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Policy Aspects
The Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) describes one of the benefits of a
basic income as having a lower overall cost than that of the current means-
tested social welfare benefits, and they have put forth proposals for
implementation they claim to be financially viable.
There is also a belief among critics that if people have free and
unconditional money they will not work (as much) and get lazy. Less work
means less tax revenue and hence less money for the state and cities to
fund public projects. There are also concerns that some people will spend
their basic income on alcohol and drugs.
In one study, even when the benefits are not permanent, the hours worked
by the recipients of the benefitare observed to decline by 5 percent, a
decrease of two hours in a typical 40-hour work week:
While experiments have been conducted in the United States and Canada,
those participating knew that their benefits were not permanent and,
consequently, they were not likely to change their behaviour as much or in
the same manner had the GAI been ongoing. As a result, total hours worked
fell by about five percent on average. The work reduction was largest for
second earners in two-earner households and weakest for the main earner.
Further, the negative work effect was higher the more generous the benefit
level.
Another study that contradicted such decline in work incentive was a pilot
project implemented in 2008 and 2009 in the Namibian village of Omitara;
the assessment of the project after its conclusion found that economic
activity actually increased, particularly through the launch of small
businesses, and reinforcement of the local market by increasing households'
buying power. However the residents of Omitara were described as suffering
"dehumanising levels of poverty" before the introduction of the pilot, and as
such the project's relevance to potential implementations in developed
economies is not known.
Affordability
The affordability of a basic income proposal relies on many factors such as
the costs of any public services it replaces, tax increases required, and less
tangible auxiliary effects on government revenue and/or spending (for
example a successful basic income scheme may reduce crime, thereby
reducing required expenditure on policing and justice.)
Paul Mason stated that universal basic income would increase social security
costs, but that it would also reduce the high medical costs associated with
diseases of poverty, by reducing stress, diseases like high blood pressure,
type II diabetes etc. would become less common.
Pilot programs
The experiments with negative income tax in United States and Canada in
the 1960s and 1970s.
The experiments in Namibia (starting 2008)
Georgist views
Geolibertarians seek to synthesize propertarian libertarianism and a geoist
(or Georgist) philosophy of land as unowned commons or equally owned by
all people, citing the classical economic distinction between unimproved
land and private property. The rental value of land is produced by the labors
of the community and, as such, rightly belongs to the community at large
and not solely to the landholder. A land value tax (LVT) is levied as an
annual fee for exclusive access to a section of earth, which is collected and
redistributed to the community either through public goods, such as public
security or a court system, or in the form of a basic guaranteed income
called acitizen's HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen
%27s_dividend" dividend. Geolibertarians view the LVT as a single tax to
replace all other methods of taxation, which are deemed unjust violations of
the non-aggression principle.
Right-wing views
Support for basic income has been expressed by several people associated
with right-wing political views. While adherents of such views generally
favor minimization or abolition of the public provision of welfare services,
some have cited basic income as a viable strategy to reduce the amount of
bureaucratic administration that is prevalent in many contemporary welfare
systems. Others have contended that it could also act as a form of
compensation for fiat currency inflation.
Feminist views
As with other issues, feminists hold different views on the basic income, but
these views can be loosely divided in two opposing views: one view which
supports basic income, seeing it as a way of guaranteeing a minimum
financial independence for women, and recognizing women's unpaid work in
the home; and another view which opposes basic income, seeing it as
having the potential to discourage women from participating in the
workforce, and to reinforce traditional gender roles of women belonging in
the private area and men in the public area.
Technological unemployment
Concerns about automation and other causes of technological
unemployment have caused many in the high-tech industry to turn to basic
income proposals as a necessary implication of their business models.
Journalist Nathan Schneider first highlighted the turn of the "tech elite" to
these ideas with an article in Vice magazine, which cited figures such
as Marc Andreessen, Sam Altman, Peter HYPERLINK
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diamandis"Diamandis, and others. The
White House, in a report to Congress, has put the probability at 83 percent
that a worker making less than $20 an hour in 2010 will eventually lose their
job to a machine. Even workers making as much as $40 an hour face odds
of 31 percent.
