EXPERIMENTAL REPORT ON AMPLITUTE

MODULATION
SANU KUMAR GANGWAR
M.Sc physics
16510072
sanu.gangwar@iitgn.ac.in

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Contents
1 OBJECTIVE 3

2 THEORY 3
2.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Modulation index of AM signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 OBSERVATION 4

4 CONCLUSION 7

5 REFERENCE 7

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1 OBJECTIVE
To perform amplitute modulation and demodulation and to calculate modulation index for
various modulating voltage.

2 THEORY
Modulation is defined as the process which causes a shift in range of frequency in a signal.
In carrier communication sinusoidal carrier of high frequency c is varied in proportional
accordance with a baseband m(t).

2.1 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.Amplitude modulation is
characterized by the fact that the amplitude A of the Carrier Acos(c t + c ) is varied in
proportion to the baseband signal m(t), the modulating signal.The frequency c and the
phasec are constant. If the carrier amplitude A is made directly proportional to the modu-
lating signal m(t) ,the modulated signal is m(t)cosc t.This type of modulation simply shifts
the spectrum of m(t) to the carrier frequency. Thus, if

m(t) M ()

then
m(t)cos(c t) 1/2[M ( + c ) + M ( c )]
where
M(+c ) is called right shift of M()
M(-c ) is called left shift of M()

For this reason it is called double-sideband suppressed carrier DSB-SC .

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2.2 Demodulation
The process of recovering the signal from the modulated signal is referred to as demodula-
tion.In a simpler way we can say demodulation is similiar to modulation,consists of multi-
plication of the incoming of the incoming modulated signal m(t)cos(c t) followed by a low
pass filter.We can verify this conclusion directly in the time domain by observing e(t) is

e(t) = m(t)cos2 c t

e(t) = 1/2(m(t) + m(t)cos2c t)

2.3 Modulation index of AM signals

The modulation index m of an AM signal is defined as

[A(t)]max [A(t)]min
m=
[A(t)]max + [A(t)]min

if m = 0.5, carrier amplitude varies by 50 percent above (and below) its unmodulated
level, For m = 1.0, it varies by 100 percent. With 100 percent modulation the wave amplitude
sometimes reaches zero, and this represents full modulation using standard AM and is often a
target (in order to obtain the highest possible signal to noise ratio) but mustnt be exceeded.
Increasing the modulating signal beyond that point, known as overmodulation.

3 OBSERVATION
peak to peak value is =1.04V
Vmax = 1.04/2 = 0.52V
Vmin = 0.3V
max Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax +Vmin
= 0.268

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 Modulated signal

Receiver signal
peak to peak value is =.832V
Vmax = .832/2 = 0.416V
Vmin = 0.12V
Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax
max +Vmin
= 0.552

Modulated signal

Receiver signal

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peak to peak value is =.744V
Vmax = .744/2 = 0.372V
Vmin = 0.04V
max Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax +Vmin
= 0.892

Modulated signal

Receiver signal

peak to peak value is =0.780V

Vmax = 0.324/2 = 0.162V
Vmin = 0.056V
Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax
max +Vmin
= 1.032

Just above modulated signal

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 Receiver signal

4 CONCLUSION
From above signals we can conclude that to receive output signal as same shape of baseband
signal , modulation index should be in between 0 to 1.

5 REFERENCE
http://findnerd.com/list/view/Amplitude-Modulation-in-Analog-to-Analog/16843/
http : //www.evalidate.in/lab2/pages/AM Demod/AM D/AM DI .html