CE405/1 1

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 1
CONTENTS:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Differential equation of the deflection curve
1.3 Slopes and deflections by direct integration method
1.4 Cantilever beams
1.4.1 Cantilever beam with u.d.1
1.4.2 Cantilever beam with concentrated load at free end
1.4.3 Cantilever beam with variable loading
1.4.4 Cantilever beam with a moment at free end
1.5.0 Macaulays Method
1.5.1 Cantilever beam with complex loading
Self assessment questions
Numerical Examples
Reference books
Answers to S.A.Q.
AIMS:
1. To obtain the relation between the moment and curvature.
2. To obtain the slope and deflection equations for cantilever beams with different types of
loadings.
3. To introduce Macaulays method by singularity functions.
OBJECTIVES:
After going through this lesson you should be able to
1. obtain the slope and deflection equations for cantilever beams with any type of loading
2. know the application of singularity functions.
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the design of a beam the design engineer has to limit the maximum fibre stresses
and also the maximum deflections. When a beam is subjected to loads, the axis of the beam
deflects from its original straight position. Design codes specify the limits on the maximum
deflection. In buildings the floor beams and slabs should not deflect excessively to avoid
adverse psychological effect on the occupants and also to minimise distress in brittle finishes,
ceilings partitions etc. Further, knowledge of slopes and deflections is essential for
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analysing statically indeterminate beams. In this chapter the expressions for the deflection
curve (elastic curve) are developed.
1.2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE DEFLECTION CURVE:
Consider a beam AB simply supported at A and B which is straight before the
application of the load. The shape A p B represents the deflected shape of the axis of the
beam under loading. This curve is known as the deflection curve or elastic curve.

Fig 1.1
To derive the expression for the deflection curve or elastic curve the co-ordinate axis
are taken as shown in Fig. 1.1. Take another point q in the neighbourhood of p at a distance
dx. Let M be the bending moment and R be the radius of curvature at p.
We know the relation between the moment M the radius of curvature R and flexural
rigidity of the beam EI. It is given as
1 M
= (1.1)
R EI
We know from analytical geometry that in Cartesian co-ordinates, the curvature at
any point is defined as
1 d2 y dy
= 2
(1 + ( ) 2 )3/2 (1.2)
R dx dx
where y is the displacement in the y direction in the x - y plane. However if the
dy dy
deflections are small, the slope is small and hence the term ( ) 2 can be neglected. The
dx dx
equation 1.2 can then be re-written as
1 d2 y
= (1.3)
R dx 2
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Refer Fig 1.2 points p and q are a distance dx apart. is the angle made by the
tangent at p with the x-axis and d is the angle between the normal at p and q. Here the
angle decreases and x increases. This means that for positive bending moment which
produces concavity upwards, d is negative for a positive increase dx in x. There
1 d2 y M E 1
= - 2 Using the relation = , the relation between M and the curvature can be
R dx I R R
obtained as
2
d y
M = - E I (1.4)
dx 2

Fig 1.2
The equation 1.4 is the differential equation of the deflection curve which must be
integrated in each case to obtain the equation of the deflection (or elastic) curve
1.3 SLOPES AND DEFLECTIONS BY DIRECT INTEGRATION METHOD:
Rewriting the equation 1.4 as :
d2 y
E I = -M
dx 2
On first integration, we get,
dy
EI = - M dx + C1 (1.5)
dx
Integrating again, we obtain

EIY = - [ M dx] dx + C1 x + C2

The equations 1.5 and 1.6 give the slopes and deflections respectively at a given point
x. The constants of integration C1 and C2 can be determined from the boundary conditions
for slopes and deflections. Here the equation 1.4 has been integrated twice, hence this
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method is known as the double integration method. This direct method of integration is
helpful in solving simple problems.
1.4 CANTILEVER BEAMS:
The student might be familiar with various types of beams. A cantilever beam is one
which is fixed at one end and free at the other end (Fig 1.3)

Fig 1.3
In Fig 1.3, the beam is fixed at A and free at B. At A, the beam can neither deflect
nor rotate and hence both slope and deflection are zero at fixed end. Cantilevers have wide
applications in actual practice.. For example cantilever sun shades in buildings, cantilever
porticos, and cantilever balconies in theatres are widely constructed. In the sections that
follow, we derive the deflection equations for cantilever beams under different loading
conditions.
1.4.1 Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load:
Consider a cantilever beam A B, fixed at A and free at the end B (Fig 1.4).

Fig 1.4
The U.d.1 acting on the beam is w/m. Taking the free and B as origin, the bending
moment Mx at a distance x will be :
Wx 2
Mx = - (a)
2
From equation 1.4, we get
d2y wx 2
EI = (b)
dx 2 2
The first integration gives
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dy Wx 3
EI = + C1 (c)
dx 6
The constant of integration C1 is found from the condition that the slope at the built in
dy
end A is zero, i.e., = 0 for x = l . Substituting these values in (c), we find
dx
Wl3
C1 = , - (d)
6
The second integration gives
Wx 4 Wl 3
EIY = - ( ) x + C2 (e)
24 6
The constant C2 is obtained from the condition that the deflection is also zero at the
builting and A. Thus by substituting x =l and Y = 0, we obtain

Wl 4
C2 = (f)
8
Substituting C1 and C2 in the equations (c) and (e), we obtain:
dy Wx 3 Wl 3
EI = - (1.7)
dx 6 6
Wx 4 Wl 4 Wl 4
EIY= = ( )x + (1.8)
24 6 8
Substituting x = 0 in the relations 1.7 and 1.8, we obtain the slope B and YB at free
end B.
Wl3 Wl 4
B = and YB =
6 EI 8 EI
1.4.2 Cantilever beam with a concentrated load at the free end

Fig 1.5
The cantilever beam A B carries a concentrated load P at the free end B. The moment
at x is equal to :
Mx = - px (a)
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d2y
EI = Px (b)
dx 2
First integration gives:
dy Px 2
EI = + C1 (c)
dx 2
dy
The constant C1 is determined from the condition that = 0 at x = l
dx
substitution these in equation (1), we get
Pl 2
C1 = (d)
2
Integrating (c), we get
Px3 Pl 2
EIY = - ( ) x + C2 (e)
6 2
The constant C2 is obtained from the condition that the deflection is zero at x = l on
substitution
Pl3
C2 =
3
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equations and (e), we obtain:
dy Px 2 Pl 2
EI = - (1.9)
dx 2 2
Px3 Pl 2 Pl 3
EIY - ( )x + (1.10)
6 2 3
Substituting x = 0 in the equations (1.9) and (1.10), we find the slope and deflection
at the free end as:
Pl 2 Pl3
B = and YB =
2 EI 3EI
1.4.3 Cantilever beam with variable loading:
Consider a cantilever beam carrying a triangular load with zero intensity at free end
and an intensity of w/m at the fixed end.
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Fig 1.6
Wx
Taking B as origin, the intensity of loading Wx at the x is equal to Wx = The
l
Wx 2 2
total load acting upto x is equal to and its c.g. lies at x from B. Thus
2l 3
Wx 2 2
M = -( ) x (a)
2l 3
from equation 1.4, we have
d2y wx 3
EI = (b)
dx 3l
first integration gives
dy Wx 4
EI = + C1 (c)
dx 12l
The constant C1 is obtained from the condition that at
dy
x = l, = m0
dx
Wl3
C1 =
12
second integration gives
Wx 5 Wl 3
EIY - ( ) x + C2 (d)
60l 12
C2 is determined from the condition
that at x = l. y = 0

Wl 4
C2 =
15
CE405/1 8

substituting these values of C1 and C2 in equations (c) and (d) we get

dy Wx 4 Wl3
EI = - (1.11)
dx 12 12
Wx 5 Wl 3 Wl 2
EIY - ( ) x + (1.12)
60l 12 15
1.4.4 Cantilever beam with a moment at the free end:

Fig 1.7
The cantilever beam is acted upon by a clock wise moment M at the free end. The
moment at x is equal to :
Mx = - M (a)
d2y
EI =M (b)
dx 2
Integrating:
dy
EI = Mx + C1 (c)
dx
dy
from the condition = 0, at x = l, we get
dx
C1 = - Ml
so further integration; we obtain,
Mx 2
EIY = - M l + C2 (d)
2
substitution values of C1 and C2 Equations (c) and (d) we obtain
dy
EI = Mx = Ml (1.13)
dx
Mx 2 Ml 2
EIY - Ml x+ (1.14)
2 2
Ml Ml 2
B=- and YB =
EI 2 EI
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1.5 MACAULAYS METHOD:

In the earlier section we have considered cantilever beams with simple loading. In all
these cases the moment is represented by a single function over the entire span. In many
loading conditions, the moment may have different expressions in different zones over the
span.

Fig.1.8
See the Fig 1.8. Here the expressions for the bending moments in the various zones
BC, CD, DE and EA have different forms. Hence if we use double integration method it is
some what complicated and time consuming. To avoid this difficulty, to solve this kind of
problem, a versatile technique known as Macaulays method can be adopted. Before
developing this method, we have to know about singularity functions based on which this
method was developed.
Singularity functions:
fn(x) = [x - a]n is a singularity function. The function has the property:
[x - a]n = 0 for 0 < x < a
(x - a)n for a < x <
where n 0 (i.e., n = 0, 1, 2, .............)
The function in the brackets is non existent until x reaches a. For x beyond a, the
expression becomes an ordinary binomial. For n = 0 and x > a, the function is unity. If n has
a negative value, for the first two negative values the functions are always zero except when
x = a. Here they are infinite but they are integrated as follows:
x
0 [ x - a]-2 dx = [x - a]-1 (1.15)
x
0 [ x - a]-1 dx = [x - a]0 (1.16)

For positive values of n the function is integrated as follows:

x
0 [ x - a]n dx = [x - an) +1/n+1 for n > 0 (1.17)

1.5.1 Cantilever beam with complex loading:

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Macaulay devised a method of continuous expression for bending moment and

integrating in such a way that constants of integration are valid for all sections of the beam
even though the law of bending moment varies from section to section. Now we shall discuss
the application Macaulays method.

Fig 1.9
See the Fig 1.9 P1 and P2 are concentrated loads. M is the couple acting at a distance
(a + b) from the free end. Taking B as origin, the moments in the various zones are given as:
Between B and C :
Mx = -P1 x (1.18 a)
Between C and D :
Mx = -P1 x - P2 (x - a) (b)
Between D and A :
Mx = -P1 x - P2 (x - a) - M ( x - a - b)0 (c)
According to the property of the singularity functions, negative terms do not exist.
The three expressions (1.18 a), (b) and (c) can thus be conveniently combined into a
single expression with vertical lines separating them as :
Mx = -P1 x | - P2 (x - a) | - M (x - a - b)0 (d)
In the expression (d), P1 x exist every where on the span, P2 (x - a) exists for X > a,
and M(x - a - b)0 exist for x > (a + b). Using the equation 1.4.
d2y
EI = P1 x | + P2 (x - a) | + M (x - a - b)0 (e)
dx
Integrating we get
dy
EI = P1 x 2/2| + P2 (x - a)2/2 | + M (x - a - b) | C1 (f)
dx

dy
The constant C1 is found from the condition that at x = l, = 0. The vertical lines
dx
are deleted in the expressions for convenience hereafter.
CE405/1 11

P1l 2 P2 (l a) 2
0 = + + M (l- a - b) + C1 (g)
2 2
Solving for C1,
P1l 2 P2 (l a) 2
C1 = - - M (l- a - b)
2 2
Integrating the expression (f) again; we obtain:
P1 x 3 P ( x a )3 M (x - a - b) 2
EIY= + 2 + + C1 x + C 2 (h)
6 6 2
The constant C2 is obtained from the condition that at x =l, y = 0

P1l3 P (l a )3 M (l - a - b) 2
0= + 2 + + C1 x + C2
6 6 2
Simplifying:
P1l3 P2 (l a ) 2 (l + a ) M (l - a - b) l - M
C2 = + +
3 12 2 (l - a - b) 2
substituting C1 and C2 in the equation (f) and (h), we get the expressions for slope and
deflection.
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
1. The deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam carrying a concentrated load P at
the free end is equal to.
Pl 2 Pl3 Pl 4
(a) (b (c) (d) None of the above
2 EI 3EI EI
2. For the cantilever beam carrying u.d.1 over the entire span, the maximum deflection
occurs:
(a) At fixed end (b) At centre (c) At free end (d) None of the above
3. Write down the expression for the bending moment for the cantilever loaded as shown.

Fig 1.10
4. The constants of integration C1 and C2 are determined from the conditions:
CE405/1 12

(a) Deflection at fixed end is zero (b) Slope at fixed end is zero
(c) Both slope and deflection are zero at fixed end (d) None of the above
5. In a cantilever beam, the equation of the deflection curve is
(a) Straight line (b) Parabola (c) Catenary (d) None of the above
Numerical Examples:
In this section, a few numerical examples are worked out to give clear concepts in
typical loading cases.
Example 1.6.1 : A cantilever beam of span 10m carries an u.d.1. of intensity 10 KN/m over
the right hand half of the span. Find the slope and deflection at the free end.

Fig 1.11
Solution:
Assume the u.d.1 is acting over the entire span on top and apply negative loading
acting upwards at bottom over the left hand half of the span (See Fig.b)
Taking B as origin
l 2
2 W(x - )
Wx 2
Mx = + (a)
2 2
d2y Wx 2 l
EI 2
= - W (x - ) 2 (b)
dx 2 2
Substituting W = 10 KN/m and l= 10 m

dy 5x 3
EI = - 5 (x - 5) 2 (c)
dx 3
Integrating:
dy 5x 3 5 (x - 5)3
EI = - + C1 (d)
dx 5 3
dy
At x = 10 m, = 0
dx
C1 = -1458.33
Integrating again:
CE405/1 13

5x4 5
EIY = - ( x 5) 4 - 1458.33x + C2 (e)
12 12
At x = 10 m, y = 0
C2 = 10677.08
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in the equations (d) and (e) we get
dy 5 x 3 - 5 (x - 5)3
EI = - 1458.33
dx 3 3 3
5 x4 5
EIY = (x - 5) 4 - 1458.33x + 10677.08
12 12
substituting x = 0, we get slope and deflection at the free end.
1458.33
B = -
EI
10677.08
YB =
EI
Example 1.6.2: Find the slope and deflection for the cantilever beam at the free end. Adopt
Macaulays method. A couple 20 KN/m is acting at 2 m from the free end.

Fig 1.12
Taking B as origin
10 (x - 3) 2
Mx = -50 x - 20 (x-2)0
2
d2y 10 ( x - 3) 2
EI = 50 x + 20 (x-2)0 +
dx 2
Integrating:
dy 5
EI = 25 x 2 + 20 (x - 2) + (x-3)3 + C1
dx 3
dy
Substituting = 0 at x = 6
dx
CE405/1 14

5
0 = 25 x 36 + 20 4 + x (3)3 + C1
3
C1 = -1025
Integrating again:
25 5
EIY = ( ) x 3 + 10 (x-2)2+( ) (x-3)4 + C1 x + C2
3 12
Substituting y = 0 at x = 6
25 5
0 = x 216 + 10 x 16 + x 81 - 1025 x 6 + C2
3 12
C2 = 4156.25
Substituting C1 and C2 we have:
dy 5
EI = 25 x2 + 20 (x-2) + (x-3)3 - 1025
dx 3
25 3 5
EIY = x + 10 (x-2)2 + (x-3)4 - 1025 x + 4156.25
3 12
1025
B = -
EI
4156.25
YB =
EI
SUMMARY:
The differential equation for the deflection is :
d2y
EI = -M
dx 2
Integrating the first integration gives slope and the second integration gives
deflection. The constants of integration C1 and C2 are determined from the boundary
dy
condition at the fixed end i.e., = 0 and y = 0.
dx

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1(a) A uniform cantilever beam of span l fixed at A and free at B carries u.d.1 for a length
of l/2 from fixed end. Further, it carries a concentrated load P at the free end B. Find
the slope and deflection at the free end.
CE405/1 15

(b) What upward force is required at B to bring the free end B to the same level as the
fixed end A.
2. A cantilever beam of span 5 m carries loading as shown. Find the slope and deflection
at the free end.

Fig 1.13
3. A cantilever of span L is subjected to a point load w and an external moment M at
a distance of a from its fixed end. Calculate the deflection at the loading point and the
maximum deflection in the beam?
4. A cantilever beam of span 20 m carries an U.D.L. of intensity 20 KN/m over the entire
span and also a concentrated load of 10 KN is acting at the centre of the span. Find the
slope and deflection at the free end.
5. A cantilever beam of span 10m carrying a linearly varying load of intensity zero at the
free end and 15 KN per unit length at the fixed end. Find the slope and deflection at the
free end.

Fig 1.14
6 A Cantilever beam of length l carries u.d.1. of intensity of W KN/m over right hand
half length from free end. Find the equation of the deflection curve. Hence find the
slope and deflection at free end.
Answers to self assessment questions:
1. (b)
2. (c)
CE405/1 16

x 1
3. Mx = -M - P1( )
2
4. (c)
5. (b)
Reference Books:
1. Analysis of structures : Vol.-I
By V N Vazirani and M M Ratwani
2. Strength of Materials : Part - I
By S Timshenko D Vass Nostrand company INC New York
3. Introduction to Mechanics of solids
By E P Poppy: Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd., New Delhi
4. Structural Theory and Analysis
By J D Todd. E L B S and Macmillan
5. Theory and problems of strength of Materials
By W A Nash : Schaums Outline series McGraw-Hill internal Book company,
Singapore.

***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 2
CONTENTS:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Simply supported beam with a central concentrated load
2.3 Simply supported beam with U.D.L. over entire span
2.4 Simply supported beam with linearly varying load
2.5 Simply supported beam with non-central load
Numerical Examples
Self Assessment Questions
Summary
Answers to S.A.Q.
AIMS:
1. To develop deflection equations for simply supported beams and over hanging beams with
different loading conditions.
CE405/1 17

OBJECTIVES:
This unit will enable you to develop the deflection equations for simply supported
beams and over hanging beams for any kind of loading. Also the values of slopes and
deflections for standard loading cases of simply supported beams are developed.
2.1. INTRODUCTION:
Simply supported beams have wide application in the actual construction. Both
R.C.C. and steel beams are used to support floors and bridge decks. The design criterion of
these structures also limits the magnitude of deflections. In this lesson we discuss about the
development of elastic curves for simply supported beams with different loading conditions.

Fig 2.1
See Fig.2.1. The beam is simply supported at the ends A and B. RA and RB are the
reactions developed due to external loads acting on the span. These reactions can be readily
determined from static equilibrium equations. The curved shape is the deflected shape of the
beam after loading. From the deflected shape we can conclude that the deflections are zero at
the ends but slopes are present. These geometric boundary conditions on deflection are used
to determine the integration constants.
2.2 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH A CENTRAL CONCENTRATED LOAD.

FIG 2.2
CE405/1 18

See Fig.2.2. The simply supported beam AB carries a concentrated load P at the
centre of the span. Because of symmetry the support reactions at A and B are equal and their
P
value is equal to
2
Taking A as origin, the moment at any point x is equal to:
P
Mx = x (a)
2

Applying the relation 1.4

d 2y P
EI 2
= x (b)
dx 2

Integrating:
dy - p.x 2
EI = + C1 (c)
dx 4
dy dy
As the beam is loaded symmetrically, = 0 at the centre. Substituting = 0 at
dx dx
L
x = .
2

PL2
0= + C1
16
PL2
C1 =
16
dy - Px 2 PL2
EI = + (2.1)
dx 4 16

Integrating again:
Px3 PL2
EI Y = + x + C2 (d)
12 16
We know that at x = 0, y = 0.
Applying this condition we get C2 = 0
Px3 PL2
EIY = + x (2.2)
12 16
PL2
At x = 0, A = (2.3)
16 EI
PL2
At x = 1, B = (2.4)
16 EI
CE405/1 19

L
Maximum deflection occurs at centre C, substituting x = in equation 2.2.
2
PL3
YC = (2.5)
48 EI
2.3 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Fig 2.3
Consider a simply supported beam AB carrying an uniformly distributed load of
intensity w/m over the entire span. Because the load is symmetric, the reactions are equal
wL
and their value is equal to . Taking A as origin.
2
wL wx 2
Mx = ( )x - (a)
2 2
d 2y wL wx 2
EI 2
= -( )x + (b)
dx 2 2

dy wL wx 3
EI = = x2 + C1 (c)
dx 4 6

L dy
Because of symmetry, the slope at centre i.e., at x = is zero. Substituting = 0 at
2 dx
L
x= , we get
2
wL3
C1 = (d)
24
dy wL 2 wx 3 wL3
EI = - x + + (2.6)
dx 4 6 24

Integrating:
wL 3 wx 4 wL3
EI y = x + + x + C2 (a)
12 24 24

Substituting at x = 0, y = 0, we get C2 = 0
CE405/1 20

wL 3 wx 4 wL3
EI Y = x + + x (2.7)
12 24 24

wL3
at x = 0, A= (2.8)
24 EI
wL3
at x =L , B= (2.9)
24 EI
Maximum deflection occurs at centre:
L 5 wL4
At x = , yc = (2.10)
2 384 EI

2.4 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM LINEARLY VARYING LOAD:

See Fig 2.4 AB is a simply supported beam carrying a linearly varying load of
intensity zero at A and w/unit length at B. If wx = intensity of loading at a distance x from
A, then

Fig 2.4
wx
wx = (a)
L

wL wL
RA = and RB = (b)
6 3
1 wx 2
wx = total load up to x = x wx =
2 2L

x
The c.g of wx is at from section x
3

wL wx 3
Mx = x - (c)
6 6L
CE405/1 21

d 2y wL wx 3
EI 2
= - x + (d)
dx 12 6L

Integrating:
dy wL 2 wx 4
EI = -( )x + + C1 (e)
dx 12 24 L
wL 3 wx 5
EI Y = x + + C1 x + C2 (f)
36 120L

Substituting the conditions:

at x. = 0, y = 0
at x = L, y = 0
we get C2 = 0 and
7
C1 = wL3
360
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in the equation (e) and (f), we obtain:
dy wL 2 wx 4 7
EI =- x + + wL3 (2.11)
dx 12 24L 360

wL 3 wx 5 7
EI y = x + + wL3x (2.12)
36 120L 360

dy
Maximum deflection occurs where = 0. Therefore equating equation (2.11) to
dx
zero:
wL 2 wx 4 7
0 = x + + wL3 (g)
12 24L 360

Solving x = 0.5192 L (h)

The maximum value of deflection is :
wL4
ymax = 0.006505
EI
2.5 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH NON-CENTRAL CONCENTRATED
LOAD:
CE405/1 22

FIG 2.5
Taking A as origin and applying Macaulays method.
Pb
Mx = x -P (x - a) (a)
l

d 2y Pb
EI 2
= x + P (x - a) (b)
dx l

Integrating:
dy Pb 2 P (x - a)2
EI =- x + + C1 (c)
dx 2l 2

Pb 3 P (x - a)3
EI y = ( )x + + C1 x + C2 (d)
6l 6
When x < a, the expression (x - a) is not considered because the argument (x - a) is
negative and neglected because the term as a whole is negative as per singularity functions.
y = 0 at x = 0, we obtain C2 = 0
Similarly putting y = 0, at x = l
Pb 2 P (l - a)3
l + C1l + =0 (e)
6 6

Keeping (l - a) = b and simplifying

Pb
C1 = (l2 - b2)
6l

On substitution C1 and C2 in expressions (c) and (d), we get

dy Pb 2 Pb P (x - a)2
EI = - x + (l 2 b2 ) + (2.13)
dx 2l 6l 2

Pb 3 Pb P (x - a)3
EI y = x + (l 2 b2 ) x + (2.14)
6l 6l 6
CE405/1 23

If a > b, maximum deflection occurs between A and C. For maximum deflection

dy
equating = 0 in the zone AC. The last term of eq. (2.13) is not included as x is in zone
dx

AC.
Pb Pb
0= x2 + (l 2 b2 ) (f)
2l 6l

Solving for x, we get, taking the positive value

l2 b2
x=
3

and the maximum deflection y max ,

Pb
ymax = (l2 - b2)3/2 (g)
( 9 3 l EI)

Numerical examples: In this section a few numerical examples are worked out to give clear
concepts in typical loading cases.
Example:2.6.1: A simply supported beam AB of span 6m carries a concentrated load of 120
KN at 2 m from left hand support and a clockwise couple of 600 KN.m is acting at 3m from
the right hand support. Find the slopes at supports and deflection at the centre of the span.

Fig 2.6
Taking moments about B:
RA 6 - 120 4 + 600 = 0
RA = - 20 KN
RA + RB - 120 = 0
RB = 140 KN
Taking A as origin:
Mx = -20x - 120 (x - 2) + 600 (x - 3)0
CE405/1 24

d2y
EI 2
= 20 x + 120 (x - 2) - 600 (x - 3)0
dx
Integrating:
dy
EI = 10x2 + 60( x - 2)2 - 600 (x - 3) + C1 (a)
dx
10 3
EI y = x + 20 (x - 2)3 - 300 (x - 3)2 + C1 x + C2 (b)
3
From the conditions:
(i) y = 0 at x = 0
(ii) y = 0 at x = 6
700
we get : C2 = 0 and C1 =
6

Substituting C1 and C2 in the equation (a) and (b) we have

dy 350
EI = 10x2 + 60 (x-2)2 - 600 (x-3) + (c)
dx 3
10 350
EI y = x3 + 20(x -2)3 - 300 (x - 3)2 + x (d)
3 3

350
A =
3EI
1090
B =
3EI
Deflection at centre : i.e., at x = 3
460
yC =
3EI
2.6.2: A simply supported beam of span 8 m carries a u.d.1 of 20 KN.m over a length of 4 m
symmetrically about the centre of span. Derive the deflection equation. Find the deflection
at centre and slopes at the ends.

Fig. 2.7
CE405/1 25

Fig. 2.8
From statics it can be found that
RA = RB = 40 KN
Assume the u.d.1 of 10 KN.m acts downward on the part DB also and negative
loading of same intensity acts upwards at bottom in DB as shown.
This does not alter the slopes and deflections of the original beam.
Taking A as origin; and applying Macaulays method
20 (x - 2) 2 20 (x - 6) 2
Mx = 40 - +
2 2
d 2y
EI 2
= - 40 x + 10 (x - 2)2 - 10 (x - 6)2
dx

Integrating:
dy 10 10
EI = -20 x2 + (x-2)3 - (x-6)3 + C1 (a)
dx 3 3

20 10 10
EI y = - x3 + (x-2)4 - (x-6)4 + C1 x + C2 (b)
3 12 12

From the geometric boundary conditions,

(i) y = 0 at x = 0
(ii) y = 0 at x = 8
We get C2 = 0 and C1 = 293.33
Substituting C1 and C2 in the equations (a) and (b), we have:
dy 10 10
EI = -20 x2 + (x-2)3 - (x-6)3 + 243.3 (c)
dx 12 3

20 10 10
EI y = - x3 + (x-2)4 - (x-6)4 + 243.3x (d)
3 12 12

Hence
293.3 293.3
A = ; B =
EI EI
CE405/1 26

Deflection at Centre i.e., at x = 4m

759.86
yc =
EI
Note: The third term will not be considered as it enters if x > 4.
2.6.3: A double overhanging beam with two equal overhangs of 2m and supported span of
6m carries uniformly distributed load of 15 KN.m over the entire span. Find the slopes at
free ends and at supports. Also find the deflection at centre of the span.
From statics it can be found
RA = RB = 75 KN
Taking c as origin:
15
Mx = - x2 + 75 (x - 2) + 75 (x - 6)
2

The third term enter for x > 6

d2y
EI 2
= 7.5 x2 - 75 (x - 2) - 75 (x-6)
dx

Fig 2.9
Integrating:
dy 7.5 x 3 75 (x - 2) 2 75 (x - 6) 2
EI = - - C1 (a)
dx 3 6 2
7.5 x 4 75 (x - 2)3 75 (x - 6)3
EI y - - + C1 x + C2 (b)
12 6 6
From the geometric boundary condition
(i) y. = 0 at x = 2
(ii) y = 0 at x = 8
We get
C2 = -10 and
C1 = 18.75
CE405/1 27

Substituting C1 and C2 in the expressions (a) and (b) we get

dy 7.5 x 3 7.5 7.5
EI = - ( (x-2)2 - (x-6)2+18.75 (c)
dx 3 2 6

7.5 x 4 7.5 7.5

EI y = - (x-2)3 - (x-6)3 + 18.75 x - 10 (d)
12 6 6

Substituting values for x, we get:

18.75 18.75
C = , D =
EI EI
10 10
YA = YD
EI EI
38.75 38.75
A = B =
EI EI
Deflection at Centre of span
440.6
YE =
EI
Note that when we find YE, the third term in the eq. (d) will not be considered as this
will be negative for x > 6.
2.6.4: An overhanging beam ABC supported at A and B (AB = 6m, BC = 2m) carries an
u.d.1 of intensity 10 KN.m over the span AB and a concentrated load of 30 KN at the free
end C. Find the slopes at A, B and C. Also find the deflection at the centre of span AB and
at the free end C.

Fig 2.10
RA = 20 KN
RB = 70 KN
Assume u.d.1 of 10 KN.m is also acting downwards over BC and simultaneously and
a negative loading of same intensity acts upwards at bottom in BC to balance the assumed
loading as BC
CE405/1 28

Fig 2.11
This will not alter the reactions
Taking A as origin:
Mx = 20 x - 5 x2 + 70 (x-6) + 5 (x-6)2
d2y
EI 2
= -20 x + 5x2 - 70 (x-6) - 5(x-6)2
dx
Integrating:
dy 5 5
EI = -10 x2 + x3 - 35 (x-6)2 - (x-6)3 + C1 (a)
dx 3 3
10 3 5 4 35 5
EI y = x + x - (x-6)3 - (x-6)4 + C1 x + C2 (b)
3 12 3 12
From the conditions:
y =0 at x = 0
y = 0 at x=6m
we have C2 = 0 and C1 = 30
Substituting C1 and C2 in (a) and (b) we have slope and deflection equations:
30 30 90
A = , B = and C =
EI EI EI
Deflection at centre of span AB i.e., x = 3m. Substituting x = 3 in the equation (b)
and neglecting terms with negative expressions in the brackets.
135
Yx=3 =
4 EI
Yc = Deflection at free end i.e., at x = 8 m
8673.33
=
EI
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
CE405/1 29

w
1. The maximum deflection in a simply supported beam of span L carrying u.d.1 over
m
the entire span is equal to :
wL4 wL3 5 wL4 5 wL3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
48 EI 24 EI 384 EI 384 EI
2. In simply supported beams, carrying and loading the maximum slopes occurs at :
(a) at one of the supports (b) at centre (c) at quarter span
(d) None of the above
3. In a simply supported beam, maximum deflection occurs where:
d 2y dy
(a) 2
= 0 (b) y = 0 (c) Moment is maximum (d) =0
dx dx
4. Two simply supported beams with the same value of EI and spans L1 and L2 carry u.d.1
w1
over the entire span. For the maximum deflections to be equal, the ratio of loads is
w2
equal to :
4 2
L2 L2
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
L1 L1

5. A simply supported beam of span 8 m is carrying a central concentrated load of 10 KN.

The deflection at the centre of the span is equal to 10 mm . What will be the deflection
if the load is doubled. (Assume even though load is doubled, the stress is with in the
elastic limit).
(a) 10 mm (b) 20 mm (c) 15mm (d) None of the above
SUMMARY:
The differential equation for the deflection curve is :
d2y
EI = - Mx
dx 2
Integrating, the first integration gives slope and the second one give deflection. The
constants of integration C1 and C2 are determined from the conditions.
(i) y = 0 at x = 0 and (ii) y = 0 at x = 1 for simply supported beams
For maximum deflections, dy/dx = 0 which is solved for x to find the position of
maximum deflection.
EXERCISE:
1. A simply supported beam AB of span L carries a triangular load, with intensity of
w/m at centre and zero at ends. Find the slopes at supports and deflection at centre.
CE405/1 30

2. A simply supported beam AB of Span L carries a sinosoidal loading of intensity w sin

x
per unit length, with maximum ordinate at the centre of span. Find the slopes at
L

the supports and deflection at centre.

3. A simply supported beam of span 8m carries u.d.1 of intensity 80 KN.m over the left
hand half of the span. Further, it carries a central concentrated load of 50 KN and an anti
clockwise couple of 120 KN.m at the right hand supports. Find the slopes at supports and
deflection at centre of span.