Criticism
A commission of the German parliament has discussed basic income in 2013
and concluded that it is "unrealizable" because:
the corresponding rise of taxes would cause more inequality: higher taxes
would translate themselves into higher prices of everyday products,
harming the finances of poor people
Worldwide
Generally the discussion on basic income developed in Europe in the 1970s
and 1980s, partly inspired by the debate in United States and Canada
somewhat earlier, and has since then broadened to most of the developed
world, to Latin America, Middle East, and to at least some countries in Africa
and Asia. The Alaska Permanent Fund is regarded as one of the best
examples of an existing basic income, even though it's only a partial basic
income. Other examples of existing basic income, or similar welfare
programs, include the partial basic income in Macao and the basic income in
Iran. Basic income pilots have been conducted in United States and Canada
in the 1960s and 1970s, Namibia (from 2008) and in India (from 2011). In
Europe there are political decisions in France, Netherlands and Finland to
start up some basic income pilots. Voters in Switzerland strongly defeated a
referendum on the topic in 2016 with 77 percent voting against the
proposal.
In 2016, a poll showed that 58 percent of the European people are aware
about basic income and 65 percent would vote in favor of the idea.
Advocates
Europe
European advocates of basic income system are for example Philippe Van
HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs"Parijs,[50] Ailsa
McKay (until 2004),[51] Gtz Werner, Saar Boerlage,[52] Andr HYPERLINK
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz"Gorz,[53] Antonio
HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Negri"Negri,[54] Osmo
Soininvaara,[55] Guy Standing.
North America[edit]
Advocates of basic income in the United States approach the issue from a
wide variety of ideological and career backgrounds, and include
conservative writer Charles Murray,[69] former Secretary of Labor Robert
Reich,[70]Marxist sociology professor Erik Olin Wright,[71] venture
capitalists Albert Wenger,[72] Tim Draper,[73] and Roy Bahat,[74] Y
HYPERLINK
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Combinator_(company)"Combinator preside
nt Sam Altman,[75] LGBT activist Dan Savage,[76] artificial
intelligence expert Jeremy Howard,[77] HowStuffWorks founder Marshall
Brain,[78] computer science professor Moshe Vardi,[79] Niskanen
Center CEO Jerry Taylor,[80] financial manager Bill Gross,
[81] Zipcar cofounder Robin Chase,[82] Singularity HYPERLINK
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_University"UniversityCEO Rob Nail,
[83] Cato Institute senior fellow Michael Tanner,[84] entrepreneur and
environmentalist Peter Barnes,[85] and former Service Employees
International Union president Andy Stern.[86] Historical advocates in the
United States include founding father Thomas Paine,[87] civil rights
leader Martin Luther King, Jr.,[88] and Nobel Prize winning economist Milton
Friedman.[89]
South America[edit]
Africa[edit]
South African social rights activist Archbishop Desmond Tutu supports basic
income.[95]
Oceania[edit]
Political initiatives
in 1976, the Alaska Permanent Fund was created, a constitutionally
established permanent fund managed by a state-owned corporation, the
Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation. The Fund pays a partial basic income to
all its residents.
Hoje estamos confrontados com uma nova realidade que tornar a medida
inevitvel. s sucessivas crises do capitalismo, cada vez mais frequentes e
nefastas, junta-se uma revoluo tecnolgica distinta de todas as
anteriores. No passado, cada novo avano tecnolgico dizimava setores
inteiros da atividade produtiva, mas gerava por sua vez novas atividades
que davam emprego, riqueza e desenvolvimento humano. Pense-se na
primeira revoluo industrial. Mas hoje j no assim. Temos agora
tecnologias que aumentam exponencialmente a produtividade, mas no
geram trabalho humano. A crescente automao aliada capacidade das
mquinas inteligentes para intervir diretamente na criao e nos processos
produtivos exigem cada vez menos a interveno humana. O que sucede
no s nas fbricas, mas praticamente em todos os setores da atividade e
mesmo nos mais tradicionais. Veja-se o que acontece na agricultura, onde
as mquinas e a engenharia gentica ganham terreno mo de obra
intensiva dos j obsoletos camponeses. A agricultura dos nossos dias
depende dos laboratrios e no mais das enxadas.
Por isso no olho para a ideia do RBI sob o ponto de vista da ideologia nem
sequer da moral. Trata-se de uma questo de sobrevivncia da prpria
sociedade e do modo como esta consegue responder aos novos desafios de
uma evoluo que no para. uma questo de prudncia. Precisamos de
novos modelos antes que os velhos, de to gastos, nos lancem na catstrofe
social.
http://www.esquerda.net/opiniao/rendimento-basico-incondicional-
mais-um-contributo-para-analise/41291
Ricardo Moreira
Deixem-me ser claro: os objetivos do combate pobreza e s desigualdades
sociais deviam estar hoje no centro do debate poltico e a superao do
trabalho, nomeadamente do trabalho assalariado, tem para mim uma
importncia primordial. Mas discutamos ento o RBI como o caminho para
chegar a estes objetivos.
