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Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117

DOI 10.1007/s12517-017-2926-z

ARABGU2016

Geotechnical and geophysical characterization


of the Bouira-Algiers Highway (Ain Turck, Algeria) landslide
Brahim Meziani 1,2 & Djamel Machane 3 & Abderrahmane Bendaoud 2 &
Ghani Cheikh Lounis 1 & El-Hadi Oubaiche 3 & Souhila Chabane 1 &
Rabah Bensalem 3 & Hakim Moulouel 3

Received: 25 December 2016 / Accepted: 19 February 2017


# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017

Abstract The Ain Turck (Bouira) landslide, in north-center Keywords Landslide . Electrical resistivity tomography .
Algeria, is one of the numerous instabilities recorded along the HVSR ambient vibration . Clays . Algeria
Lakhdaria-Bouira section of the 1200-km-long east-west
Algerian highway. The locality of Ain Turck is known for
its unstable slopes characterized by a very rough morphology
with steep slopes (20 to 25%). This slide threatens the inhab- Introduction
itants of the Ibournanen village, located down the unstable
slope, where parts of some houses have fallen into ruin, while The Algerian population is mainly concentrated in the north-
others are cracked. It is characterized by an active movement ern part of Algeria, which is subjected to different types of
extending over a more or less important slope, of the order of a natural hazards, such as earthquakes and landslides. It is then
hundred meters. The land mobilized by this movement corre- important to well constrain them. Landslides (Benaissa et al.
sponds to the layer of shale clays and clays overlaid by a 1989; Benaissa and Bellouche 1999; Machane 2002;
backfill, placed there following the east-west highway works. Machane et al. 2004, 2008; Bougdal et al. 2006, 2013;
Geological, geomorphologic, and geotechnical analysis al- Guemache et al. 2010, 2011; Djerbal and Melbouci 2012;
lows determining the soil instability probably related to earth- Hadji et al. 2013, 2016; Guirous and Dubois 2014;
works during the construction of the highway section a few Bourenane et al. 2015; Laribi et al. 2015) are a major geological
years earlier, followed by a particularly rainy season in 2012. hazard to be faced in the region. The landslide risk is high,
Acquisitions of ambient seismic noise and H/V ratio process- especially in the northern part of Algeria, where economic sig-
ing, as well as the acquisition of an electrical resistivity profile nificant investments have been made in the roadwork (road and
at the instability site, have reinforced our preliminary interpre- highway); particularly for the east-west highway, such areas are
tations of depth and geometry of the sliding surface. unstable. In recent years, several landslides have affected the
east-west highway in Algeria. In addition to those affecting the
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Current Advances in
region of Bouira up to the present day, there was, for example,
Geology of North Africa in 2011, the landslide of Hoceinia-Khemis Miliana, 90 km west
of Algiers; in 2014, another landslide occurred in the section of
* Brahim Meziani the prefecture of Tlemcen (far west of the highway), as well as
mezyaniibrahim@gmail.com the landslide of the Djebel El-Ouahch tunnel (far east high-
way). Indeed, landslides are currently a real issue for the man-
1
Dpartement de Gologie, Facult des Sciences de la Terre, de
agers of the east-west highway; several of them have caused the
Gographie et de lAmnagement du Territoire (FSTGAT) - USTHB, deterioration of many sections located in sites still housing
BP. 32, El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Alger, Algeria recent constructions (kilometric point (pk) 176 + 000,
2
LNHC Unit Bouira-Tour n7 cit 1100 logements, Bouira, Algeria pk178 + 000 in Djebahia, pk190 + 200, pk 186 + 000 in Ain
3
Centre National de Recherche Applique en Gnie
Turck). Some of these landslides have already been analyzed
Parasismique (CGS), 1 Rue Kadour Rahim, B.P. 252 Hussein (Slimi 2008). Indeed, these houses have undergone cracks in
Dey, Algiers, Algeria the walls, which have accentuated after this landslide.
117 Page 2 of 13 Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117