Fig.2.12
4. An over hanging beam carries loading as shown. Find the slope at free end C and
deflection at centre of span AB.

Fig. 2.13
5. A simply supported beam of span 7 m carries U.D.L of intensity 6 KN/m over the entire
span. Further it carries a concentrated load of 25 KN acting at 2 m from the left hand
support. Find the slopes at supports and deflection at the centre of the span.
6. An over hanging beam carries loading as shown in figure. Find the deflection at the
centre of span PQ and at the free end R.
CE405/1 31

Fig. 2.14
7. A beam ABC is loaded as shown. Compute (i) deflection at free end C (ii) maximum
deflection and (iii) slope at end A

Fig. 2.15

***

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 3
CONTENTS:
3.1 Moment area method
3.2 Moment area theorems and derivation
3.3 Examples on cantilever beams
3.4 Examples on symmetrically loaded simply supported beams
3.5 Conjugate beam method
3.6 Example in Conjugate beam method
Summary
Self assessment questions (SAQ)
CE405/1 32

Exercise problems
AIMS:
1. To derive the moment area theorems
2. To find slopes and deflections
using moment - area theorems for typical cantilever and symmetrically loaded simply
supported beams.
OBJECTIVES:
After going through the lesson you should be able to:
1. To derive the moment area theorems independently and understand the Principles
involved in it.
2. To understand the simplicity of determining slopes and deflections as compared to the
double integration method.
3. To solve typical problems independently.
3.1 MOMENT AREA METHOD:
In the previous two chapters we have developed expressions for the deflection curve.
From the deflection equation, we can find the slopes and deflections anywhere on the span.
In many cases however we need to find the slopes and deflections at a particular section on
the span. By the moment - area method we can directly find the slope and deflection at any
specified section using the moment diagram, thus greatly reducing the labour and complexity
of deriving the equation for the deflection curve. It is based on two theorems, usually known
as the Mohrs moment - area theorems.
3.2 MOMENT - AREA THEOREMS AND THEIR DERIVATION:
Theorem - 1:
The angle in radians between the tangents at any two points on a beam or the change
M
of slope between these points) is equal to the area of the diagram between them.
EI
Theorem - II:
The deflection of a point B from the tangent drawn at another point A is equal to the
M
moment of the diagram between the two points A and B about B.
EI
Derivation:
Consider two point P and Q which are at a distance dx apart on AB (see Fig .3.1.).
R is the radius of curvature and the arc length PQ is approximated by dx.
Therefore,
CE405/1 33

R d = dx
dx
or d =
R
d is the angle between the tangents drawn at P and Q, then the angle between the
tangents drawn at A and B (or the change of slope between A and B) is given by:
dx
= d =
R
M 1 1 M
We know that = or =
EI R R EI
Thus integrating between B and A, we have
A M
= (3.1)
B EI .dx
A M M
is nothing but the area of
B EI .dx EI
In the figure, the tangents at P and Q are extended until they cut on ATB. It can be
shown that d , the vertical intercept between the tangents is equal to
M
d = x. d = x dx
EI
CE405/1 34

Fig 3.1
Integrating between B and A, we have :
A A M
ATB = = d = . dx
B B
EI

M M
dx is the moment of the diagram between B and A about B, where the
EI EI
deflection is required. A AT is the tangent drawn at A.
3.3 EXAMPLES ON CANTILEVER BEAMS:
Example 1: Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a Cantilever carrying u.d.1. over
the entire span.
Since A is fixed A = 0. The tangent at A is horizontal. According to theorem I, the
angle between the tangents at A and B and consequently B is given by
M
B = Area of diagram between A and B.
EI

1 wl 2 wl3
l =
3 2EI 6 EI
CE405/1 35

Fig. 3.2
B is the position of B after deflection. The deflection B of the free end B is given by
M
taking moment of diagram about B.
EI
M
B = Moment of diagram about B
EI
w l3 3 wl4
= x l =
6 EI 4 8 EI
Example 2: Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever carrying u.d.1 over
half the length from the free end.
M
As in the example 1, B is equal to the area of diagram between A and B. From B
EI
to C, the moment varies parabolically and from C to A, it varies linearly, with ordinates as
shown.
1 wl 2 l wl2 l wl 2 l
B = . . + . + x
3 8 EI 2 8 EI 2 4 EI 2
7 wl3
= (clock wise).
48 EI
CE405/1 36

Fig 3.3
M
The deflection of the free end B is given by taking the moment of the diagram
EI
about B.
wl 3 3 l wl3 l l wl 3 l 2 l
B = + + + +
48 EI 4 2 16 EI 2 4 16 EI 2 3 2

41 wl 4
= (Downwards)
384 EI
Example 3: Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam carrying a
l
concentrated load P at from the end.
2
Pl l Pl 2
B = =
2EI 2 4 EI
B = Deflection of free end.
1 Pl 2 l l
= l +
2 2EI 3 2 2

5 Pl 3
=
24 EI
Example 4: Find the slope and deflection at the free end of the cantilever shown in Fig 3.5.
Moment of inertia of AC is twice the moment of inertia of BC.
M
B = Area of diagram
EI
1 Pl l Pl 1 1 Pl l
= + . +
2 2EI 2 4EI 2 2 4EI 2
CE405/1 37

5 Pl 2
=
16 EI

Fig 3.4
B = Moment of M/EI diagram about B
Pl 2 2 l Pl 2 l l Pl 2 l 2 l
B = + + + +
8EI 3 2 8 EI 2 4 16 EI 2 3 2

3 Pl 3
=
16 EI

Fig 3.5
CE405/1 38

3.4 EXAMPLES ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS:

Example 1 : A simply supported beam (Fig 3.6) carries two symmetrically placed loads as
shown. Find the slopes at supports and the maximum deflection.
As the loading is symmetric, the deflection is maximum at the centre and the slope
Zero. Therefore the slope at A.
M
A = Area of diagram between A and C
EI
1 Pa (l - 2a) Pa
= a + .
2 EI 2 EI
Pal Pa 2
= -
2 EI 2 EI
C = deflection at the centre C, which is the same as the deflection of the point B
from the tangent drawn at C

Fig.3.6
M
= Moment of diagram between C and B about B
EI
1 Pa 2 (l - 2a) Pa l - 2a
= a a+ a+
2 EI 3 2 EI 2

Pa 3 Pa 2 Pa
= + ( l - 2a) + ( l - 2a) 2
3EI 2 EI 4 EI
Simplifying we get
CE405/1 39

Pa 3 3a 4a 3 6a 2
= + 3
3EI l l l2

Example 2: A simply supported beam shown (Fig 3.7) has a flexural rigidity EI in the
l
central portion of length flexural rigidity 2EI at the end portions. Find the slope at the
2
supports and deflection at Centre. Use moment area method.
As the loading and beam is symmetric, maximum deflection occurs at the Centre.
Hence the tangent at Centre is horizontal.
M
A = Slope at A, which is equal to area of dia. between A and C.
EI
1 l Pl Pl l 1 l 8Pl 7 Pl 2
= + + =
2 4 16EI 8EI 4 2 4 EI 128 EI

c = Deflection at centre: This is same as the deflection of the point A from the
tangent drawn at centre.
= Moment of M/EI dia between A and C about A
pl 2 2 l pl 2 l l pl 2 l 2 l
= . + + + +
128EI 3 4 32 EI 4 8 64 EI 4 3 4
Simplifying we get:
5 Pl 3
= .
256 EI
Example 3: A simply supported beam of span l carries u.d.1. over the entire span. Find
the slopes at supports and deflection at centre of span.
As the loading is symmetric, the maximum deflection occurs at centre. Hence the
tangent at centre C is horizontal.
M
A = Slope at A, which is equal to the area of dia. between A and C.
EI
1 2 wl 2 wl 3
= l =
2 3 8EI 24 EI
= Deflection at centre. This is same as the deflection of point A from the tangent
drawn at Centre C.
M
= Moment of dia. between A and C about A
EI
CE405/1 40

wl 3 5 l
=
24 EI 8 2

5 wl 4
=
384 EI

Fig 3.7
CE405/1 41

Fig 3.8
The above values have already been derived early using double integration method.
In the previous examples, we have discussed simply supported beams with symmetric
loading. Here the maximum deflection occurs at the centre of the span and hence the slope at
centre is zero. Therefore the solutions are direct and simple. But when the loading is
unsymmetric the solutions are little involved. Therefore in the following examples, simply
supported beams with unsymmetric loading are solved.
Example 4: A simply supported beam of span l carries a non central load P at a distance
a from the left support. Find the slopes at the ends and also determine the slope and
deflection under the load.
A = deflection of the Point A from the tangent at B
B = slope at B
When B is small : A = B l (a)
But we know that is equal to the moment of M/EI diagram between A and B about
A.
1 Pab (l + a)
A = l .
2 l.EI. 3
P ab ( l + a)
= (b)
6EI
From the relations (a) and (b), we get
P ab ( l + a)
B = (c)
6 EI
Similarly we can find A , and is given as:
P ab ( l + b)
A = (d)
6 EI
Slope and deflection under the load:
C = deflection of the point C from the tangent at B, where C is the position of C
after deflection
M
= Moment of diagram between B and C about C.
EI
1 Pab b
c = b
2 lEI 3
Pab3
= (e)
6 EIl
CE405/1 42

CB = angle between the tangents at C and B.

Fig 3.9 Deflected shape

M
= Area of diagram between B and C
EI
Pab2
CB =
2 EIl
C = Slope at C
= B - CB

Pab ( l + a) Pab 2
C = -
6 EI l 2 EI l
Simplifying we get
Pab (a - b)
C =
3 EI l
Yc = deflection at the point c from the original straight axis i.e., chord AB.
CE405/1 43

A b
= - c
l
Substituting the values of A and B from the relations (b) and (e), we get
Pab 2 ( l + a) Pab 3
Yc = -
6 EI l 6EI l
Pab 2
= ( l + a - b)
6EI l
Pa 2 b 2
= (g)
3EI l
Similarly the slope and deflection at centre can be determined at centre.
Example 5 : A simply supported beam of span 8m carries an u.d.1 of intensity of 10 KN.m
over left hand half of the span. Find the slopes at the ends. Also determine the slope and
deflections at the centre.
From statics, the reactions RA and RB can be found. They are equal to :
RA = 30 KN
RB = 10 KN
Taking A as origin
10 x 2
Mx = 30 x - 0 < x < 4
2
Taking B as origin
Mx = 10 x 0 < x < 4
MC = 40 KN.m
M
A = Moment of diagram between A and B about A.
EI
M
Moment of diagram - about A: It can be seen that from A to C the B.M. diagram
EI
is Parabola, and C to B is linear.
8 M x .x 4 M x .x.dx 8 M x .x.dx
dx = +
o EI 0 EI 4 EI
4 1 4 10x 2
M x x dx = 30 x - x dx
0 EI 0 2

4
1 30 x 3 5. x 4
= -
EI 3 4 0
CE405/1 44

320
=
EI
8
Mx. . dx : As this a triangle, it can be found directly
4

Fig 3.10
8 1 40 4
Mx. . dx = 4 4+
4
2 EI 3
1280
=
EI
Adding (a) and (b) we get
320 1280 746.6
A= + =
EI EI EI
But B x 8 = a

746.6 93.325
B = =
EI EI
Similarly A can be found by taking moment of M/EI diagram about B
C = Moment of M/EI diagram between C and B about C
CE405/1 45

1 40 4
= 4
2 EI 3
106.66
=
EI
yc = deflection at centre C
= B 4- C

93.325 106.66 266.64

= 4 - =
EI EI EI
C = B - CB

M
CB = area of diagram between C and B
EI
1 40 80
= 4 =
2 EI EI
93.325 80 13.325
C = - =
EI EI EI
3.5 CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD:
The Conjugate beam method is another versatile technique to determine the slopes
and deflections in beams at a given section. The method is developed based on the
M
mathematical relations between moment Vs load function and deflection Vs functions in
EI
a beam. If the deflected shape of the beam is described by the function Y(x), the following
general relations exist.
y = deflection ordinates of the elastic curve
dy
= = slope of the elastic curve
dx
d dM x Vx
` = =
dx dx EI
d3y d Mx - Vx
= =
dx3 dx EI

d4 y d Vx - Wx
= =
dx 4 dx EI
where Wx. Vx and Mx are the load intensity, shear and moment at the section under
consideration. The validity of these relationships depend on the sign convention used for
various quantities. The co-ordinate system that satisfy these relationships are y downwards
CE405/1 46

and x to the right are positive, shear and moment sign conventions are same as adopted
earlier. The slopes and deflections by conjugate beam method are obtained as explained
M
below. If the diagram for a given beam and loading is considered to be loading on an
EI
imaginary beam known as conjugate beam, the following two principles of conjugate beams
can be stated.
Theorem 1: The shear at any point on the Conjugate beam is equal (in sign and value) to the
slopes at the corresponding point on the real beam.
Theorem 2: The moment at any point on the Conjugate beam is equal (in sign and value) to
the deflection at the corresponding point on real beam.
The supports of the Conjugate beam are such that the shear and moment that are
obtained in the Conjugate beam are consistent with slopes and deflections in the real beam.
M
The conjugate beam with loading for various beams and loadings are as shown in
EI
Fig.3.11.
With regard to the real beam given in 3.11 a, we see that at the fixed end, no slope and
deflection are possible, while at the free end, both slope and deflection would exist. The
conjugate beam is supported in a way that no shear and moment are possible at the left end,
while shear and moment are generated at the right end. The loading on the conjugate beam
acting upwards corresponding to the negative bending moment in the real beam. Similar
reasoning is applied to obtain conjugate beam for other beams.

Fig 3.11
CE405/1 47

3.6 EXAMPLES ON CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD:

1. A cantilever beam of span l carries u.d.1 of w/m over the entire span. Find the slope and
deflection at free end by conjugate beam method.

Fig.3.12.
Fig 3.12.(a) shows the real beam and (b) shows the bending moment diagram on the
real beam. Fig (c) shows the loading on the conjugate beam. The shear and moment at B in
the conjugate beam gives the slope and deflection at B in the original beam.
For the conjugate beam the reaction (shear) and moment are given as :
Vb = the reaction at B
M
= Area of i.e., load diagram on the Conjugate beam
EI

1 wl 2 wl 4
= l =
3 2 EI 8EI
M
Similarly, the moment at B is equal to the moment due to diagram about B.
EI
wl 3 3 wl 4
Mb = l =
6 EI 4 8EI
The shear and moment at B in the conjugate beam corresponds to the slope and
deflection at B.
wl 3 wl 4
B = , B =
6 EI 8EI
CE405/1 48

2. A simply supported beam of span l carries u.d.1 of intensity w/m over the entire span.
Find the slopes at the ends and deflection at centre of span. Adopt conjugate beam
method.

Fig.3.13
Fig.3.13(a) shows the real beam and (b) shows the bending moment diagram on the
M
real beam. Fig (c) shows the loading on the conjugate beam i.e., diagram. The conjugate
EI
beam here is also simply supported beam which is consistent with support conditions. Now
the slopes at A and B are given by the shears at A and B in the conjugate beam. Similarly
the deflection at c in the real beam is given by the moment at c in the conjugate beam.
From statics:
1 M
VA = VB = [ area of diagram between A and B]
2 EI
1 2 wl 2
=
2 3l 8 EI
wl 3
= A =
24 EI
Similarly the moment at section c in the conjugate beam is given as:
M
C = moment of diagram between A and C at c in the conjugate beam.
EI
wl3 l wl 3 3 1
= -
24 2 24 8 2
5 wl 4
=
384 EI
CE405/1 49

Summary: In this chapter the moment area theorems are derived. According to these
theorems, if A and B are two points on deflected curve of a originally straight beam, them :
AB = angle between the tangents at A and B. This is given by the area of
M
diagram between A and B.
EI
BA = deflection of the point B from the tangent drawn at A. This is given by the
M
moment of diagram between B and A about B.
EI
A few examples are worked on cantilever beams and simply supported beams with
symmetric and unsymmetric loading. For cantilever beams, the slope at fixed end is zero and
hence it is simple to find slope and deflection. The slope at any section is given directly by
M
the area of diagram between the fixed end and the point under reference. The deflection
EI
M
at a point is given by the moment of diagram between the fixed end and the point under
EI
reference about the point.
For simply supported beams with symmetrical loading, maximum deflection occurs at
Centre and hence the slope at Centre is zero. Therefore the slope at the ends is given by the
M
area of diagram between support and centre. The deflection at centre from the original
EI
straight axis is same as the deflection of the point at end (support) from the tangent drawn at
M
centre. Therefore the deflection is equal to the moment of diagram over the half of the
EI
span about the end.
The determination of slopes and deflections for simply supported beams with
unsymmetric loading are not direct as in previous case. Examples 4 and 5 illustrate this.
Further the Principles of conjugate beam method are developed and examples are
presented to illustrate the method.
SELF ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:
Answer the following using moment area theorems
1. A cantilever beam of span l carries a concentrated load P at free end. Find the slope
and deflection at free end.
CE405/1 50

M
2. The area of diagram between two points gives ____________________ between the
EI
tangents drawn at the points.
M
3. The moment of the area of diagram between two points about the second point
EI
gives ___________________ of the second point from the _________________ drawn
at first point.
4. In a uniform cantilever beam subjected to specified loading, the slope and deflection are
_______________________ is the moment of inertia is doubled uniformly throughout.

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1. Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever carrying U.D.l. W per unit
length over the entire span. Use moment area method.
2. Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever carrying U.D.l., W per unit
length. Over the entire span. Moment of inertia of AC is twice of the moment of inertia
of CB. Use moment area method.

Fig
3. Find the slope and deflection at the free end of cantilever. Using moment area method.

Fig
4. Find the slope at supports and deflection at the centre of the span for the simply supported
beam shown. Use moment area method.
CE405/1 51

Fig
5. Solve the problems 1, 2, 3 and 4 by Conjugate beam method.
***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 4
CONTENTS:
4.1 Statically indeterminate beams.
4.2 Propped cantilever beams.
4.3 Examples in propped cantilever beams including numerical examples.
Summary
Self Assessment Questions
Answers to Self Assessment Questions
AIMS:
1. To introduce the term statically indeterminate beams and clearly distinguish between
determinate and indeterminate beams.
2. To introduce the concept of geometry/deformation for the solution of statically
indeterminate beams in addition to equilibrium equations.
3. To demonstrate that horizontal reactions will not be developed when the beams are
subjected to vertical (gravity) loading only.
4. To solve a few typical examples on propped cantilever beams and to draw B.M. and S.F.
diagrams.
OBJECTIVES:
After going through the lesson, you should be able to :
1. To differentiate between statically determinate and indeterminate beams.
2. To determine the degree of indeterminacy of a given beam.
3. To solve examples on propped cantilever beams independently.
4.1 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS:
CE405/1 52

Consider a simply supported beam AB shown in Fig.4.1. The beam carries a vertical
load P1 and an inclined load P2. This loading develops three reactions, two vertical reaction
components RA and RB and one horizontal reaction component HA at A. The hinged support
at A can resists both horizontal and vertical reactions. These three reactions can be
determined from the static equilibrium equations.
For forces acting in a plane, there are three equilibrium equations namely.
Fx = 0, FY = 0 and M = 0,

Fig 4.1
From the three equations, the three reactions can be determined. In case if P2 = 0,
then HA = 0.
Now let us discuss about the propped cantilever beam as shown in Fig.4.2

Fig 4.2
The beam is fixed at A and simply supported at B. There are four reaction
components including the fixing moment MA. Therefore the number of unknowns are four
against the three static equilibrium equations. Hence equilibrium alone are not sufficient to
solve the reactions completely.
One more condition is required to solve it in addition to the three equations given in
Eq.(4). This additional condition is obtained from the deformation or geometry of the beam
at support. The number of reaction components in excess of these required for static
equilibrium are known as redundants. The numbers of redundant indicate the degree of static
CE405/1 53

indeterminacy. In this case the degree of static indeterminacy is one. The beams for which
the reactions can be determined completely from the equilibrium equations are called
statically determinate and if they cannot be determined, are known as statically indeterminate
beams. For the solution of indeterminate beams, the deformation conditions also called
compatibility conditions are obtained from the slopes and deflections of the beams at the
supports.

4.2 PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAMS:

Let us take a propped cantilever beam subjected to vertical loading only as shown in Fig
4.3.

Fig 4.3
Here as there is no inclined loading, the horizontal reaction becomes zero. The
numbers of reaction components are three only. As the beam is subjected to only vertical
loading, two equilibrium equations, namely, FY = 0 and M = 0 are only considered and
the condition Fx = 0 becomes trivial. In this propped cantilever this reaction RB can be
considered as a redundant reaction. To solve this redundant, the geometric condition at B,
namely the deflection will be considered. The various steps involved are as follows.
The propped cantilever beam can be looked upon as the superposition of two different
but individually determinate cases shown in Fig.4.4.

Fig 4.4
CE405/1 54

In Fig (a), the propped cantilever with the given loading is shown. In Fig.(b), it is
shown as a cantilever subjected to loading as in the original beam, but without the prop. 1 is
the deflection at B of the cantilever due to the applied loading. In Fig ( c ) it is shown as
subjected to the redundant reaction RB alone. 2 is the deflection at B in this case. The
geometric condition i.e., the deflection at B in the propped cantilever beam is zero. Therefore
the algebraic sum of the deflections 1 and 2 in Figs. 4.4 (b) and (c) shall be equal to zero.
In other words the downward deflection in case (b) is equal to the upward deflection in case
(c).
1 + 2 = 0 (4.2)
Here deflection 1 is known quantity where as the deflection 2 is a linear function of
the redundant reaction RB . The equation 4.2 is known as geometric condition from which RB
can be solved. Once RB is determined, RA and MA can be found from statics.
4.3 EXAMPLES IN PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAMS:
Example 1: To draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams for a propped cantilever beam subjected to
u.d.1 over the entire span.

Fig 4.5(a)
Consider a cantilever beam subjected to u.d.1 as given. 1 is the deflection at B.

Fig 4.5 (b)

wL
1 =
8EI

Now take cantilever beam subjected to the redundant reaction RB alone.

CE405/1 55

Fig 4.5 (c)

RB L3
2 =
3 EI
Since 2 is upwards;
wL3 R B L3
1 + 2 = - = 0
8 EI 3 EI
3
RB = wL
8

Fig 4.5 (d)

From the equilibrium condition,
RA + RB = wL
5
We get RA = wL.
8
Taking moments about A:
3 wL2 - wL2
MA = wL2 - =
8 2 8
The fixing moment at A is negative which produces tension on top.
Taking B as origin moment at a distance X is given by:
3 wx 2
Mx = wL x - (a)
8 2
To find the position of maximum positive moment, we equate
d Mx
=0
dx
CE405/1 56

dM x 3
= wL - wx = 0
dx 8
3
x = L.
8
3
Substituting the values of x i.e., L in Eq.(a), the maximum positive moment is
8
obtained.
2
3 3 w 3
Mmax = wL L- 1
8 8 2 8

9
= wL2
128

3 wx 2
For position of point of contraflexure, equating Mx = 0, we get wlx = 0.
8 2
3
X = L
4
dM x
Shear force will be zero, where MX is maximum i.e., = 0.
dx
The B.M. and S.F. diagrams are shown below:

Fig 4.5 (e)

Example 2: To draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams for a propped cantilever beams with a non-
central load.
CE405/1 57

Fig 4.6 (a)

Step 1: Determine the deflection 1 at B due to the applied load P in the cantilever.
Using the moment area method, from theorem 2, we get

Fig. 4.6 (b)

M
1 = Moment of dia about B
EI
1 Pb 2
= b a + b
2 EI 3

Pb 2
= (2L + a)
6EI

Fig. 4.6 (c)

Step 2: Determine deflection 2 due to RB.
2 = Deflection due to reaction RB.
R B L3
2 = (b)
3 EI
CE405/1 58

Fig 4.6 (d)

Step 3: Solve RB from the condition
1 + 2 = 0
Since 2 is upwards
b2 R B L3
1 + 2 = (2L + a) - = 0
6 EI 3EI
Simplifying we get
b2 ( 2 L + a)
RB = (c)
2 L3
L
In the particular case when a = b =
2
5
RB = P
16
Let us take a numerical example:
Given P = 100 KN, L = 8m, b = 6 m
Substituting the numerical values in Eq.(c), we get
36 (2 x 8 + 2)
RB = 100 x = 63.28 KN
2 (8) 3
RA = 100 - 63.28 = 36.72 KN.m.
MA = 63.28 x 8 - 100 x 6
= -93.76 KN.m
Taking B as origin,
Mx = 63.28 x - 100 (x - 2)
Moment under concentrated load i.e., x = 2
Mx = 2 = 126.56 KN.m.
Moment is zero when 63.28 x - 100 (x - 2) = 0
200
x = = 5.446 m
36..72
This is the point of contraflexure.
CE405/1 59

Fig 4.6 (e)

Example 3 :
For the propped cantilever beam shown find the support reactions and plot b.m. and
s.f. diagram.
The beams is loaded as shown:
Fig (a) shows the given propped cantilever beam with applied loading as in the given
beam.
Fig. (b) shows the basic determinate cantilever beam without the prop i.e.., reaction
RB and
Fig. (c) shows the cantilever without the loading and the prop reaction RB only.

Fig 4.7
1 and 2 be the deflection in Fig (b) and Fig (c) respectively. These deflections are
determined using the moment area theorems.
CE405/1 60

M
Fig (d) shows the diagram.
EI

Fig 4.7
M 3 L
The c.g. os is at from c
EI 4 2

M
1 = moment of dia about B
EI
1 L wL2 3 L 7 wL4
1 = 1+ = (a)
3 2 4EI 4 2 192 EI

L3
2 = RB (b)
3EI
Solve for RB from the condition. 2 is negative as it acts upwards

7 wL4 L3
1 + 2 = - RB = 0 (c)
192 EI 3EI
7
RB = w L. (d)
64
7 wL L wL2
MA = w LL - =- (e)
64 2 4 64
7 L 7
MC = wL = wL2 (f)
64 2 128
The general expression for moment is given taking B as origin as:
2
L
w x
7 2
Mx = - wL (g)
64 2

Let us consider a numerical example :

L = 8m w = 10 KN.m
Substituting the values, we get
CE405/1 61

7
RB = 10 8 = 8.75 KN
64
RA = 40 - 8.75 = 31.25 KN
(8) 2
MA = -10 = -10KN.m
64
7
MC = 10 64 = 35 KN.m
128
The moment will be zero between C and A
Substituting in eq.(g), and equating to zero, we get x,
7 10 (x - 4)2
Mx = 10 8 x - = 0
64 2

Solving X = 7.66 mm or 2.088 m. The value 2.088m is not admissible as this lies
between B and C. The b.m. and s.f. diagram are drawn as follows:

Fig 4.7
Example 4: An over hanging propped cantilever beam is loaded as shown. Sketch the b.m.
and s.f. diagram.
CE405/1 62

1 = deflection due to applied loading in the cantilever beam at B Fig.(b)

2 = deflection due to prop RB at B

Fig 4.8
Fig (d) shows the b.m.d. for the cantilever beam with the applied loading and (e)
shows the b.m.d. due to prop reaction RB.
Using the moment area theorems:
M
1 = Moment of dia, between C and A about C in Fig (d)
EI
30 1 90 2
= 63 + 6 6
EI 2 EI 3
1620
= (a)
EI
M
2 = moment of dia. In Fig. (e) between C and A about C
EI
CE405/1 63

1 6 RB 2 72 R B
= 6 6 = (b)
2 EI 3 EI
But the net deflection in the given propped cantilever beam is zero.
1620 72 R B
1 + 2 = - = 0
EI EI
RB = 22.5 KN
RA + RB = 15 KN
RA = -7.5 KN
Taking C on origin
Mx = - 15 x + 22.5 ( x - 2)
MB = - 30 KN.m., MA = 15 KN.m.
Mx = 0 when x = 6.0 m
The b.m. and s.f. diagram are drawn as follows.

Fig 4.8(f), (g)

Example 5: Propped cantilever beam with spring (elastic) support

Fig 4.9
Consider a propped cantilever beam with a spring at support B. This kind of support
is termed as elastic support which means that it undergoes deflection under load. K is the
CE405/1 64

spring constant which is defined as the force per unit deflection. Rb is the reaction developed
at B. If is the compression of the spring, then RB = K
1 = down ward deflection due to u.d.1 over entire span
wL3
= (a)
8 EI
2 = Upward deflection due to RB
RB L3
(b)
3EI
But if is the compression of the spring, then 1 + 2= , taking the sign of 1

and 2 into account.

wL4 R B L3
= - (c)
8 EI 3EI
Substituting RB = K in Eq. (c), we get:
wL4 K L3
= (d)
8EI 3EI
Rearranging:
KL3 wL4
1+ =
3EI 8EI

wL4
=
KL3
8 EI 1 +
3EI

Simplifying
3 wL
= (e)
8 3EI
+K
L3

RB = K
3 wL
RB = K
8 3EI
K + 3
L
or
3 wL
RB = (f)
8 3EI
1+
K L3
Now let us take a numerical example.
CE405/1 65

Given L = 8m, K = 400 KN.m, w = 3 KN.m

Further it is given that, when a vertical load of 10 KN is applied at B when there is no
spring there, the deflection at B is 50 mm.
50mm 10 x L3 L3
= = 0.015
1000 3 EI EI
EI
= 66.66 KN.m
L3
EI
Substituting the value of K and in Eq. (f), we get,
L3
EI 66.66
3
= = 0.1666
KL 400
3 3 x 8
RB = = 6.0 KN .
8 (1 + 3 x 0.166)
24 - 6.0 = 18 KN
Now the bending moments and shear forces can be found as usual.
Example 6:
A propped cantilever beam carries u.d.1 of 4 KN.m over a length of 6 m and a
concentrated load of 20 KN is acting at 2 m from the prop. Span of the beam is 10m. Find
the reactions developed. Also draw B.M.D indicating salient points.

Fig 4.10 (a)

Here it is convenient to calculate the deflection due to applied load as follows (i) due
to u.d.1 and (ii) due to concentrated load separately and adding them, using moment area
theorem II.
(i) Due to u.d.1
Deflection at B
1 72 3
= 6 4 + 6
3 EI 4
CE405/1 66

1224
=
EI
(ii) Due to concentrated load
Deflection at B
1 160 2
= 8 2 + x8
2 EI 3

4693.30
=
EI
1 = total deflection at B due to applied load
1224 4693.3 5917.3
= + =
EI EI EI

Fig 4.10 (b)

Fig 4.10 (c)

2 = Deflection at B due to RB
RB L3
=
3EI
RB (10)3 R
= 333.33 B
3EI EI
From the condition 1 + 2 = 0, taking the signs into account.
5917.3 R
- 333.33 B = 0
EI EI
which gives RB = 17.75 KN
CE405/1 67

RA = 44 - 17.75 = 26.25 KN
Taking moments about A
4 (6) 2
MA = 17.75 10 - 20 8 -
2
= -54.50 KN.m
Similarly
Mc = 17.75 2 = 35.50 KN.m
MD = 17.75 4 - 20 2 = 31.0 KN.m
Taking B as origin the moment between D and A is given by
x( 4 ) 2
Mx = 17.75 - 20 ( x - 2) - 4
2
To find the position of point of contraflexure, equate Mx = 0 and solving, we get x =
7.41 m.

Fig 4.10 (d)

SUMMARY: In this chapter we have discussed about statically indeterminate beams.
Statically determinate beams are, the beams for which the reactions can be solved directly
from the static equilibrium alone. For plane determinate structures the three equilibrium
equations i.e., Fx = 0, ., FY = 0, and ., M = 0 are sufficient to determine the
support reactions. But for indeterminate beams, the reactions are in excess of the equilibrium
equations. The excess reaction components than the number of the equilibrium equations are
called redundant reactions. These redundant reactions indicate the degree of static
indeterminacy. To solve completely the reaction components for statically indeterminate
beams, in addition to the equilibrium equations, additional conditional conditions known as
geometric or compatibility conditions are required. The numbers of geometric conditions are
equal to the number of redundant reactions. Generally the geometric conditions are obtained
from the slope or deflection at the supports.
The degree of static indeterminacy for propped cantilever beam is one. A few
examples are worked out to illustrate the solution of propped cantilevers.
CE405/1 68

SELF ASSESSEMENT QUESTIONS

1. To find the reaction components for a statically determinate beam _______________
equations are sufficient.
2. Any stable structure has to satisfy ________________ equations.
3. A simply supported beam subjected to inclined loading is statically ________________
beam.
4. In a propped cantilever subjected to vertical loading only the degree of indeterminacy is
____________________.
5. To solve indeterminate beams the number of geometric conditions is equal to the
_____________ of redundants.
6. ____________________ reactions are defined as the number of excess reaction
components over those required for static equilibrium.
7. In a propped cantilever beam the deflection at the prop is ______________________.
EXERCISE PROBLEMS:
1. Draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams for a propped cantilever beam of span 10m subjected to a
U.D.L. of intensity 15 KN.m at over the entire span.
2. A propped cantilever beam carried U.D.L. of 6 KN.m over the entire length of the span
and a concentrated load of 25 KN acting at a distance of 4 meters from the right hand
support. Span of the beam is 10 meters. Find the reactions developed. Draw the B.M.D.
and also find the point of contraflexure.
3. A propped cantilever beam with an overhang is loaded as shown. Find the prop reaction.
Draw b.m. and s.f. diagrams.