Uma medida que representa, mesmo nas suas vises mais minimalistas,
mais de 12% do PIB nacional muito pouco eficiente e eficaz no combate
pobreza
J foi indicado por vrias pessoas que o RBI extremamente caro. A ttulo
de exemplo, se fixssemos um RBI de 300, abaixo do limiar da pobreza,
gastaramos apenas com essa medida cerca de 21,6% do PIB de Portugal.
Se o RBI fosse de 500 o gasto seria de 36% do PIB portugus. Para termos
comparao, todos os impostos arrecadados hoje pelo Estado representam
22% do PIB.
Agora, no debate que promoveu nos ltimos dias, o PAN apresentou duas
sugestes para o financiamento da medida, concretizaes importantes
para o avano da ideia. A primeira de Pedro Teixeira limitava-se a uma
prestao de 200, que implicava uma subida muito acentuada do IRS
nominal e que representava um consumo de 12,7% do PIB nacional; e a
segunda de Miguel Horta, que no avanando com uma proposta final de
valor da prestao, enunciava que a sua implementao s possvel se se
fizerem escolhas quanto a outras prestaes sociais, nomeadamente as
penses de sobrevivncia, e assume que o sistema que prope, ao contrrio
da Segurana Social, muito suscetvel a choques econmicos, podendo o
valor do RBI sofrer flutuaes importantes se no existirem nesse ms
meios para distribuio. Mais, como simples de ver, a distribuio de uma
verba a todas as pessoas criaria uma presso inflacionista enorme que
nenhum estudo contabiliza, ou seja, rapidamente os 200 que
distribuiramos no valeriam nada.
Assim, uma medida que representa, mesmo nas suas vises mais
minimalistas, mais de 12% do PIB nacional muito pouco eficiente e eficaz
no combate pobreza, quando comparada com o sistema atual.
Mercado liberdade?
A CONTINUAO DA HISTRIA?
o Espao Areo
o Espao Martimo
Ordo et Libero
Tambm a maioria das prestaes sociais hoje prestadas pelo Estado teriam
o seu fim com o RBI, embora ainda exista uma grande discusso em torno
desta questo, pois cada terico retiraria as prestaes que acha mais
correctas mantendo outras, mas fundamentalmente, o RSI, o Subsdio de
Desemprego e o abono de famlia desapareceriam retirando assim estes
encargos Segurana Social, levando a uma simplificao da mesma. O
desemprego estrutural tecnolgico inevitvel, tal como esta medida para
o combater, abrindo caminho para a criao de novos empregos, empresas
e projectos. O novo empreendedor teria muito a ganhar com o RBI, podendo
assim ter maior margem de erro com uma certa almofada de segurana.
Tambm os jovens teriam mais tempo para se dedicarem aos estudos e para
seguirem os seus sonhos.
Quanto preguia, talvez seja uma ideia absurda pensar que algum
deixaria imediatamente de trabalhar assim que recebesse 500 euros por
ms em Portugal. Este rendimento serve para cobrir apenas as
necessidades bsicas, desde alimentao a despesas como luz, gua e
rendas da casa e do carro. Tal como em qualquer valor em economia, a
discusso passa por arranjar o equilbrio no valor que no seja demasiado a
ponto de criar poupana, nem a menos a ponto de no servir para todas as
necessidades bsicas mdias. No fundo, at penso que esta medida at
incentivaria ao trabalho, visto ser o Homem um animal ambicioso, juntar
este rendimento a um salrio seria mais que duplicar os seus ganhos e
assim levar uma vida mais ostentativa, onde cada um poderia mimar-se
com um ou dois presentes para si prprio sempre que pudesse. Afinal de
contas no so s os ricos que tm direito a comprar uma televiso mais
cara ou um relgio de marca. Para alm disto, mesmo os poucos
preguiosos que no trabalhariam, iriam de facto contribuir para o
desenvolvimento do sistema. Como? Consumindo. Um preguioso consome,
um endividado no. Assim, o sistema econmico tambm seria estimulado
pelos que passam o dia a fazer surf ou a andar de skate.
- A Nambia tambm teve o seu projecto piloto numa aldeia com resultados
super positivos que reduziu a pobreza em 20 por cento, incentivou os jovens
a ir escola e acabou por incentivar ainda mais ao trabalho com o emprego
a subir e a economia a atingir nveis histricos. Tambm a criao de novos
pequenos negcios e empresas triplicou com este projecto. O Primeiro-
Ministro da Nambia j veio expressar a sua vontade de implementar o RBI a
nvel nacional.