IMPORTANT POINTS & PROBLEM

• CHILD LABOR AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN

URBAN NIGERIA

• ARE PUBLIC ENTERPRISES REALLY MONOPOLY

ENTERPRISES?

• DESCRIPTIVE STUDY FOR THE TRAINING NEEDS

OF MEN AND WOMEN FARMERS IN SEMI DESERT
AREAS IN JORDAN SOUTH

• LABOR UNIONS & TRAINING IN THE AGE OF

GLOBALIZATION AND INFORMATION

• THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE YESTERDAY AND

TODAY: WHAT HOPE FOR TOMORROW?

• DOES CHILD LABOR AFFECT CHILDREN’S

SCHOOL’S ATTENDANCE AND PUNCTUALITY?

• WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN

CHILDREN’S HEALTH AND SCHOOL
ATTENDANCE?
 • DOES CHILD LABOR HINDER CHILDREN’S
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE?

• THE PRESENCE OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLD

TENDS TO LEAD TO GREATER RESOURCE
DILUTION?

• WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF CHILDREN'S ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES?

 SUMMARY!!

The experiences of 1535 children (aged 8 to 14) who combine

work with schooling in urban Nigeria are analyzed, aiming to
determine the effects of children’s work on education. Child
labor is an economic necessity for household survival; it has
detrimental effects on education by reducing school attendances.
child labor is a cogent reason for children’s lateness to school.
Furthermore, child labor leads to a reduction in other human
capital inputs such as time to study, and consequently a negative
perception of academic performance. A large proportion of
households live at a minimum level of expenses due to factors
such as weak economic base, galloping inflationary measures,
high rate of unemployment, and the inadequate incomes of
parents. This adverse socio- economic situation is compounded
by the challenging political and cultural crises in many
countries, as evidenced by civil wars, genocide, famine,
drought,
HIV/AIDS epidemic, and structural adjustment programs.
Consequently, African children are impacted by these powerful
processes, and are often placed in the margins of public arena
through their joining both the wage and non wage markets Thus,
at the household level, children’s economic production has
become an important aspect of economic survival strategies.
Many children spend several hours working outside the home in
order to bring additional income to the household. A significant
proportion is involved in petty trading and services (as street
hawkers, domestic servants, and in apprenticeship positions) or
even working as street beggars. In urban areas (verlet 1994;
amin 1994). much of what we know about the impacts of child
labor is based on speculative evidence from estimates prepared
by the international labor organization (ilo, 1996; 1991) and
anecdotal media reports (e.g. the guardian: may 17, 2002). Yet
some others focus on street children who ran away from homes
for various reasons and their survival mechanisms.

The apparent neglect of studies on child labor in Africa, and in

Nigeria, in particular, may be partly attributed to the huge
attention that development scholars have paid to adult
employment, especially women’s work and its relationship to
fertility, mortality, and migration in the 1980s and 1990s.
Furthermore, children have lower social status than adults, a
perception that negatively affects the value placed on their
work(Bass 2004). And although children are seen as workers in
both formal and informal sectors in many countries, yet they are
perceived as “invisible workers”, and consequently they are
neglect (Grier 2004). The invisibility arises from the fact the
term child labor is socially constructed-- in some cases as “help”

or as a “socialization process” that trains children for their adult

roles and for future occupations. The common explanation is
that larger number of children in a household reduces the
educational opportunity of each child. the impact of children’s
labor force activities on schooling-related issues such as school
absences, lateness, and academic performance rather than
focusing only on the impact of parental resources on children’s
education.

These studies indicate that children perform better in school

when they have fewer as opposed to many siblings. The
research either of the reasons or of the forms that this cycling
takes place at each point of time, is beyond the limits of the
present paper. In any case we are convinced that it should not be
done on
the basis of the assumption of individualism and reductionism
on which it was rested almost exclusively in the recent years.