in plants transpires to form
clouds which store the water in the atmosphere.
Environmental advantage
3
Qualitative advantage
4
The rain water harvesting may be defined as the
technique of collection and storage of rain water at surface or in
sub-surface aquifer before it is lost as surface run off. The
augmented resources can be harvested whenever needed.
5
(h) Improves ground water table, thus saving energy
(to lift water)
(i) The cost of recharging subsurface aquifer is lower
than surface reservoirs
(j) The subsurface aquifer also serves as storage and
distribution system
(k) No land is wasted for storage purpose and no
population displacement is involved
(l) Storing water underground is environment friendly
6
from meteorological department. For determining the pattern of
rainfall, the information may be collected either from
meteorological department or locally. The pattern of rainfall in a
particular cathcment area influence the design of rain water
harvesting system. In areas where rainfall is more but limited to
very short period in a year, big storage tanks would be required
to store rain water, if we are collecting rain water in storage
tanks for direct use. In such areas, it is preferable to use rain
water for recharging of ground water aquifers, if feasible, to
reduce the cost of rain water harvesting system.
7
Based on the above factors, the water harvesting
potential of site could be estimated using the following
equation:
8
CHAPTER 2
9
method. Similarly, if the ground water is saline/unfit for
human consumption or ground water table is very deep, this
method of rain water harvesting is preferable.
Filteration Recharge
tank well
10
2.1.3 Recharging ground water aquifers with runoff
from ground areas
11
2.2.1 Catchment area
The rain water yield varies with the size and texture
of the catchment area. A smooth, cleaner and more
improvised roofing material contributes to better water quality
and greater quantity with higher value of runoff coefficient.
(refer table 1.3 for runoff coefficient)
12
Coarse
mesh
GUTTER
CONTINIOUS
LEAF SCREEN
COARSE
MESH
FILTER
13
2.2.3 Gutter
14
TABLE 2.1 Size of downspout pipe
15
GUTTER
PIPE FOR
FLUSHING DEVICE
FILTER
DOWN TAKE PIPE STORAGE
FOR STORAGE TANK TANK
16
Channel
Downtake
pipe
Plug
Storage container
Diversion valve
To
recharge/
storage
To drain
2.2.6 Filter
17
installed in RWH system before storage tank. The filter is used
to remove suspended pollutants from rain water collected over
roof. The filter unit is basically a chamber filled with filtering
media such as fiber, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove
debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank. The
filter unit should be placed after first flush device but before storage
tank. There are various type of filters which have been developed
all over the country. The type and selection of filters is governed
by the final use of harvested rain water and economy. Depending
upon the filtering media used and its arrangements, various types
of filters available are described below.
GRAVEL LAYER 20 cm
SAND LAYER 30 cm
GRAVEL LAYER 20 cm
POROUS BED
18
2.2.6.2 Charcoal water filter
GRAVEL LAYER 10
CHARCOAL LAYER 10 cm
SAND LAYER 25 cm
GRAVEL LAYER 25 cm
19
A
D M
T2
F
B
V2
T1
C
flows out after passing through the three chambers. This is one
of the most popular filter type being used in RWH systems.
2.2.6.4 Varun
20
Fig. 2.11 Varun
21
22
50
mm
)
RF
(H
ER
1500mm
T
F IL
CHAMBER FOR NG
HI
COLLECTION UG )
RO SF
OF WATER L (S
N TA R
ZO TE
RI F IL
HO ND
SA
OW
INTAKE PIPE SL
mm
00
DISINFECTION 72
CHAMBER
PLATFORM FOR
COLLECTION OF
TREATED WATER
22
Fig. 2.13 Filter for large roof top
23
MECHANICAL-FILTER
RAIN PC
INFILTRATION
Grating
26
2.2.8.1 Matching the capacity of the tank with the area of
the roof
27
maximum in the month of December at 72610 liters. So the
capacity of storage tank should be 72610 liters, say 73000 liters.
28
CHAPTER 3
29
area more then 100 sqm . Recharge water is guided through a
pipe of 100 mm to the bottom of the well as shown in Fig. 3.3.
Well cleaning and desilting is imperative before using it. Recharge
water guided should be silt free, otherwise filter should be provided
as shown in Fig. 3.3. Well should be cleaned periodically and
chlorinated to control bacteriological contamination.
30
ROOF TOP
G.L. OVERFLOW
31
GRAVEL (5-10mm) 0.5 to 0.7mtrs
TOP SOIL
BOULDERS (5-20cm) 0.8 to 1.2mtrs
WATER TABLE
7 cm R C C D E T A C H A B LE C O V ER
W ELL G RA VE L (5 -1 0m m) 0 .5 to 0.7mtrs
33
T O P S O IL
B OULD ER S (5 -2 0cm) 0 .8 t o 1 .2mtrs
IM P ER V IO U S STR ATA
LAYE R OF P EBBLES OR
GURUKOOL STONE (5cm THICK)
G.L.
GRAVEL SAND (1.2mm) 30 to 45cm
34
TOP SOIL
BOULDERS (5-20cm ) 30 to 45cm
LENGTH OF TRENCH
20 to 100 mtrs. WATER TABLE
1 00 mm DIA P IPE
S HA F T D IA.
G .L. O V E R FLOW
O .5 m trs.
35
G RA V EL SA N D (1 .2 mm)
5 0c m
G RA V E L (5 -10 mm ) 7 5c m
T O P S OIL
B RICK B ATS
OR
B O U LD E R S (5 -20 cm) I M P E R V IO U S STR AT A
P ER VIOU S ST R A T A
1.5 to 2m
OVERFLOW SHUTTER GRATINGS
DRAIN
PLAN
SILT CHAMBER
10cm RCC DETACHABLE SLAB
G.L. G.L.
