November 2016

Volume 5 | Issue 7 | `100

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The Complete Energy Sector Magazine for Policy and Decision Makers

CLIMATE CHANGE:
Can India move away from coal?

Lack of coal demand India needs to invest in

poses fresh challenge to Smart grid to be a
the Government low-carbon economy

Yoshiaki Inayama Anil Joshi Dr. U.D. Choubey Prashant Panda

Managing Director President Director General President, Solar Business
Toshiba JSW Power Systems Pvt Ltd GSPC LNG Ltd SCOPE ACME Solar
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Sector Performance Review: FY 2015-16
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InfralinePlus
The Complete Energy Sector Magazine for Policy and Decision Makers
November 2016 | Volume 5 | Issue 07

Editors Letter Editorial

Shashi Garg, Editor
Indias recent decision to ratify the Paris Agreement on Climate
Change has been applauded by one and all. India, which
accounts for 4.1% of the total global emission, now has a tough News Team
challenge ahead, that of balancing its growth needs and also Chetan Gupta
reducing its carbon emission intensity by 33-35% from what it
was in 2005, by 2030. The aim is to produce 40% of the total
electricity from sources other than fossil fuels. India is banking Analyst
on renewable capacity to meet its electricity requirement, and
Mohd. Arif
rightly so. However, it must not ignore other cleaner fuels in
the process, such as natural gas, hydro and nuclear, all of
which are currently grappling with various set of challenges.
Content Consultant
However, the moot question still remains - can India move away from coal? India has a News Monster
clear advantage when it comes to coal. The country has the 5th largest coal reserves in
the world and is set to surpass the US as the worlds biggest coal producer after China by
2020, as Coal India is in the process of ramping up output. Further, considering the fact
that India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and more than 300 million
people are yet to receive power, India cannot afford to do without coal and needs to tread
cautiously as far as its long term energy strategy is concerned. Also, use of technology
in the form of ultra-super critical thermal power plants is an exciting option that needs Business Development
to be explored. Also to be taken into account is the growth in the manufacturing sector. Manoj Narang, Director
Manufacturing, currently, is undergoing slow growth. If the Indian economy gets back
Tel.: 0120-6799106 / 100
to the trajectory of 9-10 per cent annual GDP growth, electricity consumption could
see a sharp increase. This can lead to a catch-22 like situation as getting additional Email: manoj.narang@infraline.com
conventional capacity in time to meet power requirement might prove challenging, while
building hydel and nuclear power plants takes time.
Nonetheless, as India makes a transition from conventional to renewable generation, it
will throw up radically new challenges. Identification of the appropriate new technologies Advertisement
and their actualisation will be the need of the hour. Smart Grid is one such technology Ashwini Solomon
for the future. Smart Grids can turn out to be a key enabling infrastructure to develop
smart solutions to resolve Indias energy woes and address troublesome issues such Tel.: 0120-6799157/100
as massive transmission and distribution losses and power thefts. Expanding the use of Mobile: +91 9811708110
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smart grid technologies will also be instrumental as India strives to increase generation Email: ashwini.solomon@infraline.com
from variable renewable sources. Smart grid systems can help integrate multiple, variable advertising@infraline.com
renewable energy sources.
Meanwhile, lack of coal demand continues to pose new challenges to the Government.
India had initially planned to increase its domestic coal production to 1bn tonnes by 2020
in light of the ever-increasing demand from the power sector. However, the demand from Circulation & Subscription
the power sector has declined significantly over the past one year due to falling demand Sneha Pandey
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prefer to buy cheaper power from the Power Exchanges. The state DISCOMs have failed Email: sneha.pandey@infraline.com
to sign long term power purchase agreements since 2013 and the recent trend indicates
that the market is slowly but surely shifting to short term power purchase planning.
With a large proportion of the population still not having proper access to electricity, the
countrys large dependency on imported fuel and economic and social impacts due to Form IV
climate change has driven the Government to identify measures for harnessing renewable Periodicity of its Publication: Monthly
energy and energy efficient measures for improving the countrys energy security and Printers / Publishers /
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InfralinePlus

