Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
, Electromagnetic
Fields and Waves, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL, 1992, ISBN: 1-57766-115-X.
Edminister, J., Electromagnetics (Schaums Outline), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY,
1993, ISBN: 0-07-018993-5. Hecht, E., Optics (Schaums Outlines), McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY, ISBN: 0-07-027730-3. Serway, R., & Faughn, J., College Physics, ISBN: 0-
03-022952-9.
Chapter 6
Oblique Incidence Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission
Plane waves are not normally incident, so now we must consider the general problem of a
plane wave propagating along a specified axis that is arbitrarily relative to a rectangular
coordinate system. The most convenient way is in terms of the direction cosines of the
uniform plane wave, the equiphase surfaces are planes perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
Definitions:
uniform planes a free space plane wave at an infinite distance from the
generator, having constant amplitude electric and magnetic field vectors over the
equiphase surfaces.
equiphase surface any surface in a wave over which the field vectors of a
particular instant have either 0 or 180 phase difference.
( z ) m e j z a x (6.1)
Equation (6.1) states that each z equal to a constant plane will represent an equiphase
surface with no spatial variation in the electric or magnetic fields. In other words,
x
0
y
for a uniform plane wave
It will be necessary to replace z for a plane wave traveling in an arbitrary direction with
an expression when put equal to a constant (z = constant), that will result in equiphase
surfaces.
The equation of an equiphase plane is given by
r n r
The radial vector (r) from the origin to any point on the plane, and is the vector normal
to the plane is shown in Figure (6.1).
z r
O y
y
x x W
As you can see from figure 6.1, the plane perpendicular to the vector is seen from its
side appearing as a line P-W. The dot product n r is the projection of the radial vector r
along the normal to the plane and will have the constant value OM for all points on the
plane. The equation r = constant is the characteristic property of a plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation .
r = xx + yy + zz
= constant
r= x a x y a y z az
x a x y a y z az
x, y, z, are the angles the vector makes with x, y, and z axes, respectively.
m e j r
(6.2)
n
The unit vector n along and is the wave impedance in the propagation medium. See
Figure 6.2 for the illustration of orthogonal relations between and and the direction
of propagation.
Plane of constant E
phase
Z p=PxH
H power density flow
n
r
Point on the
plane
X
Y
EXAMPLE 6.1
The vector amplitude of an electric field associated with a plane wave that propagates in
the negative z direction in free space is given by m 2 a x 3 a y V
m
Solution:
The direction of propagation n is az. The vector amplitude of the magnetic field is then
ax a y az
n 1 1
given by
m 0 0 1 3 a x 2 a y A m
377
2 3 0
*note 120~377 (Appendix D Table D.1)
EXAMPLE 6.2
x y y z
a 2 j5 a e j 2.3( 0.6 x 0.8 y )
a
1. y .
2. Vector magnetic field, assuming and .
3. Frequency and wavelength of this wave.
4. Equation of surface of constant phase.
Solution:
m e j r
r = xx + yy + zz
= (cos xx + cos yy + cos zz)
= 2.3(-0.6x + 0.8y + 0)
=0
n
x y y z
a 2 j5 a e j 2.3( 0.6 x 0.8 y )
a
2. The vector magnetic field is given by
ax ay az
1 1
n 0.6 0.8 0
377
1 0.75 2 j5
so that
0.6( 2 j5)
y 318
. j 7.95 10 3
377
a
x x
a
y y
a
z z e j 2.3( 0.6 x 0.8 y )
2 2
2.73 m
2.3
c 3 108
f 0.11 GHz
2.73
The general expression of this equation in terms of the direction cosines is given
by
Comparison between equation 6.4 and the general expression shows that the plane
given in equation 6.4 has no z dependence and, hence defines a plane parallel to
the z axis. In other words, equation 6.4 can be obtained by substituting x = /2 in
the general expression of the equiphase plane.
By decomposing the general problem into two special cases we can simplify our analysis.
1. E field is polarized in the plane formed by the normal to the reflecting surface in the
direction i of the incident wave.
