CONTENTS

WRITTEN PARTS
1. Tehnical Memoir
1.1. General Data
1.2. Functional Architectural Solution
1.3. Construction Solution
1.4. Urbanism Conditions
2. Loads Computation
2.1. General Notes About the Symbols/Notations Used
2.2. Calculus of the Specific Thermal Resistance R
2.3. Roof (chosen solution for roof covering & timber volume)
2.4. Snow Load
2.5. Characteristic Values of Dead Loads
2.6. Design of a masonry structural member according to EC6
Interior wall
Axial force diagram for interior wall
Exterior wall
Axial force diagram for exterior wall
Eccentricity calculus
2.7. Design of a foundation block

GRAPHICAL PARTS

Source: www.i-case.ro

Ground floor
First floor
Basement
Emplacement plan
Section Plan Through Staircase
Roof Plan
Main Facade
Lateral Facade
Details
1.1. General Data

CONSTRUCTION: 2-STOREY DWELLING HOUSE

Designer: Gafia Constantin-Flavian

Height Regime: D+P+M

Site characteristics:

The site is situated in Husi,judeul Iai. The site has an insignificant slope.

The field has a local and general stability assured by respecting the instructions

from the geotechnic study. The destination of the building: a single family

dwelling, 2-storey height. The placement has access to public utilities (water,

sewerage, electricity).

Maximum depth of frost is 0.90 m cf. STAS 6054/77;

Climatic zone III / summer temperatures 28 0C ; winter temperatures
-140C (STAS 6472/82)
Climatic zone C / snow / (STAS 10101/21-90)
Climatic zone C /wind / (STAS 10101/20-92)

1.2. Functional Architectural Solution

Serving the clients needs, the architect and the designer elaborated a
dwelling house consisted of 3 levels : partial basement (underground floor),
ground floor, inner garret. All the rooms are properly oriented such that the
mandatory ventilation and illumination conditions are fulfilled. Therefore, the
living room is oriented towards the South.

The basemnt has a height of 2.50 m, the ground floor 2.67 m, and the
upper floor (inner garret) has a varrying height between 2.05 m and 2.67 m.

Concerning the interior staircase, the length of the stairs is 2,43 m, having
the counter-steps of 17.5 cm and the steps of 30 cm.
 The house has the bearing walls made of a full brick of 25 cm, thermo-
isolation layer with the thickness of 10 cm. Above the partial basement and the
ground floor reinforced concrete slabs are used and over the first floor are is
used a beam system .

Sistematization of the Inner Space:

PARTIAL BASEMENT (UNDERGROUND FLOOR):

Staircase: 6.6 m2
Depositing Space: 22.8 m2
Gym: 22.8 m2
Hall: 6.6 m2

Total:58.8 m2

GROUND FLOOR:

Living Room: 22.8 m2

Kitchen: 15.4 m2
Deposit: 2.7 m2
Staircase: 6.6 m2
Bathroom: 3.24 m2
Hall 10.2 m2

Total: 60,94 m2

UPPER FLOOR:

1st Bedroom: 11.1 m2

2nd Bedroom: 15.4 m2
Office 10.5 m2
1st Bathroom: 4 m2
2nd Bathroom: 4.8 m2
Hall 4 m2
Staircase 5.8 m2

Total: 55.6 m2
 Sistematization of the Entire Surface:
2
EFFECTIVE AREA: 175.34 m
Underground Floor + Ground Floor + Upper Floor
2
CONSTRUCTION AREA: 73.7 m
2
UNCOILED AREA: 120.8 m
P.O.T. 12%
C.U.T. 0.29

2 Construction Solution
- Infrastructure:

The infrastructure will be realized under the form of a continuous foundation

under the walls with a concrete shoe made up of concrete ( C 6/7.5) and concrete
elevation ( C 12/15), 90 cm thick under the ground-floor walls, 100 cm under
the under-ground floor. Also, the infrastructure will be reinforced with girdles
on the whole lenght. The reinforcement will be made with PC52 and OB37 steel.
- Suprastructure:

The strength structure is consisted of mansory walls of units of category

I,prescribed mortar b, reinforced concrete pillars, and girdles. Exterior walls are
35 cm thick and the interior bearing walls are 25 cm thick. The materials used in
pillars (25x25 cm), girdles and beams will be: concrete C12/15 and
reinforcements PC52 and OB37. The masonry will be consisted of 25 cm full
bricks.
The stairs are mare up of monolith reinforced concrete. The slab over the
ground floor will be made up of reinforced concrete (C12/15). The slab will be
13 cm thick and it will be reinforced with steel STNB nets.
The roof over the garret is consisted of fir wood.