Fig 4.11
4. A propped cantilever beam with a overhang is loaded as shown in Fig. Find the prop
reaction. Sketch b.m. and s.f. diagram.
CE405/1 69

Fig 4.12
5. Solve the problem (1) if the support sinks by 10 mm.
6. Solve the problem (2) if the prop is an elastic spring with the following data. Stiffness of
the spring: 400 KN.m, EI for the beam = 35000 KN.m2.

***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 5
FIXED BEAMS
CONTENTS:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Development of the method of analysis of fixed beams
5.3 Examples in fixed beams
5.4 Numerical examples
5.5 Deflections
Examples
Self assessment questions
Summary
AIMS:
1. To introduce the fixed beams and to explain clearly the static indeterminacy.
2. To develop method of analysis of fixed beams using the moment area theorems.
3. Examples are presented to explain clearly the solution of fixed beams with different
loading conditions.
OBJECTIVES:
The main objectives of this lesson are:
1. The student should be able to distinguish clearly the statically indeterminate beams from
determinate beams.
CE405/1 70

2. After going through the lesson, the student should be able to analyse fixed beams and to
draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams and also to find the maximum values of bending moment and
shear force in a span.
3. The student should be able to derive the deflection equation for fixed beams for different
loading conditions.
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the previous chapter we have discussed about statically indeterminate and
determinate beams. The number redundant reactions give the degree of static indeterminacy.
Now let us consider a fixed beam which is subjected to both vertical (gravity) and
inclined loading as shown in fig. 5.1. A fixed support is otherwise known as built-in support.
At a fixed support, rotation, vertical deflection and horizontal translations are not permitted.
Hence three reactions, namely, horizontal reaction H, vertical reaction R and fixing couple M
will be developed at a fixed beam, a total of six reactions, three at each support, will be
developed as shown in fig 5.1. Hence the degree of static indeterminacy for a beam in
general is three.

Fig 5.1
But usually beams are subjected to vertical (gravity) loading only. In that case the
horizontal reactions HA and HB become zero, leaving four reaction components. But the
available equations are only two, since the condition FY = 0 become trivial. Hence the
degree of static indeterminacy is reduced to two.
For the solution of statically indeterminate beams in to equilibrium equations,
additional conditions known as deformation or geometric conditions are required. The
geometric conditions are developed from the known values of rotation and deflection at
supports in the terms of unknown redundants. From these conditions the unknown redundant
reaction components are solved. The student should understand that at any support, either the
reaction or the corresponding displacement will be known but not both.
CE405/1 71

5.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR FIXED BEAMS:

Moment area theorems are most conveniently used to solve the fixed beams.
Consider a fixed beam subjected to vertical loading only as shown in fig 5.2 (a). The
reaction components are: the vertical reactions RA and RB and the fixed end moments MA
and MB, the slope as well as the deflection are zero at both supports.

Fig 5.2 (a)

As the tangents at A and B are horizontal the angle between them will be zero.
M
Therefore according to moment area theorem I, the area of diagram between A and B is
EI
zero. Denote the area of Ms diagram due to applied loading on the beam as if it is a simply
supported beam as As . Similarly denote the area of Mi diagram due to the indeterminate
fixed end moments as Ai.

Fig 5.2 (b) Simply supported B.M. diagram

Fig (c) Fixed end moment diagram

Applying first theorem, if EI is uniform throughout:
A A A
= s + i = 0 (5.1)
EI EI EI
CE405/1 72

L
where Ai = (MA + MB)
2
L
(MA + MB) = - As
2
2As
MA + MB = (5.2)
L
Hence As depends on the type of loading on the beam. In each case, we have to
determine the Ms diagram.
Now apply theorem II, as the tangents drawn at A passes through the support at B, the
deflection of the support A from the tangent drawn at B is zero. Therefore the moment of
M/EI diagram about A will be zero.
Ax M
= 0 where x is the distance of c.g. of diagram from the support A.
EI EI
If xs and x i are the distance of the c.g. of As and Ai respectively from support A,
then
A s xs A i xi
+ = 0 (5.3)
EI EI
L L L 2L
But A i x i = M A + MB
2 3 2 3
2
L
= (M A + 2 MB)
6
From Eq. (5.3), we have
2
L
(MA + 2 M B) = - As xs
6
6 A s xs
or (MA + 2 MB) = (5.4)
L2
solving (5.2) and (5.4) we get MA and MB. Once MA and MB are known as RA and RB and
consequently moments and shears at any section can be found from simple statics.
5.3 EXAMPLES IN FIXED BEAMS:
Example 1: A fixed beam with central concentrated load P. To draw B.M. and S.F.
diagrams; EI is uniform, throughout.
As the beam is symmetrically loaded,
We have MA = MB and RA = RB
From statics FY = 0, we get
RA + RB = P
CE405/1 73

P
or RA = RB =
2

Fig 5.3
From the relation (5.2)
- 2 As
MA + MB =
L
L PL PL2
As = L =
2 4 8
Keeping MA = MB,
P L2 - PL
2 MA = - 2 x =
8 L 4
PL
MA = MB = -
8

Fig 5.3 Simply supported b.m.d. (M diagram)

The signs of the fixed end moments are negative and hence these moments develop
tension at the top fibres and compression at the bottom fibres. The free body diagram of the
fixed beam with load and reactions is as shown in fig. 5.4.
CE405/1 74

Fig 5.4 (a)

Taking A as origin, the moment at any location X is given as
P Pl L
Mx = - x - , 0 < x <
2 8 2
To find out the point of contraflexure (or inflection) i.e., the point where the moment
is zero; equating
MA = 0, we get
P Pl
= x - =0
2 8
x = L4

Similarly we have another point of contraflexure at L/4 from B. The maximum

positive amount occurs at centre.
P L PL PL
Mc = x - =
2 2 8 8
The resultant moment diagram is as shown.

Fig 5.4 (b) B.M.D.

The S.F.D. is as shown.
CE405/1 75

Fig 5.4 (c)S.F.D.

Example 2: A fixed beam with u.d.1 over the entire span. To draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams.
EI is uniform throughout.

Fig 5.5
Since the beam is loaded symmetrically, we have
RA = RB and MA = MB
wL
RA = RB =
2
2 wL2 wL3
As = L =
3 8 12
From the relation (5.2)
wL3
MA = MB = -2
12 x L
2
wL
MA = MB = -
12

Simply support B.M. diagram

The free body diagram is as shown in fig. 5.6
CE405/1 76

Fig 5.6 Free body diagram

Taking A as origin
wl wx 2 wl 2
Mx = x - -
2 2 12
To find the position of points of contraflexure put
Mx = 0
wL wx 2 wL2
x - - = 0
2 2 12
solving we get
x = 0.212L or 0.788L
point of contraflexure is at 0.212L from either end. Maximum positive bending moment
occurs at centre.
2 2 2
wL L wL wL wL
Max. positive B.M. = . - - =
2 2 8 12 24
The B.M. and S.F. diagram are as shown

Fig 5.6 (b) B.M.D.

Fig 5.6 (c) S.F.D.

CE405/1 77

Example 3: Fixed beam with non central load P. Consider a fixed beam carrying a non-
central load P as shown fig 5.7.

Fig 5.7 (a)

Since the loading is not symmetric, the fixed end moments MA and MB are not equal.
Similarly RA and RB are not equal.
L Pab Pab
As = x =
2 L 2
(L + a)
xs = distance of C.g. of As, from A =
3

Fig 5.7 (b) Simply support B.M. diagram

using the relations (5.2) and (5.4) we have
Pab Pab
MA + MB = -2 x = - (a)
2L L
Pab (L + a) Pab
(MA + 2 MB) = - 6 x = - (L + a) (b)
2 3L2 L2
Solving (a) and (b), we get
Pab 2
MA = (c)
L2
Pa 2 b
MB =
L2
Now RA and RB can be determined from statics. This can be better illustrated by a
numerical example.
5.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES:
CE405/1 78

Example 1: A fixed beam of span 10 m carries a non central load of 120 KN at a distance of
4 m from left hand support. EI is uniform throughout. Draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams.

Fig 5.8 (a)

Pab 2 120 x 4 x3 6
MA = - 2 = - = - 172.8 KN.m. (a)
L 100
Pa 2b 120 x 16 x 6
MA = - = - = - 115.20 KN.m. (b)
L2 100

Fig 5.8 (b) Free body diagram

Taking moments about B:
RA x 10 - 172.8 - 120 x 6 + 115.20 = 0
RA = 77.76 KN (c)
RB = 120 - 77.6 = 42.24 KN (d)
Taking A as origin:
Mx = 77.76 x - 172.8, ( 0 < x < 4 m) (e)
To find the position of point of contraflexure, equate Mx to zero.
77.76 x - 172.8 = 0
solving x = 172.8/77.6 = 2.22 m
Similarly moment between C and B is given by
Mx = 77.76 x - 172.8 - 120 ( x -4) (f)
equating Mx to zero
77.76 x - 172.8 - 120 ( x - 4) = 0
CE405/1 79

Solving we get x = 7.27 m

The points of contraflexure occurs at:
x = 2.22 m and x - 7.27 m from A
Maximum positive moment occurs at x = 4 m
MC = 77.76 x 4 - 172.8 = 138.24 KN.m

Fig 5.8 (b) & (c)

Example 2 : A fixed beam AB of span 8 m carries u.d.1 of intensity 10 KN.m over a length
of 4 m from A. Draw the B.M. and S.F. diagram.

Fig 5.9 (a)

Fig 5.9 (b)

CE405/1 80

Fig 5.9 (c) Simply support b.m. diagram

First we have to find Ms diagram i.e., simply supported beam B.M. diagram
RB = 10 KN
RA = 30 KN
As = Area of Ms diagram
Mx = moment of x
L
AS = M x . dx
o
Here the B.M. diagram is a parabola from A to C, and a straight line from C to B.
Therefore the area of Ms diagram between A and C can be found by integration. From C to B
it can be found directly from the area of the triangle.
Taking A as origin:
Mx = 30 x - 10 x 2/2 0 < x < 4
4 4
A1 = M x dx = ( 30 x - 5x 2 ) dx
o o
4
30x2 5x3
= - = 133.40
2 3
4 4
A1 x1 = Mx . x d x = (30 x - 5 x 2 ) . x. dx
o o

4
= (30x2 - 5x3 ) dx
0
3 4
30x 5 4
= - x
3 4
o
= 320
A1 = area of MS diagram between A and C
A2 = area of the MS diagram between C and B.
A1 x1 = moment of A1 about A

A1 x2 = moment of A2 about A
CE405/1 81

A2 = area of the triangle

1
= x 4 x 40 = 80
2
4
A2 x2 = 80 ( 4 + ) = 426.60
3
A = A1 + A2 = 133.40 + 80 = 213.30
AS x = A1 x1 + A 2 x2 = 320 + 426.60
= 746.60
2 x 213.30
MA + MB =
8
6 x 746.60
MA + 2 MB =
64
Solving we get
MA = - 36.67 KN.m.
MB = - 16.66 KN.m.
The free body diagram is as shown:

Fig 5.9 (d) Free body diagram

Taking moments about D
RA x 8 - 36.67 - 10 x 4 x 6 + 16.66 = 0
260
RA = = 32.50 KN
8
RB = 40 - 32.5 = 7.5 KN
Moment between A and C is given as :
2
10x
Mx = 32.5 x - 36.67 -
2
M(x4) = 32.5 x 4 - 36.67 - 5 x 16
= 13.33 KN
Equating Mx to zero, we find point of contraflexure occurs between A and C.
32.5 x - 36.67 - 5 x2 = 0
CE405/1 82

Solving we get x = 1.45 m

Similarly we find, the point of contraflexure occurs at 2.21 m from B.

Fig 5.9 (e) B.M.D.

Fig 5.9 (f) S.F.D.

Example 3 : A fixed beam AB of span 6 m carries two concentrated loads of 50 KN and 60
KN from A as shown. Find the fixed end moments and draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams.

Fig 5.10 (a)

When a concentrated load is acting, the fixed end moments are given as
Pab2
MA = -
L2
Pa2 b
MB = -
L2
using the above relations, the fixed end moments due to the two concentrated loads are
calculated separately and are added ( principle of superposition)
CE405/1 83

50 x 2 x 16 60 x 3 x 9
MA = - -
36 36
= - 44.14 - 45 = - 89.44 KN.m.
50 x 4 x 4 60 x 3 x 9
MB = - -
36 36
= - 67.22 KN.m.

Fig 5.10 (b) Free body diagram

Taking moments about B:
RA x 6 - 87.44 - 50 x 3 - 60 x 2 + 67.33 = 0
400.22
RA = = 66.70 KN
6
RB = 110 - 66.70 = 43.30 KN
M(x = 2) = 66.70 x 2 - 87.44 = 45.96 KN.m.
M(x = 3) = 66.70 x 3 - 87.44 - 50 x 1 = 62 KN.m.

Fig 5.10 (c) B.M.D.

CE405/1 84

Fig 5.10 (d) S.F.D.

Example 4: A fixed beam AB of span L carries a clockwise couple M from left hand
support A. Find the fixed end moments. If M = 50 KN.m.
L = 8.0 m, a = 2 m sketch b.m.d.

Fig 5.11 (a)

Fig 5.11 (b)

Fig 5.11 (c) Simply supported b.m. diagram

Fig 5.11 (d)

CE405/1 85

The fixed beam is as shown in Fig 5.11(a). Now take the simply supported beam with
applied couple M as shown in Fig 5.11 (b). The reaction at each support will be M/1 as
shown in Fig 5.11(b). The bending moment diagram for the simply supported beam taken in
Fig (b) is shown in Fig 5.11 using the moment area theorems:
2As
MA + MB =
L
2 1 Ma 1 Mb
= - x a + x b
L 2 L 2 L
M
= - 2
(b2 - a 2 )
L
6As xs
MA + 2 MB = -
L2
6 1 Ma 2 1 Mb b
= - 2
- xax a+ xbx a+
L 2 L 3 2 L 3

= -
6
L2
x
M
6L [- 2a 3 ]
+ 3ab 2 + b3 )

which can be simplified as

M
(MA + 2MB) = - 3
(a + b) (b2 + 2ab - a 2 )
L
M
= - 2
(b 2 + 2ab - 2a 3)
L
M
But (MA + MB) = - 2 (b 2 - a 2 )
L
M
[
MB = - 2 b2 + 2ab - 2a 2 - b2 + a 2
L
]
M
= - 2 (2ab - a 2 )
L
Ma
= - (2b - a)
L2
Further MB can be simplified by adding and deducting b for the term in the brackets:
Ma 3b
MB = - -1
L L
Similarly MA can be obtained as:
Mb
MA = - (2 a - b)
L2
CE405/1 86

Mb 3a
= - -1
L L
Substituting the numerical values for M, L, a, and b, we get
- 50 x 6 3 x 2
MA = 1 = 9.375 KNm.
8 8
- 50 x 6 3 x 6
MB = 1 = - 46.875 KNm.
8 8
The b.m.d. is as shown in fig. 5.11 (e)

Fig 5.11 (e) B.M.D.

5.5 DEFLECTIONS:
The deflections of the fixed beam can be determined by Macaulay method. In a fixed
beam both slope and deflection are zero at both supports. Therefore we have to substitute
dy/dx = 0, and y = 0 at x = 0 or at x = L while determining the integration constants.
Moment area theorems also can be used to find slope and deflection at any particular section.
Example 1: Find the maximum deflection in fixed beam carrying u.d.1 over entire span.
wL
RA = RB =
2
wL2
MA = MB =
12

Fig 5.12 (a)

CE405/1 87

Fig 5.12 (b) Free body diagram

Taking A as origin:
wL wx2 wL2
Mx = x - -
2 2 12
d2y wL2 wx2 wL
EI = + - x
dx 2 12 2 2
Integrating
dy wL2 wx 3 wLx2
EI = + - + C1
dx 12 6 4
At x = 0, dy/dx = 0
C1 = 0
Integrating again:
wL2 x 2 wx 3 wLx 3
EIy + - + C2
24 24 12
At x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
Therefore
wL2 wx 4 wL 3
EIy + - x
24 24 12
Because of symmetry, maximum deflections occurs at x = L/2
Substituting x = L/2, we get
wL2 wL4 wL 3
EIymax = ( L / 2) 2 + - L
24 384 96
Simplifying we get:
wL4
EIymax =
384
Example 2: Find the maximum deflection in a fixed beam carrying a concentrated load P at
centre.
CE405/1 88

Fig 5.13 (a)

Fig 5.13 (b) Free body diagram

P
RA = RB =
2
PL
MA = MB =
8
Taking A as origin:
P PL L
Mx = x - - x-
2 8 2

d2y P PL L
EI 2
= - + + x-
dx 2 8 2
2
dy Px 2 PL P L
EI =- + x+ x- + C1
dx 4 8 2 2
At x = 0, dy/dx = 0 C1 = 0
3
Px 3 PLx 2 P L
EIy = - + + x- + C2
12 16 6 2
At x = 0, y = 0 C2 = 0
3
Px 3 PL 2 P L
EIy = - + x + x-
12 16 6 2
Maximum deflection occurs at x = L/2

y P L3 PL L2
EI max = - x +
12 8 16 4
CE405/1 89

PL3
=
192
Numerical example 1:
A fixed beam of span 7 m carried two concentrated loads of 60 KN and 60 KN at 2 m
and 4 m from left hand support. Find the deflection at the centre of span.

Fig 5.14 (a)

(60 x 2 x 25) 60 x 4 x 9
MA = - - = - 105.32 KN.m.
49 49
(60 x 4 x 5) 60 x 16 x 3
MB = - - = - 83.27 KN.m.
49 49
The free body diagram is as shown

Fig 5.14 (b)

Taking moments about B:
RA x 7 - 109.32 - 60 x 5 - 60 x 3 + 83.27 = 0
502.05
RA = = 71.70 KN
7
RB = 120 - 71.7 = 48.30 KN
Taking A as origin, at x from A,
Mx = 71.7 x - 105.32 - 60 (x - 2) - 60 (x - 4)
d2y
EI = - 71.70 x + 105.32 + 60 ( x - 2) + 60 (x - 4)
dx 2
2 2 2
dy x (x - 2) (x - 4)
EI = - 71.70 + 105.32 x + 60 + 60
dx 2 2 2
CE405/1 90

x3 x2 (x - 2) 3 (x - 4) 3
EI y = - 71.70 + 105.32 + 60 + 60
6 2 6 6
Integration constants are zero. Deflection at centre is obtained by
Substituting x = 3.5 and eliminating the term having the negative value in the
brackets, we have
(3.5) 3 (3.5) 2
EIy (x = 3.5) = - 71.70 x + 105.32 x + 60 (3.5 - 2) 3
6 2
= 335.23
335.23
y x = 3.5 =
EI
5.6 SOLUTION TO 4TH ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
The fixed beam can be analysed from the solution of 4th order differential equation.
This solution is feasible with symmetric loading acting over the entire span like u.d.1 or
sinsoidal loading. The relation between deflection and load intensity acting on the beam
element is obtained as follows. The down ward deflection and down ward load are taken as
positive. The relations between curvature and moment and shear and load intensity are
2
d y
M = - EI (a)
dx 2
dM
V = (b)
dx
dV
= -w (c)
dx
From relation (b) & (c) we have
d 3y
V = - EI (d)
dx 3
d4y
w = EI (5.5)
dx 4
Thus the Eq.(5.5) gives the relation between the load intensity and deflection of the
beam. The support moments are obtained by successive integration of the 4th order
differential equation and substituting the boundary conditions for shear, moment, slope and
deflection.
Example: A fixed beam of span L carries u.d.1, of intensity of w/m over the entire span.
Find the fixed end moments and maximum deflection.
CE405/1 91

Solution:

Fig 5.15
RA, RB be the end reactions and MA and MB are the fixed end moments. Due to symmetric
loading RA = RB = wL/2. We know that the boundary conditions for slope and deflection,
using the 4th order differential equation.
d4y
EI =w (a)
dx 4
Integrating
3
d y
EI = - V = wdx + C1 (b)
dx 4
- V = wx + C1 (c)
At x = 0, V = wL/2, substituting
wL
C1 = -
2
d3y wL
EI 3 = - + wx (d)
dx 2
Integrating again
d2 y wL wx2
EI 2 = - x + + C2
dx 2 2
d 2y
At x = 0, EI = -MA
dx 2
C2 = -MA
On further integration:
dy wL 2 wx3
EI = - x + -M A x + C3
dx 4 6
- wLx 3 wx 4 MA x2
EI y = + - + C3 x + C4
12 24 2
CE405/1 92

At x = 0, y = 0 C4 = 0
dy
x = 0, = 0 C3 = 0
dx
Substituting there values:

wLx 3 wx 4 M A x2
EI y = - + - (e)
12 24 2
At x = L, y ==0, we get
MA = -wL2/12
Now taking the moments about B
wL wL2
L - - MA + M B = 0
2 2
wL2
MB = MA =
12
These values are same as the results obtained from fundamentals. The maximum
deflection occurs at x = L/2. Substituting x = L/2 in eq. (e), we get
wL4
EIYmax =
384
Summary:
In general the degree of static indeterminacy for a fixed beam is three. But in the
special case where the loading is vertical, the degree of indeterminacy is reduced to two. For
the vertical loading condition, the horizontal reactions becomes zero.
Using the moment area theorems, the fixed end moments can be found from the
relations namely:
2 As
(MA + MB) = - (a)
L
6 As x
(MA + 2 MB) = - (b)
L
where the various terms are explained in the lesson. At two points in a fixed beam
the moment is zero. These are known as contraflexure or inflection points.
For symmetric loading for a prismatic (with uniform cross section) beam, the fixed end
moments are equal. The fixed end moments are negative in sign which produces tension on
top.
Further it is found that the deflections in fixed beams are smaller in magnitude as
compared to corresponding simply supported beams.
CE405/1 93

EXERCISE PROBLEMS:
1. A fixed beam of span 6 m carries u.d.1 of 10 KN.m over the left hand half of the span.
Further, it carries a concentrated load of 50 KN at 2 m from the right support. Draw the
B.M.D. and S.F.D.
2. A fixed beam of span 8 m carries u.d.L of 12 KN.m over a length of 4 m symmetrically
about the centre. Drawn B.M.D. and S.F.D.
3. A fixed beam of span 6 m carries three concentrated loads of 50 KN, 60 KN and 60 KN at
1m , 2 m, and 4 m from the left hand support. Draw B.M.D. and S.F.D.
4. A fixed beam of span L carries a triangular load with an intensity of zero at left hand
support and an intensity of w/m at right hand support. Find the fixed end moments.

Fig
(Hint: wx = intensity of loading at x Treat the load acting on an element of length dx as a
concentrated load)
(w/1 x dx) Apply the formulae for concentrated loads.
l
MA = w / L x dx.x (L - x) 2
o

l
MB = w / L x dx.x 2 (L - x)
o

5. A fixed beam of span l carries a triangular load of intensity zero at ends w/m at
centre. Find the fixed end moments:
(wx = (2w/L) x

Fig
CE405/1 94

***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 6
CONTENTS:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Moments : Sinking of Supports
6.3 Effect of rotation of support
Numerical Example
Summary
Exercises problem
AIMS:
1. To explain the effect of sinking of supports of fixed beams.
2. To develop formulae for the determination of fixed end moments due to sinking and
rotation of supports.
OBJECTIVES:
The main objectives of this lesson are:
1. The student should be able to understand that additional fixed end moments will be
developed if the supports are not at the same level.
2. The student should be able to determine the fixed end moments due to sinking or rotation
of support.
6. EFFECTS OF SUPPORT DISPLACEMENTS IN FIXED BEAMS:
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
In simply supported beams or any other statically determinate beams, if the supports
are displaced by some amount no moments are developed at the supports. But in the case of
fixed beams if the supports are displaced additional moments are developed at fixed ends.
Consequently shear forces are also developed. Such displacements include settlements (or
sinking) and rotation of supports.
6.2 MOMENTS DUE TO SINKING (SETTLEMENT) OF SUPPORTS:
Consider a fixed beam with relative settlement of one support with respect to the
other. See Fig 6.1.
CE405/1 95

Fig 6.1
= sinking of support B, B is the displaced position of B. Since the slope between the
M
tangents at A and B is equal to Zero, area of between A and B is equal to zero. Hence
EI
support moments developed due to sinking are equal in magnitude at both supports.

Fig 6.1
L MA MB
+ = 0
2 EI EI
MA = -MB
Using the second moment area theorem, the moments of M/EI diagram about B is
equal to
1 MA L 2 L L
( L + MB ) =-
EI 2 3 2 3
6EI
2 MA + MB =
L2
- 6EI 6EI
MA = ; MB = (6.1)
L2 L2
When a fixed beam undergoes support sinking, in addition to loading, the fixed end
moments due to loading and sinking are calculated separately and are added. If the support
A settles with respect to B, then the sign of the moments gets reversed.
CE405/1 96

Fig 6.1
Example: 1 : Find the fixed end moments for a fixed beam of span 6m carrying an u.d.L. of
10 KN.m over entire span. Further, the left support settles by 10 mm
N
E = 2 105 mm 2 , I = 8 107 mm 4

Fixed end moments:

(i) Due to load
w12 10 36
MA = = - = - 30 KN.m
12 12
MB = - 30 KN.m.
(ii) Due to sinking
6EI
MA =
L2
6 2 105 8000 104 10
= = - 26.60 KN.m.
(6000) 2 106
MB = 26.60 KN.m.
(iii) Final moments:
MA = -30 -26.66 = -56.66 KN.m.
MB = -30 + 26.66 = -3.34 KN.m.

Fig

Taking moments about B:

RA x 6 - 56.66 - 10 6 3 + 3.34 = 0
233.32
RA = = 38.90 KN
6
CE405/1 97

RB = 60 - 38.90 = 21.1 KN
Taking A as origin,
10x 2
Mx = 38.90 x- - 56.66
2
To find the position of points of contraflexure, equate Mx to zero.
-5 x2 + 38.90 - 56.66 = 0
solving we get : x = 5.84 m and x = 1.44 m
To find the position of max. positive moment:
dM x
= 38.90 - 10 x = 0
dx
x = 3.89 m
10 (3.89) 2
Max B.M. = 38.9 3.89 - - 56.66
2
= 19.53 KN.m.

Fig
6.3 EFFECT OF ROTATION OF SUPPORT
Consider a fixed beam AB, which undergoes an anti-clock-wise rotation B at B. The
angle between the tangents at A and B will be B. Let MA and MB be the fixed end moments
developed due to this rotation B.

According to moment area theorem I,

M
Area of dia between A and B = B
EI
MA L MBL
+ = B
EI 2 2 EI
2 EI
MA + MB = ( ) B (a)
L
CE405/1 98

Fig 6.2
As the tangent at A passes through B, using moment area theorem II,
MA L 2 MB L L
L+ =0
EI 2 3 2 EI 2 3
2MA + MB = 0 (b)
Solving (a) and (b), we get
- 2EI
MA = B
L
- 4EI
MB = B (6.2)
L
Example 2: A beam of span 6m fixed at A and B carries a uniformly distributed load of 20

KN/m. The support B undergoes an anti-clock-wise rotation of radians. Find the fixed
1000
end moments at A and B.
Take E = 2 105 N/mm2
and I = 8 107 mm
fixed end moments:
(i) Due to load
- 20 36
MA = = - 60 KN.m.
12
CE405/1 99

- 20 36
MB = = - 60 KN.m.
12
(ii) Due to rotation:

- 2 2 105 8000 104

MA = = - 16.75 KN.m.
(6000) 106 1000

- 4 2 105 8000 104

MB = = - 33.51 KN.m.
(6000) 106 1000
Final moments:
MA = - 60 - 16.75 = -76.75 KN.m.
MB = - 60 + 33.51 = - 26.49 KN.m.
The B.M. and S.F. diagrams can be drawn in the previous example.
Summary:
In a fixed beam AB, if the support B settles by an amount , then the fixed end
moments are equal to :
6 EI
MA =
L2
6 EI
MB =
L2
If the support A settles, the signs of the moments get reversed. Similarly if the
support B undergoes anti-clock-wise rotation B, then the fixed end moments developed are
equal to :
- 2EI
MA = B
L
4EI
MB = B
L
Answers to S.A.Q.
6EI 4EI 2EI
1. Fixed end moments 2) 3) - . B, . B
l2 l l
EXERCISE PROBLEMS:
1. A fixed beam of span 8 m carries a central concentrated load of 50 KN. Further the right
hand support of the beam under goes a settlement of 15mm. Take E = 2 105 N/mm2 and
I = 8 107 mm4. Determine the fixed end moments. Sketch b.m.d.
CE405/1 100

2. A fixed beam of span 6 m carries a central concentrated load 60 KN. The right hand

support under goes an anti-clock-wise rotation of radians. Find the fixed end
1000
N
moments at A and B. Take E = 2 105 2
and I = 8 107 mm4.
mm
***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 7
CONTENTS:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Three moment equation - Derivation
7.3 Application of the Three moment equation - Continuous beams
7.4 Numerical examples
Summary
Exercise problems
AIM:
To develop three moment equation for the analysis of continuous beams with
supports at the same level
OBJECTIVES:
1. To emphasize that the analysis of continuous beams is different from propped cantilever
and fixed beams.
2. To make the student understand that the three moment equation is developed from the
condition of geometry at common support i.e., the tangent remains at 180o .
3. To enable the student to solve continuous beams independently.
7.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the previous chapters the student has been introduced to statically determinate and
also simple indeterminate beams like propped cantilever and fixed beams. In this chapter
continuous beams, which are also statically indeterminate, will be discussed. A beam having
more than one span is classified as a continuous beam. Fig. 7.1 shows a continuous beam
with three spans.
CE405/1 101

Fig 7.1
In the continuous beam, there will be four vertical reactions and one horizontal
reaction at A. Thus there will be in all five reactions. But there are three static equilibrium
equations. Hence this beam is statically indeterminate to second degree. In problems where
the loading is purely vertical, then the horizontal reaction at A will become zero, thus
developing only four reactions. Then equation Fx = 0, becomes trivial, leaving the
degree of indeterminacy as two. Sometimes the continuous beam may be fixed at ends as
shown in Fig.7.2 In this problem there will be four reactions and two fixed end moments at
A and D. Thus the beam is statically indeterminate to degree four.

Fig 7.2
7.2 THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION - DERIVATION:
Consider two adjacent spans AB and BC of a continuous beam as shown in Fig.7.3.
The supports A, B and C are at the same level. Let L1 and L2 be the span lengths and I1 and
I2 the moments of inertia of AB and BC respectively, let MA, MB and MC be the moments at
supports A, B and C. Fig. 7.3 (b) shows the bending moment diagram due to external loading
on the spans AB and BC, treating the spans as simply supported independent of each other.
Fig. 7.3 (c) shows the moment diagram due to MA, MB and MC. The sign if shown positive,
assuming MA, MB and MC produce compression on top fibres and tension in bottom fibres,
though these moments will be usually negative. A1 and A2 are the areas of moment
diagrams and a1 and a2 be the distance of their centroids from A and C respectively (Fig 7.3
(b)). Similarly, in Fig 7.3 (c), the moment diagram is divided into triangles and the distances
of their centroids are shown.
Now consider the span AB where the moment diagram on AB is broken into two
parts. Fig 7.4(c) represents the moment diagram due to applied loading on span AB
Fig 7.4(b) represents the moments diagram resulting from the moments at supports.
The combined moment diagram of (b) and (c) is shown in (a). For convenience MA and MB
and are taken as positive but usually they will be negative.
CE405/1 102

Figs. 7.3 (b) and (c) represent the moment diagram on two spans AB and BC which
is shown as broken into two parts such as for the span AB as in Fig. 7.4. In the analysis A1
and A2 are known and the moments MA, MB and MC are to be determined.

