Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Senior Division
Group Website
Duffy, Michael. Nicholas Romanovs Decree of Abdication. Digital image. First World War.
into the website for dramatic effect. By reading the English translation of the decree, we
were able to learn about Romanovs tone and about the reasons that led him to abdicate.
Gapon, Georgii, and Ivan Vasimov. Petition Prepared for Presentation to Nicholas II January 9,
<http://academic.shu.edu/russianhistory/index.php?title=Manifesto_of_October_17th,_19
05&oldid=72>.
By reading the petition that the Proletariat made in response to Bloody Sunday and the
Tsars actions (translated by Daniel Field), we gained insight into what fueled the
Proletariats revolt against the Tsar. We learned that they were especially enraged by
their lack of voice in the nation, their poverty, their lack of upheld rights, the Tsars
mismanagement of state and war efforts, and the elites exploitation of power and wealth
in the nation.
Gurko, Vasily. The Battle of Tannenberg. N.d. MS. Seton Hall University. Web.
<http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tannenberg_gurko.htm>.
The report of Vasily, commander of the Russian 1st Cavalry Division under
Russians were utterly defeated by the Germans. This defeat would shatter any conception
that the Proletariat had that the Tsarist regime may be good.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich. What is to be Done? (1902). N.d. MS. Seton Hall University. Web.
<http://academic.shu.edu/russianhistory/index.php/Lenin,_What_is_to_be_Done>.
Although we did not explicitly talk about Lenin in our website as our primary focus is the
February Revolution and how WWI galvanized the proletariat into revolting against the
Tsar, reading Lenins work allowed us to understand the after-effects of the Revolution.
He was a major figure of the Marxist revolutionary party, so viewing his ideas gave us a
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party. 1847. MS. Marx/Engels
<https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/>.
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was used to
disseminate ideas of communism during the time. This source outlines the constant class
struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie, and dictatorship of the proletariat. This
source was valuable as it provided insight into the views of Russian workers during this
time.
Romanov, Nicholas. Manifesto of October 17th, 1905. N.d. MS. Seton Hall University. Web.
<http://academic.shu.edu/russianhistory/index.php?title=Manifesto_of_October_17th,_1
05&oldid=72>.
This document gave our group a perspective on Nicholas IIs view on his own reign. It
gave us the reasons for why Nicholas thought the way that he did, and it showed us how
Sufshchinskii, Stepan Vasilevich. "Interview with the Dumas Chancellery Junior Staffer Stepan
<http://rarebooks.library.nd.edu/exhibits/polievktov/ssrr.shtml>.
Chancellery Junior Staff of the Duma at the time. It offered a unique perspective on the
Dumas reactions during the February Revolution. It also helped us verify the idea that
during the Petrograd scene, protesters were unremitting and would not stop until the Tsar
was overthrown.
Secondary Sources
Books
Figes, Orlando. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924. New York, NY:
revolutionary period, as well as in the Stalinist era. In this source, Figes describes the
preconditions in Russia leading up to the 1917 revolutions, and their implications on the
course and effects of each. This source was valuable as it provided commentary and
analysis on certain pieces of Russian social structure, which exacerbated the public
war on the homefront, and analyzes the wars effect on inciting the revolution.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982. Print.
Sheila Fitzpatrick is an Australian historian who focuses on Russian history from the late
Tsarist period to the course of the Soviet Union. In this work, Mrs. Fitzpatrick analyzes
the importance of events, such as the Russian Famine and Bloody Sunday, on the onset of
the revolutions in 1917. This source was valuable in our research as it provided the group
with relevant info concerning precursor events to the revolution and their significance.
Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution, 1899-1919. London: Fontana, 1992. Print.
Richard Pipes is a prominent Russian historian and has published many works detailing
the rise of the Bolsheviks and also the course of the Soviet era. In this text, Pipes
provides a comprehensive analysis of the course of the Russian Revolution and its
precursors by using firsthand accounts, quotations, and figures. The source was valuable
in research as, with regards to the years covered in the source, covered the preconditions
that led to the revolution. This allowed us to see the effects of failures of the Tsarist
regime, and also World War I, on the overall public sentiment of the authoritarian Tsarist.
Read, Christopher. War and Revolution in Russia, 1914-22: The Collapse of Tsarism and the
This source was used to gather information about the state of Russia in terms of the
nobility and the proletariat. It outlined the conditions of the proletariat and factors during
the war that contributed to those factors, such as the heavy losses throughout the war. It
also gave specific descriptions of several factors that led to the abdication of the Tsar in
1917.