Contents
Editors Letter
3

Cover Story 33
Climate Change: Is India ready to move
away from coal?
On October 2, 2016, India made a strategic
decision to move away from coal as a source
of electricity in the long run by ratifying the Paris
Agreement on Climate Change. The deal aims to
cut greenhouse gas emissions by shifting away
from fossil fuels to limit global warming to well be-
low 2C compared with pre-industrial times. How-
ever, considering the fact that India is one of the
fastest growing economies in the world and more

31
than 300 million people are yet to receive power,
the decision to ratify the Agreement has raised
a question mark on the long term strategy of the
4 country to tackle the vital issue of energy security.

Power Coal
6 22
News Briefs p6 News Briefs p22
In Conversation: Yoshiaki Inayama, Managing Director, Expert Speak: Anil Attavar, Director, Way 2 India p25
Toshiba JSW Power Systems Pvt Ltd p10
In Depth: Lack of coal demand poses fresh challenge
In Conversation: PK Ranade, Chairman and Managing to the Government p28
Director, AMTL p13
Statistics p31
In Depth: India needs to invest in Smart grid to be a
low-carbon economy P16
Statistics p20

Topics Covered Topics Covered

Manufacturing Coal demand
Energy meters Thermal plants
Smart grids Coal pollution
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

Oil and Gas Renewable

38
News Briefs p38
Expert Speak: Anil Joshi, President, GSPC LNG Ltd p41
Expert Speak: Dr. U.D. Choubey, Director General,
SCOPE p44
Expert Speak: Neeraj Gupta, Director, iEnergy
Innovations Pvt. Ltd p47
In Depth: Fourth consecutive reduction in Natural Gas
price p50
Statistics p53
55
News Briefs p55
Expert Speak: Prashant Panda, President, Solar
Business, ACME Solar p60
In Depth: RPO compliance by Obligated Entities need
of the hour p63
Statistics p66

Topics Covered Topics Covered

LNG terminals Energy storage
5
Natural gas pipeline infrastructure Grid stability
Natural gas prices RPO compliance

Expert Speak/Interview

PK Ranade Neeraj Gupta

Chairman and Managing Director Director
AMTL iEnergy Innovations Pvt. Ltd Off Beat
68
Expert Speak: Delhi Metro: A road map to sustainable
transport