- Trims:

The builing will have modern, high quality trims as follows:

Exterior paintings will be carefully chosen function of the volumetry of

the house:White and beige plaster, PVC windows, wood doors, wood handrails,
pvc ditches and down-comers (water pipes), TONDACH tiles, brick revetment,
pergola and ornamental flower pots.
Interior paintings will be in accordance with the hygienic-sanitary
requirements that are imposed by the active normative. Interior paintings will be
chosen such that the exterior-interior chromatic sensation to be a fine one. For
the living rooms we will use a white, creamy washable lime and for the
bathrooms, kitchen and stores well use sandstone assorted with the wall
paintings and faience.

3 Urbanism Conditions

Water supply will be made by joining the water network having the
authorization obtained from S.C. RAJAC S.R.L.
Electricity supply will be made having the autorization obtained from
E.ON, Moldova S.A.
The sewerage will be made by joining the sewerage network from the
neighbourhood .
The heating will be made individually by central heating.

2 Loads Computation

2.1. General notes about the Symbols/Notations used:

Symbols:
Fk characteristic value of a load (force);
Fd= (f )*(Fk) design value of a load;
f =1.35(1.40 in USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, etc) for Gk and 1.50
(1.60 in USA, Canada, Japan, Australia etc) for Qk partial safety
coefficients for loads;

Dead (Permanent) Loads (EC1Part 2.1):

Gk or Wk or SWk concentrated permanent load, or weight, or self-
weight load, in N or daN or kN;
gk or wk weight per unit area in N*m -2, or weight per unit
length in N *m -1;
= ()(g) unit weight in N.m-3 or kN.m-3 ;
= m*V-1 unit mass or density of material in kg.m-3 ;
g =9.81(~10) m.s-2 gravitational acceleration;
 f 1.35( EU ) f 1.40(USA)
(overloading) partial safety factor for
dead load;

Loading Effects Grouping:

1.35 Gk , j 1.5Qk ,1 1.50,i Qk ,i

, where:

1.35 Gk, j Design Dead Load;

f=1.35 Partial Safety Coefficient for Dead Load for
unfavorable exception;
1.5 Qk,1 Design Dominant Variable Load;
f=1.5 Partial Safety Coefficient for Variable Load for
unfavorable exception;
1.5 0,i Qk, i Design Variable Load;
0,i=0,7 Concomitance (Reduction) Factor for combination value of
a variable action;

2.2. Calculus of the Specific Thermal Resistance R

For the purpose of computing these values, the following symbols are used:

R thermal resistance of the element (m2K/W);

Rsi inner surface thermal resistance (m2K/W);

Rse outer surface thermal resistance (m2K/W);

Rmin the minimum overall thermal resistance (m2K/W);

 a) Outer wall

No. Thickness d Thermal conductivity

Material layer
crt. (m) coefficient [W/(mK)]
1. Inner plaster 0.02 0.7
2. 1 full brick 0.25 0.8
3. Thin plaster 0.005 0.7
3. W.P.B.(styrodur) 0.01 0.22
4. Insulation(Expanded polystirene) x 0.044
5. Exterior plaster 0.02 0.7
Table 2.1 - outer wall specific thermal resistance

C107/05 Design Code states that in the case of an exterior wall,

2 2 2
Rsi =0.125 m K /W , Rse =0.042 m K / W and Rmin=1.40 m K /W .

