Theme "Honoring Trailblazing

Women in Agricultural
Enterprise
RDEC, ATI Diliman, Quezon City
 HONEY BEE
PRODUCTION
&
PROCESSING

Edmund B. Benavidez, SLU EISSIF

 Private Extension Service Provider
of ATI-CAR
Enterprise Development Training

Saint Louis University-Extension Institute for

Small-Scale Industries Foundation, Inc.
Improving Beekeeping Technology Adoption
through After Training Support .
In beekeeping all begins with God and ends
with God

Jesus said, apart from me you can do nothing

 Topic Outline
1. Beekeeping is more than honey
2. Species of Bees in the Philippines
3. Why Raise Bees?
4. The Bee Family
5. HONEY BEE PRODUCTION
Basic Tools & Equipment
6. Nutritional Requirements
7. Beekeeping Challenges
8. Honey Processing
1. MORE THAN HONEY
(Role of Bees in Agriculture)
https://membracid.wordpress.com/2013/06/19/will-we-have-fruit-in-a-future-without-
bees/
 Worldwide Economic Value of
Pollination Services
As provided by insect pollinators, bees
mainly, was 153 billion in 2005 for the main
crops that feed the world.
This figure amounted to 9.5% of the total
value of the world agricultural food
production.

By Avignon/Halle(Saale)INRA and CNRS

French scientists and a UFZ German scientist
https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=35639
 The study also determined
that pollinator disappearance
would translate into a
consumer surplus loss
estimated between 190 to
310 billion.

The results of this study are published in the journal

"ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS".
 The average yield reductions of some
important Philippine crops compared to other
Asean countries in 2010 2013
Mangos: 50% or more Coffee: 60% or more reduction
reduction
Coconuts: 50% or more Cotton: 30% reduction
reduction
A study of the Philippine bee pollinators strongly indicates a poor
pollination environment for many crops compared to other Asean
countries and the widespread lack of awareness of pollination and
the role of bees in the environment and agriculture, even amongst
many farmers.

beephilippines.info/pollination-in-the-philippines/
 Prospects for other agricultural
crops
When describing The Value of Bees for Crop
Pollination, the Food and Agriculture
Organisation state: The great value of bees as
pollinators has been known for many years,
but unfortunately, this knowledge is not
widely appreciated and understood.
 In addition the following is stated
Insect pollination and pollinator protection are not
included in most of the training books
for agronomists, extension officers and farmers.
Many farmers all over the world do not recognize
the need for bee pollination and consequently
many bees are killed by careless use of pesticides.
Even many beekeepers and honey hunters do not
know about pollination and cannot inform the
farmers about the need for protection of bees.
Incomplete pollination

Not enough bee visits

Not enough pollen
delivered to fertilize many
of the seeds.
The flesh did not
develop in the area of
unfertilized seeds, leading
to deformities.
 Tough Knotty Cucumbers
Not enough bees, cucumbers may be partly
pollinated. This results in slow growing and
badly shaped cukes.
Areas where the seeds did not receive a grain
of pollen, will not grow, leading to the poor
fruit.
 Many Bee Visits
To the Female Flowers...
Gives Best Results
 A Perfect
Melon, Perfectly
Pollinated.....

The Seeds Tell the

Story,
And So Does the
Taste!
Strawberries, Fragaria x annanasa Duch., after
open insect-pollination (left), passive self-
pollination (middle) and passive self-
pollination and wind-pollination (right).
(Photo by Kristine Krewenka, Agroecology,
Gttingen, Germany.)

OIP PSP PSP & WP

 98% mean yield increase
(BRD & ER 2012-2017)

12.3 Increase in fruit set

(American Journal of Botany
90(1): 153157. 2003)
 Do You Prefer.....
Well Pollinated Apples
Or Starchy, Small,
Poorly-Pollinated
Apples?

Each seed that does not get

pollinated limits the
development of the apple in size,
shape and sugar content.
 Apple Pollination
Cooke (1745) stated that the "farina" (pollen)
of one apple tree influenced the fruit of
another.

Pollen influences the offspring that develops

from the seed.
In 1983, the Chinese government introduced Jinhuali Pears (higher
price). However, Jinhuali presented a special problem because these
trees flowered at a different time than the provinces other varieties
of pear trees. Ans: Preserve pollen & resort to manual pollination.
 BEEKEEPING
..is the art and science of managing
honeybee colonies to attain desired
objectives:
1. honey

4. beeswax,

6. propolis and even bees.