Fig 7.3 (a), (b), (c)

Relation between MA, MB and MC can be obtained from the condition that the beam is
continuous at intermediate support B or the tangent at B to the elastic curve is common for
both spans AB and BC. In other words it can be considered that the joint B as rigid joint and
the tangent at B to the elastic curve on each side must remain at 180o to each other. In fig.
7.3(a) a tangent is drawn at B and from the condition of continuity, we have
AA ' - CC '
= (7.1)
L1 L2
where
AA = deflection of point A from the tangent at B.
From moment area theorems
M
AA = moment of diagram between A and B about A.
EI
CE405/1 103

1 M L L M L 2
= A1a1 + A 1 1 + B 1 L1 (7.2)
EI1 2 3 2 3
Similarly:
CC = deflection of point C from the tangent at B.

Fig 7.4 (a), (b), (c)

1 M L L2 M L 2
= A 2 a2 + C 2 + B 2 L2 (7.3)
EI 2 2 3 2 3
Substituting equations (7.2) and 7.3) in equation 7.1 we get:
1 M L L1 M L 2
= (A1a1 ) + A 1 + B 1 L1
EI1L1 2 3 2 3

-1 M L L M L 2
= A 2 a2 + C 2 2 + B 2 L2 (7.4)
EI 2 L2 2 3 2 3
simplifying,
M A L1 (L1 + L 2 ) L
+ 2 MB + MC 2
I1 I1 + I 2 I2
6A1a1 6A2 a2
= - - (7.5)
I1L1 I2 L2
Equation (7.5) is known as the three moment equation. This equation 7.5 is
applicable for continuous beams for which the supports are at same level.
CE405/1 104

7.3 APPLICATION OF THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION - CONTINUOUS

BEAM:
In the analysis of continuous beams using three moment equation, the support
moments are taken as unknowns. Therefore the number of unknown support moments gives
the degree of static indeterminacy. Therefore the number three moment equations to be
solved is equal to the number of support moments. Hence this method is conveniently used
when the unknowns are equal to three or less. But it becomes time consuming if the number
is more than three using long hand. For example, consider a continuous beam of three spans
as shown in Fig 7.5. In this problem there are four supports.

Fig 7.5
But by inspection we know that MA = MD = 0 since the supports are simple
supports which do not offer any resistance for rotation. Hence the other support moments to
be found are MB and MC. To solve these two unknowns we have to develop two equations
using the three moment equation. Once the moments at intermediate supports are solved,
the reactions and subsequently the moments and shears can be found any where using
principles of statics. To find the maximum positive moments at the centre of the spans,
different spans are treated as simple spans subjected to external loading with end moments
already determined. Shear and bending moment diagrams can be drawn accordingly.
In few cases the continuous beam may have fixed end, then the moment at fixed end
is one of the unknowns as shown in Fig. 7.6(a). In this problem, support A is fixed. This
beam can be treated as follows:

Fig 7.6
CE405/1 105

The condition required for geometry which corresponds to the unknown fixed end
moment is that the slope of the tangent at A is zero. This condition can be achieved by
adding an imaginary span AoA of any length Lo simply supported at Ao and with an infinitely
large moment of inertia at all sections. The three moment equation when applied to spans
AoA and AB (Fig 7.7), becomes

Fig 7.7
Lo Lo L1 L 6Aa
Mo + 2M A + + MB = - (7.6)
I I IL
Lo
Noting that Mo = 0 and = 0 , equation 7.6 becomes:

L L 6Aa
2 MA + MB = - (7.7)
I I IL
Thus the additional moment equation is developed for a fixed end support in a
continuous beam.
7.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES:
Example I: Analyse the continuous beam shown using the three moment equation. Draw
the shear and bending moment diagram.

Fig 7.8 (a) given beam

Simply supported span moments, at centre:
15 4
Span AB : = 15 KN.m.
4
4 (6) 2
Span BC : = 18 KN.m.
8
CE405/1 106

6 (4) 2
Span CD : = 12 KN.m.
8
The moment diagram on spans AB, BC and CD by considering each span as simple
beam are shown in Fig (b).

Fig 7.8 (b) moment diagram on simple span resulting from the applied loading
On inspection we know that MA = 0 and MD = -3 KN.m. (Negative because it
produced tension on top fibres).

Fig 7.8 (c) moment diagram on the simple spans due to end moments
Span AB:
1
A1 = 4 15 = 30
2
a1 = = 2m

Span BC:
2
A2 = 6 18 = 72
3
a2 = 3 m
Span CD:
2
A3 = 4 12 = 32
3
a3 = 2 m
Applying three moment equations for spans AB and BC
4 4 6 6
MA + 2 MB + + MC
3I 3I 4 I 4I
CE405/1 107

6 30 2 6 72 3
= - -
4 3I 6 4I
Keeping MA = 0 and simplifying we get :
17 3
MB + MC = - 84 (1)
3 2
Similarly, applying for spans BC and CD
6 6 4 4
MB + 2 MC + + MD
4I 4I 2I 2I
6 72 3 6 32 2
= - -
6 4 I 4 2I
Keeping MD = -3 KN.m. and simplifying we get:
3
MB + 7 MC = - 96 (2)
2
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get:
MB = - 11.86 KN.m.
MC = - 11.185 KN.m.
The reaction can be calculated as follows:

Fig 7.8 (d)

Taking moments about B and keeping that MB = 11.186 KN.m. with proper sign.

Fig 7.8 (e)

we get
RA 4 - 15 2 + 11.86 = 0
Solving: RA = 4.535 KN
Now taking moments about C, keeping that MC = 11.185 with proper direction.
CE405/1 108

Fig 7.8 (f)

We get,
4.535 10 + RB 6 - 15 8 - 4 6 3 + 11.185 = 0
Solving : RB = 22.58 KN
Now taking moments about C from right hand side, and keeping MC = 11.185 with
proper direction.

Fig 7.8 (g)

RD x 4 - 3 5 - 6 4 2 + 11.185 = 0
Solving RD = 12.95 KN
Now considering statics for the entire continuous beam
i.e., FY = 0, we get
RC = 25.94 KN.
The bending moment and shear force diagrams are given. In the bending moment
diagram, moment diagram due to applied loading/and the support moment diagram are
superimposed one over the other. The S.F. diagram is drawn using the same principles as for
simple beams

Fig 7.8 (h) bending moment diagram

CE405/1 109

As the simply supported span moments due to applied loading are positive and the
support moments are negative, the resultant moment will be the algebraic sum of these two.
The resultant moment diagram is shown hatched. The resultant moments at centre of spans
are calculated as follows:
11.86
Span AB: 15 - = 9.07 KN.m.
2
(11.86 + 11.185)
Span BC : 18 - = 6.48 KN.m.
2
(11.85 + 3)
Span CD : 12 - = 4.91 KN.m.
2
The resultant moment is drawn as follows:
Positive moments are shown above the base line and negative moments are shown
below the base line. The points where the moments changes sign are points of contraflexure.

Fig 7.8 (i) bending moment diagram

The student is advised to adopt this diagram
The S.F. diagram is shown as follows:

Fig 7.8 (j) shear force diagram

In the shear force diagram shown, the sum of the ordinates of shears above and below
the base line at supports is equal to the corresponding reaction. For example at support B the
sum of the ordinates is equal to (10.465 + 12.115) = 22.58 KN which is same as reaction RB.
Example - 2 : Analyse the continuous beam shown using three moment equation. Draw the
shear force and bending moment diagram
CE405/1 110

Fig 7.9 (a) the given beam

Simply supported span moments
30 (8) 2
Span AB = = 240 KN.m.
8
150 6
Span BC = = 225 KN.m.
4

Fig 7.9 (b) moment diagram on simple spans resulting from the applied loading
As the given beam has fixed end at A, assume an imaginary span AAo as explained
earlier in the section 7.3, with an infinite moment of inertia.

Fig.7.9
Span AB:
2
A1 = 8 240 = 1280
3
a1 = 4 m
Span BC:
1
A2 = 6 225 = 675
2
6 + 4 10
a2 = =
3 3
CE405/1 111

On imaginary span Aao, there is no loading. By inspection MC = 0 . Applying three

moment equations for spans AoA and AB:
Lo Lo 8 8
MAo + 2 MA + + MB -
2I 2I
6 1280 4
= -
8 2I
Lo
As becomes zero and simplifying we get

8 8 1920
2 MA . + MB - = -
2I 2I I
8 MA + 4 MB - 1920 (1)
Similarly appearing for spans AB and BC.
8 8 6 6
MA . . 2 MB + + MC
2I 2I 2I 3I
6 1280 8 6 675 10
= - -
8 21 6 3I 3
Keeping MC = 0 and simplifying, we get
4 MA + 12 MB = - 2670 (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get
MA = - 154.5 KN.m
MB = -171.0 KN.m.

Fig 7.9 (d) moment diagram

Span AB:
171 + 154.5
at centre of span = 240 -
2
= 77.25 KN.m
Span BC:
171
Under the load = 275 - 4 = 161 KN.m.
6
Reaction are calculated as follows:
CE405/1 112

Taking moments about B from right hand side

Fig 7.9 (e)

RC x 6 - 150 2 + 171 = 0
RC = 21.5 KN.m.
Taking moments about A from right hand side.
21.5 14 + RB 8 + 154.5 - 150 10 - 30 8 4 = 0
RB = 250.5 KN.m.
From the condition FY = 0
we have
RA = 118.0 KN
`The shear force diagram is drawn as shown:

Fig 7.9 (f) SF diagram

Example - 3: Analyse the continuous beam shown by the use of the three moment equation.
Draw the shear and moment diagrams: (EI is constant)

Fig 7.10 (a)

Simply supported span moments:
60 4
Span AB : = 60 KN.m.
4
1
A1 = 4 60 = 120
2
CE405/1 113

a1 = 2 m
As the given beam is fixed at both ends A and C, we have to assume imaginary spans
AAo and CCo on both sides with infinite moment of inertia.

Fig 7.10 (b)

Applying three moment equation to spans AAo and AB.
Lo Lo 4 4
MAo + 2 MA + + MB
I I
6 120 2
= -
4 I
Lo
keeping = 0 and simplifying :

8 MA + 4 MB = - 360 (1)
For the spans : AB and BC:
4 4 6 6
MA + 2 MB + + MC
I I I I
6 120 2
= -
4 I
Simplifying:
4 MA + 20 MB + 6 MC = - 360 (2)
For the spans: BC and CCo:
6 6 Lo L
MB + 2 MC + + M Co o = 0
I I
Lo
Simplifying: Keeping = 0

6 MB + 12 MC = 0 (3)
Now solving the equations (1), (2) and (3), we get the value for MA, MB and MC. In
this example, the three equations can be expressed in a matrix form as follows:
8 4 0 MA - 360
4 20 6 MB = - 360
0 6 12 MC 0
CE405/1 114

This can be expressed as :

[A] {M} = {C}
where:
8 4 0
[A] = 4 20 6
0 6 12

MA - 360
[M] = MB and [C] = - 360
MC 0
The student is advised to note that the matrix (A) is symmetric. The matrix (A) is
same for a given continuous beam irrespective of loading on the beam. Only the matrix C
changes with loading.
Now
[M] = [A]-1 [C]
Adj[ A]
[A]-1 =
A
204 -48 24
-1 1
[A] = -48 96 48
1440
24 -48 144
After carrying out the matrix multiplication, we get
MA -39
MB = -12
MC 6
If the student is not aware of the matrix operations, he is advised to solve the three
simultaneous equations by elimination method. The moment diagram is drawn as follows:

Fig 7.10 Moment diagram

Resultant moment diagram can be redrawn as follows:
CE405/1 115

39 + 12
Moment at centre of span AB = 60 -
2
= 34.5 KN.m.

Fig 7.10 (d) Net moment diagram

Positive moment is drawn above base line and negative moment below the base line.
It is brought to the notice that the moment at C is positive and not negative.
The reaction can be determined as follows:
Taking moments about B from right hand:
RC x 6 + 6 + 12 = 0
RC = -3 KN (down wards)
Taking moments about A from right hand

Fig 7.10 (e)

RC x 10 + RB x 4 + 6 + 39 - 60 x 2 = 0
Substituting RC = -3 and simplifying:
RB = 26.25 KN
From the condition, Fy : 0, we get
RA = 36.75 KN

Fig 7.10 (f)

The shear force diagram is as follows:
CE405/1 116

Fig 7.10 (g) Shear force diagram

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
1. The three moment equatio is developed based on the condition the tangent at common
support remains at _______________.
2. In a continuous beam, if one end is a simple support, the support moment is equal to
________________.
3. In a continuous beam, if the number of support moments is equal to three, then the
number of equations to be solved are ______________.
4. In a continuous beam if the number of support moments is equal to TWO then the static
indeterminacy of the beam is ____________.
5. If a continuous beam consists of a fixed end, then we have to assume an
__________________ span with _________________ moment of inertia.
6. Degree of indeterminacy for the given continuous beam is equal to

Fig 7.11

SUMMARY
1. The three moment equation is given as :

L1 L1 L L
MA + 2 MB + 2 + MC 3
I1 I1 I2 I3
A1a1 A2 a2
= - 6 - 6
L1I1 L 2 I2
2. When a continuous beam is having a fixed end, we have to assume an imaginary span of
any length with infinitely large moment of inertia as shown below:
CE405/1 117

Fig 7.12
Solutions to S.A.O.
1. 180o
2. zero
3. 3
4. 2
5. Imaginary, infinite
6. 3
EXERCISE PROBLEMS:
1. Analyse the continuous beam shown using the three moment equation. Draw the S.F. and
B.M diagrams.

Fig 7.13
2. Analyse the continuous beam shown using the three moment equation. Draw the S.F. and
B.M. diagrams.

Fig 7.14
3. Analyse the continuous beam using three moment equations. Draw the S.F. and B.M.
diagrams. Support B settles by 20 mm. E = 200 x 106 KN/m2 , I = 100 x 10 6 m4.
CE405/1 118

Fig 7.15
4. Analyse the continuous beam shown by the use of the three moment equation. Draw the
shear and moment diagrams.

Fig 7.16
***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 8
AIM:
To develop the concepts of moment distribution methods for the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To introduce another but versatile method of solving indeterminate beams and frames.
2. To introduce to the student, the concepts of moment distribution and explain the various
steps involved in the analysis of continuous beams.
8.1 INTRODUCTION:
The moment distribution method, developed by Hardy Cross, is very convenient to
solve complex indeterminate beams and rigid jointed portal frames. In the unit 7, we have
discussed about the three moment equation for the solution of continuous beams only. If the
number of support moments increases the number of simultaneous equations to be solved
increases. Moment distribution method is a versatile technique to solve continuous beams
and frames. Basically this method is an iteration method.
8.2 SIGN CONVENTION:
In this method the sign convention adopted is as follows:
1. Moment at the end of a member is considered positive when it is anticlockwise direction
or on a joint in the clockwise direction.
Consider a beam fixed at ends subjected to loading as shown in Fig.8.1.a. The fixed
end moments developed are shown in Fig.8.1.b.
The left hand support is subjected to clockwise moment or the left end of the member
is subjected to anticlock wise moment. Both of them according to our convention are
CE405/1 119

positive. And the moments developed at the right hand support is anticlockwise or the right
hand end of the member is subjected to clockwise moment.
2. Translation is taken positive when it is upward in the y direction.
3. Angular rotation is taken as positive when it is anticlockwise direction.

Fig 8.1 Sign Convention for end moments

8.3 STIFFNESS OF MEMBER: CARRY OVER FACTOR
Consider a member AB which is fixed at far end B and hinged at near end A as shown
in Fig. 8.2 Apply anticlockwise moment MAB at near end A which produces anticlockwise
rotation B, both of them are positive. Since the far end B is fixed, a moment is developed
and it is designated as MBA. Now we have to develop relation between MAB, MBA and A.

As the end B is fixed, slope at B is zero. Using the moment area theorem, from the first
M
theorem, A. = area of diagram between A and B
EI
(Since B. = 0)

Fig 8.2
A.L = deflection of point B from the tangent at A.
According to beam convention MAB is negative and MBA is positive.
CE405/1 120

M
Fig 8.3 Diagram
EI
From first theorem, we have
M AB L M L
A = - + BA
2 EI 2 EI
M BA L M AB L
= - (8.1)
2 EI 2 EI
and from second theorem, taking moment about B, we get
M BA L L M AB L 2
A L = - . L
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
Simplifying:
M Ba L MAB L
A = - (8.2)
2EI 2EI
Solving equation 8.1 and 8.2, we obtain
EI
MAB = 4 . A (8.3)
L
1
and MBA = MAB (8.4)
2
EI
The factor 4 in the equation 8.3 is known as the stiffness of the member, which
L
is defined as the moment required to be applied at A to cause a rotation of one radian at A, of
EI
span AB simply supported at A and fixed at B. The ratio is referred to as relative
L
stiffness and is denoted by K.
IAB
KAB = E (8.5)
LAB
1
The factor is known as carry over factor. For prismatic member, carry over factor
2
1
is equal to + . It is the ratio of moment inducted at B to the moment applied at A.
2
CE405/1 121

Now consider a member AB which is hinged at far end B as shown in Fig 8.4.

Fig 8.4
Apply an anticlockwise moment at A, which produced a rotation A. Moment at B is
zero. Using conjugate beam method, the relation between MAB and AB is obtained as
follows:
M AB L 2 L
AB =
2 EI 3 L
Rearranging:
3EI
M AB = AB (8.6)
L
3 4EI
= ( ) AB (8.7)
4 L

Fig 8.4 (a)

3EI
The terms is known as the modified stiffness of the member. The relative
L
3
stiffness K = K .
4
8.4 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:
In Fig 8.5 (a) it is shown that four members are meeting at a rigid joint E.
CE405/1 122

Fig 8.5
The joint is subjected to anticlockwise couple M. As the joint is rigid, all the
members undergo same rotation . Let KAE, KBE, KCE and KDE be the stiffness of the
members AE, BE, CE and DE respectively. Now consider free body diagram of the joint E
as shown in Fig. 8.5(b). For equilibrium of joint E,
MEA + MEB + MEC + MED - M = 0
(8.8)
The end moments of the members can be written in terms of their stiffness and joint
rotation A.

MEA = 4 KAE , MEB = 4 KBE

MEC = 4 KCE , MED = 4 KDE (8.9)
Substituting these values in equation 8.8, we obtain:
M = 4 (KAE + KBE + KCE + KDE)
= 4
M
or = (8.10)
4 K
where K denotes the sum of the relative stiffness of all the members meeting at the
joint E. Inserting the values of in equation 8.9, for the first term.
M
MEA = 4 KAE
4 K
KAE
= M (8.11)
K
Defining K as the stiffness of the joint, which is equal to the sum of the stiffness of
K AE
the members at the joint, the ration is known as distribution factor. Distribution factor
K
CE405/1 123

for a member is the factor by which the applied moment M shall be multiplied to get a
moment developed in the member. For any member AB the distribution DFAB is given as:
K AB
DFAB = (8.12)
K
At any joint the sum of the distribution factors is equal to unity.
8.5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD:
The principle of the moment distribution method can be explained by solving a simple
example. Consider a two span continuous beam as shown in Fig. 8.6. The beam is fixed at
ends A and C but free to rotate at B. But assume initially the joint B is also restrained
against rotation as shown Fig. 8.7(a). The fixed end moments in each span are calculated as
follows:
MFAB = Fixed end moment for the member AB at end A
MFBA = Fixed end moment for the member AB at end B

Fig 8.6

Fig 8.7 (a)

Fig 8.7 (b), (c)

CE405/1 124

F 30 (8) 2
M AB = = 160 KN.m.
12

F 30 (8) 2
M BA = = 160 KN.m.
12

F 150 2 (4) 2
M BC = = 133.33 KN.m.
36

F 150 4 (2) 2
M CB = = - 66.66 KN.m.
36
The fixed end moments at the ends of the member AB and BC and also the resisting
moments developed to hold the joint against rotation are shown in Fig 8.7(b). At joint A
there is clockwise moment of l160 KN.m and at the joint C, there is anticlockwise moment of
66.66 KN.m. Now consider joint B. The joint B is subjected to 160 KN.m. (anticlockwise)
and 133.33 KN.m (clockwise). Now release the joint B since the joint is not originally
restrained. But algebraic sum of the moments acting on the joint B is not equal to zero. At
this joint there is an unbalanced moment of - 26.67 KN.m ( -160 + 133.33). This unbalanced
moment will act in anticlockwise direction. To keep the joint against rotation, apply a
moment in the opposite direction i.e., a clockwise moment of 26.67 KN.m as shown in Fig.
8.7(c). This moment shall be distributed to the members BA and BC in proportion to their
stiffness. The distribution factors are calculated as follows:
Stiffness of members:
2I
KAB = = 0.25 I
8
3I
KBC = = 0.50 I
6
while calculating stiffness, the term E is not used, since it is the same for all the
members. At joint B, there are two members and the corresponding distribution factors are:
0.25 I
DFBA = = 0.333
(0.25 I + 0.5 I)
0.5 I
DFBC = = 0.667
(0.25 I + 0.5 I)
Note that at any joint the sums of the distribution factors shall be equal to unity. Now
the moment 26.67 KN.m. at joint B is distributed to the members BA and BC as follows:
'
M BA = 0.333 26.67 = 8.88 KN.m.
M 'BC = 0.667 26.67 = 17.78 KN.m.
CE405/1 125

Now half of these moments shall be carried over to the further ends A and C. Let
M
''
AB and M 'CB
'
be the carry over moments, then

'' 1
M AB = 8.88 = 4.44 KN.m.
2
1
M 'CB
'
= 17.78 = 8.88 KN.m.
2
The beam is now in its true position under the given loading. The final moments at
the ends of the members in its true position are obtained by adding algebraically the fixed end
moments and the moments caused by the release of the joint B.
MAB = 160 + 4.44 = 164.44 KN.m.
MBA = - 160 + 8.88 = -151.12 KN.m.
MBC = 133.33 + 17.78 = 151.11 KN.m.
MCB = - 66.66 + 8.88 = - 57.78
The student is advised to note that the algebraic sum of the moments acting at the
joint B (MBA + MBC = -151.12 + 151.11) is equal to zero, which means that the joint is in
equilibrium.
Now consider the same continuous beam but the end c is simply supported as shown
in Fig. 8.8.

Fig 8.8
Initially restrain the joints B and C against rotation. The fixed end moments are the
same as in the previous example. But the stiffness of the member BC is different since the
far end support C is simply supported in the given beam. Therefore we have to use
modified stiffness for the member BC. The stiffness of the members are calculated as
follows:

Fig 8.9 (a)

CE405/1 126

Fig 8.9 (b), (c), (d)

2I
KAB = = 0.25 I
8
3 3I
KBC = = 0.375 I
4 6
The distribution factors at joint B are as follows:
0.25 I
DFBA = = 0.4
(0.25 I + 0.375 I)
0.375 I
DFBC = = 0.6
(0.25 I + 0.375 I)
Note that the sum of the distribution factors is equal to unity. At ends there will not
be any distribution. The fixed end moments at the ends of the members AB and BC and also
the resisting moments developed on the joint to hold the joint against rotation are shown in
Fig 8.9(b). The directions of these moments are shown according to their signs.
Now release the joint C as it is originally simply supported. The joint C is under the
action of an anticlockwise moment (-66.66 KN.m). As the support C is simply supported it
cannot resist any moment. Therefore apply an equal and opposite moment, thus making the
1
net moment at C zero, as shown in Fig 8.9c. Half of this moment i.e., 66.66 = 33.33
2
KN.m will be carried over to the joint B. Now the joint B is under the action of the moments
as shown Fig 8.9(d). The unbalanced moment at joint B is equal to : 6.66 KN (-160 + 133.33
- 33.33). To keep the joint B against rotation apply a moment of -6.66 KN.m as shown in
Fig.8.9 (d). This moment shall be distributed among the members BA and BC as follows:
'
M BA = - 0.4 6.66 = - 2.664 KN.m.
M 'BC = - 0.6 6.66 = - 3.996 KN.m.
Further, half the value of -2.664 KN.m. will be carried over to the further end A and
no carry over moment to the support C since it is simply supported.
'' 1
M AB = - 2.664 = - 1.332 KN.m.
2
CE405/1 127

The final moments at the ends of the members are obtained by adding algebraically
the fixed end moments and the moments caused by the release of the joints.
MAB = 160 - 1.332 = 158.664 KN.m.
MBA = - 160 - 2.664 = -162.664 KN.m.
MBC = 133.33 + 33.33 - 3.996 = 162.664 KN.m.
MCB = 0
Note that MBA - MBC is equal to zero.
The whole procedure can be condensed and performed in a tabular form. It is
described as follows. In the top three lines, joints, the members corresponding to the joints
and distribution factors are recorded. In fourth line fixed end moments with signs are
recorded. In fifth line joint C is realised first. As the joint C is simply supported the final
moment at c shall be zero. Therefore apply a moment of +66.66 KN.m at C and half of this
value i.e., 33.33 KN.m. is carried over to the farther end B of the member BC. In sixth line,
joint B is released. Now the unbalanced moment at B is equal to 6.66 KN.m (-160 + 133.33
+ 33.33). We have now to distribute a moment equal and opposite to unbalanced moment
i.e., -6.66 KN.m. After distribution, the moments are :-0.4 6.66 and -0.6 6.66 for
1
members BA and BC respectively. After distribution, half the value (-0.4 6.66) is carried
2
over to A, i.e., -1.332 KN.m. This is recorded in the sixth line. The final moments i.e.,
algebraic sum of all moments are recorded in the last line.
Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
Distribution factor - 0.4 0.6 -
Fixed end moments 160 -160 133.33 -66.66
Balancing at c and carry 33.33 66.66
over
Bal. c. o at B -1.332 -2.664 -3.996
Final moments 158.668 -162.664 162.664 0

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

4 EI
1. In the moment distribution method theorem is known as ______________.
L
I
2. The term is known as ____________
L
CE405/1 128

3. When the far end is hinged the modified stiffness of the members meeting at
_____________.
4. Stiffness of a joint is the sum of the stiffness of the members meeting at ___________.
5. Distribution factor is defined as the ration of stiffness of member to the stiffness of
_______________.
6. The sum of the distribution factors at a joint is equal to ______________.
7. For prismatic members the carry over factor is equal to _______________.
8. The sign of the carry over moment is ______________ as the moment .
9. At a joint the sign of the distributed moments is _____________ to the sign of the
unbalanced moment.
10. At a joint algebraic sum of the final moments is equal to ___________.

SUMMARY:

Fig 8.10
1. In a member AB, when the far end B is fixed, the relation between MAB and A is given
as:
EI
MAB = 4 A
L
4EI
is the stiffness of the member
L
2. In a member when the far end is hinged, the relation between MAB and A is given as:
3EI
MAB = . A
L
3 4 EI
= . A
4 L
I
3. Relative stiffness L
L
4. The distribution factor for a member AB is given
K AB
DFAB =
K
CE405/1 129

where
KAB = stiffness of the member and K = sum of the stiffness of the members meeting
at joint i.e., stiffness of joint.
Answers to S.A.Q.
3 4 EI
(1) Stiffness (2) Relative stiffness (3) . (4) joint
4 L
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1. Analyse the continuous beam shown using the moment distribution method. Draw the
S.F. and B.M. diagrams

Fig 8.11
2. Analyse the continuous beam shown using the moment distribution methods. Draw the
S.F. and B.M. diagrams.

Fig 8.12
***
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT - 13
CONTENTS:

13.1 Introduction: Analysis of continuos beams

13.2 Numerical Examples

AIMS:

To explain the slope deflection method for continuous beams including support settlements
by solving typical examples.
CE405/1 130

OBJECTIVES:

After going through this lesson, the student should able to solve problems on
continuous beams by slope - deflection method independently.

Slope Deflection method: Analysis continuous beams.

13.1 INTRODUCTION:

In unit 12, slope-deflection equations were developed. Equations (12-4 and (12-5)
give the basic slope - deflection relationships. In section 12-4, joint equilibrium equations
were discussed. A simple example was also presented to explain the principles involved in
the slope- deflection method. We shall now discuss the analysis of continuous beams
including support settlements. The slope - deflection equations are presented here for ready
reference:

MAB = MFAB + EI/L (4 A +2 B -6 ) (12.4)

MBA = MFBA + EI/L ( 2 A +4 B -6 ) (12.5)

Here = /L, where is the support settlement. When there is a support settlement, it will
be more convenient to rewrite the equations. (12.4) and (12.5) in the modified form as given.

MAB = MFAB + EI/L (4 A + 2 B) - (6EI/L) (a)

MBA = MFBA + EI/L ( 2 A + 4 B) - (6EI/L) (b)

A few examples will clarify the method.

13.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES:

Example. 1:

Fig 13.1(a)
CE405/1 131

Analyse the two-span continuous beam ABC with an over hang CD. Shown in Fig 13.1 (a) by
the slope deflection method. Assume that all the supports are at the same level. Draw the
bending moment diagram.
The given beam has two spans AB and BC with an overhang CD support A is fixed
and hence A = 0, Support B and C are freely supported add therefore B and C are the two
unknown relations
Fixed end moments
MFAB = 20 (6)2 / 12 = 60 KN.m.
MFBA = 20 (6)2 / 12 = 60 KN.m.
MFBC = 60 4 (2)2/(6)2 = 26.66 KN.m.
MFCB = 60 2 (4)2/(6)2 = 53.33 KN.m.
Here there is an overhang CD. The cantilever moment MCD at C is equal to 20 1 KN.m., as
shown in Fig.13.1 (b). This is positive according to our sign convention

Fig 13.1 (b)

MCD = 20 KN.m.
Relative stiffness
KAB = EI/6
KBC = 1.5EI/6
Keeping EI/6 = I, KAB = 1 and KBC = 1.5.
Slope deflection equations
Since all the supports are at the same level, the term = /L will be zero for both spans AB
and BC. Also A = 0. Substituting
= A = 0, in the equations (a) and (b) we have
MAB = 60+1 (2 B)
MBA = -60+1 (4 B) (c)
MBC = 26.66 + 1.5 (4 B+ 2 C)
MCB = -53.33 + 1.5 (2 B + 4 C)
MCD = 20
CE405/1 132

In this example B and C are the unknowns we need two equations to solve two unknowns.
Applying joint equilibrium equations at joints B and C, we get the following two equations:-
At joint B: MBA + MBC = 0
At joint C: MCB + MCD = 0 (d)
Substituting the expression for MBA, MBC, MCB, and MCD from (c)
we obtain:
MBA + MBC = (-60+4 C) + (26.66 + 60B+3 C) = 0
MCB + MCD = (-53.33+3 B) + (6 C + 20) = 0 (e)
Simplifying (e), we have
10 B +3 C = 33.34
3 B =6 C = 33.33 (f)
The above two equations can be expressed in matrix from as
10 3 B 33.34
= (g)
3 6 C 33.33
Expressing symbolically
[k ]{ } = {P}
10 3
where [ k ] =
3 6

# B&
[ ]= $ '
% C(
#33.34&
and {P} = $ '
%33.33(
The student is advised to note that [ k ] is a symmetric matrix of size 22. The size of this
matrix will be equal to the number of unknowns { } and {p} are column vectors. The [ k ]
matrix is the same for a given continuous beam irrespective of loading. The { P} matrix only
will change with loading on the beam. By matrix operations:-
{ } = [k ] 1{p} (gh)
In this problem
Adj[k ] 1 6 3
[k ] 1 = =
[k ] 51 3 10

B 1 6 3 #33.34 &
= $ '
C 51 3 10 %33.33(
CE405/1 133

After carrying matrix multiplication

B 1962
.
= (I)
C 4.574

NOTE: When using relative stiffnesses of their absolute values the relations obtained are not
the actual magnitudes but proportional to them.
Substituting the numerical values of B and C

in the expressions (C), we get the final moments as:

MAB = 60 + 2 1.962 = 63.92 KN.m.
MBA =- 60 + 4 1.962 = - 52.15 KN.m.
MBC = 26.66 + 1.5 ( 4 1.962 + 2 4.574) = 52.15 KN.m.
MCB =- 53.33 + 1.5 ( 2 1.962 + 4 4.57)
= - 20 KN.m.
Now the student can verify the joint equilibrium equations(d) with the computed
numerical values of moments. The bending moment and shear force diagram can be drawn as
usual.
If the student is not familiar with matrix algebra, he can solve equations (f) for B and C by
the conventional elimination method.
Example 2: Analyse the three span continuos beam ABCD fixed at the ends A and D (Fig
13.2) by the slope deflection method. Support B sinks by 10mm. Take E = 20 106 KN/m2
and I = 20 10-4 m4.
Solution: The beam has three spans AB, BC and CD. the supports A and D are fixed and
hence A = D = 0. As the supports B and C are freely

Fig 13.2
supported, there will be rotations B and C which are unknown. As the support B sinks by
10mm, the term = /L exists for the two spans AB and BC, and for the span CD, =0
since C and D are as same level.
CE405/1 134

Fixed end moments:

60 2 (4)2
MFAB = = 53.37KN.m.
(6)2
60 (2)2 4
MFBA = = 26.66KN.m. (a)
(6)2
40 (5) 2
M FBC = = 83.33KN . m.
12
40 52
M FBC = = 83.33KN . m.
12
M FCD = 30 (6) 2 = 90 KN . m.
MFDC = - 90KN.m. (b)
Relative stiffnesses:
KAB = 2I/6
KBC = I/5
KCD = 2I/6 (c)
Multiplying the stiffeness values by 15/I, we have the relative values as:
KAB = 5, KBC = 3, and KCD = 5.
(see note under equation 1. in example.1)
Slope - deflection equations:
The term = /L for the two spans is computed as follows: for the span AB, the
support B is at lower level than at A, hence is negative for span AB. For the span BC, the
support C is at higher level than at B, hence is positive for span BC.
Span AB, = - 10/6000 = - 1/600
Span BC, = 10/5000 = 1/500
The quantities (6EI/L) are computed.
6 2 20 106 20 10 4 1
Span AB = = 133.33 KN.m.
6 600
6 20 10 6 20 10 4 1
Span AB = = 96.66KN .m. (e)
5 500
Substituting A = D = 0 and the above quantities, the slope deflection equations are obtained.
Thus we have:
MAB = 53.33 + 5 (2 B) + 133.33 KN.m.
MBA = -26.66 + 5 (4 B) + 133.33 KN.m.
CE405/1 135

MBC = -83.66 + 3 (4 B +2 C) -96.66 KN.m.