C107/05 Design Code states that in the case of an exterior wall,

2 2 2
Rsi =0.125 m K /W , Rse =0.042 m K / W and Rmin=1.40 m K /W .

d 0.02 0.25 0.005 0.01 x 0.02

R=R si + + Rse =0.125+ + + + + + +0.042 R min=1.40m2 K /
0.87 0.8 0.7 0.22 0.044 0.7

x=0.036 m
Therefore, the thickness of the expand polystyrene is .
Because the material is found only with thicknesses multiple of 2.4, a 4.8 cm
thick polystyrene is chosen.
x
+ 0.36 R min=1.40 m2 K /W
0.044

x=0.04 m
Therefore, the thickness of the expand polystyrene is .
Because the material is found only with thicknesses multiple of 2.4, a 4.8 cm
thick polystyrene is chosen.

b) Floor above the basement

No. Thickness d Thermal conductivity
Material layer
crt. (m) coefficient [W/(mK)]
1. Tiles(sandstone) 0.007 0.8
2. Equalizer layer 0,02 0.7
3. Concrete plate 0.13 1.16
4. Thin plaster 0.005 0.8
5. W.P.B.(styrodur) 0.01 0.22
6. Insulation (expanded polystirene) X 0.044
7. Plaster 0.03 0.7
Table 2.2 - Floor below the basement specific thermal resistance
C107/05 Design Code states that in the case of a slab above the
2 2 2
basement, Rsi =0.167 m K /W , Rse =0.042 m K /W and Rmin=2.90 m K /W .

d 0.007 0.02 0.13 0.005

R=R si + + Rse =0.167+ + + + +
0.8 0.7 1.16 0.8

0.01 x 0.03
+ + +0.042 R min =4.50 m2 K /W
0.22 0.044 0.7

x
+ 0.48 2.88= x=0.10
0.044

Therefore, the thickness of the expanded polystyrene is

x=0.12 m . Because the material is found only with thicknesses

multiple of 2.4, a 12 cm thick polystyrene is chosen.

c) The roof insulation

No. Material layer Thickness d Thermal conductivity

crt. (m) coefficient [W/(mK)]
1. Insulating board 0.01 0.41
2. W.P.B.( styrodur) 0.005 0.22
3. Mineral wool 1 x 0.044
4. Mineral wool 2 10 0.044
5. Roof batten 0.02 0.35
7. Water proofing 0.005 0.17
6. Roof tiles 0.03 0.8
Table 2.3 - Roof specific thermal resistance

Because the first layer of mineral wool is placed between rafters, and
a part of the roof will not be isolated, a second layer of isolation is needed to
cover the rafters. The dimensions of the first layer of mineral wool should be in
concordance with the dimensions of the rafter. Therefore, only the dimensions of
the second layer of mineral wool can be modified. For this roof it is chosen the
smallest mineral wool (in thickness) and it is verified if the resulted thermal
resistance of the roof satisfies the condition.

C107/1 Design Code states that in the case of an inner garret, the
roof has the following prescribed characteristics: Rsi=0.125 W /(mK ) ,
Rse =0.084 W /(mK )
and Rmin =5.00 W /(mK ) .

d 0.01 0.005 0.1 x 0.02 0.005 0.03 m2

R=R si + + Rse =0.125+ + + + + + + +0.083=2.46
k 0.41 0.22 0.048 0.048 0.35 0.17 0.8 W

=> x=0.12 cm => x=12 cm

d) Woodwork

In case of woodwork, having the thickness of the glass of 4 mm and

using Table I2 from C107/1 Design Code, we choose the emission coefficient,
the thickness of the layer of air and compute the resistance, verifying if it is
greater than the minimum resistance (given in the same normative) of
Rmin =0.5 W /(mK )
. In case of windows, Rsi=0.125 W /(mK ) ,
Rse =0.041 W /(mK )
and the thermal conductivity of the glass is = 0.77 W/
(mK), and of the air at a 20 C degrees = 0.0257 W/(mK).

It has been chosen a window 4-15-4 mm, with the emission

coefficient of e= 0.2.
d 0.004 0.015 0.004
R=R si + + Rse =0.125+ + + + 0.083=0.8 m2 K /W Rmin =0.77 m2 K /W
k 0.75 0.0257 0.75

2.3. Roof

Chosen solution for roof covering

TONDACH ("Solzi cu faluri")

Material: sand, cement, water, inorganic pigments.

Surface: even, with a tintless coat.