Beekeeping (hunting) is
as old as time.
3,000-year-old Israeli apiary site
Found (2005-2007)
In Exodus, Canaan is referred to as The
land of milk and honey.

King Solomon: "My son eat thou honey,

because it is good, and the honeycomb
which is sweet to thy taste".

Amihai Mazar / Hebrew U. of Jerusalem via AP

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/36043/title/Honey_of_a_discovery
 Greeks
384 BC, Aristotle
was first to note that
honeybee's don't
visit flowers of
different kinds on
one flight, but
remain constant to
one species.

FLORAL FIDELITY
 1. Apis cerana indica

Photo: Pili, Camarines Sur

Photo: G. Gonzales, Cavite 2017

Kibungan, Benguet 2009
(photo: Manuel Narjes)
 SPECIES OF HONEYBEES THAT
THRIVE WELL IN THE PHILIPPINES
2. Apis dorsata

http://beeaware.org.au/archive-pest/giant-honey-bees/#ad-image-0
Apis dorsata breviligula

Photo credit: Gary Atos Bawas (2017)

 3. Apis andreniformis
Only found in
Honey Pawalan
known as the Dwarf
honeybee
Builds single comb-
size of the hand palm
and collects sticky
propolis, suspended
from branches, trees
and bushes
Brood
Nest

Quee
n cell
Photo courtesy of SLU
EISSIF (Palawan 2014)
The Stingless bees -Tetragonula
species - (Trigona species). They are
natively called the Kiwot, Lukot,
Kiyot, Lukutan or Libog.

4.
http://beephilippines.info/stingless-bees/
5. Apis mellifera (1913)

European honeybee or
Western Honeybee

Apis is Latin for "bee", and mellifera means

"honey-bearing (Apis mellifera)
Updates of the Beekeeping Industry
by Dr. Jaime Dangle, Director-NARTDI
BAPI Conference , Feb 2014, Pugo, La Union
 Industry Situation
Philippines Vietnam (2010)
Apis mellifera 103.4 mt 45,000 mt
(production)
Arrival 1913 1960
No. of Colonies 5, 369 1 million
Honey export 5.241 mt 20,000 mt
Honey import 441.256 mt
Colonies per beekeeper 12-13 200-300

No. of beekeepers 434 4,000

Age 40 above
Years of experience 10 and above
Relevance to Agriculture Argued to be free Estimated 10 times the
(Pollination) from feral value earned from honey
colonies products (Full government
support)
Word of caution in keeping Bees?

Some People are Allergic to bee sting.

Local Reaction (Non Allergic Person)
 Systemic Reaction
Swelling far from stung
area (Allergic Person)

Keep Anti-Histamine/ Epinephrine within reach

 3. Why Raise
Honey bees?
1. Philippines import honey (Livelihood)
2. Favorable environment (Biodiversity)
3. Promotes sustainable livelihood
(Pollination)
4. Employment
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
LIVELIHOOD
 The unfermented,
sweet substance
produced by honey
bees from the
nectar of blossoms
or from secretions
of or on living parts
of plants, which the
collect, transform
and combine with
specific substances,
What is Honey? and store in honey
combs.

http://teca.fao.org/resource/codex-alimentarius-honey-standard
TRADEMARK

LOCAL HONEY
 B
A
B C
a) Pure honey pours and settles without readily dissolving. b) and c)
honey mixed homogeneously with equal amounts of a 70% sugar
syrup (sucrose) does not pour as straight and creates turbulence and
turbidity almost instantly, but particularly after pouring a greater
quantity or slightly disturbing the water. The honey syrup settles
irregularly at the bottom. d) 70% sugar syrup (sucrose) only; turbidity
is even stronger and no distinct settlement at the bottom occurs.
D
Bee with Pollen
 PROPOLIS
Raw
propolis

Propolis is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from

tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. It is used as a
sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive. Propolis is used
for small gaps (approximately 6 millimeters (0.2 in) or less)
 Manila FAME
World Trade Center
May 22-25, 2010
Widen Sustainable Income generating program
 Bee Venom