Reports & Studies

73
People in News
Anil Attavar
Director
Harveen Kaur
PhD Scholar
74
Way 2 India University of Delhi
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
NewsBriefs | Power National
Government aims to achieve 100 percent power connectivity
Stating that governments aim is to provide
electricity for all citizens irrespective of BPL
or APL criterion, Union Minister Piyush Goyal
has said states are free to use any data they
want for implementing rural electrification
project. Goyal stressed that there is no need
to focus only on BPL (Below Poverty Line)
CERC panel pushes for customer-oriented transmission planning
A committee appointed by the Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
has suggested an overhaul in transmission
planning to facilitate the transfer of power that
6 is going to take place, on economic principles.
Further, transmission planning will have to be
aligned to meet customer aspirations rather
than sticking to the outdated model of plan-
ning transmission system only associated with
the long-term power purchase agreements
(PPAs). The committee said the transmission
planning may be done on the basis of projected
load of the states and anticipated generation
scenario based on economic principles of merit
order operation. In a bid to promote power
market, the committee has suggested that the
Power generation rises 2.1 percent in September, but demand remains low
Indias electricity generation for the month
of September rose about 2.1% year-on-year
compared to flat growth in the month of
August compared with last year, shows data
from Central Electricity Authority (CEA).
This rise in generation, however, does not
necessarily reflect a rise in demand for the
sector, which is hurt by over-capacity and a
lack of demand from distribution companies
(discoms). The slight rise in generation in
September is not indicative of any rise in
demand, said a brokerage analyst. The 2.1%
rise by itself does not mean anything, its a
marginal number. The basic problem still
remains that with the industry having shifted
to captive, there is a serious crisis of credible
or APL (Above Poverty Line) criterion when
it comes to providing power connections
in villages. During our deliberations, our
Power Secretary raised the issue of BPL
data, which according to him is not updated.
Upon learning about this issue, I have taken
a decision on the spot that States are free
to take into account any data they want to
implement rural electrification programme.
Do not discriminate between citizens, the
Minister of State for Power said. Stating
that there is no need to discriminate among
poor, BPL, APL or any other type, he said,
Our aim is to provide electricity to all.
Dont restrict yourself to BPL or APL. Once
electricity reaches to a village, electricity
should reach all houses.
transmission corridor allocation be suitably
made. Five percent (5%) of each flow gate may
be reserved for day ahead collective transac-
tions which may be released for contingency
market in case of non-utilization of the corridor
by power exchanges.
customers, who will pay on time. And this
also impacts the volume growth, he said.
The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of
captive power generation between 2006-07
Centre tells state powers to push
reforms, unlock demand
The Centre has put the proposed amend-
ment to the Electricity Act on the backburn-
er, opting instead to work with state govern-
ments on measures to open up the power
market and unlock latent demand through
regulatory reforms. Do you see any work
(reforms) suffer or stalled (in the absence of
the amendments)? Our initiatives are pro-
gressing well even without the (proposed)
amendments to the Act. We are working
with states on taking things forward, power
minister Piyush Goyal said. The amend-
ments seek to segregate the distribution
(carriage) and supply (content) businesses.
This is expected to bring competition by hav-
ing multiple distribution licences in an area,
giving consumers the freedom to choose
their supplier. The amendment Bill was in-
troduced in the Lok Sabha on December 19,
2014. It was referred to the Parliamentary
Standing Committee on Energy. The panel
submitted its report on May 7, 2015. The
refreshed amendment Bill, incorporating the
committees recommendations, will have to
be cleared by the Cabinet before it can be
reintroduced in Parliament.
and 2014-15 is 9.3% compared to 4.6% for
electricity procured from utilities, according
to the Economic Survey notes released in
February 2016. Indias power demand is
unlikely to grow beyond 6-7% over FY20,
according to a MotilalOswal Securities.Indias
power generation had remained flat year-
on-year in August hurt by improved rainfall,
which slowed demand across the agriculture
sector. This has led to the overall sectors
plant-load factors (PLFs) to decline by about
4.4% to 42.7% from same period last year, an
Emkay Global Financial Services Ltd report
said. With power deficit falling, merchant
power tariffs are also down 23% year-on-year
to Rs2.16 per unit.