Dimensions: 40 x 21 cm

Distance between battens : approx. 19 cm

Coating Width: approx. 18 cm

Overall width approx. 21 cm

Overall length: approx. 40 cm

Weight / pc.: Approx. 2.3 kg

Required per m / pc.: Approx. 19.5 - 21 pcs

Method of settlement: Linked

Minimum covering slope : 30

Timber volume used for the roof

Cross-section Total
No
Element L/B/H volume
. b h
(m3)
Purlins 4 12 15 1340 1,20
 Rafters 21 10 10 977 2,05
Area=1 Area=1
Boarding 1 2 2,62
31 m2 31 m2
Props 4 12 12 108 0.07
Longitudinal battens 23 5 2.5 1340 0.38
Transverse battens 33 5 2.5 977 0.40
Ridge 1 12 15 1340 0.24
Braces 6 10 10 100 0.6
Wood pads 4 12 16 104 0.02
Table 2.4 - Wood volum
Total volume of wood: 7.58 m3

2.4. Snow Load

The computation was done according to CR 1-1-3-2005, Design

Code. The following notations are used:

snow density of 235350400 kgm-3 depending on the breaking

state and unfavorable snow falling
Sk snow characteristic value on roof horizontal projection in kNm-2
g gravitational constant of 10 ms-2
shape coefficient
Ce exposure coefficient of placement
Ct thermal coefficient
S0,k characteristic value of snow load on the earth level
Sk,L snow characteristic value on pitched roof
Sk0,L - snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length
Sk0,Lx - snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length
perpendicular on the roof
Sk0,Ly - snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length tangent to
the roof
Fk characteristic value of snow pushing force in kNm-1
cfr friction coefficient between snow and tiles (cfr = 0.05)
Se characteristic value of snow load hanged down at roof eaves and
distributed on roof length
k coefficient depending on unsteady snow falling

The building being situated in Iasi, will have s0,k=2.5 kNm-2. The
presence of other buildings around it doesnt not allow an important blowing of
the snow by the wind, therefore, a partial exposure will be considered (C e=1).
The thermal coefficient Ct is considered to be 1.0.

The snow weight:

= g=235 10=2350 N /m 3=2.35 kN /m3

For the uncrowded snow loading, the distribution is:

()

=30

In this case, =30 .Because 1=30 ,taking into account the CR 1-1-
3-2005 Design Code, () will have the following value:

() = 0.8

The snow characteristic value on roof horizontal projection will be:

S k 1= ( ) C e Ct S0,k =0.8 1 1 2.5=2 kN /m2

The characteristic value of snow pushing force::

S k L0=S k , L L where: - L0 is the horizontal projection of the width of the roof
with slope =30
 Geometrical features of the roof

L0 4.35
L= = =5.02m
cos 0.866

L0
S k , L =S k =S k cos =2 0.866=1.732 kN /m2
L

S k 0, L=S k , L L=1.732 5.02=8.69 kN /m

S k 0, L =S k 0, L sin =8.69 0.5=4.34 kN /m

x

S k 0, L =Sk 0, L cos =8.69 0.866=7.52 kN /m

y

Sk0,L
x
Sk0,
L
Sk0,Ly

Fig.4.3. Snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length

The characteristic value of snow pushing force will be:

F k =S k 0, L c fr Sk 0, L =4.340.05 7.52=3.964 kN /m
x y

2.5. Characteristic Values of Dead Loads

 Roof with Thermal Insulation

Unit
Characteristic Ultimate Value
Thicknes Weight
No. Layer Value gk=d* gd=F*gk=1.35*gk
s [m] =p*g
[N/m2] [N/m2]
[N/m3]
1 roof tile - - 600 810
2 longitudinal strip 0.025 6000 150 202.5
3 transverse strip 0.025 6000 150 202.5
4 water proofing 0.005 6000 30 40.5
5 roof batten 0.02 6000 180 243
6 mineral wool 1 0.10 3500 350 472.5
7 Mineral wool 2 0.12 3500 420 567
8 vapour barrier 0.01 - 60 81
9 Insulating board 0.01 6000 60 81
Total Load 2000 2700
Table 2.5 Roof Dead load
Outer Wall
 Unit
Characteristic
Thicknes Weight Ultimate Value
Layer Value gk=d*
s [m] =p*g gd=F*gk=1.35*gk [N/m2]
[N/m2]
[N/m3]