MCD = -83.66 + 3 (2 B +2 C) -96.66 KN.m.
MCD = 90 + 5 (4 C)
MDC = -90 + 5 (2 C) (f)
Joint equilibrium equations
At joint D
MBA + MBC = (-26.66 + 20 B + 133.33) + (83.33 + 12 B) + 6 C - 96.66) = 0
At joint C.
MCB + MCD = (-83.33 + 6 B + 12 C - 96.66) + (90+20 C) = 0 (g)
Simplifying we have:
32 B+ 6 C = - 93.34
6 B + 32 C = 90 (h)
32 6 B 93.34
=
6 32 C 90
[k ]{ } = {p}
32 6 93.34 2.476
[ ] = [k ] 1[p] = 1/ 988 =
6 32 90 3.48
Substituting the above values in equation (f), we get the final moments as:
MAB = 161.9 KN.m.
MBA = 22.16 KN.m.
MBC = 22.16 KN.m.
MCB = -153.10 KN.m.
MCD = 159.00 KN.m.
MDC = 5.20 KN.m.
Example 3: Analyse the two span prismatic beam under applied moment by slope deflection
method. Draw the bending moment diagram. EI is constant.

Fig 13.3 (a)

CE405/1 136

As there is no loading on the spans, fixed end moments are equal to zero. Also the supports
are at the same level and hence = 0. Supports A and C are fixed and hence A = C = 0. On
the joint clockwise couple M is acting and hence positive

Relative stiffness:
KAB = EI/2L
KBC = EI/L
Keeping EI/2L = 1, KAB = 1 and KBC = 2.
Slope deflection equations:
MAB = 1 (2 B)
MBA = 1 (4 B)
MBC = 2 (4 B)
MCB = 2 (2 B)
Applying joint equilibrium equations at B
MBA + MBC + M = 4 B +8 B +M=0
B = -M/12
Substituting the value B in equations (a), we get:
MAB = 2 B = -M/6
MBA = 4 B = - M/3
MBC = 8 B = -2/3 M
MCB = 4 B = - M/3
The free body diagram is as follows.

The corresponding B.M diagram on the tension side is drawn as follows.

Fig 13.3 (b) & (c)

CE405/1 137

Example 4: Analyse an overhanging propped cantilever beam with loading as shown.

Further a clockwise couple of 100 KN.m. is acting a joint B. Use slope deflection method.

Fig 13.4 (a)

EI is constant

Fixed end moments

2
20 (6)
MFAB = = 60 KN.m.
12

MFBA = -60KN.m.

A = 0, B is unknown

Relative stiffness: KAB = EI/6; Keep EI/6 = 1, KAB = 1

Slope deflection equations:

MAB = 60 + 1 (2 B)

MBA = -60 + 1 (4 B)

MBC = 50 KN.m.

Joint equilibrium at B:

MBA + MBC + 100 = - 60 + 4 B + 50 + 100 = 0

B = -22.5

Substituting the value of B, we get the final end moments as:

MBA = 60 + 2 (-22.5) = 15 KN.m.

MBC = - 60 + 4 (-22.5) = - 150 KN.m.

MBC = 50 KN.m.
CE405/1 138

Free body diagram B.M.D. is drawn on tension side

Fig 13.4 (b)
Exercise Problems:
Solve the problems by slope deflection method:
1. Analyse the two-span continuous beam ABC fixed at A. EI is constant for the two spans
sketch B.M.D.

Fig 13.5
2. Analyse the two-span continuous beam ABC fixed at A. Support B sinks by 10mm. E =
20 106 KN/m2 and I = 20 10-4 m4

Fig 13.61
3. Analyse the given two span prismatic beam by slope deflection method. Sketch B.M.D. A
clock wise couple 50 K.N.m. is applied B.
CE405/1 139

Fig 13.7

****
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT - 13
CONTENTS:

13.1 Introduction: Analysis of continuos beams

13.2 Numerical Examples

AIMS:

To explain the slope deflection method for continuous beams including support settlements
by solving typical examples.

OBJECTIVES:

After going through this lesson, the student should able to solve problems on
continuous beams by slope - deflection method independently.

Slope Deflection method: Analysis continuous beams.

13.1 INTRODUCTION:

In unit 12, slope-deflection equations were developed. Equations (12-4 and (12-5)
give the basic slope - deflection relationships. In section 12-4, joint equilibrium equations
were discussed. A simple example was also presented to explain the principles involved in
the slope- deflection method. We shall now discuss the analysis of continuous beams
including support settlements. The slope - deflection equations are presented here for ready
reference:

MAB = MFAB + EI/L (4 A +2 B -6 ) (12.4)

MBA = MFBA + EI/L ( 2 A +4 B -6 ) (12.5)

Here = /L, where is the support settlement. When there is a support settlement, it will
be more convenient to rewrite the equations. (12.4) and (12.5) in the modified form as given.

MAB = MFAB + EI/L (4 A + 2 B) - (6EI/L) (a)

MBA = MFBA + EI/L ( 2 A + 4 B) - (6EI/L) (b)

A few examples will clarify the method.

CE405/1 140

13.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES:

Example. 1:

Fig 13.1(a)
Analyse the two-span continuous beam ABC with an over hang CD. Shown in Fig 13.1 (a) by
the slope deflection method. Assume that all the supports are at the same level. Draw the
bending moment diagram.
The given beam has two spans AB and BC with an overhang CD support A is fixed
and hence A = 0, Support B and C are freely supported add therefore B and C are the two
unknown relations
Fixed end moments
MFAB = 20 (6)2 / 12 = 60 KN.m.
MFBA = 20 (6)2 / 12 = 60 KN.m.
MFBC = 60 4 (2)2/(6)2 = 26.66 KN.m.
MFCB = 60 2 (4)2/(6)2 = 53.33 KN.m.
Here there is an overhang CD. The cantilever moment MCD at C is equal to 20 1 KN.m., as
shown in Fig.13.1 (b). This is positive according to our sign convention

Fig 13.1 (b)

MCD = 20 KN.m.
Relative stiffness
CE405/1 141

KAB = EI/6
KBC = 1.5EI/6
Keeping EI/6 = I, KAB = 1 and KBC = 1.5.
Slope deflection equations
Since all the supports are at the same level, the term = /L will be zero for both spans AB
and BC. Also A = 0. Substituting
= A = 0, in the equations (a) and (b) we have
MAB = 60+1 (2 B)
MBA = -60+1 (4 B) (c)
MBC = 26.66 + 1.5 (4 B+ 2 C)
MCB = -53.33 + 1.5 (2 B + 4 C)
MCD = 20
In this example B and C are the unknowns we need two equations to solve two unknowns.
Applying joint equilibrium equations at joints B and C, we get the following two equations:-
At joint B: MBA + MBC = 0
At joint C: MCB + MCD = 0 (d)
Substituting the expression for MBA, MBC, MCB, and MCD from (c)
we obtain:
MBA + MBC = (-60+4 C) + (26.66 + 60B+3 C) = 0
MCB + MCD = (-53.33+3 B) + (6 C + 20) = 0 (e)
Simplifying (e), we have
10 B +3 C = 33.34
3 B =6 C = 33.33 (f)
The above two equations can be expressed in matrix from as
10 3 B 33.34
= (g)
3 6 C 33.33
Expressing symbolically
[k ]{ } = {P}
10 3
where [ k ] =
3 6

# B&
[ ]= $ '
% C(
CE405/1 142

#33.34&
and {P} = $ '
%33.33(
The student is advised to note that [ k ] is a symmetric matrix of size 22. The size of this
matrix will be equal to the number of unknowns { } and {p} are column vectors. The [ k ]
matrix is the same for a given continuous beam irrespective of loading. The { P} matrix only
will change with loading on the beam. By matrix operations:-
{ } = [k ] 1{p} (gh)
In this problem
Adj[k ] 1 6 3
[k ] 1 = =
[k ] 51 3 10

B 1 6 3 #33.34 &
= $ '
C 51 3 10 %33.33(
After carrying matrix multiplication

B 1962
.
= (I)
C 4.574

NOTE: When using relative stiffnesses of their absolute values the relations obtained are not
the actual magnitudes but proportional to them.
Substituting the numerical values of B and C

in the expressions (C), we get the final moments as:

MAB = 60 + 2 1.962 = 63.92 KN.m.
MBA =- 60 + 4 1.962 = - 52.15 KN.m.
MBC = 26.66 + 1.5 ( 4 1.962 + 2 4.574) = 52.15 KN.m.
MCB =- 53.33 + 1.5 ( 2 1.962 + 4 4.57)
= - 20 KN.m.
Now the student can verify the joint equilibrium equations(d) with the computed
numerical values of moments. The bending moment and shear force diagram can be drawn as
usual.
If the student is not familiar with matrix algebra, he can solve equations (f) for B and C by
the conventional elimination method.
Example 2: Analyse the three span continuos beam ABCD fixed at the ends A and D (Fig
13.2) by the slope deflection method. Support B sinks by 10mm. Take E = 20 106 KN/m2
and I = 20 10-4 m4.
CE405/1 143

Solution: The beam has three spans AB, BC and CD. the supports A and D are fixed and
hence A = D = 0. As the supports B and C are freely

Fig 13.2
supported, there will be rotations B and C which are unknown. As the support B sinks by
10mm, the term = /L exists for the two spans AB and BC, and for the span CD, =0
since C and D are as same level.
Fixed end moments:
60 2 (4)2
MFAB = = 53.37KN.m.
(6)2
60 (2)2 4
MFBA = = 26.66KN.m. (a)
(6)2
40 (5) 2
M FBC = = 83.33KN . m.
12
40 52
M FBC = = 83.33KN . m.
12
M FCD = 30 (6) 2 = 90 KN . m.
MFDC = - 90KN.m. (b)
Relative stiffnesses:
KAB = 2I/6
KBC = I/5
KCD = 2I/6 (c)
Multiplying the stiffeness values by 15/I, we have the relative values as:
KAB = 5, KBC = 3, and KCD = 5.
(see note under equation 1. in example.1)
Slope - deflection equations:
CE405/1 144

The term = /L for the two spans is computed as follows: for the span AB, the
support B is at lower level than at A, hence is negative for span AB. For the span BC, the
support C is at higher level than at B, hence is positive for span BC.
Span AB, = - 10/6000 = - 1/600
Span BC, = 10/5000 = 1/500
The quantities (6EI/L) are computed.
6 2 20 106 20 10 4 1
Span AB = = 133.33KN.m.
6 600
6 20 10 6 20 10 4 1
Span AB = = 96.66KN.m. (e)
5 500
Substituting A = D = 0 and the above quantities, the slope deflection equations are obtained.
Thus we have:
MAB = 53.33 + 5 (2 B) + 133.33 KN.m.
MBA = -26.66 + 5 (4 B) + 133.33 KN.m.
MBC = -83.66 + 3 (4 B +2 C) -96.66 KN.m.
MCD = -83.66 + 3 (2 B +2 C) -96.66 KN.m.
MCD = 90 + 5 (4 C)
MDC = -90 + 5 (2 C) (f)
Joint equilibrium equations
At joint D
MBA + MBC = (-26.66 + 20 B + 133.33) + (83.33 + 12 B) + 6 C - 96.66) = 0
At joint C.
MCB + MCD = (-83.33 + 6 B + 12 C - 96.66) + (90+20 C) = 0 (g)
Simplifying we have:
32 B+ 6 C = - 93.34
6 B + 32 C = 90 (h)
32 6 B 93.34
=
6 32 C 90
[k ]{ } = {p}
32 6 93.34 2.476
[ ] = [k ] 1[p] = 1/ 988 =
6 32 90 3.48
Substituting the above values in equation (f), we get the final moments as:
CE405/1 145

MAB = 161.9 KN.m.

MBA = 22.16 KN.m.
MBC = 22.16 KN.m.
MCB = -153.10 KN.m.
MCD = 159.00 KN.m.
MDC = 5.20 KN.m.
Example 3: Analyse the two span prismatic beam under applied moment by slope deflection
method. Draw the bending moment diagram. EI is constant.

Fig 13.3 (a)

As there is no loading on the spans, fixed end moments are equal to zero. Also the supports
are at the same level and hence = 0. Supports A and C are fixed and hence A = C = 0. On
the joint clockwise couple M is acting and hence positive

Relative stiffness:
KAB = EI/2L
KBC = EI/L
Keeping EI/2L = 1, KAB = 1 and KBC = 2.
Slope deflection equations:
MAB = 1 (2 B)
MBA = 1 (4 B)
MBC = 2 (4 B)
MCB = 2 (2 B)
Applying joint equilibrium equations at B
MBA + MBC + M = 4 B +8 B +M=0
B = -M/12
Substituting the value B in equations (a), we get:
MAB = 2 B = -M/6
MBA = 4 B = - M/3
MBC = 8 B = -2/3 M
CE405/1 146

MCB = 4 B = - M/3
The free body diagram is as follows.

The corresponding B.M diagram on the tension side is drawn as follows.

Fig 13.3 (b) & (c)

Example 4: Analyse an overhanging propped cantilever beam with loading as shown.
Further a clockwise couple of 100 KN.m. is acting a joint B. Use slope deflection method.

Fig 13.4 (a)

EI is constant

Fixed end moments

2
20 (6)
MFAB = = 60 KN.m.
12

MFBA = -60KN.m.

A = 0, B is unknown

Relative stiffness: KAB = EI/6; Keep EI/6 = 1, KAB = 1

Slope deflection equations:

MAB = 60 + 1 (2 B)
CE405/1 147

MBA = -60 + 1 (4 B)

MBC = 50 KN.m.

Joint equilibrium at B:

MBA + MBC + 100 = - 60 + 4 B + 50 + 100 = 0

B = -22.5

Substituting the value of B, we get the final end moments as:

MBA = 60 + 2 (-22.5) = 15 KN.m.

MBC = - 60 + 4 (-22.5) = - 150 KN.m.

MBC = 50 KN.m.

Free body diagram B.M.D. is drawn on tension side

Fig 13.4 (b)
Exercise Problems:
Solve the problems by slope deflection method:
1. Analyse the two-span continuous beam ABC fixed at A. EI is constant for the two spans
sketch B.M.D.

Fig 13.5
2. Analyse the two-span continuous beam ABC fixed at A. Support B sinks by 10mm. E =
20 106 KN/m2 and I = 20 10-4 m4
CE405/1 148

Fig 13.61
3. Analyse the given two span prismatic beam by slope deflection method. Sketch B.M.D. A
clock wise couple 50 K.N.m. is applied B.

Fig 13.7

****
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT - 14
CONTENTS:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Numerical examples - symmetric frames
14.3 Analysis of unsymmetric frames.
14.4 Numerical examples.
AIMS:
1. To introduce to the student symmetric and unsymmetric frames.
2. To clearly explain the difference in the analysis of symmetric and unsymmetric frames.
OBJECTIVES:
After going through the lesson the student should be able to solve symmetric and
unsymmetric frames independently.
14.1 INTRODUCTION:
In unit 10, moment distribution method was developed for the analysis of frames.
Now we shall develop the slope-deflection method. see figs. 14.1 (a) to (f)
CE405/1 149

All these frames are single - bay single - storey frames. Figs. (a) and (b) show symmetrical
frame under symmetrical loading. Fig.(c) shows an unsymmetric frame with unequal
columns. Fig (d), shows a symmetric frame with unsymmetric loading. Fig. (c) shows a
symmetric frame with lateral load. Fig (f) shows an unsymmetric frame with lateral load.

(d) (e) (f)

Fig 14.1
14.2 SYMMETRIC FRAMES UNDER SYMMETRIC LOADING:
In this section we shall discuss about the analysis of symmetric frames under
symmetric loading. For these frames, there will be joint rotations but there will be no lateral
displacement or sway. These are some times called non-sway frames.
Fig. 14.2 (a), shows a symmetric frame under symmetric loading. the frame is
symmetric about the vertical axis passing through the centre of the beam BC. Fig (b), shows
the corresponding deflected shape in dotted form. From the symmetric deformed shape, we
can observe that the rotations and moments at B and C are equal in magnitude but opposite in
sign. Thus in
CE405/1 150

Fig 14.2
symmetric frames, the number of unknown rotations are halved, thus considerably reducing
the numerical work. Fig. (c) shows a symmetric frame where the axis of symmetry passes
through the centre column. The corresponding deformed shape is shown in Fig. (d). In this
frame the slope at C is zero. Also, the rotations and moments at B and E are equal but
opposite in sign. Thus it is sufficient to analyse a substitute frame (Fig. (e)) with end C fixed.

Fig 14.2 (e)

A great amount of work is thus reduced. A few examples will clarify the analysis. Symmetric
frames under symmetric load do not undergo lateral displacement or sway.
14.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES: SYMMETRIC FRAMES UNDER SYMMETRIC
LOADS:
CE405/1 151

Example.1: Find the moments in the members of the frame shown in Fig 14.3
EI is constant

Fig 14.3
This frame is symmetric with symmetric loading. Here the supports A and D are fixed and
hence A = D = 0. The two unknown rotations are D and C.

Fixed end moments

2
30 (8)
MFDC = = 160KN.m.
12
2
30 (8)
MFCD = = 160KN.m.
12
Relative stiffnesses
KAB : KCD = I/4; KBC = I/8
Keeping I/8 = 1; KAB = KCD = 2, KBC = 1
Slope deflection equations:
Here the term = /L will not be present.
Substituting A = D = 0 and = 0: we have
MAB = MFAB + EI/L (4 A + 2 B) - 6(EI/L)
= 2(2 B)
MBA = 2 (4 B)
MBC = 160 + 1 (4 D + 2 C)
MCB = - 160 + 1 (2 B + 4 C)
But because of symmetry, C =- B:

for joint equilibrium:

MBA + MBC = 8 B + 160 + 4 B +2 C =0
CE405/1 152

12 B +2 C = -160
Substituting C =- B, equation (a) becomes:
10 B = - 160 B = -16
Substituting the value of B:

MAB = 4 B = - 64 KN.m.
MBA = 8 B = - 128 KN.m.
MBC = 160 + 1 (4 B + 2 C)
= 160 - 32 = 128 KN.m.
MCD = - 128 KN.m., MCD = 128 KN.m. MDC = 64 KN.m.
Example: 2 Find the moments of the members of the frame shown in Fig 14.4

Fig 14..4
The frame is single-bay two-storey frame. Since it is symmetric, D =- C and E =- B, and
there will be two unknown rotations B and C.

Fixed end moments:

30 2 (4)2 30 4 (2)2
MFDE = + = 40KN.m.
(6)2 (6)2
MFDB = - 40KN.m.
MFCB = 20 36/12 = 60KN.m.
MFCB = - 60 KN.m.
Relative stiffness:
KAB = I/3 = KBC
KBE = KCD = 4I/6
Keeping I/3 = 1, KAB = KBC = 1
KBE = KCD = 2
CE405/1 153

Slope deflection equations:

A = F =0
MAB = 1 (2 B)
MBA = 1 (4 B)
MBC = 1 (4 B + 2 C)
MBE = 40 + 2 (4 C +2 E)
MCB = 1(4 C + 2 B)
MCD = 60 + 2 (4 C +2 D)

Joint conditions:
(i) At joint B
MBA = MBC + MBE = 0
(ii) At joint C:
MCB + MCD = 0 (b)
Substituting E =- B and D, we have
4 B +4 B +2 C + 40 + 4 B =0
4 C +2 B + 60 + 4 C =0 (c)
Simplifying:
12 B +2 C = -40
2 B +8 C = -60 (d)
writing in matrix form
12 2 B 40
=
2 8 C 60
Solving:
B 2.170
=
C 6.956

Substituting for B, C and E =- B, D, =- C

in equations (a), we get

MAB = 2 B = - 4.34 KN.m.
MBA = 4 B = -8.68 KN.m.
MBC = (4 B + 2 C) = - 22.592 KN.m.
MBE = (4 B + 2 C) = -22.592 KN.m.
MBE = 31.32 KN.m.
CE405/1 154

MCB = - 32.164 KN.m.

MCD = 32.17
The moments:
MDC = -MCD MEB = -MBE
MDE = - MCB MED = - MBC
MEF = - MBA MFE = - MAB
Example 3:
Find the moments of the members of the frame shown in fig 14.5

Fig 14.5
This is two-bay, two-storey frame. The frame is symmetric about the central column.
Comparing with fig.14.2 (c), this frame can be replaced by a substitute frame shown in Fig
14.6, with ends fixed at D and E.

Fig 14.6
Here the unknown are B and C.
CE405/1 155

D = E = A =0
Fixed end moments:
MFAB = MFBA= MFBC = MFCB = 0
MFBE = 20 36/12 = 60 KN.m.
MFEB = - 60 KN.m.
MFCD = 30 36/12 = 90 KN.m.
MFDC = - 90 KN.m.
Relative stiffness:
KAB = KBC = I/3
KBE = KCD = 2I/6
Keeping I/3 = 1, KAB = KBC = KBE = KCD = 1
Slope deflection equations:
MAB = 1 (2 B)
MBA = 1 (4 B)
MBC = 1 (4 B + 2 C)
MDE = 60+1 (4 B)
MCB = 1 (4 C + 2 B)
MCD = 90+1 (4 C) (a)
Joint conditions
At joint B, MBA + MBC + MBE = 0
C, MCB + MCD = 0 (b)
4 C +4 B +2 C + 60 + 4 B =0
4 C +2 B +90 + 4 C =0
Simplifying
12 B +2 C = - 60
2 B +8 C = - 90
12 2 B 60
=
2 8 C 90
Solving we get
B 3.26
=
C 10.43

Substituting the values of B and C, the final end moments are:

CE405/1 156

MAB = 2 B = - 6.52 KN.m.

MBA = 4 B = -13.04 KN.m.
MBC = (4 B +2 C) = -33.9KN.m.
MBE = 60 + 4 B = 46.96 KN.m.
MCB = (4 C + 2 B) = - 48.24 KN.m.
MCD = 90 +4 C = 48.28 KN.m.
the moments in the other half of the frame will be equal but of opposite sign.
14.3 ANALYSIS OF UNSYMMETRIC FRAMES:
In Fig 14.1, the frame shown at (d) is symmetric but the loading is unsymmetric. (e)
shows a symmetric frame with lateral load. (c) and (f) show unsymmetric frames. When
symmetric frames are subjected to symmetric loading. there is no sway. Sway is defined as
lateral displacement hence it is not necessary to suffix lateral sway). But even when the
frame is symmetric but subjected to unsymmetric loads or when the frames are subjected to
lateral loads, the frame under goes sway. Similarly when the frame is unsymmetric
irrespective of type of loading, they may (A non-symmetric frame under a particular loading
pattern may not sway) under go lateral sway (Fig 14.1 c). Now look at the fig 14.7 (a). The
frame is symmetric

Fig 14.7
but the load is unsymmetric. The frame deforms laterally by an amount . This lateral
displacement is known as sway. Therefore in this frame, in addition to the joint rotations B

and C, there is the lateral sway . thus there are three unknowns. But we have only two joint
equilibrium conditions. therefore we have to develop an additional equation from the
CE405/1 157

horizontal equilibrium of the frame as a whole. this equation is called the shear or bent
equation.
Take the frame shown in Fig 14.8. Here A = D = 0 and the unknowns are B, C and

Fig 14.8
The joint conditions are :
MBA + MBC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
Now consider the free body diagram of the members AB and CD. HA and HD are the
horizontal reactions at A and D. MAB and MBA are the end moments for the member AB.

Fig 14.9
MCD and MDC are the end moments for the member CD. (Fig.b)
CE405/1 158

For the member AB, taking moments about B:

HA h1 - MAB - P1 a = 0 (b)

HA =
(M AB + M BA ) P1a
+ (14.1)
h1 h1
P1a
In the above expression if P1 is not present, the term vanishes. Similarly for the member
h1
CD, taking moments about C:
HD h2 - MDC - MCD - P3b = 0 (c)

HD =
(M DC + M CD ) P3b
+ (14.2)
h2 h2
It P3 is absent, the term P3b/h2 vanishes
Now the equilibrium of the frame in the horizontal direction gives:
P1 + P2 - P3 - HA - HD = 0 (14.3)
This equation is known as shear or bent equation. From the three equations i.e. Equations
(a) and (f), we can solve B C and .
14.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES:
Example .1 Analyse the given portal frame by slope deflection method. EI is constant.
= sway ( to the right assumed)
Since the supports A and B are fixed.
A = D = 0. the three unknowns are B, C and the lateral sway .

14.10
Fixed end moments:
CE405/1 159

60 3 (3)2
MFAB = = 45KN.m.
(6)2
MFBA = - 45KN.m.
2
40 (6)
MFBC = = 120KN.m.
12
MFCB = - 120 KN.m.
Since there is no loading on CD.
MFCD = MFDC = 0
Relative stiffness:
KAB = I/6, KCD = I/4
KBC = I/6
Multiplying by 12/I: we have:
KAB = I/6 12/I = 2
KBC = I/6 12/I = 2
KCD = I/4 12/I = 3
Slope - deflection equations:
= sway or lateral displacement
considering AB and CD as two beams supported at A and B for span AB and supported at C
and D for the span CD. Since there is a level difference between A and B and also C and D,
the term = /L
exists for the spans AB and CD. But for the span BC, the term does not exist since B and C
are at same level.

Fig 14.11
For span AB and CD,
is negative (Note for vertical or inclined members, imagine then rotated till horizontal and
then visualise the sign of or as for a beam) and therefore:
For AB: = - /6, BC = 0 (c)
for CD; = - /4
CE405/1 160

Substituting for , the slope deflection equations are obtained from equation 13.4 and
13.5 as:
MAB = 45 + 2 (2 B + 6 /6)
MBA = -45 + 2 (4 B + 6. /6)
MBC = 120 + 2 (4 B +2 C)
MCD = -120 + 2 (2 B + 4 C)
MCD = 3 (4 C + 6. /4)
MDC = 3 (2 C + 6. /4)
Joint equilibrium equations:
Joint B:
MBA + MBC = 0
Joint C:
MCB + MCD = 0
shear equation: using equations : 14-1-,14-2 and 14-3, we have:
60 3
HA = (MAB + MBA)/ 6 +
6
HD = (MCD + MDC) / 4
and the shear equation becomes

60
(M AB + M BA ) + 30 (MCD + MDC ) = 0 (c)
6 4
simplifying the equation (c), we get:
2(MAB + MBA) + 3 (MCD + MDC) = 360 (d)
Substituting the relation (a) in equations (b) and (d) we get
MBA + MBC = 8 B +2 +8 B +4 C - 45 + 120 = 0
MCB + MCD = 4 B +8 C +12 C + 4.5 - 120 = 0 (e)
2 (4 B -2 +8 B+ 2 ) + 3 (12 C + 4.5 + 6 C + 4.5 ) = 360
Simplifying the equation (e)
16 B +4 C + 2 = -75 (i)
4 B + 20 C+ 4.5 = 120 (ii)
24 B + 54 C + 35 = 360 (iii)
Dividing the third equation by 12 and rewriting the above:
16 B +4 C + 2 = -75
4 B + 20 C + 4.5 = 120
CE405/1 161

2 B + 4.5 + 35/12 = 30 (f)

Expressing in the matrix relation:

16 4 2 B - 75
4 20 4.5 C 120
2 4.5 35 / 12 30
[K ]{ } = {p}
9.52 0.666 5.50
1 1
[K ] = 0.666 10.666 16
2 69.32
5.5 16 76
After carrying out matrix multiplication
9.52 Symmetric # 75& 13.83
B
1 + +
C = -.666 10.666 $120 ' = 1/ 2 12.26
2 69.32
5.5 16 76 +% 30 +( 11.14

# B&
The student should note that the matrix [ K ] is symmetric. After substituting the value $ '
% C(
in the relations (a), we get
MAB = 28.48 KN.m.
MBA = - 89.18 KN.m.
MBC = 89.20 KN.m.
MCB = -98.62KN.m.
MCD = 61.84 KN.m.
The B.M diagram is drawn as follows:

Fig 14.12
CE405/1 162

span moments
Moment at centre of span AB:
= 60 6/4 - (89.2 + 28.48)/2
= 31.16KN.m.
Moment at centre of span BC:
= 40 (6)2/8 - (89.2 + 98.62)/2
= 86.1 KN.m.
To find the shear force in the members, the free body diagrams of the members are most
useful:
Span AB

Fig 14.13

HA =
(M AB + M BA ) + 60 3
6 6
= (29.48 - 89.18)/6 + 30
= 19.90 KN.m.
HB = 60 - 19.90 = 40.10 KN.
Span CD:

HD =
(MDC + MCD )
4
= (98.62 + 61.84)/4 = 40.11 KN
HC = -40.11 KN.
Span BC:
CE405/1 163

Fig 14.14
VB + VC = 40 6 = 240 KN.
Taking moments C:
VB 6 - 89.2 + 98.62 - 40 6 3 = 0
VB = 118.43 KN
VC = 240 - 118.43 = 121.57 KN.
The reactions at the support are shown as given below:

Fig 14.15
RA = VB = 118.43 KN.
RD = VC = 121.57 KN.
Example 2: Analyse the given portal frame by slope deflection method. EI is constant.
CE405/1 164

Fig 14.16
In this frame, there is only lateral load of 80 KN at joint B. This frame is the same as
in example 1. As there is no transverse load on the members, fixed end moments for all the
members vanish. Here the unknowns are the rotations B and C and the sway .
Relative stiffness: K = KBC = 2, KCD = 3
Slope-deflection equations:
MAB = 2 (2 B + 6 /6)
MBA = 2 (4 B + 6 /6)
MBC = 2 (4 B + 2 C)
MCB = 2 (2 B + 4 C)
MCD = 3 (4 C +6 /4)
MDC = 3 (2 C + 6 /4) (a)
Joint equilibrium equations:
Joint B:
MBA + MBC = 0
Joint C:
MCB + MCD = 0 (b)
The horizontal shears at A and D are

HA =
(M AB + M BA )
6

HD =
(MCD + MDC )
4
CE405/1 165

The shear equation:

80 - HA - HD = 0

(M AB + MBA ) + (MCD + M DC ) = 80 (c)

6 4

Substituting the expression for the moments MAB, MBA .......etc., and simplifying the
equations (b) and (c) we get.

16 B +4 C +2 =0

4 B + 20 C + 4.5 = 0

2 B + 4.5 C + (35/12) = 80

Rewriting in the matrix form

16 4 2 B 0
4 20 4.5 C = 0
2 4.5 35 /12 80

[ k ]{ } = { P}
The student should note that the matrix (K) is the same as in the previous example. Therefore
(k)-1 is the same. Hence the values:

# B
& 9.52 0
+ + 1
$ C' = .666 10.666 Symmetric 0
+ + 2 69.32 55
. 16 76 80
% (

on multiplication we get

B 3.173
C = 9.232
43.85

Substituting the above values in relations (a), we get,

CE405/1 166

Fig 14.17
MAB = 75 KN.m.