NewsBriefs | Power National
Transmission project worth Rs 50k crore to go under hammer in FY17
Transmission projects worth more than
Rs 50,000 crore would be up for bidding
during the current fiscal to increase power
evacuation capacity in the country, Power
Secretary P K Pujari said. Transmission
projects worth Rs 50,000 crore would be
auctioned. It could be even more than this
during this fiscal, Pujari noted. He further
Fuel surcharge increase makes power costlier
Electricity consumers of Torrent Power Ltd
will have to shell out a little more for the
power they consume. The private sector
company recently increased Fuel and Power
Purchase Price Adjustment (FPPPA), also
known as fuel surcharge, for October-
December quarter. The fuel surcharge has
been hiked by 10 paise per unit to 90 paise/
unit from 80 paise per unit, which will
translate into a burden of Rs 33 crore for
30 lakh consumers of the company. Torrent
supplies power to Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar
and Surat. A power company is allowed to
offset any increase or decrease in fuel (coal
and gas) cost by way of FPPPA. Earlier,
state-run Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd
Banks eye takeover of debt-laden power plants
Lenders to several power projects have
started talks with investors as well as
state-run NTPC to take over these genera-
tion units, in a stern message to promot-
ers who are reluctant to pay or want to
shift the burden of reviving the projects to
banks. The move comes at a time when
public sector unit SAIL is set to take over
the operations of Electrosteel Steels,
which has massive debt. It is learnt that
the plan has the backing of the finance
ministry, which is keen to ensure that
banks be firm with errant promoters, while
showing flexibility wherever there is a pos-
sibility of reviving projects if the manage-
ment and lenders share the burden. NTPC
Govt likely to modify captive power
said: Last year (2015-16), we bid out
transmission projects worth over Rs one
lakh crore out of which Power Grid Corp got
projects of Rs 56,000 crore and Rs 35,000
crore were awarded to private sector (on
tariff based competitive bidding). There has
been healthy growth of the transmission
sector during the 12th Plan (2012-17). After
April 2012, India has added 90,000 circuit
kilometres of transmission lines and 2.72 lakh
MVA of transmission capacity. The auctioning
of transmission projects assumes significance
in view of governments ambitious target of
adding 175 GW of renewable power capacity
by 2022. The share of renewables in energy
mix, which is 6 per cent at present, will go up
to 40 per cent by 2030.
(GUVNL) also received Gujarat Electricity
Regulatory Commission (GERC) approval to
recover additional fuel surcharge of 9 paise/
unit, which was due in January-March, 2016.
has been approached to take charge of
a few projects such as Athena Power in
Chhattisgarh in addition to some projects
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
equity structure
Rules for captive power generating units
are likely to be made more stringent by
the government. The industrys worry is
that this could mean higher costs. The
suggestion is on the equity structure of
owners in such units. Most power produc-
ers own at least 26 per cent of the equity
and consume at least 51 per cent of the
power generated from a captive unit. The
rest is sold to entities in other states. The
structure, known as group captive, is to
avoid the cross-subsidy charges levied on
interstate sale. The modification proposed
is on the definition of ownership. Owner-
ship in relation to a generating station 7
or power plant set up by a company or
any other body corporate shall mean
the paid-up equity share capital with full
rights, such as value, share of profit/divi-
dends, capital appreciation, voting rights,
transfer of shares, etc. In other cases,
ownership shall mean proprietary interest
and control over the generating station or
power plant; go the proposed changes, in
the draft rules.
in Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, there is a
possibility of Aadhunik (promoted by Ag-
garwals), which has a plant in Jharkhand,
too being offered to the state-run power
producer. Apart from the public sector gi-
ant, some global players were also looking
at some of the generation assets, which
are troublesome for the lenders. The
lenders have approached us with some
stalled projects and want us to complete
or run them. We are open to the sugges-
tion, said an NTPC executive. Although
talks have been going on for taking over
stalled projects by NTPC for some time,
now firm proposals have been put forward