The aims of this work are to analyze and characterize a Local geology
landslide triggered in 2012 close to Ain Turck. Geological
and geomorphologic prospecting, as well as geotechnical At the landslide site, the geological map indicates Cretaceous
analysis, is used for this purpose. Processing using geophysi- formations (C8-7) and (C3-1), corresponding respectively to
cal methods such as electrical resistivity tomography and seis- the Senonian formed of bluish schistose marls and marly lime-
mic noise is of great help in determining the geometry of the stones and the Albian formed by schistose brown clays and
unstable area and shedding light on this hazard. We analyzed quartzites (Fig. 1).
and then demonstrated that the meteorological data (rainfall The core drilling SC2 realized at the level of the sliding
and temperature) played a major role in triggering this insta- shows backfill and reddish colluviums resting on compact or
bility, by developing desiccation figures in the dry season and non-compact marly clays, sometimes with traces of oxidation
precipitation-infiltration in the wet season. resting from 20 m deep on a very compact clay.
Many works on landslides have been carried out using geo- The holes drilled at right of the road axis of the site con-
technical and geophysical methods, such as electrical resistivity cerned by the instability (Fig. 2) give the following lithology
(e.g., McCann and Foster 1990; Hack 2000; Jongmans and from the top to the bottom:
Garambois 2007; Danneels et al. 2008; Piegari et al. 2009;
Perrone et al. 2014), whereas the analyses of instabilities by A thin surface layer, consisting of bitumen which is a part
the H/V ambient vibration are over the last two decades (e.g., of the body of the carriageway, with a thickness of 0.30 to
Havenith et al. 2002; Meric et al. 2005, 2007; Meric 2006; 0.40 m.
Jongmans and Garambois 2007; Jongmans et al. 2009; An important layer of embankment setup composed of
Bivre 2010; Renalier et al. 2010; Burjnek et al. 2010, 2012; heterogeneous materials, exogenous of gravel, pebbles,
Del Gaudio and Wasowski 2011; Mainsant et al. 2012; Panzera blocks, and fine gravels in a reddish silty matrix, extend-
et al. 2012; Del Gaudio et al. 2013, 2014; Wasowski et al. 2013; ing over a thickness of 6.0 to 9.70 m.
Hellel et al. 2013; Pilz et al. 2014; Galea et al. 2014; Giocoli A marly clay with clayey marl with 4.30 to 5.80 m thick,
et al. 2015; Diaz-Segura 2016; Yalcinkaya et al. 2016). mottled color, altered to rare consolidated centimetric in-
This present study allowed us to test the ability of the two terstratifications, containing traces of oxidation, and very
geophysical parameters electrical resistivity and horizontal/ plastic passages; this marl becomes very steep in depth.
vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) vibration frequency to distinguish Exceptionally at one of the holes (SC08), a much oxi-
and characterize the deformation generated by the Ain Turck dized alluvial passage, between 11.75- and 12.30-m
landslide consisting of backfills and saturated laminated marly depth, reflects a reworking of the terrain.
clays. Two different geophysical methods (ambient vibration Limestone-marl, in some places, constitutes the substratum
acquisition, electrical resistivity tomography) were applied and is encountered from 15.50 m deep at the SC02. They
along a profile where geotechnical data (borehole logs) are are of a rocky consistency, gray to dark, calcite vein of late
available. The results obtained are encouraging in several ways, recrystallization, and dense subvertical fracturing. An in-
first by the determination of several rupture surfaces, based on tense oxidation is concentrated on the planes of cracking,
the analysis of the ground vibration frequencies, in relation to with rare passages of sandy levels and an alternation of
the thickness of the layers, and then by the confrontation of these semi-hard clays joints of dark color at different levels.
results with those obtained by electrical resistivity tomography. Claystone in a continuous layer constituting in some
places the schistose substratum of the region while going
towards the west (towards Bouira), at the right of SC08,
Geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological, encountered from 10.30 m deep, gray-blackish color, a
and geotechnical characterization stiff consistency, to nodules of intrusive calcites.
Exceptionally, there also exist very disturbed passages,
Landslides are a major hazard in the mountainous areas of very oxidized (between 11.75 and 12 and 17.75 and
northern Algeria and are often triggered by heavy rainfall 19 m), sub-vertical laminated stratifications, tectonized,
(Bougdal 2007) or earthquakes, even of moderate magnitude with little folds.
(e.g., Machane et al. 2009; Beldjoudi et al. 2009; Guemache
et al. 2010). For instance, the Kabylia region is well known The east-west section of the Lakhdaria-Bouira highway is
for its mountainous reliefs and the instabilities lying there. affected by a significant number of landslides, including the
The Bouira 1/50,000 geological map (Ficheur 1911) indi- one covered by this analysis, located at pk 186 + 000 (Fig. 1).
cates to the right of the site and its vicinity the multicolored This landslide is located in the upper watershed of Oued
clay formations of the lower Miocene to Oligo-Miocene, as Djemaa, on a natural slope consisting of a topographic depres-
well as the Quaternary old alluvial deposits of the trays and sion filled by a recent formation. The depression is oriented
alluvial fan. SW-NE and located between two hills. In the hills to the north
Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117 Page 3 of 13 117