No.
1. Inner plaster 0.02 19000 380 513
2. 1 full brick 0.25 18500 4625 6243.75
3. Thin plaster 0.005 19000 60 81
3. W.P.B.(styrodur) 0.01 - 10 13.5
Insulation(Expande
4. 0.048 200 9.6 12.96
d polystirene)
5. Exterior plaster 0.02 19000 380 513
Total Load 5464.6 7377.21
Table 2.6- Outer wall dead load
 Inner Wall

Unit
Characteristic Ultimate Value
Thicknes Weight
No. Layer Value gk=d* gd=F*gk=1.35*gk
s [m] =p*g
[N/m2] [N/m2]
[N/m3]
1 Inner plaster 0.015 19000 285 384.75
2 1 full brick 0.25 18500 4625 6243.75
3 Inner plaster 0.015 19000 285 384.75
Total Load 5195 7013.25
Table 2.7 - Inner wall dead load
 Basement Wall

Unit
Characteristic Ultimate Value
Thicknes Weight
No. Layer Value gk=d* gd=F*gk=1.35*gk
s [m] =p*g
[N/m2] [N/m2]
[N/m3]
1 inner plaster 0.02 19000 380 513
2 1 full brick 0.25 18500 4625 6243.75
cement and lime
4 0.03 17000 510 688.5
mortar
5 waterproofing 0.005 - 175 236.25
Cement and lime
6 0.03 17000 510 688.5
mortar
Protecting brick
7 0.075 18500 1387.5 1873.125
wall
Total Load 7587.5 10243.125
Table 2.8 Basement wall dead load
 Floor above the Ground Floor (warm- parquet)

No. Layer Thicknes Unit Characteristic Ultimat

s [m] Weight Value gk=d*
=p*g [N/m2]
 [N/m3]
1 Parquet 0.022 8000 176
2 False boarding 0.01 8000 80
Acousting
3 0.03 3500 105
insulation

Concrete slab 0.13 25000 3250

4
5 Plaster 0.02 17000 340
Total Load 4025.4 5434.29
Table 2.9 Floor above ground floor ( parquet) dead load
 Floor above the Ground floor (sandstone-cold)

Unit
Characteristic Ultimate Value
Thicknes Weight
Layer Value gk=d* gd=F*gk=1.35*gk
s [m] =p*g
[N/m2] [N/m2]
[N/m3]

No.
1 Sandstone 0.007 24000 168 226.8
2 Concrete layer 0.02 25000 500 675
3 Vapour barrier 0.005 - 60 81
4 Equalizer layer 0.03 19000 570 769.5
5 Concrete slab 0.13 25000 3250 4387.5
6 Plaster 0.02 17000 340 459
Total Load 4888 6598.8
Table 2.10 Floor above ground floor ( sandstone) dead load

Floor above the Basement cold ( sandstone)

 Unit
Characteristic Ultimate Value
Thicknes Weight
No. Layer Value gk=d* gd=F*gk=1.35*gk
s [m] =p*g
[N/m2] [N/m2]
[N/m3]
1 Sandstone 0.007 24000 168 226.8

Equalizer layer 0.02 19000 380 513

2
3 Concrete slab 0.13 25000 3250 4387.5
4 Thin plaster 0.005 17000 85 114.75
3 Vapour barrier 0.01 - 120 162
Expanded
6 0.12 200 24 32.4
polystirene
6 Plaster 0.02 17000 340 459
Total Load 4367 5895.45
Table 2.11 Floor above basement cold dead load

Floor above the Basement warm (parquet)

Unit
Characteristic Ultimate Value
Thicknes Weight
No. Layer Value gk=d* gd=F*gk=1.35*gk
s [m] =p*g
[N/m2] [N/m2]
[N/m3]
1 Parquet 0.02 8000 160 216
 False boarding 0.007 8000 56 75.6

2
3 Concrete slab 0.13 25000 3250 4387.5
4 Thin plaster 0.005 17000 85 114.75
3 Vapour barrier 0.01 - 120 162
Expanded
6 0.12 200 24 32.4
polystirene
6 Plaster 0.02 17000 340 459
Total Load 4035 5447.25
Table 2.12 Floor above basement warm dead load
 2.6. Design of a masonry structural member according to
EC6

The computation will be made on a section of 1 meter width from an

exterior wall and from an interior wall.
We use M50 binder and 100daN/cm2 full bricks.
2
The loading surface for an exterior wall is Se = 1.77 m (parquet)
2
The loading surface for an interior wall is Si = 2.67 m
(1.17 sandstone, 1.5 parquet)
Calculus for the interior wall