MBA = 62.31 KN.m.

MBC = - 62.31 KN.m.

MCB = - 86.55 KN.m.

MCD = 86.54 KN.m.

MDC = 141.93 KN.m.

The bending moment diagram is drawn as follows:

Fig 14.18
EXERCISE PROBLEMS:
Solve the portal frames by slope deflection method. Sketch b.m.d.
Problem 1
CE405/1 167

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4
CE405/1 168

Problem 5

Problem 6
CE405/1 169

****
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 15
CONTENTS:
15.1 Introduction to Kanis method
15.2 Development of the method for continuous beams
15.3 Numerical examples.

AIMS:

To develop Kanis method for the analysis of beam and frames and to introduce the student to
the advantages of this method over other methods.

OBJECTIVES:

After going through this unit the student should able to understand the Principles of Kanis
method and in a position to solve beams and frames.

15.1 INTRODUCTION:

This method was developed by Gasper Kani of Germany in 1947. this method is very
fertile for frames with lateral sway in particular. It has eliminated the two stage analysis of
frames with lateral sway in moment distribution method. It has not any special advantage
over moment distribution method for the solution of continuous beams and non-sway frames.
Also the student learned the slope-deflection method in the earlier units. In the slope-
deflection method, number of simultaneous equation are to be solved. Now with the
introduction computers, any number of simultaneous equations can be solved. Hence the
moment distribution method and Kanis method has no more advantages except to solve
simple frames and beams by long hand.

15.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES:

Members with no translation of joints:

Consider a member AB in a continuos beam or a frame with transverse loading as

shown in Fig 15.1 (a). The deflected shape of the member is shown in Fig 15.1 (b). It is
assumed that the joints under go translations, and also the ends A and B will rotate through
A and B respectively. Let MAB and MBA be the end moments of the member (beam) AB.
CE405/1 170

Fig 15.1
Sign Convention:
The sign convention followed in the slope-deflection method is adopted herein, that is:
1. Anti clockwise end moments are positive and
2. Anticlock wise rotations are positive. The actual member end moments developed due to
super position of the following four components of deformation.
a) The member AB is considered as completely restrained or fixed.
The fixed end moments for this condition are expressed as MFAB and MFBA at ends A and B
respectively (Fig 15.1(c))
b) The end A only is rotated through an angle A inducing a moment 2M1AB at end A and
M1AB at the farther end B with is fixed (Fig. 15.1.d). The moment M1AB is known as rotation
moment at end A.
c) Now the end A is considered as fixed in the deformed position and the end B is rotated
through angle B which induces a moment 2 M1BA at B and moment M1BA at end A
(Fig 15.1e) the moment M1BA is termed as the rotation moment at end B.
d) Now the member AB fixed at both ends A and B, the ends A and B under goes translation
A and B respectively is the difference ( B - A), between the supports A and B
(Fig.15.1f.)
The fixed end moments developed are
MAB = MBA = 6EI /L2
CE405/1 171

When the translation of joints occurs along with rotations, the final end moments can be
expressed as the super position of the four moments, that is
MAB = MFAB + 2MAB + M1BA + MAB and

MAB = MFBA + M AB + 2MBA +M
BA (15.1)
The quantity MAB = MBA is known as displacement moment of the member AB. For
member AB, when we refer to the final moment MAB at A, and A may be refereed as the near
end and B as the far end. Similarly when use refer to moment MBA at B, end B may be
referred as the near end and end A as the far end. Therefore, the relationship in Equation
15.1, may be stated as the true moment at the near end of a member is the algebraic sum of
(a) the fixed end moments at the near end (b) twice the rotation moment of near end and (c)
rotation moment of the far end (d) the moment due translation at near end.

Fig 15.2
Equation 15.1 is applicable to all members of the frame. Now we consider the different
members meeting at joint A. The member end moments at A for the members meeting at A
are given by:
MAB = MFAB + 2MAB + MBA + MAB
MAC = MFAC + 2MAC + MCA + MAC
MAD = MFAD + 2MAD + MDA + MAD
MAE = MFAE + 2MAE + MEA + MAE
For the equilibrium of the joint, the sum of the end moments at A must be zero, that is
M AB = 0 (15.3)
or MFAB + 2 M1AB + MBA + MAB = 0 (15.4)
where
CE405/1 172

MFAB = Algebraic sum of fixed end moments at A of all members meeting at A

MAB = Algebraic sum of rotation moments at A of all the members meeting at A.
MBA = Algebraic sum of the rotation moments of far ends of the members meeting A.
M1AB = (-1/2) ( MFAB + MBA + MAB) (15.5)
From the moment - rotation relationship

Fig 15.3

2MAB = 4EIAB/LAB = 4E KAB A (15.6)

where KAB = IAB/LAB, the relative stiffness for member AB
Therefore MAB = 2E KAB. A (15.7)
At joint A all the members undergo rotation A. Assuming E is the same for all
MAB = 2E A KAB. (15.8)
Dividing equation 15.7 by equation 15.8, we have
M ,AB K
= AB (15.9)
,
ZM AB ZK AB
K AB
or , =
MAB ,
ZM AB (15.10)
ZK AB
Substituting for MAB from equation 15.5
K
, = ( 12 ) AB (MFAB +
MAB M ,AB + , )
M ,AB (15.11)
K AB
The ratio (-1/2) KAB/ KAB is known as rotation factor for the member AB at joint A.
Denoting the rotation factor as UAB
UAB = (-1/2) (KAB./ KAB) (15.12)
The Equation 15.11 can be written as
MAB = UAB ( MFAB + MBA + MAB) (15.13)
In this equation the summation of fixed end moment MFAB is known quantity for the
given joint. If joint translation is known, the displacement moments can be determined
using the relation 6EI /L2. If is zero, then the displacement moments is taken as zero.
Further if translation is known additional equation is to be used which will be discussed
CE405/1 173

later. To start with far end rotation moments MBA are not known and hence they may be
taken as zero. By similar approximation the rotation at other joints are also determined. With
the approximate values of rotation moments computed it is possible to again determine a
more correct value of the rotation moment at A for member AB using Equation 15.13.
The procedure explained above is carried out till the accurate values of the rotation
moments are obtained. Then the final end moments are obtained from Equation 15.1.
Some points:
1. The sum of the rotation factor is (-1/2)
2. If an end of member is fixed, the rotation at that end zero and consequently rotation
moment is zero.
3. If an end of a member is hinged or pinned it convenient to consider it as fixed and take
the relative stiffness as (3/4) I/L. Some examples are presented to illustrate the Kanis
method.
Example 1: Analyse the given continuous beam using the Kanis method Sketch b.m.d, EI is
same for all the members.

Fig 15.4
The fixed end moments are
30 1 (2)2 30 2 (1)2
MFAB = + = 20KN.m.
(3)2 (3) 2
MFBA = -20KN.m.
MFBC = 60 2 4/16 = 30 KN.m.
MFCB = -30 KN.m.
MFCD = 30 (4)2/12 = 40 KN.m.
MFDC = - 40 KN.m.
Now the relative stiffness and rotation factors are evaluated
Joint Member Rel.Stiffness K K Rotation factor U = (-1/2) K/ K
B BA I/3 (7/12) I UBA = - .285
CE405/1 174

BC I/4 UBC = - .214

C CB I/4 I/2 UCB = - .25
CD I/4 UCD = - .25
The sum of fixed end moments:
at B : - 20 + 30 = 10 KN.m.
at C : -30 + 40 = 10 KN.m.
The scheme for proceeding with the method of rotation contribution is as shown in
Fig. 15.5. The beam line is drawn and joints B and C are marked by two squares one inside
the other. The sum of fixed end moments at each joint are entered in the inner squares.

Fig 15.5
Rotation factors (-0.285) and (-.214) for members BA and BC at B and (-.25), and
(-.25) for members CB and CD at C are entered in the annular spaces as shown in Fig 15.4.
The member fixed end moments are written above the beam line.
The rotation moments can now be determined by iteration process as presented below.
First take joint B. Apply Equation 15.13. Here the displacement moments MAB = MBA = 0.
Therefore we have:
MBA = UBA ( MFAB + MAB)
and MBC = UBC ( MFBC + MBC) (15.14)
in which MFAB = sum of fixed end moments at B = 10 KN.m.
MAB = Sum of rotation moments of far ends of members meeting at joint B.
we know MAB = 0 since end A is fixed
MCB = 0 assumed to start with
CE405/1 175

Substituting these values in equation 15.14.

MAB = -0.286 (10 + 0 + 0) = -2.86KN.m.
MBC = - 0.214 (10+0+0) = - 2.14 KN.m.
These rotation moments are entered below the beam line.
Now consider the joint C.
Rotation moments MCB and MCD will be determined using equation 15.13.
MCB = -0.25 (10 - 2.14 + 0) = -1.965 KN.m.
MCD = -0.25 (10 - 2.14 + 0) = - 1.965KN.m.
These rotation moments are shown in Fig 15.4. in the appropriate places.
This completes one cycle. This procedure is repeated starting again from joint B.
More accurate rotation moments at joint B can be obtained by taking the approximate values
obtained in the first cycle. For example considering joint B. The sum of the rotation moments
at the far ends.
at A = 0
at C = -1.965
Therefore MBA = -0.286 (10 - 1.965 + 0) = -2.298 KN.m.
MBC = -0.214 (10 - 1.965 + 0) = -1.719
These values of rotation moments super side the values (-2.86 and -2.14) obtained earlier.
Now take joint C. Revised values of rotation moments are determined as explained earlier.
Therefore:
MCB = - 0.25 (10 - 1.719 + 0) = -2.07
MCD = -0.25 (10 - 1.719 + 0) = -2.07
These values replace the previous values of -1.965. The new values are shown below and the
previous values are struck. This completes the second cycle. Proceeding again starting from
joint B.
MBA = -0.286 ( 10 - 2.07 + ) = -2.27
MBC = -0.214 (10 - 2.07 + 0) = -1.70
At joint C:
MCB = -0.25 (10 - 1.70 + 0) =-2.08
MCD = -0.25 (10 - 1.70 + 0) =-2.08
These values replace the previous values. This completes the third cycle. At this stage
it is seen that the difference between the 2nd cycle previous values in the present values of the
CE405/1 176

third cycle is small. Hence no further iterations are necessary. We can take the values of the
3rd cycle can be taken as final values.
Now we have acceptable values of rotation moments so that the final moments can be
determined using Equation 15.1. The final moments are calculated as follows:
MAB = 20 + 2(0) - 2.27 = 17.70 KN.m.
MBA = -20 + 0 -2 2.27 = -24.54 KN.m.
MBC = 30 - 2 1.7 - 2.08 = 24.52 KN.m.
MCB = -30 - 1.7 - 2 2.08 = -35.86 KN.m.
MCD = -40 - 2 2.08 + 0 = 35.84 KN.m.
MDC = -40 - 2.08 + 2(0) = -42 KN.m.
The span moments i.e., at the centre of the span are determined as given below:
Span AB : 30 - (17.33 + 24.56)/2 = 8.86 KN.m.
Span BC : 60 - (24.56 + 35.84)/2 = 29.80 KN.m.
Span CD : 60 - (35.84 + 42.08)/2 = 21.0 KN.m.
The support reactions can be determined as explained in the previous chapters. The B.M.D is
drawn below.

Fig 15.6
BOOKS:
1. Basic structural Analysis by C.S.Reddy.

****
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 16
CONTENTS:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Kanis method - continuous beams
16.3 Kanis method - Symmetrical Frames
Exercise Problems
CE405/1 177

AIMS:
1. Examples are presented to make the student understand the solution of continuous beams
by Kanis method.
2. Examples are presented to make the student understand the solution of symmetric frames
by Kanis method.
16.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the unit 15, Kanis method is developed the expression for rotation factors, rotation
moment and final member end moments are presented. An example is presented to make
student understand the Kanis method.
In this unit some more examples are presented in continuous beams with different
support conditions, including settlement of supports. Further symmetric frames are also
presented.
Numerical Examples: continuous beams:
Example :1 Determine the end moments of the continuous beam shown in Fig 16.1. The
relative values of I of the span are shown along the span. E is constant.

Fig 16.1
The beam has hinge at A and roller supports at D. It will be convenient to consider that:
a) The ends are fixed and the relative stiffness of span AB and CD are taken as (3/4) KAD
and (3/4)KCD respectively, and
b) The fixed end moments MFBA and MFCD are modified as (MFBA - 1/2 MFAB) and (MFCD -
1/2 MFDC) respectively. With the above modifications the hinged or roller ends are
assumed to be fixed having zero fixed end moments.
The fixed end moments are:

MFAB = 40 (3) (1)2 / (4)2 = 7.50 KN.m.

MFBA = 40 (1) (3)2 / (4)2 = -22.50 KN.m.

MFBC = -MFCB = 10(8)2/12 = 53.33 KN.m.

MFCD = - MFDC = 40 6/8 = 30.0 KN.m.

CE405/1 178

The moments are adjusted to account for hinged or roller supports at A and D. The modified
moments are:

MFBA = -22.50 - 1/2 (7.5) = - 26.25 KN.m.

MFCD = +30.0 - 1/2 (-30) = 45.00 KN.m.

MFAB = MFDC = 0
The rotation factors are:
Joint Member Rel. Stiffness K Rotation factor U = 1 K
2 K
K
B BA 3/4(I/4) (7/16)I -0.21
BC (2I/8) -0.29
C CB 2I/8 (7/16)I -0.29
CD (3/4) (1.5I/6) -0.21
The fixed and moments and the rotation moments are entered in Fig 16.2

Fig 16.2
Cycle1
Joint B:
To begin with the rotation moments at four ends are assumed to be zero. Therefore,
MBA = (-.21) (27.08 + 0 + 0) = -5.8 KN.m.
MBC = (-0.29) (27.08) = - 7.74 KN.m.
Joint C:

MCB = -0.29 (-8.33 -7.74 + 0) = 4.59 KN.m.

MCD = (-0.21) (-8.33 -7.74 + 0) = 3.44 KN.m.

These rotation moments are shown entered in Fig 16.2.
CE405/1 179

The rotation moments at A and D are noted as Zero since they have been replaced by fixed
ends.
Cycle 2:
Joint B:
More accurate rotations can be obtained from previously computed values of rotation
moments.
For example at joint B:
MBA = (-0.21) (27.08 + 0 + 4.59) =-6.79 KN.m.
MBC = (-0.29) (27.08 + 0 + 4.59) = -9.05. KN.m.
Joint C:
MCB = -0.29 (-8.33 - 9.05 + 0) = 4.97 KN.m.
MCD = -0.21 (-8.33 - 9.05 + 0) = 372 KN.m.
The procedure is continued and values upto four cycles are shown entered in Fig 16.2. Now
the rotation moments are known and hence the final moments are evaluated
MAB = 0
MBA = -26.25 - 2 6.87 = - 39.99KN.m.
MBC = 53.33 - 2 9.17 + 5 = 39.99 KN.m.
MCB = -53.33 + 2 5.0 - 9.17 =-52.50 KN.m.
MCD = 45.00 + 2 3.75 + 0 = + 52.50 KN.m.
MDC = 0
Since the supports A and D are simply supported the moments at these supports must be zero.
Hence moment calculations need be carried out here.
Example 2:
Analyse the continuous beam by Kanis method. EI is constant

Fig 16.3
The beam is fixed at A and supported on roller at C with an over hang of 2m.
The fixed end moments are
CE405/1 180

MFAB = 10 (8)2/12 = 53.33 KN.m.

MFBA = 10(8)2/12 = -53.33 KN.m.

MFBC = 50 6/8 = 37.5 KN.m.

MFCB = - 50 6/8 = -37.5 KN.m.

MFCD = 30 2 = 60 KN.m.
Relative stiffness
KAB = I/B, KBC = I/6, KCD = 0
Rotation factors are
UBA = -0.21, UBC = -0.29, UCB = -0.50
The values are shown entered in Fig 16.4. Proceeding in the usual manner the rotation
moments are evaluated. The rotation moments for five cycles are shown.

Fig 16.4
The final end moments are computed as usual
MAB = 53.33 + 6.64 + 0 = 59.97 KN.m.
MBA = - 53.33 + 2 6.64 = - 40.05 KN.m.
MBC = 37.5 + 2 9.18 - 15.80 = 40.06 KN.m.
MCB = -37.5 - 2 15.00 + 9.18 = -59.92 KN.m.
MCD = 60 KN.m.
Beams with support settlements:
Now let us take continuous beams with support settlements. In these problems, the
fixed end moments due to applied loading and due to sinking of supports are added
algebraically and the net moments are considered the final fixed ends moments in further
computations.
CE405/1 181

Example 3: Analyse the given continuous beam using the Kanis method. Support B sinks
by 15mm. Take E = 200 106 KN/mm2 and I = 100 106 mm4. draw the b.m.d. D is simply
supported.

Fig 16.5
It will be convenient to (a) consider the end D is fixed and the relative stiffness for CD is
taken as 3/4 KCD as a fixed end.
(b) the fixed end moments MCD is modified as (MFCD - 1/2 MFDC). with the above
modifications the roller support at D is assumed to be fixed having zero fixed end moments.
The fixed end moments are:
MFAB = 40 (6)2/12 = 120 KN.m.
MFBA = - 120 KN.m.
MFBC = 40 (6)2/12 = 120 KN.m.
MFCB = 120 KN.m.
MFCD = (120 6/B - 1/2 120 /8 ) = 130 KN.m.
The fixed end moments due to support settlement are calculated as follows. When we
consider the span AB, the support B is at lower level and hence the fixed end moments are
positive
(see fig 16.6(a))

Fig 16.6
As the support C is at higher level the fixed end moments are negative.
CE405/1 182

= 0.015 m.
MFAB = MFBA = 0.015 6 2 200 106 100 106/(6)2 = 100KN.m.
MFBC = MFCB = -100 KN.m.
The fixed end moments due to the known settlement of supports are to be added to the
moments due to loading to arrive at net fixed end moments. The total fixed end moments are:
MFAB = 120 + 100 = 220 KN.m.
MFBA = -120 + 100 = - 20 KN.m.
MFBC = 120 - 100 = 20 KN.m.
MFCB = -120 -100 = - 220 KN.m.
MFCD = 135 KN.m.
Relative stiffness:
KAB = 2I/6 = I/3
KBC = 2I/6 = I/3
KCD = 3/4 (3I/6) = 3 I/8
Rotation factors are:
UBA = - 1/2 (I/3) / (I/3 + I/3) = - 1/4
UBC = -1/2 (I/3) / (2I/3) = -1/4
UCB = -1/2 I/3/ (I/3+3I/8) = -0.235
UCD = -1/2 3I/8/ (I/3+3I/8) = - 0.265

Fig 16.7

The remaining procedure is same as the problems solved earlier. The results are tabulated as
given in 3 cycles gave accurate results.

The final member end moments are computed as usual:

MAB = MFAB + 2MAB + MBA

MAB = 220 - 5.3 = 214.70 KN.m.

CE405/1 183

MBA = -20 - 2 5.3 = - 30.60 KN.m.

MBC = 20 - 2 5.3 + 21.22 = + 30.62 KN.m.

MCB = -220 + 2 21.22 - 5.3 = 182.86 KN.m.

MCD = 135 + 2 23.92 = 182.84 KN.m.

Now the student is advised to draw the bending moment diagram.

16.2 FRAMES WITH NO LATERAL TRANSLATION OF JOINTS:

The frame in which lateral translations are prevented are analysed in the same way as
continuous beams. The lateral sway is prevented either due to support conditions or due to
symmetry of the frame and loading. The procedure is illustrated by solving the following
example.

Example 4: A rectangular portal frame has a beam member of 6m and column members of
height 4.5m height. The moments of inertia of the beam and columns are 2I and I
respectively. An u.d.1. of 30 KN/m acts on the length of the beam. Analyse the frame by
Kanis method. Sketch b.m.d.

Fig 16.8

Due to symmetry of geometry of the frame and loading the frame does not undergo lateral
translation.

The fixed end moments are

MFBC = 30 (6)2/12 = 90 KN.m.

CE405/1 184

MFCB = -90 KN.m.

MFAB = MFBA = MFCD = MFDC = 0

Relative stiffness:

KAB = KCD = I/4.5, KBC = 2I/6 = I/3

Rotation factors:

At joint B:

UBA = -1/2 KBA / (KBA + KBC)= -1/2 I/4.5/ (I/4.5 + I/3) = -0.20

UBC = -1/2 I/3 (I/4.5 + I/3) = -0.3

At joint C : UCB = -0.3

UCD = -0.2

Now the rotation moments are worked but in the manner as was worked out in the previous
examples for continuous beams. These are shown entered in Fig 16.9

Fig 16.9
The final moments are:
MAB = -25.56 KN.m.
MBA = -2 25.56 = - 51.12 KN.m.
MBC = 90 - 2 38.5 + 38.50 = 51.5 KN.m.
MCB = -90 + 2 38.5 - 38.5 = - 51.5 KN.m.
MCD = 2 25.56 = 51.12 KN.m.
MDC = 25.56 KN.m.
The bending moment diagram is drawn on tension side.
CE405/1 185

Fig 16.10
16.3 SYMMETRICAL FRAMES UNDER SYMMETRICAL LOADING: When a frame
is symmetric in both geometry and loading conditions computational work is reduced
considerably. Two cases of symmetry arises, namely frames in which the axis of symmetry
passes through the centre line of the beams and frames with a six of symmetry passing
through column base.
Case1: Axis of symmetry passes through centre of beams.
Let AB be any horizontal member of frame through the centre of which the axis of symmetry
passes.

Fig 16.11
CE405/1 186

(a) End moments and rotations (b) Rotation at end A due to moment MAB (c) rotation at end
A due to moment MBA.
Let MAB and MBA be the end moments. Due to symmetry of deformation, MAB and
MBA are numerically equal but are opposite in sense.
The slope at A = A is obtained as a superposition of the rotations due to MAB and -
MBA as shown, in Fig 16.11 b and c respectively. Therefore,

A = A + A

From the moment rotation relationships

, = M AB L , - = M L / 6EI = M L / 6EI
A A BA AB
3EI
Therefore

A = A + A = MABL/2EI
Let this member be replaced by member AB whose end will undergo rotation A due to
moment MAB applied at end A, while end B is being restrained. The substitute member will
have the same value of I as for the original member.
For such a beam the force displacement relation is
A = MAB L/4EI

Fig 16.12
where L is the length of the substitute member. Hence for the equality of rotations between
original member AB and the substitute member AB.
A = MAB L/2EI = MAB L/4EI
or I/L = 2I/L
or k = 2k or k = k/2 (16.1)
Thus if k is the relative stiffness of original member AB, this member can be replaced by
substitute member AB having relative stiffness k/2. With this substitute member, the analysis
then needs to be carried out for only one half of the frame considering the line of symmetry
as the fixed end. The following examples illustrate the various steps involved in the analysis
of symmetric frames.
Examples: Analyse the given frame. Use the concept of symmetric frame.
CE405/1 187

Fig 16.13
Since the axis of symmetry passes through the middle of the beam BC, only one half of the
frame will be considered. The substitute frame is shown in Fig 16.14.

Fig 16.14
(a) Substitute frame (b) Rotation moments
Fixed end moments are
MFBC = 40 (6)2/12 = 120 KN.m.
MFCB = -120 KN.m.
The relative stiffnesses are:
KCD = KAB = I/3, KBC = 3I/6
KBC = 1/2 KBC = I/4
The rotation factors are
UBA = - 4/14, UBC = - 3/14
CE405/1 188

The true rotation moments are obtained in the first distribution only. The final moments are
worked as follows:
MAB = - 34.29 KN.m.
MBA = -2 34.29 = - 68.58 KN.m.
MBC = 120 - 2 25.71 = + 68.58 KN.m.
From symmetry: MCB = - 68.58 KN.m.
MDC = 34.29 KN.m.
Example 6: Analyse the frame shown in Fig 16.15 adopting the advantage of symmetry

Fig 16.15
The fixed end moments are
30 2 (4)2 30 4 (2)2
MFBE = + = 40KN.m.
(6)2 62
2
20 (6)
MFCD = = 60KN.m.
12
The substitute frame is shown 16.16 (a). For the substitute frame the relative stiffnesses and
the rotation factors are worked out. The rotation moments are evaluated at joints B and C.
These are shown in Fig 16.16 b.
Relative stiffnesses are
KAB = KBC = I/3
KBE= KCD = 1/2 4I/6 = I/3
Rotation factors:
CE405/1 189

Joint B:
I/3
UBA = UBC = 1/ 2 = 1/ 6
(I / 3 + I / 3 + I / 3)
Joint C: UCD = UCB = -1/2 I/3 / (I/3 + I/3) = -1/4
The final moments are computes as shown:

Fig 16.16
MAB = -4.35 KN.m.
MBA = -2 4.35 = -8.70 KN.m.
MBE = 40 - 2 4.35 = 31.30 KN.m.
MBC = -2 4.35 - 13.91 = -22.61 KN.m.
MCB = - 2 31.91 - 4.35 = - 32.17 KN.m.
MCD = 60 - 2 13.91 = 32.18 KN.m.
CE405/1 190

Fig 16.17
The moments on opposite sides are shown.
B.M.D is drawn on tension side

Fig 16.18
2
20(6)
Span moment CD = 32.15 = 57.85KN.m.
8
Span moment BE = 30 2 - 31.3 = 28.70 KN.m.
Exercise Problems:
1. Analyse the continuous beam shown by Kanis method. Sketch b.m.d.
CE405/1 191

Fig 16.19
2. Analyse the continuous beam shown by Kanis method. Sketch b.m.d

Fig 16.20
3. Analyse the continuous beam given. EI is same for all spans. Sketch b.m.d.
Support B sinks by 5mm. I = 25 10-6 m4, E = 210 106 KN/m2.

Fig16.21
4. Analyse the frame by Kanis method. Sketch b.m.d.

Fig 16.22
5. Analyse the frame by Kanis method. Sketch b.m.d.
CE405/1 192

Fig 16.23
Books: (1) Basic structural Analysis by C.S.Reddy.

****
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 17
CONTENTS:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Kanis method - Frames with lateral sway
17.3 Numerical Examples
17.4 Frames with unequal column heights
17.5 Example
Exercise problem.
17.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the unit 16, Kanis method for continuous beam and symmetric frames without lateral
sway are discussed. This unit deals with discussion about frames with lateral sway which
differ from the frames discussed in the unit 16. Considering the sway, the equations are
developed.
17.2 FRAMES WITH LATERAL SWAY:
Consider a multistoreyed frame shown in Fig 17.1(b). The frame carries both vertical
(gravity) loading and lateral loading. The lateral loads may be due to wind or earthquake
forces. For simplicity the lateral loads are taken as acting at joints only. Thus these lateral
loads do not cause any fixed end moments on the vertical members (columns) but develop
CE405/1 193

shear in the vertical members. Fixed end moments are developed due to vertical loads only
acting on horizontal members (beams). Let AB represent a vertical member in any storey of a
multistroreyed frame (Fig 17.1 (a)) P is the lateral load acting at the joints. MAB and MBA be
the end moments at A and B. Let H be the horizontal force developed on column AB. If the hr
is the height of the rth storey.

Fig 17.1
then from the equilibrium consideration of member AB.
MAB + MBA + H (hr) = 0 (17.1)

or H=
(M AB + MBA ) (17.2)
hr
Consider now a general building frame shown in Fig.17.1 (b). Let AB, CD, EF and GH
represent columns in a particular storey.
In general H represent the shear in that storey. If we denote Qr = shear in the rth
storey, we can write:
Qr = - (MAB + MBA)/hr (17.3)
where hr = height of columns of the rth storey
MAB = sum of end moments at the upper ends of all the columns in the rth storey
MBA = sum of end moments at the lower ends of all the columns in the rth storey.
From equation 17.3, we can rewrite
Qr hr = - ( MAB + MBA) (17.4)
we know the general expression for end moments for the member AB is
MAB = MFBA + 2MAB + MBA + MAB and
MBA = MFBA +2MBA + MAB + MBA (17.5)
For columns with lateral load acting at joints, the fixed end moments
CE405/1 194

MFAB = MFBA = 0. For any prismatic member it may be noted that MAB = MBA
Therefore
MAB + MBA = 3 MAB + 3 MBA + 2 MAB
From Equation 17.4. - ( MAB + MBA) = Qrhr
Qr hr = - r (3(MAB + MBA) + 2MAB)
# 2 &
or Qr hr / 3 = r $ M,AB + MBA
, + M,,AB '
% 3 (
This gives
,, = 3/ 2{Qr hr / 3 + r (M AB
MAB , )}
, + MBA (17.6)
Here Qr hr/3 is known as storey moment. This is positive when Q acts from right to left. We
know that the relative lateral displacement is the same for all the columns in any one
storey.
For any column the translation moment is
,, = 6EI h 2 = 6EI h r
MAB
r

where = /hr

Thus the translation moment of a column in a storey is proportional to the relative stiffness

K = I/hr

Therefore MAB/ MAB = KAB/ KAB

or MAB = (KAB/ KAB). MAB (17.7)

Substituting for MAB from equation 17.6 we can write equation. 17.7

MAB = (KAB/ KAB) (-3/2) {Qrhr/3 + r (MAB + MBA)}

or MAB = .AB { Qrhr/3 + r (MAB + MBA)} (17.8)

in which .AB = (-3/2) KAB/ KAB is called displacement factor for member AB. It may be
noted that in equation 17.18. (MAB + MBA) represents the sum of the rotation moments at top
and bottom ends of all the columns of the sotrey under consideration.

KAB = sum of relative stiffnesses of all the columns of a storey under consideration.
Obviously the sum of the translation factors of all the columns of a storey will be equal to
(-3/2). Summing the various relationships obtained earlier are rewritten as follows:

MAB = UAB (MFAB + MBA + MAB) (17.9)

CE405/1 195

MBA = UBA (MFBA + MAB + MBA)

MAB = MBA = .AB (Qrhr/3 +

r(M AB + MBA) (17.10)

MAB = MFAB + 2MBA + MBA + MAB

MBA = MFAB + MAB +2MBA + MBA (17.11)

Applying Equations 17.9 and 17.10, the rotation and translation moments are
determined by iteration for all storeys in turns. In any cycle there are two steps. In the first,
the rotation moments are determined with trail values of displacement moments. In the
second step the displacement moments are determined with the trial values of step 1. Thus the
cycle completes. This process of iteration continues till acceptable values of rotation and
translation moments are known. Thus the final moments are found from equations 17.11.
This method is explained with examples.

17.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES:

Example 1: Analyse the given protal frame by Kanis methods

Fig 17.2

The fixed end moments are:

MFBC = 67.5 2 (4)2/(6)2 = 60.0 KN.m.

MFCB = -67.5 (2)4 4 / (6)2 = - 30.0 KN.m.

The rotation factors are computed as usual are equal to:

CE405/1 196

UBA = UBC = -1/4 and UCB = UCD = -1/4

The translation factor for each column is:

.AB = .CD = -3/2 KAB/ KAB

3/ 2. 2I
= = 3/ 4
(I / 2 + I / 2 )

The fixed end moments and rotation factors are entered as shown. Now we can proceed with
iteration process. The various computations follow the following order. First the rotation
moments are calculated at joints B and C and then displacement moments for column AB and
CD.

Fig 17.3 Rotation & Translation moments

Here in this problem, there is no lateral load acting at joint B. Hence Qr hr /3 = 0.
Cycle1:
Rotation Moments
Joint B:
Assuming all far end rotation and translation moments to be zero, the following first
approximations are obtained for the near end rotation moments:
MBA = -1/4 (60) = - 15 KN.m.
MBC = - 15 KN.m.

Joint C:
CE405/1 197

Sum of fixed end moments = -30.0 KN.m.

Rotation moment at B = -15.0 KN.m.

