3.

0 Analysis of Frame Based on Driver Weight (Shear & Moment)

The term beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the applied force
are perpendicular to the bar.

In a beam, the internal force system consist of a shear force and a bending moment acting on
the cross section of the bar. The shear force and the bending moment usually vary
continuously along the length of the beam.

The internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse section of a beam: (1)
normal stress that is caused by bending moment and (2) shear stress due to the shear force.

DRIVER
WEIGHT

Figure 3.1 : Load applied on the seat

 DRIVER
WEIGHT

Figure 3.2 : Frame Design Sketch

Figure 3. 3 : Driver Load FBD

Formula used to calculate driver weight

F=mxg

Where,
F = Force
M = Mass (Kg)
G = Gravity (9.81 m/s-2)

Calculation weight of driver

F=mxg
F = 60 kg x 9.81 m/s-2
F = 588.6 N

Formula used to shear bending stress

Figure 3. 4 : Uniform Distributed Load

Where,

R = Reaction force (N)

V = Shear load (N)
M = Moment (kNm)
= Length of beam (m)
w = Weight per unit length of beam (N/m)
W = Weight (N)
I = Moment of Inertia (kg.m2)
E= Young modulus (N/m2)

Example of beam calculated

 REFERENCES

1. Heinzler,
M., Fischer,
U., Stephan,
A.,
Paetzold, H., Kilgus, R., Naher, F.,
Gomeringer, R., & Oesterle, S. (2013).
Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook, 3rd
Ed. Verlag Europa Lehrmittel

2. Rahul Thavai et al. (2015). Static Analysis of

Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid
Works Simulation. International
Journal Of Modern Engineering Research,
5(4), 64-66. Retrieved from
http://www.ijmer.c om

CONCLUSION

Based from the theoretical calculation the support weight of the driver up to 75 to 79 kg. The
material chosen need to consider as it need a strong material for an agricultural purpose. This
frame will carried the driver and the load of the equipment and fertilizer. Therefore the the
material choose will be AISI 1023 Carbon Steel.
3.1 ANALYSIS of STEERING SYSTEM SHAFT AND TIE ROD (SHEAR &
TORSION)

Shear Stress in the Shaft

When a shaft is subjected to a torque or twisting a shearing stress is produced in the shaft.
The shear stress varies from zero in the axis to a maximum at the outside surface of the shaft.
The shearing happens at the bolts that connects the steering shaft and the two tie rods. The
bolts acting as pivot connection between the shaft and the tie rods. When shear stress reaches
maximum amount, the bolts will break and as outcome the shaft will be disconnected from
the tie rods.

Figure 3.5: Shear and torsion on steering system sketch

Figure 3.6: Steering system overview

Formula Used to Calculate Shear
The shear stress in a solid circular shaft in a given position can be expressed as:
=Tr/J
where,
= shear stress (MPa, psi)
T = twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)
r = distance from center to stressed surface in the given position (mm, in)
J = Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area (mm4, in4)

Figure 3.7: Steering shaft and tie rod

TORSION ACTING ON SHAFT

Torsion loaded shafts are among the most commonly used structures in engineering. For
instance, the drive shaft of a standard rear-wheel drive automobile, serves primarily to
transmit torsion. These shafts are almost always hollow and circular in cross section,
transmitting power from the transmission to the differential joint at which the rotation is
diverted to the drive wheels. The torsion occurred at the end joint of the steering shaft
connected to the two tie rods. When the driver turns the steering wheel, turning or twisting
force will be applied at the shaft resulting torsion.