on the table.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
NewsBriefs | Power States
MSEDCL to get state subsidy of Rs 992 crore for 5 years
The state government has signed a
tripartite agreement with Maharashtra
State Electricity Distribution Company
Limited (MSEDCL) power utility firm and
Central government for the Ujwal Discom
Assurance Yojna. Under the scheme,
MSECDL will get state subsidy of around
Rs 992 crore to improve its infrastructure
Power charges up by 11 paise per unit in MP
Get ready to pay more for electricity as the
energy charges have gone up by 11 paise
per unit from October in MP. This hike will
remain in force from October to December
2016 after which it will be revised for the
8 next quarter. Madhya Pradesh Electric-
ity Regulatory Commission (MPERC) has
approved the increase in electricity tariff
from 4 paise per unit to 14 paise per unit.
In addition, consumers will have to pay one
paise as electricity duty. This means the
power tariff will increase by 11 paise per
unit per month in the state and will cover
all categories of consumers domestic,
industrial, agriculture, rural etc. This is a
1.95% rise in electricity cost for domestic
Demand from AP, Karnataka propels power purchase in southern region
The volume of power bought by Southern
region in the Indian Energy Exchange
increased 160 per cent year on year in
September 2016, driven by higher demand
from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, data
from the exchange reveals. Data from the
exchange shows that among the States
in the region, Tamil Nadu and Kerala sold
more power, while Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka bought more power. Tamil
Nadu and Kerala put together sold 77
million units in September 2016 compared
with 13 million units in the comparable
period last year. Both the States in total
bought 70 million units in September
2016 compared with 88 million units in
for next five years. The scheme primarily
aims at reducing the distribution losses, to
improve the quality of power infrastructure,
improve the billing efficiency, to reduce peak
load and to make provision for the required
power demand. Under the scheme, the
Maharashtra government will float bonds
of 75% amount of the midterm and small
term debt of MSEDCL as on September 30
which comes to around Rs 4,960 crore in the
market. The amount collected from these
bonds will be given as subsidy to MSEDCL
by the state. From this financial year to the
next 5 year (till 2020-21), Rs 992 crore will
be given to MSEDCL as subsidy by the state
government in five installments.
consumers and a 1.48% rise for high-ten-
sion supply line consumers which include
industries. Till September, electricity cost
from Rs. 3.65 per unit to 6.10 per unit to
domestic consumers while industrial con-
sumers paid 6.20 per unit.
the same period last year. Andhra Pradesh
and Karnataka bought 642 million units
and sold 259 million units respectively
AP takes over Rs 7,376 crore debt
burden of Discoms
Andhra Pradesh government has issued
special securities worth Rs7,376 crore
under the UjjwalDiscom Assurance
Yojana (UDAY) Scheme to take over
the debt burden of power distribution
companies (Discoms). The Union
Government launched the UDAY scheme
in 2015 for operational and financial
turnaround of Discoms giving the States
a two year time time frame to take over
debt by 2016-17. The State tried to seek
more time but the Centre refused to
extend the time-frame given under the
UDAY scheme. The government issued
bonds for an amount of Rs7,376 crores
based on competitive interest bids from
the institutions.For the 70 per cent of
the amount, bonds were issued for an
interest rate of 7.35 percent and the
remaining at 7.35 and 7.37 per cent. For
the remaining amount of Rs880 crore,
the bids were rejected and they would
be taken up later. The security bonds for
the above loan with six equated amounts
would have to be redeemed at the end of
10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th year.
in September 2016. In the comparable
period last year, they bought 184 million
units and sold 265 million units.Tamil
Nadu had good power availability helped
by wind power generation and supply
from Kudankulam. That is why the buying
volume was low. Because of higher
power availability, the prices were also
low. Southern region power rates on the
exchange were Rs. 2.41 per kilo watt hour
during September 2016, down from Rs.
6.18 per kilo watt hour in the same period
last year. In September 2016, northern
region rates stood at Rs. 2.73 per unit,
while rates of North-East, East and West
stood at Rs. 2.35 per unit.