Rotation moment at D = 0.0 Fixed end

Displacements for columns AB,CD = 0.0 (Assumed in first trail)

Total -45.0 KN.m.
Therefore MCB = -1/4 (-45) = +11.26 KN.m.
Translation MCD = +11.26 KN.m.
Storey1:
(There is only one storey in present case)
Rotation moments at top of
Columns AB = - 15.0 KN.m.
Column CD = + 11.26 KN.m.
At bottom of columns = 0.0 KN.m.
-3.74 KN.m .
Therefore:
MAB = -3/4 (-3.74) = 2.80 KN.m.
MCD = -3/4 (-3.74) = 2.80 KN.m.
The rotation moments are entered for the beam ends as earlier and columns at their ends.
Note that the translation moments are entered along the columns at the mid height of storey.
This completes the first cycle.
Cycle 2:
Joint B:
Sum of fixed end moments = + 60KN.m.
Rotation moment at A = 0.0 KN.m
Rotation moment at B = 11.26 KN.m.
Translation moments of column AB = 2.80 KN.m .
Total = 74.06 KN.m.
MBC = -1/4 (74.06) = - 18.52 KN.m.
MBA = -1/4 (74.06) = - 18.52 KN.m.
Joint C:
Sum of fixed end moments = -30.0 KN.m.
Rotation moments at B = -18.52 KN.m.
CE405/1 198

Rotation moments at D = + 0.0 KN.m.

Translation moments of CD = + 2.8 KN.m .
Total -45.72 KN.m .
MCD = -1/4 (-45.72) = 11.44 KN.m.
MCD = -1/4 (-45.72) = 11.44 KN.m.
Storey 1:
Rotation moments at top of column AB = -18.52
Rotation moments at top of column CD = + 11.44
Total - 7.08
Translation moments
MAB = MCD = -3/4 (-7.08) = 5.22 KN.m.
This completes the second cycle. In a similar manner the computations were carried out upto
fives cycles. The rotation and translation moments in successive cycles are entered.
Once the rotation moments and translation moments are known with desired accuracy,
the final moments can be computed using the equations 17.5. They are given as follows:
MAB = -19.30 + 6.44 = - 12.86 KN.m.
MBA = -2 19.30 + 6.44 = - 32.12 KN.m.
MBC = 60 - 2 19.30 + 10.72 = + 31.12 KN.m.
MCB = - 30 + 2 10.72 - 19.3 = - 27.86 KN.m.
MCD = 2 10.72 + 6.44 = +27.88 KN.m.
MDC = 6.44 + 10.72 = 17.16 KN.m.
Examples:
Analyse the given frame by Kanis method
CE405/1 199

Fig 17.4
Fixed end moments:
MFBC = 100 2 (4)2 / (6)2 = 88.88 KN.m.
MFCB = - 100 (2)2 4/ (6)2 = -44.44 KN.m.
Relative stiffness and rotation factors:
KAB = 2I/4 = I/2
KBC = 3I/6 = I/2
KCD = 2I/4 = I/2
Rotation factors:
UBA = -1/4 and UBC = -1/4
UCB = -1/4 and UCD = -1/4
Translation factors:
UAB = UCD = -3/2 (I/2 / (I/2 + I/2)) = -3/4
Storey moment
Qrhr/3 = - 50 4/3 = - 66.67 KN.m.
The storey moment is recorded in a small rectangular block.
The fixed end moments, rotation factors are entered as shown.

Fig 17.5

The rotation moments and displacement moments are given by the relation:

MAB = UAB ( MFAB + MBA + MAB)

MAB = .AB [(Qrhr/3 + (MAB + MBA)]

CE405/1 200

Cycle:1

Joint B:

Assuming all far end rotation and translation moments to be zero, the following first
approximations are obtained for the near end rotation moments:

MBA = -1.4 (88+0+0) = -22.22 KN.m.

MBC = = - 22.22 KN.m.

Joint C:
Sum of fixed end moments = -30.0KN.m.
Rotation moment at B = -22.22KN.m.
Rotation moment at D = 0.00 (fixed end)
Displacement moments for columns AB and CD = 0.00 (assumed)
Total = -52.22 KN.m .
Therefore
MCB = -1/4 (-66.67) = + 16.56 KN.m.
MCD = 16.56 KN.m.
Translation moments:
Storey 1:

Storey moment = - 66.67 KN.m.

Rotation moments at top of

Column AB = -22.22
Column CD = +16.66
Total -72.23 KN.m.

Therefore:

MAB = -3/4 (-72.23) = 54.16 KN.m.

MCD = 54.16 KN.m.

Cycle 2:

Joint B:

Sum of fixed end moments = 88.88 KN.m.

Rotation moment at A = 0.0 KN.m.

CE405/1 201

Translation moment at B = 16.56 KN.m.

Moment for AB = 54.16 KN.m
Total = 159.6 KN.m .
Therefore:
MBC = 1/4 (159.6) = -39.9 KN.m.

MBA = -39.9
Joint C:
Sum of fixed end moements = -44.44 KN.m.
Rotation moment at B = -39.90 KN.m.
Rotation moment at D = 0.0KN.m.
Translation moment of column CD = 54.16 KN.m.
Total -30.18 Kn.m .
Therefore
MCB = -1/4 (-30.18) = 7.54 KN.m.
MCD = 7.54 KN.m.
Translation moments:
Storey 1:
Rotation moment at top of column AB = -39.90
Rotation moment at top of column CD = 7.54
Storey moment = -66.67
Total -99.00 KN.m.
Translation moments:
MAB = MCD = -3/4 (-99.0) = 74.25 KN.m.
In similar way the student is advised to continue and do some more trials till acceptable
values are obtained. Then the final moments may be computed just like in example 1:
CE405/1 202

Fig 17.6
Example 3: We shall consider two storey frame subjected to both vertical and lateral loading.
The details of the frame and loading are given in frame.

Fig 17.7
Fixed end moments
MFCD = 12 (4)2/12 = 16 KN.m.
MFDC = -16KN.m.
MFBE = 24 1 (3)2/(4)2 = + 13.50 KN.m.
MFEB = 24 (1)2 3/(4)2 = - 4.50 KN.m.
CE405/1 203

Rotation factors:
Joint Members Rel. K K U
B BA I/4 I -I/8
BC I/4 -1/8
BE I/2 -1/4
C CB I/4 -1/6
CD I/2 3/4I -1/3

Translation factors:

In each storey there are only two columns and both of them have the same relative
stiffness. Therefore the translation factor for each column.

= 1/2 (-3/2) = -3/4

Storey moments:
Storey 2; Qz = 8KN
Qrhr/3 = = - 8 4/3 = - 10.67 KN.m.
Storey1: Q1 = (-8) + (-16) = - 24 KN.m.
Qrhr/3 = = - 24 4/3 = - 32.0 KN.m.
The storey moments are recorded in small rectangular blocks at the mid height of each storey
to the first column line. The iterations are carried out in the following order. First joints B-E-
D-C and then storeys 2 and 1.
Cycle1:
Joint B:
The rotation moments and translation moments are initially assumed to be zero.
Sum of fixed end Moments at the joint = 13.50 KN.m.
Sum of rotation moments at ends: A = 0.00 fixed end
C = 0.00 (assumed)
E = 0.00 (assumed)
Sum of translation moments of :
Column BC = 0.00 (assumed)
BA = 0.00 (assumed)
+ 13.50 KN.m.

Using Equations 17.9:

CE405/1 204

MBA = MBC = (-1/8) (13.5) = -1.69 KN.m.

MBE = -1/4 (13.5) = - 3.38 KN.m.

Joint C:
Sum of fixed end moments at joint = -4.5 KN.m.
Sum of rotation moments at far ends: B = -3.38 KN.m.
D = 0.00 (Assumed)
F = 0.00 (Assumed)
Total -7.88 KN.m.

Therefore MED = MEF = (-1/8) (-7.88) = 0.99 KN.m.

MED = (-1/4) (-7.88) = 1.97 KN.m.

Joint D:
Sum of fixed end moments at joint = -16.0 KN.m.
Sum of rotation moments at far ends:
at C = 0.0 KN.m.
at E = 0.99 KN.m.
Sum of translation moments of
Column : DE = 0.00 KN.m.
Total 15.01 KN.m .
MDC = -1/3 (-15.01) = 5.0 KN.m.
MDE = (-1/6) (-15.01) = 2.50 KN.m.
Joint C:

Sum of joint moments = 16.0 KN.m.

Sum of rotation moments at far ends

B = -1.69 KN.m.

D = 5.00KN.m.

Sum of translation moments of column

BC = 0.00 KN.m.
Total 19.31KN.m.
MCB = (-1/6) (19.31) = - 3.22 KN.m.
MCD = (-1/3) (19.31) = - 6.44 KN.m.
CE405/1 205

Storey 2:

Storey moment = -10.67 KN.m.

Rotation moments at ends of columns BC = -3.22 KN.m. (Top)

Rotation moments at ends of columns BC = 1.69 KN.m.(Bottom)

Column DE = 2.50 (Top)

Column DE = 0.99 (bottom)

Total = -12.09 KN.m.
MBC = MDE = (-3/4) (-12.04 = 9.07 KN.m.

Storey 1:
Storey moment = -32.0 KN.m.
Rotation moment from column ends AB = -1.69 (top)
= 0.00 (bottom)
EF = 0.99 (top)
= 0.00 (bottom )
Total =-32.70 KN.m .
MAB = MEF = (-3/4) (-32.7) = 24.53 KN.m.

The rotation moments and translation moments are entered.

Cycle 2:

Improved values of rotation moments and translation moments can be obtained by taking the
values obtained in the first. Cycle. Consider

Joint B:

Sum of joint moments = 13.50 KN.m.

Sum of rotation moments at far ends A = 0.00 KN.m.

C = 3.22 KN.m.

at E = 1.97 KN.m.

Sum of translation moments column BA = 24.53 KN.m.

BC = 9.07 KN.m.
Total 45.85 KN.m .
CE405/1 206

MBC = MBA = (-1/8) (45.85) = -5.73 KN.m.

MBE = (-1/4) (45.85) = -11.46 KN.m.

The computations are carried out at joints E,D,C in that order as in cycle 1. Similarly
translation moments are found out for storey 1 and storey 2. Thus it completes the 2nd cycle.
In a similar manner the subsequent cycles are carried out taking each time improved rotation
and translation moments obtained in the immediate previous cycle. These are entered in the
fig. The final moments are computed using the equations 17.5.

Fig 17.8
Final moments:

MAB = MFAB + 2MAB + MBA + MAB

MBA = MFBA + MAB + 2MBA + MAB

Using the above relations, the final end moments are evaluated.

MAB = 0+ 0 + (-6.22) + 32 = + 25.70 KN.m.

MBA = -2 6.22 + 32 = 19.56 KN.m.

CE405/1 207

MBC = -2 6.22 - 5.42 + 18.46 = 0.61 KN.m.

MCB = 2 (-5.42) - 6.22 + 18.46 = 1.41 KN.m.

MBE = 13.15 - 2 12.44 - 8.91 = -20.29 KN.m.

MCD = 16.00 - 2 10.83 + 4.25 = -1.41 KN.m.

Similarly the member end moments are calcualted

17.4 FRAMES WITH UNEQUAL COLUMN HEIGHTS - BASES FIXED OR
HINGED:

Now let us consider a single storey frame with unequal column heights and some of
which may be fixed and others hinged at their bases. For simplicity, let us take a single
storey, single bay portal frame as in Fig 17.2, but the conclusions drawn from them are quite
general.

Lateral displacements develope additional moments in the columns and Equations

17.11 are applicable. Moments denoted as M are known as linear displacement moments and
are as follows:

MAB = MBA = 6E KAB /hAB (17.12)

For member CD : MCD = 3EKCD/hCD (17.13)

and MDC = 0 (17.14)

Now let us replace column CD which is hinged at the base by an equivalent column
CD fixed at the base as shown in Fig. 17.2b. For substitute column we take KCD = 3/4
KCD and H CD = 1.5 hCD. If the two columns were to undergo the same lateral displacement
at the top, we have
MC,, ,D , = 6E KC, D, / hC, D , = 6E(3 4)KCD /1.5hCD = MCD
,, (17.15)

that is so far as displacements are concerned, a substitute column may be used instead of a
hinged one as shown in Fig 17.2(c), provided we ensure that the two frames have the same
shear force due to the displacement. For this we introduce factors MAB and MCD for the
columns in the substitute frame and equate the shear force due to displacement in the frame
that is

,, / hAB + MCD
2 M AB ,, / hCD = MAB 2 M AB
,, / hAB + MCD 2 MC,, , D, / hC, D, (17.16)

which gives MAB = 1, for column fixed at base and

CE405/1 208

MCD = (MCD
,, / MC,, ,D , ).(hC, D, / 2hCD )= 3/4 (17.17)

for the hinged column.

We are now in a position deal with the substitute frame by choosing storey height
hr = hAB and writing

(a) frame with unequal column heights one leg fixed and the other hinged at the base
(b) Substitute column
(c) frame with substitute column
Fig 17.9
CAB = hr/hAB and CC,D , = hr / hC, D,
or CCD = hr/hCD (17.18)
for convenience of rotation.
Now summing up the horizontal forces to zero, we have
Qrhr + CAB (MAB + MBA) + CCD (MCD + MDC) = 0 (17.19)
Substituting for moments from Equations 17.11
and noting the fixed end moments = 0, we have

[
Qr hr + 3 CAB (MAB , (MC, ,D , + M,D, C , )
, ) + CCD
, + MBA ]
+2(MAB CAB MAB
,, + MCDCCD ,, , C , ) = 0
, MD (17.20)
This after transformation gives
MAB .CAB M ,,AB + MCDCCD ,, , C, = 2 / 3(Qhr / 3 +
, MD Cik (Mik , ))
, + Mki (17.21)

Here i-k in general represents the two ends of a column

,, / MC,, , D, = (KAB / hAB )(hCD
we know MAB , ) = (K AB / KCD
, / KCD , ).(C AB / CCD
, ) (17.22)

or MAB .CBA M ,,AB / MCDCCD (

, M ,,D, C , = (MAB / MCD ) C2AB / CCD
2
)
(K AB / KCD
, ) (17.23)
CE405/1 209

which gives

,, = C AB . K AB
M AB
( M C M ,,
AB AB AB , M C,,,D , )
+ M CDCCD
(17.24)
(M C K
AB
2
AB AB + M CDCCD , )
, 2 KCD

M C,,,D , = CCD
, KCD
,
( M AB CAB M AB , M C ,D , )
,, + M CDCCD
(17.25)
( 2
M AB C AB K AB + M CDCCD
, KCD
,
2

)
with the help of equations 17.8 the translation moment for any column i-k may be written as

,, = ( 3/ 2)Cik Kik /
Mik ( 2
Mik Cik )
Kik {Qrhr / 3 + Cik (Mik
, + M,ki )}

or Mik {
,, = . ik (Qrhr / 3 + Cik (Mik , ))
, + Mki } (17.26)

where . ik = ( 3 / 2)Cik Kik / ( Mik C 2ik Kik ) (17.27)

which are familiar as the translation factors for column i-k. A control on the calculations

.ik is given by

Mik Cik = -3/2 (17.28)

These derivations are perfectly general in nature and can be extended to different cases as
described below.

Case 1:
All the columns fixed at base

For this condition:

Mik = 1 for all columns and

.ik = (-3/2) Cik Kik/( C2ik Kik) (17.29)

.ik = (-3/2) Cik Kik/( C2ik Kik) (17.30)

and the control is Cik Kik = -3/2 (17.31)

Case 2:
All the columns hinged at base

For this condition

Mik = 3/4 for all columns and

CE405/1 210

.ik = -2 Cik Kik/ C2ik Kik (17.32)

and the control is Cik .ik = -2

The method can be understood by the examples.

Example 4: Analyse the given portal frame using Kanis method

Substitute frame
Fig 17.10
The hinged column is replaced by a column fixed at base having
hAB = 1.5 hAB = 1.5 (4) = 6.0m. and
KAB = (3/4) KAB = 3/4 (1) = 3/4. If we choose frame height hr = hCD = 4m,
CAB = 4/6 = 2/3 and CCD = 4/4 = 1.0
Fixed end moments:
The fixed end moments are calculated as usual. However the fixed end moments
MFBA is modified as (MFBA - 1/2 MFAB) to take into account hinged condition at support A.
Storey moment:
Lateral force Qr = (25+ 37.5/4) = 34.375 KN and the storey moment
Qrhr/3 = - 34.375 (4)/3 = - 45.83 KN.m.
Rotation factors:
(3 4)
Joint B: UBA = (-1/2) = -0.21
(1 + 3/ 4 )
1
UBC = (-1/2) = -0.29
(1 + 3/ 4 )
1
Joint C: UCB = (-1/2) = -0.25
(1 + 1)
1
UCD = (-1/2) = -0.25
(1 + 1)
Translation factors:
CE405/1 211

For AB, MAB = 0.75, CAB = 2/3, KAB = 3/4

CAB KAB = 0.5, MAB C2AB KAB = 0.25
For CD: MCD = 1.0, CCD = 1, KCD = 1, CCD KCD = 1.0
M2CD C2CD KCD = 1.0
Therefore using equation 17.27
05
. AB = ( 3/ 2) = 0.6
(0.25 + 1.0)
1.0
. CD = ( 3/ 4) = 1.2
(0.25 + 1.0)
These values satisfy the check given by equation 17.31. The fixed end moments, storey
moment, rotation and translation factors are shown.
The iterations have been carried out in the usual manner. To start with the rotation and
translation moments are considered to be zero.
Cycle1:
Rotation moments:
Joint B:
MBC = -0.29 (+22.5+0+0) = - 6.53 KN.m.
MBA = -0.21 (22.5) = -4.73KN.m.
Joint C:
MCB = MCD = -0.25 (-60 - 6.53 + 0) = + 16.63 KN.m.
Translation moments:
MAB = -0.6 (-45.83 + 2/3 (-4.73) + 16.63) = + 19.41 KN.m.
MCD = -1.2 (-32.30) = + 38.82 KN.m.
This completes the first cycle of computations and the values are shown entered in the fig.
Cycle 2:
Rotation moments:
Joint B:
MBC = -0.29 (+22.5+16.63 + 19.41) = - 16.98 KN.m.
MBA = -0.21 (58.54) = - 12.29 KN.m.
Joint C:
MCB = MCD = 0.25 (-60-16.98+38.82) = + 9.54 KN.m.
Translation moments:
MAB = -0.6 (-45.83 + 2/3 (-12.29) +9.54) = + 26.69 Kn.m.
CE405/1 212

MCD = -1.2 (44.48) = 53.58 KN.m.

This completes the 2nd cycle. In like manner further iterations are carried out each time
improving the values of previous cycle. The rotation and translation moments upto five
cycles have been shown entered. The final moments are computed as given.
MAB = 0 (Hinged support)
MBA = -37.5 + 2 11.9 +29.64 = -31.66 KN.m.
MBC = 60 - 22 16.44 + 4.37 = 31.49 Kn.m.
MCB = -60 + 2 4.37 - 16.44 = -67.70 KN.m.
MCD = 2 4.37 + 59.27 = 68.01 KN.m.
MDC = 4.37 + 59.27 = 63.64 KN.m.
Reference: Basic structural analysis by C.S.Reddy
Exercise problems:
Analyse the given protal frames by Kanis method. Sketch b.m.d.

Fig 17.11

****
CE405/1 213

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 18
AIMS:
1. To derive the strain energy principles, Castiglianos theorem II and unit load method.
2. To use the above principles for the determination of slopes and deflections in typical
problems.
OBJECTIVES: After going through the lesson you should be able to:
1. Apply the above principles to new problems
2. Appreciate the simplicity of the above principles for the determination of slopes and
deflections for typical problems.
18.1 INTRODUCTION: In the previous chapters, the slopes and deflections for beams are
developed using double integration method and moment area theorems. There is another
versatile approach i.e., energy method to solve deflections and slopes. This method gives
simpler solution in many complicated problems.
Methods of computing internal strain energy will be reviewed first. The expressions
for the elastic strain energy in axially loaded bars and members subjected to flexure and
derived. Then by using the law of conservation of energy and equating the internal strain
energy to the external work, the deflection will be obtained.
The direct solution of problem by equating the external work to the internal strain
energy turns out to be useful in cases only when one force is applied to a member. Therefore
a general theorem applicable to elastic systems subjected to any number of loads is derived
from deflections and rotations of any element. This theorem is known after Castigliano.
18.2. ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY: When an element is subjected to external load, the
member under goes deformation. Internal stresses and internal strains are induced. When the
stresses are within the elastic limit, the stresses and strains obey Hookes law i.e., the relation
between them is linear. Hence these systems are termed linearly elastic systems. The relation
between the externally applied loads and the corresponding displacements of the load are also
linear.
In mechanics, energy is defined as the capacity to do work and work is the product of
a force and the distance in the direction the force moves. In solid deformable bodies, stresses
multiplied by their respective areas are forces, and deformations are distances. The product of
these two quantities is the internal work done in a body by externally applied forces. The
internal work is stored in a body as the internal elastic energy of deformation or the elastic
CE405/1 214

strain energy. We will discuss the method of determining the internal strain energy. Consider
an infinitesimal element such as shown in fig 18.1 a subjected to normal stress

(a) An element intentions (b) Stress- strain diagram

Fig 18.1
The sides of the element are dx, dy and dz. The area of the element normal to the direction of
x is dy dx. On this area /x is the normal stress. The force acting right or left face of the
element is /x. dydz where dydz is an infinitesimal area of the element. Due to this force the
element undergoes elongation by an amount exdx where ex is the strain in the x direction. If
the element is made of a linearly elastic materal, stress is proportional to strain as shown in
fig 18.1b. Therefore, if the element is initially free of stress, the force which finally acts on
the element increases linearly from zero until it attains its full value. The average force acting
on the element while deformation is taking place is /x dydz/2. This average force multiplied
by the distance through which it acts is the work done on the element. For a perfectly elastic
body no energy is dissipated and the work done on the element is stored as recoverable
internal strain energy. Thus the internal elastic strain energy U for an infinitesimal element
subjected to uniaxial stress is
dU = 1/2 /x. dy.dz . ex dx = 1/2 /xex dx dy dz.
(average force x distance)
= 1/2 /x ex dv (18.1)
where dV is the volume of the element. By rewriting the equation 18.1 we obtain the strain
energy stored in perfectly elastic body per unit volume of the material or its strain-energy
density U0. Thus
dU/dV = U0 = /x ex/2 (18.2)
This expression may be graphically interpreted as an area under the inclined line on the
stress-strain diagram. Fig 18.1 (b). The corresponding area enclosed by the inclined line and
the vertical axis is called the complimentary energy. For linearly elastic materials the two
CE405/1 215

areas are equal. Expression 18.2 can be extended to normal stresses /y and /z and to the
corresponding linear strains ey and ez.
18.3 STRAIN ENERGY IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR: In this problem when a bar of
uniform section is subjected to an axial load P, the internal strain energy can be derived as
follows:
dU = /x ex/2 dV.
= /x ex/2. dx dy dz
using ex = /x/E; and substituting in the above we obtain
dU = (/x2/2E) dV.
But /x = P/A, substituting and integrating over the volume V,

U= (P 2 / 2A2 E.)dxdydz
V

= P 2 / 2A2 E dydz dx.

L A

P 2 / 2AE dx (18.3)
L
On further integration along the bar length L, gives the total energy in the body. If P,A and E
are constant U is given as
U = P2L/2AE (18.4)
18.4 STRAIN ENERGY IN BENDING: See the fig 18.2(a) and (b). Fig (a) shows the cross
section of the rectangular section and (b) shows the variation of stress diagram across the
depth. According to well known flexure formula, the bending stress /x at any fibre y from
N.A is given as:
/x = My/I (18.5)

(a) (b)
Fig 18.2
where
/x = bending stress at a distance y from neutral axis
CE405/1 216

M = bending moment M
I = moment of intertia of section.
Substituting the relation 18.5 for /x in equation 18.1 and is integrated over the volume V.
Nothing that M and I are functions of x only and that by definition
y 2dydz = I.

we have,
/x 2
U= dV
2E
V

= 1/ 2E (My/I)2 dx dy dz
V

= M 2 / 2EI 2 2
y dydz dx
L A

= M 2 / 2EI.dx (18.6)
L
Equation. 18.6 reduces the volume integral for elastic strain energy of a beam in bending to a
single integral over the length of the beam.
18.5 Examples: On strain energy:
Example 1: A typical application of the law of conservation of energy can be explained by
referring to a bar subjected to axial pull P gradually applied as shown in fig. 18.3.

Fig 18.3
The bar has elongated by an amount in the direction of P. Here the change in the potential
energy is equal to - P /2. According to the law of conservation of energy it must appear
elsewhere. In this case it is found in the form of strain energy in the bar. This is given by
Wi = P 2dx / 2AE
CE405/1 217

where Wi = energy stored in the body or internal work

Let We = P /2
where We is the external work. Therefore, according to the law of conservation of energy
L
Wi + We = - P /2 + P 2dx / 2AE = 0
0

The minus sign of the external work is taken to account for the loss potential energy
-We + Wi = 0 or
We = Wi
that is the external work done is equal to internal strain energy.
Example 2: To find the deflection at the free end of a cantilever subjected to a concentrated
load P at its free end.

Fig 18.4
Let EI be the flexural rigidity and be the deflection at the free end.
Taking B as origin
Mx = -Px
then the integral energy U is given as
U= M2 / 2EI dx
L

= ( Px)2 / 2EI dx
L
= P2 L3/6EI (a)
The external work We is given as:
We = P /2 (b)
Equating (a) and (b), we get
= PL3/3EI
which is same as the value obtained from double integration method.
CE405/1 218

Example 3: To find the deflection at centre of a simply supported beam of span L carrying a
central concentrated load P.

Fig 18.5
Consider a simply supported beam carrying load P at its centre. Let be the deflection at
centre under the load. Then
We = P /2 (a)
Taking A as origin, the moment M is given as:
Mx = P/2.x 0 < x < L/2
Since the beam is symmetric, the total strain energy U over the length 'L' is equal to twice the
value over half of its length.
Therefore
L
U= M2x / 2EI dx
0
L/2
=2 M2x / 2EI dx
0
L/2
=2 (P / 2x)2 / 2EI dx
0
After integration and simplifying, we have
Wi = U = P2 L3 /96 EI (b)
Equating (a) and (b) we have
3
PL
=
48EI
which is same as obtained by double integration method.
18.6 Castigliano's Theorem II: In 1879 Castigliano published two theorems. Theorem II,
stated below is having wide application to determine the deflection i in the direction of any
particular load Pi, when any system is subjected to a system of loading. Theorem II states as
follows. The partial derivative of the strain energy of a linearly elastic system with respect to
CE405/1 219

any selected force acting on the system gives the displacement of the force in the direction of
its line of action.. The words force and displacements have a generalized sense and include
respectively, couple and angular rotation. The derivation is as follows: Consider a simple
beam fig. 18.4a subjected to a system of loading P. The beam undergoes deflections as shown
in fig 18.4b.

Fig 18.5
The external work We is equal to internal strain Energy U. given as
n
U= Pi i / 2
i =1

where the summation is taken over for all the loads acting on the beam. Here Pi and i be any
particular load and the corresponding deflection in its direction among the system of loads.
Now if any one of the loads say Pi is increased: by a differential amount say dPi, the strain
energy of the system will change by an amount 0U/0Pi) dPi. The expression for the total
strain Energy becomes
U' = U + (0U/0Pi). dPi (a)
which can be equated to We. In terms of these loads and the corresponding displacements
shown in fig. (a)
n
'
Uo = W e = U + Pid i + 1/ 2dPi d i
i=1

The term 1/2 dPi d i can be neglected.

n
U' = 'We' = U + Pid i (b)
i =1

Now suppose the sequence of loading is reversed, ie., dPi is applied first and then the system
of loads P. See the fig. 18.4 (b) then
We = U = U + dPi. i (c)
CE405/1 220

Since the order of the application of the loads is immaterial, the total work done or the total
strain energy must be same in both cases
U+ (0U/0Pi) dPi = U + dPi i

0U/0Pi = i (18.8)
Here Pi can be moment and corresponding i can be rotation.
In other cords.
0U / 0Mi = i (18.9)
In applying the expressions 18.8 and 18.9, the solution of the problem is not limited by the
number of applied Forces. The addition of a ficticious force at a location where no actual
force is applied enables one to employ the above equations at any location on a body. On
setting the ficticious force equal to zero, one determines the actual displacements in the end.
A few examples will illustrate the application of Castigliano's theorem II.
18.7 Examples On Castigliano's theorem II:
Example 1: Use Castigliano's theorem to determine the maximum deflection of a simply
supported beam subject to a single concentrated load P applied at the mid point.

Fig 18.6
Taking 'A' as origin, the bending moment to the left of the vertical load P is given by
M = P/2 x from which 0M/0P = x/2 for 0 < x < L/2
Due to symmetry about mid point, the internal strain energy stored in the half of the beam to
the right of the concentrated load is equal to that stored in the half to the left of the load. The
total internal strain energy is
L L /2
2
U= M dx / 2EI = 2 (Px / 2)2 dx / 2EI
0 0
According to the Castigliano's theorem, the deflection under the
point of application of the load P is
CE405/1 221

L
= 0U / 0Q = M (0M / 0Q)dx / EI
0
L/2
=2 (Px / 2 )(x / 2)dx / EI = PL3 / 48EI
0
Example 2: Use Castigliano's theorem to determine the deflection and slope at the free end
of a cantilever beam subject to a uniformly distributed load of intensity w/m

Fig 18.7
(i) Deflection at free end:
The problem is somewhat different nature than the previous problem, since we sought the
deflection under the point of application of a real concentrated load. Here we require the
deflection at the point where there is no concentrated load, so we must temporarily introduce
a ficticious load Q at the free end B, represented by dotted line indicating it is not a real force.
At the end of the problem, the value of Q will be made equal to zero. Taking B as origin, the
bending moment at a section at a distance x from B is given as:
M = - (Qx + wx2/2) from which 0M/0Q = -x
Here M is negative according to the convention adopted in the previous chapters.
The internal strain energy is
L L
(Qx + Wx2 / 2) dx / 2EI
2
U= M2 dx / 2EI =
0 0
From Castigliano's theorem, the deflection under the point of application of the fictitious load
Q is
L
= 0U / 0Q = M (0M / 0Q)dx / EI
0
L

= [(Qx + wx ) / 2 EI ] xdx
2

It is brought into the notice of the reader, that the load Q can be set equal to zero at any time
after the partial derivative has been taken. Thus
CE405/1 222

L
= (wx2 / 2)xdx / EI = wL4 / 8EI
0

Here is positive which means the deflection is downward, the same direction as the load Q.
(ii) Slope at free end: Since there is no couple at free end, apply an auxilary couple M at free
end as shown. Taking B as origin,

Fig18.8
Moment M at a section at a distance x from free end is
Mx = -(M + wx2/2) from which 0Mx/ 0M= -1.
The internal strain energy is
L L
U= M 2 xdx / 2EI = (M + Wx 2 / 2)/ 2EI dx
0 0
From the Castiglisno's theorem the slope at the free end in the direction of M is equal to
partial derivative of Mx with respect to M.
L
(0Mx / 0M )
B = 0U / 0M = Mx dx
EL
0
L
= ((M + wx / 2)/ EI )(1)dx
2

0
Keeping M = 0 and performing integration we have
B = wL3/6EI.
Example 3: A simply supported beam of span 6m carries an U.D.L. of intensity 20 KN/m.
over the entire span. Further a concentrate load of 100 KN is applied at centre. Find the
deflection at the centre using Castigliano's theorem. EI is constant.

Fig 18.9
CE405/1 223

Solution: When a numerical problem is given like this, the student is advised to apply a
fictitious concentrated load Q at the point where the deflection is required, even when there is
a real concentrated load already, as in this problem. At the end the load Q can be set equal
zero. This avoids lot of confusion.

Fig 18.10
RA = RB = (20 6 +100)/2 + Q/2
= Q/2 + 110.
Taking 'A' as origin, the moment Mx ia given as:
Mx = (Q/2 + 110) x = 20x2/2 for 0 < x < 3 and 0Mx/ 0Q = x/2.
The strain energy is given as
L

U = M x 2 / 2 EIdx
0

Since the beam is symmetric, the strain energy U is equal to

L
2
U=2 Mx2/2EI dx
0
This deflection at centre is given by
L /2
= 0U / 0Q = 2 M x .(0M.x / 0Q).dx / EI
0
Substituting for Mx and Mx/x, we have.
3

= ( 2 / EI ) ((Q / 2 + 110) x )
10 x 2 x / 2dx.
0

Setting Q = 0 since it is not real load

3

= 2 / EI (110 x 10 x 2 ) x / 2dx.
0

= 1 / EI (110 x 2 10 x 3 ) dx
0
CE405/1 224

[ ]
= 1 / EI (110 x 3 / 3 10 x 4 / 4) 0 = 787.5 / EI
3

18.8 UNIT LOAD METHOD: This method is other wise known as dummy load method.
Consider a simple beam shown in fig 18.5. It is required to find deflection at D. Apply a unit
load at D.