2. E field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence.
The plane formed by the normal to the reflecting surface and the direction of propagation
is known as the plane of incidence. The general case can be considered as a
superposition of two cases
y
r
i
y
i r
X
Perfect
Conductor
Z
The figure shows an incident wave polarized with the E field in the plane of incidence
and the power flow in the direction of i at angle i with respect to the normal to the
surface of the perfect conductor.
The direction of propagation is given by the Poynting vector and the i , E, and H fields
need to be arranged so that i is in the same direction as i i at any time. The
a
magnetic field is out of the plane of the paper, y y for the direction of the electric
field shown. There is no transmitted field within the perfect conductor; however there
will be a reflected field with power flow at the angle r with respect to the normal to the
interface. To maintain the power density flow r r will be in the same direction r
as. The expression for the total electric field in free space is
i r im e j i r rm e j r r (6.5)
i r cos i a z sin i a x x a x y a y z a z
x sin i z cos i (6.6)
j r
z x , z im sin i e j i r rm sin r e r
j r r
x im cos i e j i r rm cos r e 0
at z 0
jxsin r
im cos i e jx sin i rm cos r e 0 (6.8)
Equation 6.8 shows the relationship between the incident and reflected amplitudes for a
perfect conductor the total tangential E field at the surface must be zero which satisfies
the boundary condition. To be zero at all values of x along the surface of the conducting
plane, the phase terms must be equal to each other
i r (6.9)
Definition:
Snells Law is a rule of Physics that applies to visible light passing from air (or
vacuum) to some medium with an index of refraction different from air.
im rm (6.10)
( x , z ) x x , z a x z x , z a z
mi cos i e jx sin i e j z cos i e j z cos i a x
im sin i e jx sin i e j z cos i e j z cosi a z
jx sin i
2 j im cos i sin ( z cos i )e ax (6.11)
Take equation 6.11 and recover the time-domain form of the total electric field
r , t Re
r e j t
Observe the variation of the total field with the x variable indicating there is a traveling
wave in the x direction with a phase constant
x sin i
x, z
x, z a
i x, z a
r x, z a
y y y y y y
n
Use the relation for each of the incident and reflected fields to employ the
expressions x and z components of the incident and reflected electric fields.
n
i i i
ax ay az
1
sin i 0 cos i
i cos e j (sin i x cos i z ) 0
i sin e j (sin i x cos i z
m i m ii
i is the ay component
The solution of the determinant, the only nonzero component of
given by
1
i a y im cos2 i e j sin i x cos i z im sin2 i e j sin i x cos i z
i
r m e j sin i x cos i z a
y
The total magnetic field (x, z) is
i
( x , z ) a 2 m cos z cos e jx sin i
y i
1
ave x , z
2
Re
ax ay az
1
Re x 0 z
2
0
y 0
ave
1
2
Re z y a x x y a z
The expression of Pave will reduce to
ave x , z
1
2 a
Re z y x
i
2 m
sin i cos2 z cos i a x
Glancing Incident:
2
m
i 2
i 90 , ave ax , the power flow is at maximum.
Average power flow perpendicular to the conducting surface is zero, because the average
Poynting Vector is zero in that direction
1
Re x y 0
P z , ave
2
and
Why? Because x is multiplied by j, therefore x
y are out of phase by 90.
Therefore, a traveling-wave pattern occurs in the x direction, because the incident and
reflected waves travel in the same direction, the standing-wave pattern will be observed
in the z direction, because the incident and reflected waves travel in the opposite
directions.
The location of zeros (nodes) of the x field can be found by letting sin z cos i = 0.
At a distance z from the conducting plane given by
z cos i n
Or
z = n 2 cos n 0, 1, 2 ,...
i
The zeros will occur at distances larger than integer multiples of 2 . So, for normal
incidence, i 0, cos i 1 , and the positions of the zeros will are the same as those
discussed in chapter 5. For the oblique incidence, the locations of the standing-wave
nodes are 2 apart along the direction of propagation. The wavelength measured along
the z-axis is greater than the wavelength of the incident waves along the direction of
propagation. As shown in Figure 6.4 the relation between these wavelengths is
z .
cos i
z
cos i
Figure 6.4
The plane of the zero x field occur at multiples of 2 along the direction of
propagation, and they are located at integer multiples of z 2 along the z-axis which
appear separated by larger distances. Also note that the standing-wave pattern associated
with the z component may appear as if there is no zero value of the electric field at
z = 0, but the z component is normal to the reflecting surface, therefore the boundary
condition is not in violation.