8 to 12mtrs
OVERFLOW INLET
1.5mtrs 100 to 200mm DIA
MS SLOTTED PIPE
TOP SOIL
1 to 2mm COARSE SAND 0.5m
36
5 to 10mm GRAVELS 0.5m
5 to 20mm BOULDERS 0.5m
IMPERVIOUS STRATA
100 to 200mm DIA
MS PLAIN PIPE
10 to 40mtrs
PERVIOUS STRATA
IMPERVIOUS STRATA
BAIL PLUG BAIL PLUG
CASE STUDY
4.1 Introduction
37
4.2 Rain water harvesting at IRICEN Hostel
=AxRxC
= 465 x 0.700 x 0.85
= 276.675 cum or 2,76,675 liters
=AxRxC
= 788 x 0.700 x 0.55
= 303.38 cu.m. or 3,03,380 liters
38
TA /M 'S
O F F IC E
G EN SET
R OO M
C ros s P ipe
B A D M IN T O N
H ALL
M a in P ip e
C ha m ber
O ve rflow to
M u ncipal S e w er
39
40
Fig. 4.3 Details of settlement tank / filter for Rain Water Harvesting
The capacity of filter cum settlement tank is 8400 liters,
which is sufficient to retain runoff from at least 15 minutes rainfall
of peak intensity.
41
CHAPTER 5
QUALITY OF WATER
Essential Characteristics
i) Colour, Hazen units, 5 Above 5, consumer 25 3025 (Part-4): Extended to 25 only if
Max acceptance decreases 1983 toxic substances are
not suspected, in
absence of alternate
sources.
43
ii) Odour Unobjectionable — — 3025 (Part 5): a) Test cold and
1983 when heated
b) Test at several
dilutions
iii) Taste Agreeable — — 3025 (Part Test to be conducted
7&8): 1984 only after safety has
been established
iv) Turbidity 5 Above 5, consumer 10 3025 (Part 10):
NTU, Max acceptance decreases 1984
v) pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this range the No 3025 (Part 11):
water will affect the relaxation 1984
mucous membrane and/or
water supply system
S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Permissible Limit Methods Remarks
No. Characteristics (Desirable Outside the Desirable in the Absence of Test
Limit) Limit of Alternate (Ref. to IS)
Source
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
vi) Total hardness 300 Encrustation in water supply 600 3025 (Part 21):
(as CaCO3) structure and adverse effects 1983
mg/l, Max on domestic use
vii) Iron (as Fe) 0.3 Beyond this limit taste/appearance 1.0 32 of 3025:
mg/l, Max are affected, has adverse effect 1964
on domestic uses and water
supply structures, and promotes
iron bacteria
44
viii) Chloride (as Cl) 250 Beyond this limit, test, corrosion 1000 3025 (Part 32):
mg/l, Max and palatability are affected 1988
ix) Residual free 0.2 — — 3025 (Part 26): To be applicable only
chlorine, 1986 when water is
mg/l, Min chlorinated. Tested at
consumer end. When
protection against
viral infection is
required, it should be
Min 0.5mg/l.
x) Fluoride (as F) 1.0 Fluoride may be kept as low as 1.5 23 of 3025:
mg/l, Max possible. High fluoride may cause 1964
fluorosis
S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Permissible Limit Methods Remarks
No. Characteristics (Desirable Outside the Desirable in the Absence of Test
Limit) Limit of Alternate (Ref. to IS)
Source
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Desirable Characteristics
xi) Dissolved solids 500 Beyond this palatability 2000 3025 (Part 16):
mg/I, Max decreases and may cause 1984
gastro intestinal irritation
xii) Calcium (as Ca) 75 Encrustation in water 200 3025 (Part 40):
mg/I, Max supply structure and 1991
adverse effects on
45
domestic use
xiii) Magnesium (as Mg) 30 Encrustation to water supply 100 16.33.34 of
mg/l, Max structure and adverse IS 3025: 1964
effects on domestic use
xiv) Copper (as Cu) 0.05 Astringent taste, 1.5 36 of 3025:
mg/I, Max discoloration and corrosion 1964
of pipes, fitting and utensils
will be caused beyond this
xv) Sulphate (as SO4) 200 Beyond this causes gastro 400 (sec col 7) 3025 (Part 24) May be extended up
mg/l, Max intenstinal irritation when 1986 400 provided
magnesium or sodium are Magnesium (as Mg)
present. does not exceed 30
S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Permissible Limit Methods Remarks
No. Characteristics (Desirable Outside the Desirable in the Absence of Test
Limit) Limit of Alternate (Ref. to IS)
Source
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
xvi) Nitrate (as NO2) 45 Beyond this methaemo- No relaxation 3025 (Part 34):
mg/l, Max globinemia takes place 1988
xvii) Cadmium (as Cd) 0.01 Beyond this, the water No relaxation (See Note 1) To be tested when
mg/l, Max becomes toxic pollution is suspected
xviii) Arsenic (as As) 0.01 Beyond this, the water No relaxation 3025:(Part 37): To be tested when
mg/I, Max becomes toxic 1988 pollution is suspected
46
xix) Lead (as Pb) 0.05 Beyond this limit, the No relaxatoin (see Note 1) To be tested when
mg/l, Max water becomes toxic pollution is suspected
xx) Zinc (as Zn) 5 Beyond this limit it can 15 39 of 3925: To be tested when
mg/l, Max cause astringent taste and 1964 pollution is suspected
an opalescence in water
xxi) Mineral oil 0.01 Beyond this limit 0.03 Gas chromato- To be tested when
mg/l, Max undesirable taste and odour graphic method pollution is suspected
after chlorination take place
47
References
48