Fig. 1 Geographical location of


the landslide. The image shows
the upper limit of the slide
affecting the road section

and south are rock outcrops or cutting embankments particularity, in terms of lithology and consistency, of the zone
consisting mainly of sedimentary rocks. affected by the landslide.
The slide site consists of a small topographic depression
filled by recent Mio-Plio-Quaternary sediments with weak Hydrogeology-climatology
mechanical characteristics, but covering a very hard substra-
tum, located at a variable depth, generally metric in extent. The climate of the region of Bouira is typically Mediterranean
The morphology of the site is very rugged and is characterized with a dry and warm summer and a cold and rainy winter and
by more or less important topographic slopes (18 to 20%). sometimes snowy in high mountains. The Bouira station
The site affected by this instability consists mainly of clayey shows that average monthly temperatures vary between
formations located on both sides of a small valley that forms a 12 C in winter and 27 C in summer. Average precipitation
thalweg (named Chaaba El Balaa). These sediments are ranges between 400 and 660 mm per year, but with a large
completely cracked and disturbed and consequently lost interannual and seasonal irregularity. The cold season concen-
completely their consistency and their physicomechanical char- trated the majority of rains: for the period 19892005, the
acteristics of predeformation. A rock outcrops made up of hard months of November, December, and January received on
marl-limestone formations are visible at the site (NE end of the average 201 mm or 40% of the annual volume. These rains
landslide), indicating the geological and geotechnical are often quite intense: for example, it fell 50 mm in 10 h on

Fig. 2 Synthetic lithological cross section of the Ain Turck slide (Bouira), showing the layer of backfill present at the level of the deteriorated road
surface due to sliding (the vertical scale is increased by 100%)
117 Page 4 of 13 Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117