The entire electric field is (out of the paper) in the y direction and the magnetic field will
have both x and z components. See Figure 6.5.
Perfect
Conductor
az
Figure 6.5
where i r sin i x cosi z . Assume that the reflected field is also in the y direction
so the magnetic field must be perpendicular to both E and the Poynting Vector P = E ^ H,
r rm e j r r a y
n r r rm
r
cos r a x sin r a z e j r r
x, z
i
r 0 at z=0
y y y
Therefore,
y x ,0 im e j x sin i rm e j x sin r 0
And
Note: These two conditions will provide the same results for the unknowns r and r
m
, and be true for every value of x along z = 0 plane, so the phase factors must be equal.
r i
And
r
i
m m
Negative sign indicates the opposite direction of the reflected electric field (i.e. into the
paper)
y x , z im e j x sin i e j z cos i e j z cos i
2 j im sin z cos i e j x sin i
The total H field is
n i n i
i r a y im e j i r a y im e j i r
And the substitution of rm im has been made. The direction vectors of the incident
and reflective wave are
n i, r sin i a x cos i a z
And
n i, r a y sin i a z cos i a x
i
x , z 2 m cos cos z cos e jx sin i
x i i
i
x , z 2 j m sin sin z cos e jx sin i
z i i
The concept can be illustrated by considering the average density flow associated with
the wave.
ave x , z
1
2
Re
ax ay az
1
Re 0 T 0
2
S 0 W
i
2
m
sin i sin2 z cos i a x This indicates that the power flow is
in the x direction.
2 im
cos i cos z cos i e j x sin i , T 2 m sin z cos i e
i j x sini
S ,
2 im
W sin i sin z cosi e j x sin i
EXAMPLES:
Find the peak value of an induced surface current when a plane wave is incident at am
angle on a large plane, perfectly conducting sheet. The surface of the sheet is located at z
= 0 and
x z
i 10 cos 1010 t a yV m
2 2
Solution
From the equation of the incident electric field, the propagation vector is given by
ax az
2 2
sin 45 a x cos 45 a z ,
that is, i 45
Because the electric field is along the y direction that is, perpendicular to the plane of
incidence, the equations given in the section above will be used.
J n
where the normal n to the surface for the geometry of Figure 6.5 is n = -az. The magnetic
field in this case has two components:
2 im
x cos i cos z cos i e jx sin i
i
2 j m sin sin z cos e jx sin i
z i i
im
J at z 0 a z a y 2 cos i e jx sin i
i
2 2(10) cos 45
m
J peakvalue cos i 3.75x 102 A m
377
EXAMPLE:
The electric field associated with a plane wave propagating in an arbitrary direction is
given by
If this incident on a perfectly conducting plane oriented perpendicular to the z axis, find
the following:
Solution
Because a vector in the direction of propagation and a unit vector normal to the reflecting
surface are contained in the x-z plane, we consider the x-z plane to be the plane of
incidence as shown in Figure 6.6. The given electric field may, therefore, be decomposed
into two components. The parallel polarization case in which the electric field is
perpendicular to the plane of incidence || and the perpendicular polarization case in
which the electric field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence . From the given
equation of the electric field,
Comparing this with the equation of the electric field in the parallel polarization case,
where the incident electric field is given by
Figure 6.6
Observe that:
cos i 05.
That is, i 30
sin i 087
.
Based on the analysis of section 6.2.1, we have r 30 , and the amplitude of the
reflected electric field ||r i|| 9 . Hence
r 9 (cos 30 a x sin 30 a z ) e j 7 (sin30 x cos30 z )
i 4 a y e j7(05. x087
. z)
r 4 a y e j7(05. x 087. z)
The total reflected electric field is then
Parts 2 and 3 can easily be obtained by the following the analysis of section 6.2.