BEFORE TORSION AFTER TORSION

Figure 3.8: Steering shaft before and after torsion happened

Formula Used to Calculate Torsion

Torsion Resisting Moments of Shafts of Various Cross Sections

REFERENCES
 1. Heinzler, M., Fischer, U., Stephan, A., Paetzold, H., Kilgus, R., Naher, F.,
Gomeringer, R., & Oesterle, S. (2013). Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook, 3 rd
Ed. Verlag Europa Lehrmittel
2. Torsion of Shafts. Retrieved from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/torsion-shafts-
d_947.html

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that a suitable material needed to minimize the shear and torsion effect on
the steering shaft. A sturdier kind of material needed to be chosen for agriculture purpose. It
is because farming works will use a lot of force and also the surface of earth usually bumpy.
So, maximum force will be exerted to turn the cart subsequently effects the shaft with more
shear and torsion. Based on the formula, very precise calculation will also help to optimize
the design of steering system.
3.2 DESIGN ANALYSIS (SELECTION CHAIN DRIVE)

Figure 3.8 : Overview of chain

This analysis to select suitable chain drive for motor and drag rake. That is important
because to know the chain can support rotation of motor and the drag rake. That is procedure
to calculate chain drive:

1. Select drive ratio and sprockets Z1 = 15 teeth minimum.

2. Establish application factor (f1) taking account of dynamic loads and tooth factor (f2).
3. Calculate selection power = power x f1 x f2 (kW).
4. Select chain drive (Use rating charts).
5. Calculate chain length (using formulae).
6. Calculate exact center distance (using formulae).

1. SELECT THE DRIVE RATIO AND SPROCKETS

Table 1 : Size of Sprocket

Z1 drive sprocket (connect to motor) = 15 teeth
Z2 driven sprocket (connect to shaft) = 38 teeth
Ratio = 2.53

2. SELECTION OF APPLICATION FACTOR (f1)

Table 2 : Characteristic of sprocket

Characteristics of Driver = Moderate Shocks

Driven Machine Characteristics = Heavy Shocks
The selection (f1) = 2.1

3. SELECTION OF TOOTH FACTOR (f2)

Table 3 : Number of Tooth Factor

Number of teeth on driving sprocket = 15

K1 Pre-extreme horse power (f2) = 0.87
4. Calculate Selection Power

Figure 3.8 : Single-Phase Engine

Engine Specifications
Type : Single-phase capacitor start asynchronous motor
Output power : 1.5kW or 2 horsepower
Voltage : 220V
Ampere : 12Apower x f1 x f2 (kW).
RPM : 2880 rpm
Frequency : 50Hz
Motor efficiency : 85%
Power of Rake: 1.5kW
Formula:
Power = power x f1 x f2 (kW).
Power = 1.5+1.5 x 2.1 x 0.87 = 5.481 kW
5. Select chain drive

Table 3 : Ansi Rating Chart

6. Calculate Chain Length.
Formula:

C is the contemplated Centre distance in ins and should Ideally be between 30 - 50 pitches.
C = 1.5 x 30 = 45 ins. Min.
C = 1.5 x 50 = 75 ins. Max.

Z1 = 15 teeth
Z2 = 38 teeth
P = 5.481 kW
L = 54.846 ins
7. Calculate Exact Centre Distance.

Formula:

P = Chain pitch (ins) = 75 ins

L = Chain length (pitches) = 54.846 ins
Z1 = Number of teeth in driver sprocket = 15 teeth
Z2 = Number of teeth in driven sprocket = 38 teeth
C = Exact Centre Distance = 1026.29
3.3 TORSIONAL STRESS

Sprocket
Introduction
Basic features of chain drives include the constant ratio, since no slippage or creep is
involve and the ability to drive a number of shaft from a single source of power.
A chain and sprocket is a good and popular choice for the drive assembly, as they will
wear better than a pulley system, are simple to install, and inexpensive.
Roller chains have been standardized as to size by the ANSI. The width is the space
between the inner link plates.
Analysis on sprocket

Define the suitable sprocket

Calculation

Shaft
Introduction
Shaft are used to transmit mechanical power.
To provide the rotary motion needed by other components.
Shaft are usually made of steel.

Analysis on shaft
Calculation
Reference
Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook, 3rd Ed. Verlag Europa Lehrmittel.

Conclusion
A solution needed to be found by using the formula.
Suitable item can be made to reduce cost of failure.
Cross section of a singly reinforced beam subjected to an interval bending moment is
analyzed by search based algorithm, sensitivity analysis and combinatorial approach.