Riasanoovsky, Nicholas and Mark Steinberg. A History of Russia. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2010.
international, military, economic, social, and cultural aspects of the empire. Examining
the content of the source allowed us to better understand the circumstances which led to
Sanborn, Joshua A. Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass
source from him focuses on the military aspects of Russia during the WWI period. It
helped us understand the military conditions of the soldiers, how the Russian army
operated, and why the army's conditions led to the outbreak of revolution.
Robert Service is a British historian who has written extensively on the Russian
Revolution and the Soviet era. In this work, Service analyzes economic, social, and
political factors and the implications that they had in the Russian Revolution. This source
is valuable as it provides a commentary on the state of the Romanov rule before, and in
comprehensive analysis of the failures of the Tsarist regime not only in World War I, but
also in the nature of their authoritarian rule. Because of this, the source allowed us to
evaluate the Tsarist regime and connect it to the public unrest during the era.
Troyat, Henri. Daily Life in Russia Under the Last Tsar. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University
Press, 1999.
This book was a particularly interesting read as the author conveyed the facets of Russian
life through the vehicle of a fictional Englishman visiting a Russian merchant family. It
provided an interesting twist regarding the lives of the people under Nicholas Romanov.
Most importantly, the book gave us a stronger idea of what feelings and wishes for
Warnes, David. Chronicle of the Russian Tsars: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rules of
This source gave us a holistic perspective on the reigns of the Russian tsars. We were
able to understand the political and economic preferences and effects of each tsar, and we
were able to compare earlier tsars to tsars, such as Nicholas Romanov. This source also
Journals
Cox, Stephen. Russian Revolution. The American Scholar, vol. 64, no. 1, 1995, pp. 156156.
<www.jstor.org/stable/41212304>.
This source analyzed Richard Pipes perspective on the Russian Revolution and how
Dempster, Gregory M. The Fiscal Background of the Russian Revolution. European Review of
In this source, Mr. Dempster provides an examination of the economic conditions of the
Tsarist period leading to the revolution, and the role that economics played in the demise
of the Tsar. This source was valuable in the research process as it allowed us to see
certain fiscal policy failures, and also the effects of World War I. Additionally, we were
able to use this source to connect these precursors to the eventual onset of the February
Revolution.
Engel, Barbara Alpern. Not by Bread Alone: Subsistence Riots in Russia during World War I.
The Journal of Modern History, vol. 69, no. 4, 1997, pp. 696721.
<www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/245591>.
In this source, Mrs. Engel reviews the widespread disorder and the riots that ensued
during Russias involvement in World War I. This source was valuable as it provided a
background on the social implications of Russias involvement in the war, and also
Holmes, Terence M. One Throw of the Gambler's Dice: A Comment on Holger Herwig's
View of the Schlieffen Plan. The Journal of Military History, vol. 67, no. 2, 2003, pp.
513516. <www.jstor.org/stable/3093466>.
In this source, Mr. Holmes analyzes the view that the Schlieffen plan was inherently
flawed from the onset. This source helped us with research on the nature of World War I,
Hill, Alexander. The Slavonic and East European Review. The Slavonic and East European
Russians in 1916. This source was valuable as it allowed the group to see the extent of
the casualties caused in war, which in turn caused popular unrest. In addition, it also
provided us with information regarding the nature of Russias involvement of World War
I in general.
Multimedia
2015, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO9CtMlw6ZU>.
The source shows the workers passions for the cause, and also the revolutionary masses
of the proletariat rising against the authoritarian regime. This source is valuable as it
provides us with a firsthand multimedia experience that expresses the opinions of the
workers (highlighted by lyrics), and the actions of the workers (highlighted by the
recordings).
Glinka, Mikhail. 'Glory' from 'A Life for the Tsar'. 1836. MP3.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJr-ki8RGcw>.
This source is a song that glorifies the Tsar, and it was valuable as it provided a
the Tsar.
Epic History: The Russian Revolution. Bridgeman Images, 4 Aug. 2016. Web. 31 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV9G1QUIm7w>.
This video provides valuable information explaining the causes of the Russian
Revolution, including World War I and why Nicholas Romanov was so unpopular. This
source was valuable as it provided a brief overview of how World War I influenced the
proletariat to take a stand in the Russian Revolution. This source also provided us with
first hand accounts of the February Revolution, which aided in this investigation.
Websites
"BBC - History - Historic Figures: Nicholas II (1868-1918)." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 31 Jan.