For example, the magnetic field associated with the electric field in the parallel
polarization case is given by
i 9 e j 7( 0.5x 0.87 z ) a
y
||
r 9 e j 7 ( 0.5 x 0.87 z ) a
y
||
For the perpendicular polarization case, the magnetic field has two components,
4
i ( cos i a x sin i a z) e j 7(0.5x 0.87 z)
4
r (cos 30 a x sin 30 a z) e j 7(0.5x 0.87z )
Figure 6.7 shows two media with electrical properties 1 and 1 in medium 1, and 2
and 2 in medium 2. Here a plane wave incident angle i on a boundary between the
two media will be partially transmitted into and partially reflected at the dielectric
surface. The transmitted wave is reflected into the second medium, so its direction of
propagation is different from the incidence wave. The figure also shows two rays for
each the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves. A ray is a line drawn normal to the
equiphase surfaces, and the line is along the direction of propagation.
1 r 2
i C E
1 , 1
2 , 2 A B
t
Reflected
rays
Figure 6.7
The incident ray 2 travels the distance CB, while on the contrary the reflected ray 1
travels the distance AE. For both AC and BE to be the incident and reflected wave fronts
or planes of equiphase, the incident wave should take the same time to cover the distance
AE. The reason being that the incident and reflected wave rays are located in the same
medium, therefore their velocities will be equal,
CB AE
V1 V2
OR
AB sin i AB sin r
i r
It takes the incident ray the equal amount of time to cover distance CB as it takes the
refracted ray to cover distance AD
CB AD
V1 V2
1
V1
1 1
And in medium 2:
1
V2
2 2
Also,
CB AB sin i
AD AB sin i
Therefore,
CB sin i V 1 2 2
AD sin t V 2 1 1
sin i 2
Therefore, (6.12)
sin t 1
1 2
||t
t
Figure 6.9
Z
The unknown amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted electric fields ||r and ||t can
be determined by simply applying the boundary conditions at the dielectric interface.
The electric fields ||r and ||t will now be used in the analysis to emphasize the case of
parallel polarization, instead of using the electric fields mr
and tm .
r e jir a
i e jir a t e jir a
|| y || y || y
There is no need to carry the ay vector, because the magnetic fields only have one
component in the y direction. Recall that this relation is valid at z = 0,
r e j i (sin r xi )
i e ji (sin i x ) t e j i (sin t x ) (6.13)
|| || ||
1 & 21 are the magnitudes of in regions 1 & 2, respectively. In order for this to be
valid at any value of x at any point on the interface, and knowing i r :
1 sin i 2 sin t
Or
* This is the same relation that was determined earlier from Snells Law. Substitute
sin i V 1
into equation 6.13 to obtain
sin t V 2
i
r
t At z = 0 (6.14)
|| || ||
1 t
i
r (6.15)
|| ||
2 ||
i cos i
r cos
r
t cos At z = 0
t (6.16)
|| || ||
cos i 2 cos t
r
i|| 1
`1 cos i 2 cos t
||
And
22 cos i
t
i|| (6.17)
||
`1 cos i 2 cos t
cos t 2 cos i
r
2 cos t 1 cos i 1
||
||
i|| 2 cos t 1 cos i
cos t 2 cos i
1
1 2
And
tot
||
i
||
r
|| im (cos i a x sin i a z ) e j i r + rm ( cos r a x sin r a z) e j rr
j z cos i
j zcos i
cos i im e jx sin i (e || e )ax
i e jx sin i e j z cosi
sin i m ||
e j z cosi a
z
Traveling wave S tan ding plus
part travelingwaves
(6.18)
tot
i r r e j rr a
i e j ir a +
|| || || m y m y
i
i j z cos i m j x cos
= m e j x sin i e
1 ( r e
m
i )ay
i e j z cos i ) a
j z cos i
m e j x sin i (e || y
1
And
i
t
t a e j t r || m e j t rt a
|| m y y
2
Definition:
Brewster Angle (from Brewsters Law), the polarizing angle of which (when
light is incident) the reflected and refracted index is equal to the tangent of the polarizing
angle. In other words, the angle of incidence of which there is no reflection.