November 7, 2002 (Slimi and Larue 2010). This 50-mm pre- large-scale and highly complex tectonic movements (Naak
cipitation is a lot, in terms of consequences on mass move- 1996; Boudiaf 1996; Machane 2001, 2009).
ments, even if you are at the top of the catchment, knowing Neotectonic activity, manifested by folding or fault-
that it is sufficient 20 mm/24 h so that these precipitations play related folds, played a major role in the Bouira region
a morphogenic role, that is to say, that can modify local topo- topography (Boudiaf et al. 1999; Machane 2009). The
graphic forms (Hugonie 2004; in Slimi and Larue 2010). The consequence is the formation of reliefs with steep forms
dry season, which runs from June to September, favors that are subject to the slope instabilities. As a result, the
decohesion and cracking of clay soils, exceptionally high- area around the slip site has been influenced by recent
intensity thunderstorms, such as that of August 24, 2002, which and/or current tectonic movements in relation to major
discharged 27 mm in 3 h, occurring on soils that lost their tectonic faults in the region, including the Soummam ac-
cohesion during the summer drought. Mud cracks that appear cident and the Omaria-Bouira fault (Boudiaf 1996) that
during this dry season facilitate the infiltration of rainwater, began at the Miocene (Coutelle 1979; Boudiaf 1996).
leading to loss of cohesion of slippery sediments in this zone. Historical earthquakes have also probably played an important
The autumn showers, more abundant than in summer, multiply role in triggering or reactivating landslides in this region.
the possibilities of ravines and sliding slow or brutal (Hugonie The high probability of future earthquake occurrence near
2004). Thus, autumn concentrates the greatest risks. landslide sites will only increase the hazard level and risk
Topographic and geological factors are conducive to the for- of landslides.
mation of groundwater in the Bouira-Djebahia region. The wa- The unstable Ain Turck site pk186 + 000 is surrounded
ters are generated by the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation by several late-Miocene major seismogenic active faults.
and the loss of wadi water. By their connection with the geolog- The main fault near the study site (less than 10 km) is the
ical formations, their mode of deposit, and their extension, these north-dipping Omaria-Bouira Fault (Boudiaf 1996;
are the groundwater connected to the Oligo-Miocene and Boudiaf et al. 1999). The landslide lies on the hanging
Quaternary; they are located in the great intra-mountainous de- wall of this fault. Abrahamson and Somerville (1996)
pressions like those of Bouira. The aquifer levels are represented have demonstrated that seismic acceleration increases in
by the sandstones and conglomerates of the Oligo-Miocene and faults hanging walls. This reverse fault would probably
the heterogranular sandstones of the Quaternary. have generated the May 29, 2016, Mw 5.3 earthquake
In view of the alluvial nature and pulverulent aspect of the with a reverse focal mechanism (www.emsc-csem.org) in the
backfill of the sliding site, the infiltration of rainwater is fa- Mihoub locality in the Medea prefecture, a prefecture
vored, causing superficial circulation of these waters within bordering on that of Bouira, confirming not only this active
the backfill and within the underlying marly clay sandy to and seismogenic character of this tectonic structure, but also
gritty. In addition, they may give rise to pockets of water or the importance of the seismic acceleration factor in the
temporary perched slicks. analysis of the landslide stability.
The drill holes were equipped with piezometric tubes. The If we apply the Papadopoulos and Plessa (2000) Eq. (1) for
first piezometric measurements give depths of 8.50, 5.12, and this 5.3 earthquake, we will find a maximum epicentral dis-
5.81 m (Table 1). tance (Re) of about 10 km. Knowing that this earthquake
The Bouira geological map shows that the landslide is on a occurred 30 km from the landslide site and therefore unable
flank whose slope is estimated at more than 20. This side to reactivate it, it is enough just that an earthquake of the same
forms the eastern flank of an anticline fold, the heart of which magnitude occurred on the eastern segment of this fault to
is formed of Senonian formations on which lie schistose clays, reactivate this landslide.
favorable to sliding. This means that the layers dip in the
direction of the topographic slope, thus conforming to the logRe 2:98 0:75Ms 1
slope of the topography, which promotes instability at this site.
If we applied the deduced regression (2) equation (Keefer
Tectonics
and Wilson 1989, in Guemache et al. 2010),
The Bouira sedimentary basin, as well as the mountains of
northern Algeria, has been affected by Alpine orogeny with Log10 A Mw3:46 0:47 2

Table 1 Piezometric
measurements at kilometric point Borehole name Sc1 Sc2 Sc3
(pk) 186 on the August 12, 2014
Coordinates of borehole 36.4251103.804339 36.4247343.804721 36.4240683.804403
Water level (m) 8.50 5.12 5.81
Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117 Page 5 of 13 117