2017.
This was the source that we used to gather most of our information on Nicholas II. While
we learned most of the events in his life through the other sources we used, this website
provided us with essentially an outline of Nicholas II's life, highlighting the major events
while also mentioning some more minor things, such as his early childhood which
Images - Primary
<https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eY_H7ilt6yE/UWdf5a_WCZI/AAAAAAAATLU/iS_lmk01
c-w/s1600/9.+Manifestantesen+la+revoluci%C3%B3n+de+febrero+de+1917.jpg>.
A poster of the Russian Revolution serving to embolden the Proletariat to fight against the Tsar.
<http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/russia_proletar
iat_2.jpg>.
<https://www.thinglink.com/scene/510602680645713921>.
Defence of St. Petersburg by All the Forces. Digital image. Alamy. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/1a169b54858d420e9167c1712c39b5e4/russian-revolution-1
917-defence-of-st-petersburg-by-all-the-forces-d963am.jpg>.
<http://www.antiqpedia.com/admin/pictures/manufacturer/8/e47f1edd5ca04227b115fe4b
47786b85.jpeg>.
<http://finmag.penize.cz/ekonomika/298088-elektronicka-evidence-trzeb-a-novy-tridni-b
oj>.
<https://images.jacobinmag.com/2014/07/Unknown-Artist-Speech-by-Lenin.jpg>.
Markhall. Postcard signifying the escape of the Proletariat from oppressive Tsarist rule. Digital
<http://smg.photobucket.com/user/Markhall/media/Scan1.jpg.html>.
<http://beautifulrus.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/nikol_wife.jpg>.
<http://antg.cand.com.vn/Ho-so-mat/Giac-mo-ky-la-cua-Hoang-hau-Nga-cuoi-cung-ve-th
am-kich-Khodynka-404549/>.
<https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/natan-altman-monument-for-the-anniversa
ry-of-the-october-revolution-1918a.jpg>.
<https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/a3/a6/3f/a3a63f56431cb4b5ab1290504e74
242a.jpg>.
<http://histclo.com/essay/war/com/sov/rus-rev.html>.
Petrograd Protesters With Banners. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://juliannahistory12.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/1/2/8812163/951079724.jpg>.
<http://s2.thingpic.com/images/Yo/4F66RTW1h6EXVSvrVjuqRFWt.jpeg>.
Pipes, Richard. "Picture of "Petrograd Crowds Burning Emblems of the Imperial Regime:
February 1917."" The Russian Revolution, 1899-1919. London: Fontana, 1992. 282.
Print.
<http://golbis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/tech-news-24h-tech-news-24h-business-a
mp-educ-14033801244gk8n.jpg?x31284>.
Proletariat Protesting at the February Revolution. Digital image. Study.com. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/feb_1917.jpg>.
Pyramid of the Capitalist System. Digital image. The News Stalkers. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://thenewstalkers.com/gallery/image/gallery_image/677/1280>.
Russian Civil War. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web.
<https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/2c/26/72/2c26727c1564383186326abe9c4
deca2.jpg>.
<http://ic.pics.livejournal.com/katmax1/17697932/64084/64084_900.jpg>.
Russian Icon of Saint Tsar Nicholas II. Digital image. CloudFront. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://d2ydh70d4b5xgv.cloudfront.net/images/6/3/russian-icon-of-saint-tsar-nicholas-ii-
romanov-of-russia-in-frame-rare-49745eac06a788693e7a82bc3379be0c.jpg>.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Russian_prisoners_tannenberg.j
pg>.
<http://www.czipm.org/Grafika/Foto/azkoulv04.jpg>.
Russian Tsar Nicholas II at the war front. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/listing/object-205004266>.
The Revolutionary Masses of the Proletariat Uniting. Digital image. Haiku Deck. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://media.boingboing.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/GJc1CZU.jpg>.
The Russian Proletariat. Digital image. The Imaginative Conservative. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/russia_proletar
iat_2.jpg>.
The Russo-Japanese War 1905. Digital image. JapanFocus. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.japanfocus.org/data/Russo-Japanese%20War.jpg>.
<https://i2.wp.com/img.photobucket.com/albums/v121/dhampir/WWI/tumblr_nr141smM
ye1szkmvlo1_1280_zpsfftwvaid.jpg~original>.
Images - Secondary
<http://www.popularsocialscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Davies81.jpg>.
<http://media.economist.com/sites/default/files/cf_images/20061223/CXM925.gif>.