From the reflection coefficient expression-
2 cos t 1 cos i
||
2 cos t 1 cos i
It can be seen that there is an angle of incidence at | | 0. This angle can be obtained
when
1 cos i 2 cos t
Or
2
cos i cos t (6.19)
1
sin i V 1 2
sin t V 2 1
1 2
1
cos i cos t (6.20)
2
Square both sides of equation 6.20 and use Snells Law for the special case of
1 2 for the following result:
cos2 i
1
2
cos2 t 1 1 sin2 t
2
1 1 sin 2 i
2
The last substitution was based on Snells Law of refraction. Therefore,
1 12 2
1 sin2 i
2 22
sin i
2
1 1 sin2 i 1 1
2 22
And
2
sin2 i (6.21)
2 1
2
sin i (6.22)
2 1
1
cos i (6.23)
2 1
2
tan i
1
2
tan1
1
t
t t
i r t At z = 0 (6.25)
*Note: The exponential factors were canceled after substituting z = 0 and using Snells
Laws in the above two equations.
r 2 cos i 1 cos t
i =
2 cos i 1 cos t
2
cos t cos t
1
2
cos t cos t
1
at z = 0,
2 cos i
2
cos i cos
1 t
The significant differences between the two will be illustrated in the following example:
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
To relate the Brewster angles in both cases, let us calculate the angle of
refraction.
sin i 2
sin t 1
Therefore, in case a,
sin
81
sin t
Therefore,
sin 83.7
sin t 0.11
9
Or t 6.34 , which is the same as the Brewster angle for case b. Also, the angle of
refraction in case b is given by Snells Law as:
sin 1
sin t 81 81
Therefore,
sin 6.34
sin t 0.99
1
81
Or t 83.7 , which is the Brewster angle for case a.
sin t
sin i 2 sin i
or 2 (6.26)
sin t 1
1
Therefore, if 1 2 , and t i then a wave incident at an angle i will pass into medium
2 at a larger angle t .
Definition:
c , (critical angle of incidence) is the value of i that makes t = /2, see
Figure 6.13.
2
sin c , or c sin1 2
1 1
i c
1
2 t 2
t
1 2
Envision a beam of light impinging on an interface between two transparent media where
ni n t . At normal incidence ( i = 0) most of the incoming light is transmitted into the
less dense medium. As i increases, more and more light is reflected back into the dense
medium, while t increases. When t = 90, i is defined to be c and the
transmittance becomes zero. For i > c all of the light is totally internally reflected,
remaining in the incident medium.
EXAMPLES:
Use Snells Law to derive an expression for c. Compute the value of c for a
water-air interface ( n w =1.33).
At water-air interface
1
c sin 1 ( ) = sin 1 0.752 = 48.8
1.33
Imagine yourself lying on the floor of a pool filled with water, looking straight
upwards. How larger a plane angle doe the field of view beyond the pool
apparently subtend?
Rays striking the air-water interface from above at glancing incidence will
enter the water at a transmission angle equal to c . The plane angle subtended at the
observer is therefore 2 c . Here,
1
sin c =
1.33
sin c = nti
1.33
Or c = sin 1 = sin 1 0.887 = 62.5
1.50
1 mm 1m 1nm
U
l
t
V r
i a
s v rays
Radio Microwave Infrared b X rays
i
l o
e l
e
t
Frequency
The figure above shows the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation extending from the
long- wavelength radio waves to X rays and gamma rays the shortest wavelength.
Definition
Example
Consider an Unpolarized light that is incident at the Brewster angle on a piece of glass
with index of refraction n r 15 . . The polarization with a electric field parallel to
the plane of incidence will be entirely transmitted and the other polarization with a
electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence will be partially reflected and
partially transmitted. Why is the electric field parallel to the plane of incident totally
transmitted? *Because it is incident at the Brewster angle.