where A is the area (km2) within which landslides could be (Boudiaf et al. 1998), with a high magnitude, using em-
triggered by an earthquake of magnitude Mw. pirical relationships from Wells and Coppersmith (1994).
We have found that an earthquake of magnitude 5.6
generated by the eastern segment of this fault located about
10 km from the instability site is sufficient to reactivate this Description of landslide-related disorders and causes
landslide. analysis
Other active and seismogenic faults, although located
at greater distances, remain nevertheless dangerous, due The site was the subject of several preliminary geotechnical
to the seismic acceleration that they can generate in the surveys (BEGEC 2013), and our fieldworks confirmed most
event of a strong earthquake and which will certainly of the findings and supplemented our own observations,
have unfortunate consequences on the trigger instabilities which revealed the following:
in the region. These faults are located either on the main-
land or at sea (Fig. 3). Among the most important are as Degradations and cracks were observed for the first time on
follows: pavement (pk186 + 000) in early February 2011 (Fig. 4a, b).
The pavement has suffered degradation and subsidence
The Zemmouri (or Zemmouri-Boumerdes) reverse fault, since its commissioning and has become much degraded
located at sea with, direction at N54 E and 47 dipping in the winter of 20112012, due to rainfalls; a major de-
towards the south-east, causing the Mw 6.8 Boumerdes pression was visible on the site.
earthquake (Bounif et al. 2004; Meghraoui et al. 2004; A landslide, in the form of a pavement collapse, occurred
Yelles et al. 2004; Semmane 2005). in mid-April 2012 (Fig. 4c, d).
The Boumerds earthquake had reactivated a landslide A slide of the lower slope occurred at the end of the day of
at Guerrouma, Bouira prefecture (Machane et al. 2004), March 20, 2013 (Fig. 5).
located at a similar distance (about 50 km) from the epi- The landslide in mid-April 2012 and the events of 20
center as the Ain Turck landslide. March 2013 have led to some deterioration in dwellings
The N120 E Thnia fault, mapped first by Ficheur located at the foot of the slope.
(1895) and Bordj Menaiel fault, having a dextral strike
slip component (Boudiaf et al. 1998; Semmane et al.
2015; Moulouel et al. 2016) probably capable of gener- The morphology of the terrain shows that the sliding takes
ating a strong earthquake, because it is considered to be place in three cascades (Fig. 5) preceded by creep movement
one of the major seismic sources in the vicinity of Algiers of the highway backfill.

Fig. 3 Schematic representation


of the active faults of central Tell
Atlas (after Meghraoui 1988,
Boudiaf 1996, Meghraoui et al.
2004; Yelles-Chaouche et al.
2006). The Ain Turck landslide is
located about 10 km from the
fault of Omaria-Bouira
117 Page 6 of 13 Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117

Fig. 4 a, b Degradation of the


pavement of the east-west
highway Ain Turck section in
2011. The direction of the cracks
is perpendicular to the direction of
sliding. c Clay formations
affected by the Ain Turck
landslide (seen from the top). d
Cracks due to slippage affecting
marly clays

Fig. 5 Schematic depiction of the three 03 landslide cascades at pk186 + 000. At the top of the instability, there are long cracks, as illustrated in Fig. 4b
Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117 Page 7 of 13 117