Fig 18.11
Then,
Mx = moment at any section due to loads P1 and P2 etc. and due to fictious load Q applied at
D where the deflection is required.
m = moment at any section due to unit load applied at D where the deflection is required.
mQ = moment a section due to load Q, which is equal to the product of m and Q.
m = moment at a section due to applied loads P1 and P2 etc. excluding Q.
Mx = m + mQ and 0Mx/0Q = m
setting Q = 0, according to the Castiglianos theorem, the deflection at D is given as
L
0M / 0Qdx
= 0 U / 0Q = M.
0
EI
L
M.mdx
= (18.10)
EI
0
Equation 18.10 will be expression for the deflection using unit load method. Similarly if
slope is required at a section, it is given as
L
= M . m, / EIdx (18.11)
0

where m= moment at any section due to unit couple applied at the point the slope is required.
Now we will solve a few examples.
11.9 Examples: On unit load method
Example 1: Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever carrying U.d.l of
intensity w/m over entire length.
According to unit load method
CE405/1 225

= Mm / EIdx
0

= Mm, / EIdx.
0

To find the deflection at free end, apply a unit load at free end and moment at section at a
distance x from free end is given as:

M = wx2/2
m = -1. x.
Substituting the values for Mx and m
L
B = ( wx2 / 2)( 1.x) / EI dx
0
L
= wx 3 / 2EI dx
0
= wL4/8EI
Similarly to find slope at B apply a unit clock wise couple at B.
M = wx2/2
m = -1.

L
B = Mm, / EI dx
0
L
= wx 2 / 2(1/ E)dx
0
= wL4/6EI
CE405/1 226

Example 2: A simply supported beam of span L carries U.d.l. of intensity w/m over the
entire span. Find the deflection at centre and slope at left hand support.

To find the deflection at centre, apply a unit load at centre.

M = wL/2 x - wx2/2 for 0 < x < L/2
m = 1/2 x for 0 < x < L/2

According to unit load method

L
= Mm / EI dx
0
Since the beam is symmetrically loaded,
L/ 2
=2 Mm / EIdx
0
L/ 2
= 2 / EI (wL / 2x )
wx 2 / 2 ( x / 2)dx
0
L/ 2
= 2 / EI (wL / 4.x2 )
wx 3 / 4 dx
0

= 2/EI (wL/4.x3/3-wx4/16) 0L / 2
Simplifying we get
= 5/384 wL4/EI
Now to find slope at left support, apply a unit couple in the anti clockwise direction.
CE405/1 227

M = wL/2 x - wx2/2
m = 1-x/L
L
A= Mm / EI dx
0

L
= (wL / 2x )
wx 2 / 2 (1 x / L)dx.
0

L
= (wL / 2x )
wx 2 / 2 w / 2.x 2 + wx 3 / 2L dx.
0

After integration & simplifying, we get

A = wL3/24EI
Summary:
(1) Strain energy: In this, the deflections are found from the relation
External work = Internal strain energy
We = Wi
We = Work done by applied load
Wi = Internal strain energy
= M2/2EI dx in bending
(2) Castiglianos Theorem II: According to this theorem, the partial derivative of strain
energy U with respect to any force/couple gives deflection/slope
= M0M / 0Qdx

= M0M / 0Q10dx

where Q/Q10 is the fictitious force/ couple where the deflection/ slope is required. The
fictitious force/couple should be set equal to zero at the end.
(3) Unit load method: The deflection/slope is given by
= Mm / EI dx
CE405/1 228

= Mm, / EI dx

where M = moment due to applied load

m = moment due to unit load applied at the point where deflection is required.
m= moment due to unit couple applied at the point where slope is required.
Exercise Problems:
1. Find the vertical deflection at joint 5, for the given truss. AE is same for all the members.

2. Determine the deflection at joint C for the given truss shown. AE is same for all the
members.

3. Determine the vertical and horizontal deflections of the joint A for the cantilever truss
shown. AE is same for all the members. Use unit load method.
CE405/1 229

****
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 19
AIMS:
1. To find deflections for the trusses using Castiglianos theorem II and unit load methods.
2. To solve typical examples.
OBJECTIVES:
After going through this lesson the student should be able to:
1. Find deflections of trusses using Castiglianos theorem or unit load method.
19.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the units 18 we have developed Castiglianos theorem and unit load methods to
determine the deflections for beams and frames. Now in this unit we shall modify those two
methods to apply for the trusses.
19.2 CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM II - DEFLECTION OF TRUSSES:
Consider a simple truss shown in fig 19.1. It is required to find the deflection at joint
C due to applied load P1 and P2. As there is no load at C apply an auxiliary fictitious load
Q at C. Then:
CE405/1 230

Fig 19.1
S = forces developed in the members due to load including Q.
= change in length of the member i.e., SL/AE
Where L and A are the length and cross sectional area of the member.
The strain energy U stored in the member is given as:
2
S.SL S L
U = S /2 = = (19.1)
2AE 2AE
As the truss consists of a number of discrete members, the strain energy for the entire
truss is the summation of the strain energy of the individual members.
U= S2L/2AE (19.2)
According to Castiglianos theorem, the partial derivative of U with respect to Q gives the
displacement of the load (deflection of joint C) in its direction.

S2L
= 0 / 0Q
2AE

= SL/AE. (0S/0Q) (19.3)

Equation 19.3 is the deflection equation for trusses. At the end, set Q = 0. In numerical
problems also even if there is load at joint C, apply an auxiliary load Q at C. After
carrying out the partial derivative, set Q = 0.
19.3 UNIT LOAD METHOD:

Apply a unit load at joint C (fig 19.1) in place of Q, with the unit load only acting on
the turss, let the forces developed in the turss members be K. Now apply the loads P1,
P2...etc. and also the fictitious load Q in place of the unit load.

Now the forces developed in the members of the truss are

S1 = S + K Q (19.4)

where S = force in the member due to P1 , P2 etc. excluding Q.

CE405/1 231

Now inserting S1 in place of S in Equation 19.2, we have:

U= S12L/2AE

(S + KQ)2 L
=
2AE
And the deflection is given as
(S + KQ)LK
= 0U / 0Q =
AE
After setting Q = 0,
= (SL/AE) K (19.5)
Equation 19.5 gives the deflection of joint by unit load method. In general unit load method is
most convenient to find deflections in the turss. However example will be worked using both
methods.
Example : 1
Determine the vertical deflection of joint C for the given truss shown. AE is same for
all the members. Use Castiglianos theorem II.

Fig 19.2
Apply auxiliary load Q at joint C. In the analysis it is convenient to find forces in the
members due to known loading and due to Q separately and then add them together. The
student is aware that the method of joints is more convenient compared to the method of
section in cases where the forces in all the members are required. The forces are tabulated as
given below. Tension and compression are indicated by positive and negative signs
respectively.
Member L/AE S (KN) 0S/0Q SL 0S
AE 0Q

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

AB 2/AE -28.90-0.577Q -0.577 33.35/AE
CE405/1 232

AC 2/AE 14.50+0.288Q +0.288 8.35/AE

BC 2/AE 5.77+0.577Q +0.577 6.66/AE
BD 2/Ae -17.30-0.577Q -0.577 19.96/AE
CD 2/AE -5.77+0.577Q +0.577 -6.66/AE
CE 2/AE 20.2+0.288Q 0.288 5.82/AE
DE 2/AE -40.3000.577Q -0.577 23.25/AE
= 90.73/AE
In the last column (5), the value SL/AE. (0S/0Q) is computed after setting Q = 0 column (3).
= SL/AE. (0S/0Q) = 90.73/ AE
The units in the above expression are in KN and m. Converting them to N and mm:
and taking A = 200 mm2 and E = 2 105 N/mm2
90.73 1000 1000
= = 2.26mm
200 2 105
Example 2: Find the horizontal deflection at joint C for the given truss shown. AE is same
for all the members. Use Castiglianos theorem, II.

Fig 19.3 (a)

To find the horizontal deflection at joint C an auxiliary load Q is applied at C as shown in
Fig 19.3 (b). The forces due to Q are evaluated as follows.

Fig 19.3 (b)

Taking moments about A,
RD 18 - Q 4.5 = 0
CE405/1 233

RD = (4.5/18) Q = Q/4 = 0.25Q

RA + RD = 0 RA = - 0.25 Q.
The horizontal reaction at A is equal to Q. The joint A is analysed by the method joints:
Fig 19.3(c)
tan = 4.5/6
= 36.86

Fig 19.3(c)
Fy = FAB sin - 0.25 Q = 0
FAB = 0.25 Q / sin = 0.416 Q
Fx = FAB cos + FAF - Q = 0
FAF = FAB cos +Q
= - 0.332 Q + Q
= 0.668 Q
Similarly the forces in all the members can be evaluated, The results are tabulated as follows,
both due to applied loading and due to Q.
Member L/AE S (KN) 0S/0Q SL 0S
.
AE 0Q

AB 7.5/AE -75+0.416Q 0.416 -234/AE

BC 6.0/AE -60+0.668Q 0.668 -240.48/AE
CD 7.5/AE -75-0.416Q 0.416 234/AE
AF 6.0/AE 60+0.668Q 0.688 240.48/AE
FE 6.0/AE 60+0.668Q 0.668 240.48/AE
ED 6.0/AE 60+0.668Q 0.668 240.48/AE
BE 7.5/AE 0.-0.416Q -0.416 -3.12/AE
CE 4.5/AE 45+0.25Q 0.25 50.625/AE
BF 4.5/AE 45-0 0 0
= 530.33/AE
Taking A = 500 mm2 and E = 2 105 N/mm2
CE405/1 234

530.33 1000 1000

= = 5.3mm
500 2 10 5
Example 3:
Find the horizontal and vertical deflection of the joint for the cantilever truss shown.
AE is the same for all the members. Use unit load method.

Fig 19.4 (a)

According to unit load method, the deflection is given as:

= SL/AE. K

Where S = force in the member due to applied loading

K = force in the member due to unit load at the joint.

At support E, there is horizontal reaction and at support D, there will be both horizontal and
vertical reactions.

RD = 20 KN.
Taking moments about D:

HE 3-20 6 = 0

HE : 40 KN

HD = - 40 KN
The forces in the members can be found as usual.
(i) Vertical deflection. Apply a unit load at joint A.
K: Force in the member due to unit load acting vertically.
These forces can be solved as done for the 20 KN load.
(ii) Horizontal deflection: Apply a unit load at A in the horizontal direction as shown in
Fig. 19.4 (b).
CE405/1 235

Fig 19.4 (b)

K = force in the member due to this unit load.
The horizontal reaction at D is: HD = 1.
For the above loading the forces in the members are found easily
FAB = FBD = 1.
The forces in the other members are zero. All the values are tabulated.
Values of K and K are tabulated in separate columns.
Member L/AE S (KN) K K (SL/AE).K (SL/AE).K

AB 3/AE 20.0 1.0 1.0 60/AE 60/AE

AC 3.35/AE -22.37 -2.24 0 167.86/AE 0
BD 3/AE 20.0 1.0 1.0 60/AE 60/AE
BC 1.5/AE 0 0 0 0 0
CD 3.35/AE 11.18 1.12 0 41.94/AE 0
CE 3.35/AE -33.56 -3.35 0 376.38/AE 0
DE 3.0/AE 15.0 1.50 0 67.5/AE 0
773.6/AE 120/AE
The vertical and horizontal deflections at A are given as:
v = (SL/AE) K = 773.6/AE
h = (SL/AE) K = 120/AE
Giving suitable values A and E, the numerical values can be found.
Taking A = 200 mm2, E = 2 105 N/mm2
v = 773.6 1000 1000/(200 2 105) = 19.30 mm.
120 1000 1000
h = = 3.0mm
200 2 10 5
CE405/1 236

The student should note that the values S and L are in KN and in metres respectively.
Therefore to convert them into N and mm units, they are multiplied by 1000 and 1000
respectively.
Example 4:
The Howe truss supports three loads as shown in Fig 19.5. Determine the vertical
deflection of joint E. Use unit load method.

Fig 19.5
Applying a unit load at E the forces in the members are found. The forces due to the applied
loading and unit loads are tabulated.
Member L/A S K (SL/A)K
(mm/mm2) (KN) (KN)
AB 30 -25 -1.25 937.5
BC 30 5 1.0 150
BD 18 -15 -.75 202.5
CD 30 -12.5 -.63 236.25
CE 22.5 22.5 1.13 572
DE - 0 1.0 -
DF 30 -12.5 -.63 236.2
DG 18 -15.0 -.75 202.5
FG 30 5.0 1.0 150
FH 22.5 15 0.75 253.1
GH 30 -25 -1.25 937.5
EF 22.5 22.5 1.13 572
AC 22.5 15 0.75 253.1
From the above table: (SL/A).K = 4702.8, taking the cross sectional area of tension
members as 200 mm2 and compression members as 250 mm2. Given E = 2 105 N/mm2
CE405/1 237

4702.8 1000
= (1/ E ) (SL / A),K = = 23.5mm
2 105
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1. Analyse the given pin-jointed truss. Area of cross section of the members is same for all
the members i.e., 15 cm2, and E = 2 106 N/mm2.

Fig 19.6
2. Analyse the pin jointed truss. Area of the members is same for all i.e., 10 cm2 and
E = 2 106 N/mm2.

Fig 19.7
3. Find the stresses of the given pin jointed frame due to temperature rise of 100C.
Take A = 10 cm2 and E = 2 105 N/mm2.

Fig 19.8
CE405/1 238

****

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT 20
AIMS:
1. To develop the concept of statically indeterminate trusses.
2. To find the degree of internal indeterminacy of a redundant truss
3. To analyse a given redundant truss for the given loading
4. To analyse a given redundant truss due to temperature change or lack of fit.
5. To analyse externally indeterminate trusses.
20.1 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES: In unit 4, we have discussed about
statically indeterminate beams. In this unit we shall discuss about statically indeterminate
(redundant) trusses. A truss is statically indeterminate internally or externally or both. The
total degree of indeterminacy (redundancy) is the sum of the internal and external
indeterminacy.
20.2 INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES: A simple truss is shown in Fig 20.1
a. A truss is made up of individual members joined together to form a series of triangles. The
members are either in tension or compression. A truss is just internally stable if it consists of
a series of triangles as shown in Fig 20.1 b. The first triangle is made up of three joints and
three members. Each successive triangle requires two additional members but only one
additional joint. Then if m is the number of members in a truss and j is the number of joints,
then
(m - 3) = 2 (j - 3)
or m = 2j - 3 (20.1)
CE405/1 239

Fig 20.1
The truss shown in (a) is statically determinate since it satisfies the condition (20.1). The
truss shown in Fig 20.1(c) is statically indeterminate. According to equation 20.1, the truss
requires 9 (nine) members to preserve geometry, but actually it has ten members. This kind of
truss which has excess members than required for a stable truss is termed an internally
statically indeterminate or redundant truss. The excess members are known as redundant
members. The number of redundant members give the degree of internal indeterminacy.
Therefore the internal indeterminacy for the truss shown in Fig 20.1 (c) is one. If the
members are less than required i.e. if m < 2j - 3, then the truss is internally unstable or
deficient. Therefore the degree of internal indeterminacy Dsi for a plane truss is given by the
equation.
Dsi = m - (2 j - 3) (20.2)
20.3 ANALYSIS OF INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES:
For the analysis of indeterminate trusses (pin-jointed frames). Castiglianos theorem
of least work gives the solution. The theorem states that the redundant reactions or forces in
a statically indeterminate structure are such as to make the internal-work a minimum.
See the Fig 20.2a. The truss has 10 members against the 9, required for geometric
stability. Of the two members 3-4 or 2-5, any one can be removed and still the truss will be
stable and determinate. For example remove the member 3-4 (fig .b)
CE405/1 240

Fig 20.2
but carrying the given loads p1 and p2. Here the member 3-4 and consequently the force
developed in the original truss is a redundant. Let S be the forces developed in the members
of the truss in the determinate structure (Fig. b.). Now apply a pair unit loads in the direction
of the member 3-4 at joints 3 and 4 as shown in fig (c). In this, the external load will not be
acting. Let K be forces developed in the members of truss due to unit loads. Let X be the
force in the redundant members 3-4, then the forces in the members of the truss due to X be
KX. Then the total forces in the members of the truss due to loading and due to the redundant
force X will be the sum of S and KX. Therefore
S1 = S + KX (20.3)
where S1 = forces in the members of the redundant truss.
The strain energy stored in the truss is given as:

(S + KX )2 2
X L0
U= L+ (20.4)
2AE 2AE
There the first term gives the strain energy of the members excluding the redundant
member. Since the redundant member 3-4 is also elastic member it also stores strain energy
during its deformation and hence one finds the second term X2 L0/2AE in equation 20.4.
where L0 is the length of the redundant member.
Applying Castiglianos theorem of least work on equation (20.4)
we get
0U (S + KX ) XL0
= KL + =0
0X AE AE
CE405/1 241

2
SKL K LX XL0
= + + =0
AE AE AE
Solving for X, we have
SKL
X= AE (20.5)
2
K L L0
+
AE AE
Equation 20.5 is the basic expression for determination of the force in the redundant member.
To sum up, the analysis of internally indeterminate truss is done in two stages.
Step 1: Remove the redundant member. Find the forces in the determinate structure due to
the given loading. Let S be the force.
Step 2: Apply a pair of unit loads in the direction of the redundant member. Find the forces
in the members of the truss. Let the forces be K. Now no applied load acts on the truss. If X is
the force in the redundant member, then forces in the members due to X are KX. Here X is
the unknown quantity.
Step 3: Solve for X from Equation 20.5
Step 4: Once X is found, the forces in the members of the given redundant truss are given by
S + KX.
A few examples will clarify the above steps. Tension and compression are indicated by
positive and negative signs respectively.
20.4 STRESSES IN A REDUNDANT TRUSS DUE TO TEMPREATURE VARIATION
AND LACK OF FIT:
In general structures may be subjected to temperature variation. Also sometimes the
length of a member may be too short or too long, what we call fabrication error or lack of fit.
In determinate trusses the above factors will not induce any additional stresses. But in a
redundant structure, the temperature change or lack of fit induce additional stresses in
addition to the stresses due to applied loading. In this section we will discuss about these
factors.
CE405/1 242

Fig 20.3
See Fig 20.3(a). The truss is indeterminate internally to a degree one. Consider the member
BC as a redundant. Let BC be too short by an amount than required length. This error in
length is called lack of fit. Since it is too short, it is required to be stretched by applying some
force X and then fit in position. This causes stresses in the members of the truss. The effect is
explained as follows. Remove the member BC as shown in fig 20.3(b) and apply a pair of
unit loads at joints B and C in the direction BC. Let K be forces developed in the members
developed due the loads. be the deflection of this pair of unit load in its direction. From
Equation 13.5, can be obtained keeping S = K as:
2
KLK K L
= = (20.6)
AE AE

Then if X is the force developed in the redundant member due to lack of fit, the deflection
due to X (fig .c) is equal to : X It is given as:
2
K L
X=X (20.7)
AE

To this value, the elongation of the redundant member due to X is added. This sum is equal to
the lack of fit
2
K L XL0
X + =
AE AE

or X = (20.8)
K 2 L L0
+
AE AE

where L0 is the length of the redundant member. If the member is too short, the numerical
value of is positive and if the member is too long, the numerical value of is negative. X
will be tensile (positive) if the member is too short and it will be compressive (negative) if
the member is too long.
CE405/1 243

Similarly effect of temperature variation can be derived. Let T be the temperature

variation and 2 be the coefficient of linear expansion. If T is the drop in temperature then
the shortening of the member due to T will L02 T, where L0 is the length of the redundant
member under consideration.

Substituting L02 T in place of in equation 20.8, we have

L02 T
X= (20.9)
K 2 L L0
+
AE AE

If T is rise in temperature will be negative and X is given as:

L02T
X= (20.10)
K 2 L L0
+
AE AE

Equation (20.9) and (20.10) will be the force in the redundant member due to temperature
variation. Once X is found, the stresses due to X in the other members of the truss are equal
to KX. Few examples will clarify the above.

20.5 Examples:
Example 1: Analyse the given pin-jointed truss. Area of the cross section for all the members
is same i.e., 10.0cm2 E = 20 106 N/mm2.

Fig (a)
The truss is statically indeterminate to degree one.
m = 10, j = 6
Osi = m - (2j-3)
CE405/1 244

= 10 - (2 6 - 3) = 1

Consider the member 3-4 as redundant member.

Step 1: Remove the member 3-4 analyse the determinate truss for the given loading, as
shown in Fig. (b). The values of forces s are tabulated in column 3.

Fig (b)
Step 2: Apply unit loads at joints 3 and 4 in the direction member 3-4 as shown in Fig. (c).
The force K due to this unit loads are shown in column 4.

Fig 20.4

Member L S K SKL K 2L KX S+KX

A A A
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
KN KN
1-2 75 -150 0 0 0 0 -150.0

1-3 60 +120 0 0 0 0 120.0

2-3 45 +90 -0.6 -2430 16.2 -15.83 74.17

2-4 60 -120 -0.8 5760 38.4 -21.10 -141.10

2-5 75 0 1.0 0 75 26.38 26.28

3-5 60 120.0 -0.8 -5760 38.4 -21.10 98.90

4-5 45 90.0 -0.6 -2430 16.2 -15.83 74.17

4-6 75 -150.0 0 0 0 0 -150.0

5-6 60 120 0 0 0 0 120

CE405/1 245

3-4 75 0 1.0 0 75 26.38 26.38

SKL 4860
=
AE E

K 2 L L0 184.2
+ =
AE AE E

For redundant member L0/AE is same as K2L/AE since K = 1 in the redundant member. The
redundant force X is obtained as:

SKL
AE 4860
X = K2L L0 = = 26.38 KN.
AE + AE
184.2

Now the columns (7) and (8) are filled.

Example 2: Find the forces in the members of a redundant frame shown due to lack of fit, if
the member is too long by 0.50mm. Take A = 800mm2 for all the members, and E = 2 105
N/mm2.

Fig 20.5
Remove the member AC and a pair of unit loads is applied at A and C as shown in fig. (b).
The forces K due to this are tabulated.

Member L K K2L KX(KN)

A
AB 5 -0.707 2.5 +2.93

BC 5 -0.707 2.5 +2.93

CD 5 -0.707 2.5 +2.93

AD 5 -0.707 2.5 +2.93

BD 7.07 1.0 7.07 -4.142

CE405/1 246

AC 7.07 1.0 7.07 -4.142

Since the member is too long, is negative. from the table

K 2 L L0 24.14
+ =
AE AE E

Substituting these values in 20.8, we get

0.5
X = =
2
K L L0 24.14
+
AE AE 2 105

= - 4142.5N or - 4.142 KN.

The same example can be solved for temperature variation. For example if there is a drop in
temperature of 100C, and taking 2 = 12 10-6/0C the redundant force in the member

AC is given as follows.

= LT2 = 2 4000 12 10 6 10
= 6.78mm

6.78 2 105
X = =
K 2 L L0 24.14
+
AE AE

or = 56172N

56.17 KN
Once X is determined, the forces in the members are equal to KX.
In examples where there is applied loading and lack of fit simultaneously, the redundant truss
should be solved separately for loading and lack of fit. The final stresses will be the sum of
the two.

20.6 INTRODUCTION: We have discussed about internally indeterminate trusses. A truss

can be indeterminate internally or externally indeterminate truss. In units 4 and 5, the student
has been introduced to statically indeterminate beams. The indeterminacy of a beam depends
on the number of reaction components including fixed end moments. Similarly external
indeterminacy for a truss depends on the support reactions. See the fig 20.6(a). Here the truss
has a hinged support at A and a roller support at B. At the hinged support there will be two
reaction components (RA, HA) and there will be one reaction (RB) at the roller support B.
CE405/1 247

Thus the total number of reaction components is three. We know that three unknown
reactions can be solved from the available three static equilibrium equations: FX = 0, FY =
0 and M= 0 in a plane. Hence the truss shown in (a) is statically determinate externally.
Consider the truss shown in Fig. (b). Here the supports A and B are hinged. Hence there will
be four reaction components, two at A (HA, RA) and two at B (HB, RB).

Fig 20.6
This truss thus has four reaction components, which are in excess of three static equilibrium
equations. It is therefore externally indeterminate to a degree one. Similarly the trusses shown
in Fig (C) has four reactions two at A (HA, RA), one at B(RB) and one at C (RC). This is also
externally indeterminate to a degree one. The excess reaction components over those required
for static equilibrium i.e. 3, are known as redundant reactions. The number of redundant
reactions give the degree of indeterminacy.
20.2 ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS:
For the analysis of externally indeterminate trusses Castiglianos theorem of least
work can be used. But the method of consistent deformation will be most convenient. It is
otherwise known as geometric or deformation compatibility. The student is advised to refer to
unit 4 for the analysis of propped cantilever beams. The analysis of trusses is also approached
in a similar manner. See the fig 20.7 (a). The supports A and B are hinged. At each support
there will be
CE405/1 248

Fig 20.7
two reactions as shown in fig (a). The truss is statically indeterminate to a degree one, which
means, that any one of the two horizontal reactions, say HB can be removed and the truss
would still remain stable but become determinate as shown in Fig (b). The support B is no
more hinged and it allows horizontal movement. Let RA, RB and HA be the three reactions
developed in the determinate truss due to load P. Now, since there is no horizontal reactions
at B, it moves by amount say to the right (assumed arbitrarily at the positive sense) due to
applied loading. The value of can be found by the unit load method. From equation (19.5)

we have

SKL
= (19.5)
AE
where S = forces in the members due to applied load in the determinate truss
K = forces in the members due to unit load applied in the horizontal direction to the right,
since is considered to be towards the right.

But in the original truss (fig 20.7 (a), the support is not free to move. Apply a force HB which
will prevent this movement as shown in Fig (c). No other applied load is assumed to act on
the truss. The magnitude and direction of HB will be such as to keep the truss at B in the
original position. The movement due to HB is equal to B HB where B = movement
(deflection due to unit load applied at B in the horizontal direction towards the right. The
deflection B is give as

KKL
B =
AE
which is obtained by replacing S by K in equation 19.5. Then the value of HB can be
determined from the geometric condition:

+ B HB = 0 (20.1)
CE405/1 249

Once HB is found the stresses in the given truss are determined as

S1 = S + KHB (20.2)
where S1 = Stresses in the members of the given indeterminate truss (Fig a)
S = Stresses in the members of the determinate truss due to applied loading (Fig .b)
K = Stresses in the members of the truss due to a unit horizontal load applied at B to the
determinate truss (Fig b)
The reactions HA, RA and RB can be found from statics. A few examples will clarify the
above procedure.
20.7 Examples:
Example 1: Compute the reactions and forces in the members of the truss shown. AE is same
for all the members

(a)

m = 5, j = 4 2j-3 = 5.

Since m = 2j-3, the truss is internally determinate

Reactions = RA, RB, RC and HC:
Consider RB as redundant reaction. The method is explained in step by step.

(b) (c)
CE405/1 250

Step 1: Remove the support B, Find the vertical deflections B ( B is in a directions opposite
to that of RB) in the statically determine truss due to applied loading as in fig (b) as in the unit
19.

SKL
B =
AE
Step2: Apply vertical unit load in the upward direction with out applied loading (Fig C). Find
the deflection B due to unit load

K2 L
B =
AE
3. Now find RB from the condition of geometry at support B

B RB + B =0

Solution:
The reactions RA, RB, & HA in Fig. (d) are found from statics due to applied loading

(d) (e)
Fig 20.8

HC - 100 = 0 (1) HC = 100 KN.

RA + RC = 0 (2)
Taking moments about A:

100 4 + RC 6 = 0 (3)

RC = 66.66 KN ( - )

RA = 66.66 KN.
The reaction RC is negative which means that it acts downwards. Reactions due to unit load
are from Fig. (e)
RA = RC = -
CE405/1 251

The stresses (Forces) in the members due to applied load (100 KN) and due to unit load are
tabulated.

Member L S(KN) K(KN) SKL K 2L S+KRB

AE AE AE

AB 3
AE
50 0.375 56.25
AE
0.4218
AE
45.17

BC 3
AE
50 0.375 56.25
AE
0.4218
AE
45.17

AD 5
AE
-83.3285 0.625 260.4
AE
1.9531
AE
-91.36

BD 4
AE
0 -1.0 0 4
AE
-12.86

CD 5
AE
83.325 0.625 260.4
AE
1.9531
AE
75.28

SKL 112.5
Tan = 4/3, = 53.13 ; =
AE AE

K 2 L 8.7498
Sin = 0.8; cos = 0.6 ; =
AE AE

SKL 112.5
B = = BRB + B =0
AE AE

K 2 L 8.7498
B= = RB = - B
= - 112.5/8.7498
AE AE B

RB = -12.86 KN

As RB is negative, it acts downwards:

Now using statics, reactions can be computed:
Hc = 100 KN (1)
RA + RB + RC = 0

RA - 12.86 + RC = 0 (2)

Taking moments about A:

100 4 + Rc 6 + RB 3 = 0

100 4 + Rc 6 - 12.86 3 = 0

Rc = -60.23 KN.
CE405/1 252

(f)
Rc also acts downwards. From (2), we find.
RA = 73.10 KN. Final stresses are shown in the last column.
Example 2: A plane pin jointed frame (truss) is as shown in fig. It is pin jointed at 1,2,3 and
4. The truss carries a horizontal load of 50 KN to the right at joint 2. Analyse the truss. The
cross sectional areas in mm2 are given in brackets corresponding to members.

(a) (b)
Select the determinate truss as shown in Fig. (b) with roller support at 4, carrying the load 50
KN. Let R3, R4 and H3 be the reactions.
H3 = 50 KN
Taking moments about 4:
R3 3 + 50 3 = 0 R13 = 50 KN (Acts downward)
R13 + R14 = 0
R14 = 50KN
CE405/1 253

(c)
Fig 20.9
To find the horizontal deflection apply unit load, at 4 to the right, as shown in Fig (d). the
forces S and K are tabulated. H4 is the redundant reaction.
3
tan = ; = 45
3

(d)
Member L S(KN) K(KN) SK L K 2
L S+KH4 (KN)
A A A

1-2 1.5 0 -1.0 0 1.50 22.63

1-3 1.5 0 -1.0 0 1.50 22.63

1-4 2.83 0 1.414 0 5.66 -32.00

2-3 2.83 70.71 1.414 282.95 5.66 38.71

2-4 1.5 -50 -1.0 75.00 1.50 72.63

357.95 15.82

4 = horizontal displacement at 4, due to 50 KN.

SKL 357.95
= =
AE E

K2L
S4 = = 1582
.
AE
The geometric condition demands that:

4 + 4 H4 = 0
CE405/1 254

357.95 15.82
+ H4 = 0
E E

357.95
solving, H4 = -
1582
.
= - 22.63 KN (i.e., to the left)
Now the last column can be filled. The last column gives the stresses (forces) in the members
of the given redundant truss. The support reactions can be determined from statics. while
calculating 4, unit load is taken as acting to the right. But we got negative sign for H14,
From statics; which means that it acts to the left.
H3 + 22.63 - 50 = 0 (1)

H3 = 27.37 KN (Acts to the left)

R3 + R4 = 0 (2)
Taking moments about 4,

50 3 + R3 3 = 0; R3 = - 50 KN (Acts downward)

R4 = 50KN.

(e)

Exercise Problems:

1. The Howe truss supports three loads as shown in Fig. Determine the vertical deflection of
joint F, Use unit load method.
CE405/1 255

Fig 20.10

Note: Area of tension members 250 mm2. Compression members 300 mm2, E = 2 105
N/mm2.

2. Find the forces in the given redundant truss shown in Fig. Take the member CD as
redundant. Take A = 1200 mm2 and E = 2 105 N/mm2 for all the members.

Fig 20.11

3. In the problem 3, if there is a rise in temperature of 100C find the forces in the members
due to this rise of temperature.

Take A = 1200 mm2 and E = 2 105 N/mm2 for all members

2 = 12 10-6/0C.

4. In the truss ABCD both ends A and D are provided with hinged supports. It carries loads of
75KN and 50KN, as shown. Treat the horizontal reaction at D as redundant. Compute the
forces in all the members AE is the same for all members.
CE405/1 256

Fig 20.12

5. A plane pin jointed frame (truss) is as shown in fig. It is pin jointed at A, B, C and D. The
truss carries a horizontal load of 100 KN to the right at joint C. Analyse the truss, cross
sectional areas in Cm2 are given in brackets corresponding to members.

Fig 20.13

****