The second interface which is glass to air as illustrated in example 6.7 has an angle of
incidence also known as the Brewster angle for light incident from the glass side to free
space. So, again the polarization with E parallel to the plane of incident will be entirely
transmitted, and E perpendicular will be partially reflected and partially transmitted.
In Figure 6.17:
Reflected wave is entirely polarized, E perpendicular to the plane of incidence
Transmitted wave possess both polarizations
Larger amplitude is the E parallel to plane of incidence entirely transmitted
throughout the interfaces
More glass elements and the transmitted light could be essentially completely
polarized, E parallel to the plane of incidence
Definition:
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission) A device that produces
coherent radiation in the visible-light range, between 7500 and 3900 angstroms
1. The laser material is in the shape of a long rod that is subjected to radiation from
an extremely intense light source that causes interatomic transition from energy
levels 1 to 3. (Figure 6.18b)
2. If the nonradiative transition between level 3 and level 2 is fast enough, then
electrons in level 3 will transfer to level instead of returning to level 1.
4. If the pumping action is large and fast enough the electron population at level 2
can be made larger than level 1. Radiation of light quanta at frequency f21 occurs
when the electrons can make the transition from level 2 to level 1.
5. By placing mirrors at the end of the laser and forcing the radiation to be reflected
back and forth maintaining the high-photon density, stimulated emission will
increase resulting in a large photon density build up or in other words an
avalanche of photons.
6. An intense light beam will result emerging from the end of the laser rod.
Partially polarized
light; mostly E
parallel to plane of
incidence
2
Notes by: Debbie Prestridge 36
Polarized light
with E
perpendicular to
plane of
incidence
n n n n
Known Factors
The output of many lasers is linearly polarized
The ratio of the light polarized in one direction exceeds the light polarized in the
orthogonal direction by 1000:1
As in most cases, a high degree of linear polarization will be the result of a Brewster
surface within the laser. A Brewster surface is usually used in the construction of a laser.
The light must be transmitted out of the medium of the laser to avoid minimal loss.
Figure 6.19 is a schematic illustrating the use of Brewster windows in a gas discharge
laser. The Brewster angle makes sure that light in one polarization direction is
transmitted out of the medium of the laser to the reflecting mirrors and back into the
medium of the laser with no loss. Where the light is polarized perpendicular to the plane
of incidence a large loss at the Brewster surface will take place due to the reflection out
of the medium of the laser. The preferred polarization case (linear polarization) will lase
(emit coherent light) that will account for the high degree of polarization taking place at
the output.
Figure 6.19 Schematic illustrating the use of Brewster windows in a gas discharge LASER
Output beam
Gas discharge
tube (plasma)
The device in Figure 6.19 exhibits stimulated emission of radiation. For and example
lets say the mixture of gases are helium and neon. These gases are confined to the glass
tube sealed at both ends by mirrors. An oscillator is connected to the tube to that causes
electrons to sweep through the tube, colliding with atoms of gas and raising them to
exited states. Some neon atoms are excited to a higher state during this process that will
also result in a collision with excited helium atoms. Stimulated emission occurs as the
neon atoms make a transition to a lower state and neighboring excited atoms are
stimulated to emit at the same frequency and phase. This will result in a production of
coherent light.
Fiber optics deals with the transmission of light through small filamentary fibers called
dielectric waveguides. This is based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection
occurring at the point where the light is obliquely incident on an interface between two
media with different refractive indexes at an angle greater than the critical angle. Light is
incident at an angle i as shown in Figure 6.20 and is required to determine the range of
values of the index of refraction n so the internal reflections will occur for any value of
i.
Refraction from fiber to air sin c = 1/n, therefore, from equation 6.27 & 6.28
2
1 1
(6.29)
sin 2 cos t 1 sin2 t 1 sin2 i
n n
Solve for n,
n 2 1 sin 2 i (6.30)
For equation 6.30 to be true then = /2, all incident light will be passed by the fiber
requiring
n2 2 or n 2
Reflected point
n
t 2
i
Figure 6.20 Schematic illustrating the principle of light propagation in optical fibers.