Note that only the track from Bouira to Algiers is affected Prospecting by electrical resistivity tomography
by instability, for now. Several traction cracks are visible and ambient seismic noise
along the road (backfilling zone), over a length ranging from
4 to 15 m, with openings from 2 to 5.6 cm. These cracks are Methodology
arranged on several discontinuous parallel lines, which mark
the extent of the deformation. Thus, the road was completely Prospecting by ambient vibration
destabilized over a total length of approximately 150 m, ex-
cept that the steep zone extends 65 m wide, which corresponds Origin of ambient noise means anything that is a source of
to the widest part of the slip; the latter decreases in width noise, i.e., any stress, other than an earthquake, that generates
towards the downstream, of which the bead formed by the vibrations in the ground (Bonnefoy-Claudet 2004). In terms of
slippery lands which extend over a maximum length of the H/V technique, Bonnefoy-Claudet et al. (2006) looked at
82 m. Trees in addition to some are torn away; others have the origin of the peak and generally the H/V ratio shows a peak
undergone at least tilts. In addition, several houses located at when the impedance contrast (Z = Vs) is strong enough.
the bottom of the slip or in the vicinity have suffered more or The higher the contrast, the more the peak is marked. The H/V
less severe degradation, ranging from simple cracks in the ambient noise method proposed by Nogoshi and Igarashi
walls to the total collapse in the case of a vehicle garage (1971) and generalized by Nakamura (1989) is a method which
constructed of concrete armed. The water pipe was also bro- consists in recording the ambient noise for a few minutes and
ken by this instability, and some electric poles have undergone then calculating the spectral ratio between both the horizontal
inclinations. (H) and the vertical (V) components of the displacement of the
It appears that the instability has particularly affected the ground. This spectral ratio, which reflects the response of a
backfill and part of the underlying formation; it is more and sedimentary layer on a substratum, often exhibits a peak cen-
more developed in the direction of the slope (downstream), tered on the resonance frequency of the layer, denoted f0.
giving rise to a rotational slip, which increases as it moves The HVSR peak amplitude is related to the shear wave
upstream. Currently, the site is still at the limit of stability velocity contrast between the soft soil and underlying stiffer
and is still not immune to reactivation in the case of a season soil (e.g., Lachet and Bard 1994; Lermo and Chavez-Garcia
with high rainfall. 1994; Bonnefoy-Claudet et al. 2006). The second peak on
The geological surveys at the slip site made it possible HVSR curves indicates the presence of two interfaces at depth
to clearly identify the causes of this ground instability with high shear wave velocity contrasts (e.g., Guguen et al.
that occurred in April 2012. There was a steep slope of 1998); this leads to possibility relating each peak on HVSR
the ground traversed (18 to 20%) and caused mainly by curve to interface shear wave velocity contrast corresponding.
backfill deposits during the roadworks and the configu- This study is based on the HVSR peak frequency value and
ration of a ground in gutter, which favors the circulation their distribution at Ain Turck landslide site, which reflect
of the waters. The presence of a soft clay level with poor both values and spatial variation of different geological struc-
physicomechanical characteristics resting on the compact ture layer resonance frequencies.
shale clay and the presence of the water table from 5 m The seismic noise recording was carried out with a
deep in the downstream zone and in the dry season have CityShark II station (Chatelain et al. 2000 and 2012) and a
only increased the instability. Lennartz-5 seconds sensor, with three components. For the
From the previously mentioned, it appears that the site recording conditions, the recommendations of the SESAME
fits into a geological and geotechnical environment favor- European project (Site Effects Assessment Using Ambient
ing mass movement. Indeed, at the site of the sliding, the Excitations 2004) have been respected: a good weather con-
lithological analysis of the formations shows that it is the dition, a good sensor/ground coupling whose orientation of
backfill and the underlying formations constituted by soft the sensor is towards north, and a gain set to ensure a good
clays that are concerned by this landslide. The morphology of compromise between resolution and limitation of record satu-
the instability shows a sheepskin appearance of the down- ration. The duration of each recording is 15 min with a sam-
stream part, which argues rather in favor of a circular form pling frequency of 200 Hz. More than 60 recordings of back-
of the sliding. ground noise have been collected. We have made sure to cover
Finally, the model presented in this work proposes that not only the whole unstable area but also outside this zone. We
several contributing factors combined to create an environ- carried out 77 ambient vibration recordings distributed in the
ment susceptible to landsliding. The neotectonics along the landslide zone. The locations of the recording points on the
thrust faults and fold of the region lead the geomorphic mod- site are shown in Fig. 6.
ification in form of slope modification; in consequence, this We have recovered the data from the recordings and proc-
area is vulnerable under recent tectonic rejuvenation and trig- essed the signals using the Geopsy software developed by
gering instabilities. Wathelet (www.geopsy.org) on the sidelines of the European
117 Page 8 of 13 Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117

Fig. 6 Location of the ambient


seismic noise recording points at
the site of the landslide. The red
line shows the delimitation of the
sliding. At the top of the slip
appears the section of the road
affected by the instability on the
Google Earth image taken in
2013. On the image, the left side
of the road from Algiers to Bouira
has been preserved while the right
side from Bouira to Algiers has
been washed away by the
landslide