1. Load from the roof being an inner garret house, the axial force at the
upper side is considered 0 for the interior wall
gk =
2. Self weight of the wall - Nsw - 7013.25 (table 2.7)

Nd, wall = 7013.25 x2.67 = 18725.37 N

3. Load from plate (over the ground floor) Nd, plate :

g =
sandstone k 6598.8 (table 2.10)
g =
parquet k
5434.29 (table 2.9)
Live load -> 1.5 x 1500 x 2.67 = 6007.5 N
Self weight -> 1.17 x 6598.8 + 1.5 x 5434.29= 15872.03 N
Nd, plate = 21879.53N

gk =
4. Self weight of the wall - Nsw - 7013.25 (table 2.7)

Nd, wall = 7013.25 x 2.67 = 18725.37 N

5.
 gk =
parquet 5447.25 (table 2.12)
g =
sandstone k 5895.45 (table 2.11)
Live load -> 1.5 x 1500 x 2.67 = 6007.5 N
Self weight -> 1.5 x 5447.25+1.17 x 5895.45 = 15068.55 N
Nd, plate = 21076.05 N

6. Self weight of the basement wall Nd,basement wall :

gk =
10243.125(table 2.8)
Nd, basement wall = 10243.125 x 2.50 = 25607.81 N

Nd,0 = 106014.13 N
Axial force diagram for internal wall

Calculus for the exterior wall

1. Load from the roof Nd, roof :

Dead load from the roof
 gk L=g k ,0 L0

Where: - gk is the characteristic value of the permanent loads on

layer (N/m2); gk=2115.45 N/m2

- gk,0 is the horizontal projection of the characteristic value

of the permanent loads

L g 2115.45
gk 0=g k = k = =2442.7 N /m
L0 cos cos 30

Dead load from snow load

The snow characteristic value on pitched roof is sk,L=1.255

kN/m=1255 kN/m

The snow characteristic value on pitched roof on unit length is:

S k 0, L=s k , L L=1732 5.02=8694.64 N /m

Where: - Sk0,L is the characteristic value of the snow load on pitched roof on unit
length

- sk,L is the characteristic value of snow load on pitched roof

gk 0
Dead load -> = 2442.7 N
S
Snow load -> k 0, L = 8694.64 N
1 .35 g k 0 +1. 5 S k 0 ,L ) b
Nd, roof = (
Nd, roof = ( 1. 35 2442 . 7+1 .5 8694 . 64 ) 1
Nd, roof = 16339.605

gk =
2. Self weight of the wall - Nsw 7377.25 (table 2.6)

Nd, wall = 7377.25x 2.05 x 1 = 15123.36 N

3. Load from the plate (over the ground floor) Nd, plate
 gk =
warm: 5434.29 (table 2.9)

Self weight -> 5434.29 x 1.77 = 9618.7 N

Live load -> 1.5 x 1500 x 1.77 = 3982.5 N
Nd, plate = 13601.2N

gk =
4. Self weight of the wall - Nsw : 7377.25 (table 2.6)

Nd, wall = 7377.25 x 2.67 = 19697.25 N

5. Load from plate(over the basement) Nd, plate :

g =
warm k 5447.25 (table 2.12)

Live load -> 1.5 x 1500 x 1.77 = 3982.5 N

Self weight -> 5447.25x 1.77 = 9641.63 N
Nd, plate = 13624.13 N

6. Self weight of the basement wall Nd,basement wall :

gk = 10243.125 (table 2.8)

Nd, basement wall = 10243.125 x 2.50 = 25607.81 N

Nd,0 = 103993.35 N
 16.34 kN

31.46 kN

45.07 kN

64.77 kN

78.39 kN

104kN

Axial force diagram for external wall

 It will be considered the Ultimate Limit State for Vertical Eccentric
Compressive Loading.

The design will be done for the interior wall considered at point V.A.

