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Strength Terms
Longitudinal Tension
Longitudinal Compression
Transverse Tension
Transverse Compression
1
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Definitions
Longitudinal means
in the fiber direction
or in the 1-direction
Transverse means
perpendicular to the
fibers or in the 2-
direction
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e L( ) longitudinal tension
e L( ) longitudinal compression
e T( ) transverse tension
e T( ) transverse compression
e LT shear
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s L( ) E 1 e L( )
s L( ) E 1 e L( )
s T( ) E 2 e T( )
s T( ) E 2 e T( )
s LT G 12 e LT
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s L( )
1
- e L( )
1
e L( ) 1
()
-s L
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2
Transverse Uniaxial Loading
2
s T( )
()
2 -e T
e T( ) 2
()
-s T
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2 Strength Theories 8
4
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Shear Loading
12
s LT
12
e LT 12
5
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Strength Criteria
1. Maximum Stress Theory* EUROPE
3. Hills Criterion
4. Tsai-Hill Criterion* Von-Mises Criterion for
Isotropic Materials
5. Hoffmans Criterion
6. Tsai-Wu Criterion*
7. Hashins Criterion
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Strength Criteria
Global stresses
Local stresses
Failure Criteria NO
YES
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No failure when :
s L( ) 1 s L( ) 5 strength
parameters
s T( ) 2 s T( )
12 s LT
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Failure Envelope
No interaction between stress terms.
2
s (T )
-s (L ) s (L ) 1
-s (T )
7
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Student:
First mode of failure ?
Max applied stress just before failure ?
at Home
Tsai-Hills Criterion
(Interactive criterion)
page 119/ Autar K.Kaw
Based on Von-Mises distortional energy yield
criterion for ISOTROPIC Materials Applied to
ANISOTROPIC Materials
Its assumed that failure in the material takes
place only when the distortion energy is greater
than the Failure Distortion Energy of the
Material (In details: Daniel Gay, Matriaux Composites, 4e dition, Hermes )
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2D Tsai-Hills Criterion
Assume plane stress
12 1 2 22 12 2
12 22 12 2
1 1
s 2L s 2L s T2 s LT
2
Modified s 2L s 2T s 2LT
criterion
s L s(L ) 1 0
s L s(L ) 1 0
s T sT( ) 2 0
s T sT( ) 2 0
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Student:
Maximum applied stress just before failure ?
How the interactive aspect affects on the
maximum applied load estimated?
How one can guess the failure mode if using
the Tsai-Hills?
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Tsai-Wu Criterion
Fi i Fiji j 1 i, j 1, 2, 6
Fi and Fij strength tensors
2D Tsai-Wu Theory
1. Assume plane stress
2. Assume transverse isotropy
3 13 23 0
Y1T s L( ) Y1C s L( )
Y2T Y3T s T( ) Y2C Y3C s T( )
Y12 s LT
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10
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2D Tsai-Wu
2D Tsai-Wu
11
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1
F11 ( ) ( )
sL sL
1
F22 ( ) ( )
sT sT
12
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1 1
F12 As per Mises-Hencky failure theory
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ()
s s s s
L L T T
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First-Ply-Failure
1. Load laminate elastically.
2. Calculate stresses and strains in each ply.
3. Apply the selected failure criterion to each
ply.
4. Increase load until the first ply fails.
5. Model post failure behavior of failed ply.
6. Recalculate stiffness matrices and
redistribute loads.
7. Continue to load till laminate failure.
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Ultimate
Load
laminate
failure
N (x 3 )
Third ply failure, k=3
N (x 2 )
Second ply failure, k=2
N x Total
First ply failure, k=1
N (x1 )
n1 n2 n3
(x1 ) (x 2 ) (x 3 ) Strain
x Total
15