SESAME program, which makes it possible to derive, in In this work, the objective of the use of electrical imaging is
particular, the ratio of the horizontal component over the to determine the geometry of the geological formations and
vertical component HVSR. the geo-electric sections will be compared first to the results of
the geotechnical analyses and the sampling sections and also
Electrical resistivity tomography prospecting to determine the contribution methods of recording ambient
seismic noise and H/V processing.
Electrical prospecting is widely used to study the hydrogeology An automatic acquisition system was used with the Sting R1
of a site (Marescot and Chapellier 2003), to detect cavities (El IP resistivity meter and the Swift box for intelligent connection
Khammari et al. 2007) and to investigate saltwater intrusion and control between the 33 electrodes and the resistivity meter.
into soil (Abdul Nassir et al. 2000), delimiting landfills and The device used in this acquisition is the Wenner device
detecting pollutants in the soil (Pujari et al. 2007; Djadia et al. characterized by a good depth of investigation and sensitivity
2010) or in the study of seismic faults (Demanet et al. 2001; to the longitudinal and transverse variations of the electrical
Nguyen et al. 2007). The electrical prospecting is a method to resistivity.
measure the electrical resistivity (Edwards 1977) of geological The study of this site necessitated the installation of an
formations. The interpretation is based on the analysis of resis- electrical imaging profile, oriented overall north-south and
tivity contrasts, which will determine the lithology and geom- with a length of 192 m for an interelectrode spacing of 6 m.
etry of the geological formations of the site under study. This Res2Dinv program automatically calculates a two-
The pseudo section of the calculated resistivity must con- dimensional (2-D) model of the resistivity of the geological
verge to the pseudo section of the measured resistivity, and formations in line with the profile. This model is then com-
hence, a terrain model is obtained, giving the distribution of pared with field measurements to estimate the degree of con-
the true resistivity. This resistivity model can then be vergence where an RMS is calculated.
interpreted geologically (Loke 2012). This interpretation will
be based on the contrast of resistivity that can exist between Results and interpretation
the different formations of the subsoil (Edwards 1977).
The software used in this work is Res2Dinv from the The H/V ambient vibration method
Geotomo software. This program automatically determines
the model of the resistivity of the soil from data of a panel The results obtained with the ambient noise made it possible
of apparent resistivities. to analyze the fundamental frequencies of the site sought, even
Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117 Page 9 of 13 117

if the H/V treatments were carried out over a wide frequency We considered Vs values of 140, 150, or 160 m/s. These
band ranging from 0.5 to 40 Hz and particular attention was values have been determined in redesigned backfills such as
paid to the peaks of the frequency domain between 0.5 and those of El Biar (near the Algiers sliding zone), Gu de
25 Hz, in order to try to make the concordance with the dif- Constantine, or Mohammedia (JICA and CGS 2006). Using
ferent slide surfaces. The different various H/V curves obtain- these S-wave velocities in Eq. 3, we estimated the average
ed have been interpreted according to their shapes and their thickness H at 1 to 2 m. As we have seen earlier, the backfills
frequencies, after having ascertained that the different peaks have a total thickness ranging from 6 to 9.7 m. Hence, a
obtained are not the consequence of any artificial cause but are velocity contrast exists within this layer.
of natural origin. Other recordings revealed frequencies around 8 Hz
The natural frequency f0 of a layer is related to the velocity (Fig. 7b). Considering the same wave velocity Vs of 160 m/
of the shear waves Vs (average velocity Vsavg) and to the s in Eq. 3, the average thickness H of the backfills is about
thickness H of the layer (Haskell 1960) by Eq. (3): 5 m. This thickness value is close to those of the backfill layer
. determined in the boreholes.
f 0 Vs 4 H 3 At some acquisition points, H/V treatments yielded curves
with frequency peaks centered on 3 Hz (Fig. 7c). In view of
This relation is valid for a medium with a sedimentary what preceded on the layer of marly clay under the backfills
layer, of thickness H and of velocity Vs, surmounting a and with this value of 3 Hz, lower than the frequency of 8 Hz
substratum. previously obtained corresponding to the backfill, the 3 Hz
The analysis of the H/V curves calculated for the frequency should have fallen into this layer of marly clay. Mari et al.
band having the interval of 0.5 to 40 Hz shows the soil fre- (1998) estimated Vs in saturated clays from 200 to 800 m/s.
quencies, varying from 18 to 40 Hz for the high frequencies, Clays of the unstable site are not only saturated but also much
and we show 25 Hz in Fig. 7a. disturbed. Therefore, only Vs values close to the minimum,