From Fig.5.2 the following values are taken:

N 1=N upstairs =31.463 kN /m

N 2=N floor=13.601 kN /m

N 3=N wall =19.697 kN /m

In the calculus of the eccentricity the following relation is used:

N1

N1+

N2

N3

N1+N

e=
N d
N

Where:
 N =N 1+ N 2=45.064 kN /m

Design of masonry structural members

Eccentricity calculus

From the figure above it results, for the level x = 2.5 m:

Nx N
= 3
H eH x H e

and
N x =N 1+ N 2+ N x

Therefore,
N 3 ( H e H x ) 19.697 ( 2.672.5 )
N x= = =1.25 kN
He 2.67

N x =45.064+1.25=46.314 kN
The eccentricity will be:
t 0.25
N2 13.601
M 1 + M 2 N 1 x d1 + N 2 x d 2 6 6
e= = = = =0.013 m
N1+ N2 N1+ N2 N 1+ N 2 31.463+13.601

t t t
d 1=0 ; d 2=t =
2 3 6

The eccentricity must fulfill the following formula:

5
e> 5 t= 0.25=0.0125
100

The relation is satisfied because 0.013 > 0.0125

The moment will be:

N 2 t 13.601 x 0.25
M i= = =0.56 kN m
6 6

The moment at a level x = 2.5 m from the inferior floor is:

M x Mi
=
H x He

H x M i 2.5 0.56
M x= = =0.52kN m
He 2.67

The eccentricity at a level x = 2.5 m is:

 Mx 0.52 t 0.25
e i= +e a= + 0.02=0.031 m< = =0.041m
Nx 46.314 6 6

The force being situated inside the inner core, the entire area will be
subjected to compression like shown in figure below.

The structural design criterion must be verified:

N sd N Rd
 t
Because the entire area of the section is compressed ( e< 6 ), for NRd

the following formula will be used:

N Rd = i , m A 0.8 f d

where
i ,m =1

A=t b=250 mm 1000 mm=25 10 4 mm2

For eccentric compression we have:

fk 3
f d= = =1.36 N /mm2
M 2.2

Finally,
4
N Rd =0.8 25 10 1 1.36=272kN

N
( 1+ N 2) x 2.8+ N 3 x 1.4= (31.463+13.601 ) x 2.67+ 19.697 x 2.67=172.91kN
N Sd =

N Sd =172.91 kN < N Rd =272 kN

2.7. Design of foundation block

External block

Because the ground under the internal wall is subjected to greater

forces than the one under the external wall, the foundation block design will be
done for the case of internal walls. For the external walls, the same foundation
will be considered.

The width of the foundation block will be computed from the formula:
N 0 +G 1.1 N 0
f c= = pad
Af B1
 Where:

- fc is the compressive strength

- pad is the admissible strength of the ground
- N0 is the axial force which acts on the foundation block
- G is the weight of the foundation block
- Af is the area of the foundation
- B is the width of the foundation

In this case, the admissible strength of the ground will be taken:

pad=128 kN /m2

1.1 106.014
128000
B 1

B=0.91 m

Therefore it will be considered B = 1m

In order to find the height of the foundation block, the following

formula must be used:
tan tan min

This foundation is a continuous rigid foundation made of concrete,

with rectangular cross-section, under an interior wall of brick.

For the maximum pressure on the field of pad=200 kN/m2 and the mark
of the concrete B50, the minimum value of the tangent is:
tan min =1.3

Therefore,
H
tan min =
a
 where: - a is the distance between the exterior part of the wall and the
end of the foundation block

In this case,
10025
a= =37.5 cm
2

H=tan min a=37.5 1.3=48.75 cm

It will be taken H = 0.5 m.

The foundation block

The following notations were used:

- W1 - is the design uniformly distributed load on member 1

- W2 - is the design uniformly distributed load on member 2
- W3 - is the design uniformly distributed load on member 3
- Wx - is the design uniformly distributed load at level Hx
- He - is the height of the floor
- Hx - is the height of the considered level
- Nx - is the axial for the considered level
- Mi - is the design bending moment at the top or the bottom of
the wall resulting from the eccentricity of the floor load at the
support
- ei - is the eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall resulting
from horizontal loads
- ea - is the accidental eccentricity
- t - is the thickness of the wall
- i,m - is the capacity reduction factor, allowing for the effects of
slenderness and eccentricity of loading
- fk - is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry
- M - is the partial factor for the material
- A - is the area of the walls section
- Nsd - is the Design Vertical Load
- NRd - is the Design Vertical Load Resistance