Apr. 4, 2006: A Chinese man receives treatment

with bee venom for rhinitis, an inflammation of
the nasal membranes, at a clinic in the Duqu
Town of Xi'an, West China's Shaanxi province.
The doctor at the clinic also uses bee venom to
treat diseases such as rheumatism and arthritis.
http://www.foxnews.com/photoessay/0,4644,6907,00.html#8_0
 BEESWAX

http://www.prbka.co.uk/?page_id=1260

Zachary Huang, Dept. Entomology, Michigan State University

http://beautyandthefoodie.com/royal-jelly-and-its-amazing-skin-and-health-benefits/
The Learning Laboratory

Just do it
The Beekeeping company
with most Filipino
beekeepers in 2016
ATI-CAR Charlie Sagudan, TS
III, TCS I Myrna Sta. Maria

21 ATI graduates New

Zealand
 Mathew Bana-e,
NELSON

Dexter Wasawas,
Everything NZ Ltd, North
Canterbury
 Tips for Beginners
Master the fundamentals of beekeeping
Recognize others experience
Establish your Apiary
1st Season is a learning period
Upgrade your skills
Join Beekeeping Associations
 (NEST OCCUPANTS)

http://montanahomesteader.com/look-inside-new-honey-bee-hive/
Social Organization
Can survive only as a
community or colony.
Cooperative brood-care
Overlapping of generations
The colony inhabits an
enclosed cavity, its nest.
Kept in artificial containers,
known as hives.
Reproductive division of
labor
 The honey bee community
the queen (reproductive female),
the drone (male), and
the worker (non-reproductive
female).

These castes are associated with

different functions in the colony;
each caste possesses its own special
instincts geared to the needs of the
colony

Castes
WORKER BEE
 Normal Egg
Position

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Honey_bee
1a) The Worker Bee

Unfertile Female
20,000 to 60,000
Has several
functions
Stinger has barbs
 WORKER BEE
Clean the comb
Produce Royal Jelly
Make wax to build comb &
repair the hive.
Store Nectar
Defend the hive
Gather nectar, pollen, water,
and propolis.
They ventilate, cool & heat
the hive.
 Life Cycle Queen bee

3 days 5 days 8 days

16 Days
 The Queen
Bee
One queen/col
Function: laying eggs
Can live 2 5 years
Can lay 1500 eggs a day at height of season
Produces air-borne pheromones (queen
substance)
Stinger does not have barbs
 Life Cycle Drone
24 days from egg-emergence
 The Drone (male bee)
Develops from unfertilized egg
Larger than workers
Big eyes
Male (leads the good life)
Sexually mature at 2 weeks
One function in life mate with virgin queens
Mates once in drone congregation areas at about 300
feet above ground, then dies (maybe not such a good life)

No stinger (remember, he only has one function)

Survivors are forced out of hive in the Fall and die
 An Apiary

Collection of Colonies

Good Forage
Clean Water
Wind Breaks
Secured
BEEKEEPING
TOOLS
&
EQUIPMENTS
BEE BRUSH & HONEY EXTRACTOR
UNCAPPING FORK

a.k.a Honey Uncapper

a.k.a Honey Scratcher
COMB CUTTER
Honey Pail Honey Bottle
 NECTAR/HONEY
Major source of
carbohydrates
 POLLEN
Made up of proteins (composed of series of
amino acids), fats, lipids, carbohydrates,
vitamins, minerals and many others

fed to developing larvae and young bees (1-14

days old) for the development of muscles, glands
and other tissues.
 POPULOUS COLONY
20K-50K BEES

Population,
Pollen/Nectar
requirement
 STRESS LEVELS
Stress, protein requirement
Stress, protein reserve
 Honey
Sugar syrup
Pollen
Substitute
Supplements

11 mg (22 l of sugar syrup)

BEEKEEPING
CHALLENGES
 Local Predators of Honeybees

Vespa luctuosa

Philippine Needletail
(Mearnsia picina)
 MAKESHIFT
WASP TRAP

Sugar and water

Sugar and lemon juice
PIRIK-PIRIK
Common in the Lowlands
but are also seen in the
highlands during summer
Merops philippinus

Photo credit: Dr. Roland James Bayang

Other Bee
Eaters
 Honey Bee Parasites

Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) and a "lesser mite" (as is

called in China), Tropilaelaps clarae
LIFE CYCLE OF VARROA MITE

https://www.research.bayer.com/en/bee-
protection-varroa-mite.aspx
Honey Bee Parasites

Drone pupae
removed with
uncapping fork
Mite detection
method

DRONE PUPA
 VARROA DESTRUCTOR CONTROL

*DRONE TRAPPING *OXALIC ACID *FORMIC ACID

Controlling VARROA
WAX MOTHS

Achroia grisella
Lesser Wax Moth
(Fabricius, 1794)
Sulfur for waxmoth control
ANTS
 American foulbrood
Caused by:
Paenibacillus
larvae
Spore-forming
bacterium
Highly contagious
Brood Disease
American foulbrood (scale)

Each scale
contains as many
as 100 million AFB
spores.