Fig. 7 a H/V curves showing


high-frequency peaks ranging
from 18 to 40 Hz where we show
25-Hz frequency curve. b H/V
curve shows a peak frequency of
8 Hz. c H/V curve shows a peak
frequency near 3 Hz. d H/V
curves showing peak frequency
of 1 Hz. Dashed curves
correspond to standard deviation
and continuous curve to average
H/V
117 Page 10 of 13 Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117

i.e., 200 m/s or at most 250 m/s, can be attributed to them. influence of the latter on the resistivity values do not allow us
With Eq. 3, using the average velocity estimate as given by to attribute it to the marly clay layer (whether remodeled or
Madera (1970) in Eq. 4 and with h estimated at 6 m (depth of not) or the formation of claystone; from the great depths (be-
backfills according to the borehole) for each of the two layers, yond 20 m), one leans towards the claystone, highlighted in
the soundings.
ni1 hi Vsi
Vsavg 4
ni1 hi

A Vsavg of 205 m/s is obtained, giving an estimate of the Conclusion


mean thickness H of this formation giving this resonance fre-
quency of 3 Hz of the order of 17 m. This depth corresponds to Borehole geotechnical analysis was used to determine the
the one determined for the highly oxidized (between 17.75 probable sliding surfaces, as was previously reported in the
and 19 m) disturbed passages, very laminated, found within passages of highly oxidized alluvial layers between 11.75 and
the claystone layer, which could probably constitute one of the 12.30 m, which expresses a remodeling of the soil, within the
slip surfaces. marly clay formation, or much modified, highly oxidized,
Finally, we were able to identify three rupture surfaces, highly laminated passages between 11.7512 and 17.75
each of which could correspond to a resonance frequency 19 m within the claystone formation.
between 1 and 2 m and 5 m and at a depth of 17 m. The H/V ambient seismic noise showed different frequen-
The 1-Hz peaks probably correspond to deep levels of cies of vibration reflecting for some of them the depth of the
compact claystone (Fig. 7d). interfaces where an impedance contrast was created following
the reworking of the lands caused by the sliding. If some
curves did not exhibit clear peaks at certain points of acquisi-
Electrical resistivity tomography tion, it is probably because of the low intensity of the slip shift.
The electrical resistivity tomography made it possible to
The models of resistivity obtained after processing show that demonstrate the formation of the backfills as well as the clay-
there is a good convergence between the calculated and mea- ey marl disturbed or not present on some core drilling as well
sured models. The depth of investigation reached by the de- as on the synthetic lithological cross section. In depth, the
vice used for this study is of the order of 40 m (Fig. 8). results were more or less ambiguous, even if the level of clays
A 3- to 4-m-thick layer with a resistivity of 100 to 300 m seems to appear and the correlation with the lithological cut is
outcrops in the northern part of the profile. It probably corre- not obvious.
sponds to the marble-limestone and compact marl of the sub- Acquisitions (H/V ambient noise and electrical imaging
stratum. This outcrop constitutes on site a flap of about 10 m2. profile) and investigations (geological and geotechnical) car-
The terrains present mainly in the central part of the profile ried out at the study site (Ain Turck landslide) showed that the
with thicknesses of 4 to 5 m, and they also occupy a part of the obtained results thanks to geotechnics, to the H/V ambient
north of the profile under the formation linked to the surface seismic noise method, and to electrical imagery are in good
layer and are marked by an intermediate resistivity of between agreement. Moreover, their combination allows characterizing
20 and 80 m. This formation reaches a depth of about 10 m the geometry of a landslide.
in the central part. It probably corresponds to the formation of Indeed, a good interpretation of the peaks of the HVSR
backfills as well as to marly clay disturbed or not present on curves requires the electrical resistivity tomography and a
some boreholes and visible in Fig. 2 (backfills and/or marly geotechnical investigation. With the results obtained, a condi-
clay). The roof of the last ground is located at about 10-m tional interpretation is proposed according to a profile perpen-
depth, which represents a conductive formation of resistivity dicular to the sliding, at the site of the landslide of Ain Turck
between 1 and 15 m. The presence of the water table and the in Bouira.

Fig. 8 Electric resistivity


imaging section performed at the
slip site showing a surface
resistant layer sit on top of a layer
of lesser resistivity corresponding
to the backfill layer as well as to
disturbed marly clay
Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:117 Page 11 of 13 117

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