Spore is infectious
Resistant to
desiccation, heat,
& chemicals
Remain active for
40 yrs
 AFB Control Measures

Burning is the only

totally effective way

1. Antibiotic does not kill Bacillus

larva spores.
2. Terramycin prevents AFB
spores from germinating to the
vegetative stage and delays
vegetative growth in larvae.
 Good Beekeeping Practices
No NEED for antibiotics if industry is well
organized
Burn infected colony
Change combs once every 2 years
Maintain strong colonies if possible
Improve breeding (hygienic bees)
Do not feed honey from unreliable source
Balance food intake
European foulbrood

Caused by:
Melissococcus pluton
non spore-forming
bacterium
brood disease
stress disease
does not form spores
Larva dies b4 capping
Treatment: Requeen
and/or Terramycin
Can you tell the Difference?
 Chalkbrood
(chalkbrood mummies)

Caused by the
fungus: Ascophaera
apis

-Requeen
-Dry area
-Thymol (phenolic
monoterpene) extracted
from garden thyme.
CLIMATE CHANGE & CCD
What we NEED
Healthy Bees
BEST DEFENSE YET

Maintaining
strong, healthy
colonies
HONEY PROCESSING
 FORAGE
QUALITY OF STOCK

APIARY SITES IN VARIOUS PARTS OF

BAGUIO-BENGUET AREA

K.A.S OF BEEKEEPER

TIMING
Seasonal Beekeeping Calendar (SLU-EISSIF)
Colony Post Honey Minor Build Rainy Pre-Honey Honey
Size Season up Season Season Season

30Fr
20Fr
10Fr

5 Fr

3 Fr

Months Jan-Mar Apr-May Jun-Aug Sep-Oct Nov-Jan

General Cold months Warm Climate Start of rainy Monsoon rains Good Pollen &
Conditions Season Major Nectar
Stressed Bees Mild nectar & Scarce Pollen &
Pest & Predators Pollen Flow Good Pollen Nectar Flow
Small Brood Minor Build up Flow Starvation & (Honey Flow)
Poisoning Migratory Bird Mild Nectar Robbing Start:Cold
Predators Swarming Predators & Season
Pest Migratory
Predators
Colony Pre-Honey Honey Post Honey Season Minor Build
Size Season Season W/ RAINS up

30Fr

20Fr

10Fr

5 Fr

3 Fr

Months Jan-Mar Apr-May Jun-Aug Sep-Oct Nov-Jan

REGULAR HIVE
INSPECTION
THE SUNFLOWER (Tithonia diversifolia) ONE
SOURCE OF NATURAL HONEY.
Managed bees
(Apis mellifera)
kept strong in
time for the
honey season
Until such beehives are able to collect nectar, which the
bees themselves transform into honey and deposits in the
honey comb.
Alimentary system (Digestive)
The honey stomach
can contain 20-30 mg
nectar. For each gram
of nectar they need 40
flights, because nectar
contains 80% water
200 flights are needed
for 1g honey.
 HONEY
A saturated solution of carbohydrates
ca. 17% water
ca. 82.5% sugar:
fructose 38%
glucose 31%
maltose 7%
sucrose 1.5%
et alia 6%
ca. 0.5% protein, minerals, vitamins &
HYGROSCOPICITY CRYSTALLIZATION
Ripe honey harvested by
beekeepers.
.then brought to the honey room where honeycomb
is uncapped and prepared for extraction.
using manual
extractors
utilizing the
principle of
centrifugal force
to dislodge
honey from the
honey comb.
HONEY is bottled or stored
in containers
Ready for sale

IPO REGISTERED
TRADEMARK
 Marketing:
International Food Expo, SMX MOA

135
 Fermented
Granulated
honey
and liquid
honey
IMPAKABSAT Regional Trade Fair
Festival Mall, Alabang, Muntinlupa
Merchandise Development Assistance: Mead & Honey concept
featured in IMPAKABSAT, Festival Mall, Alabang, Muntinlupa
THANK YOU
&
GOD BLESS