NewsBriefs | Power International
Sri Lanka seeks investments from Qatar for power sector
Sri Lanka is exploring the possibility of at-
tracting investments from Qatari entrepre-
neurs and government agencies in its health
sector, Minister of Health Rajitha Senaratne
said. The Minister, who was on a two-day
visit to Qatar, said he had held discussions
UAEs nuclear power project achieves $24.4 bln financing close
The United Arab Emirates nuclear energy
project has completed a $24.4 billion
financing for its first plant with most of
the cash coming from state sources. In
2009, Korea Electric Power Corporation
(Kepco)-led consortium won a contract
to build four 1,400 megawatt nuclear
reactors that are being constructed at the
Barakah plant to meet the UAEs surging
demand for electricity. Emirates Nuclear
Energy Corp (ENEC) and Kepco jointly own
the Barakah nuclear energy plant project.
The financing comprises direct loans of
$19.6 billion with $16.2 billion from the
Abu Dhabi government and another $2.5
billion from the Export-Import Bank of
Bangladesh to build over 1,600 MW hydro projects
In a first major hydro investment deal
between Nepal and Bangladesh, the two
countries have signed an agreement to
build two hydroelectric plants capable
of generating over 1,600 megawatts
of electricity in Nepal. Commerce
Minister Romi Gauchan Thakali and his
Bangladeshi counterpart Tofail Ahmed
signed the pact. The proposed projects
are 1,110MW Sunkoshi II and 536MW
Sunkoshi III located at Sunkoshi river
in central Nepal. Both the countries have
agreed to develop the projects under
the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Nepal) initiative which was signed by four
countries to facilitate the regional trade
on investment prospects in his country with
Qatar Minister for Finance HE Ali Sherif al-
Emadi. While apprising the Qatar Minister
of the areas where Sri Lanka is looking for
foreign investments, we gave him a picture
of the current economic position of our
country and also the sectors where invest-
ments could fetch good returns, Senaratne
explained. The Sri Lankan Minister said
he also spoke to the Qatar Minister on the
prospects of attracting investments to his
countrys power sector. We have some
ambitious plans as well to capitalise on our
favourable weather conditions to develop
solar and wind energy projects to meet the
growing power requirements.
Korea (Kexim). It also includes equity
commitments from Enec and Kepco
totaling $4.7 billion as well as a $250
million loan provided by National Bank
of Abu Dhabi, First Gulf Bank, HSBC and
Standard Chartered.
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
Australian alliance buys power grid;
Chinese bid blocked
Half of Australias largest electricity net-
work has been sold to two local firms for
A$16.189 billion (US$12.38 billion), after
Canberra blocked a Chinese bid citing na-
tional security. The Australian government
has been concerned about investment
from Beijing and twice rejected the sale of
the countrys biggest private landowner
cattle firm S. Kidman & Co to Chinese-led
consortiums. The sale of 50.4 percent of
Ausgrid, New South Wales (NSW) states
electricity network, for a 99-year lease
to the all-Australian consortium fund
manager IFM and pension fund Australian
Super means the transaction does not
have to be approved by the Foreign Invest- 9
ment Review Board (FIRB). This is an
outstanding result and it is great to see a
completely Australian consortium invest-
ing in this asset, NSW Treasurer Gladys
Berejiklian said. The NSW government
is delighted to be entering into a partner-
ship with IFM and Australian Super given
their demonstrated track record in the
management and long-term investment in
infrastructure assets.
and business. As per the agreement, the
electricity produced from Sunkoshi river
would be evacuated to Bangladesh via
India through the BBIN economic corridor.
Minister Thakali signed the agreement
after the Bangladeshi side expressed
interest to invest in Nepals hydropower
sector, said Ravi Shanker Sainju, joint
secretary at the Commerce Ministry, who
had accompanied the minister to Dhaka.
Earlier, the Department of Electricity
Development (DoED) had assumed the
responsibility of conducting the feasibility
study of both the projects spread across
Kavre, Ramechhap, Sindhupalchok and
Sindhuli districts.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

InConversation
Efficiency improvement of thermal,
nuclear expansion key for future
Yoshiaki Inayama, Managing Director, Toshiba JSW Power
Systems Pvt Ltd, feels that despite the surge in renewable energy
capacity, thermal sector will continue to maintain the lead in
Power Generation. Further, use of super critical technologies
would benefit India in providing more reliable and affordable
power. Excerpts:

What is your outlook on as projected by Government of India

the thermal sector in India
considering that demand has
tapered off in recent times
with no new capacity addition
planned?
Thermal power has always been the
main contributor to Indias energy
10
requirement and would remain
largest modality for ensuring Energy
security. It continues to serve as
the cornerstone of the grid as it
provides stable energy output and
retains its position of providing
reliable and affordable power. With
the introduction of Ultra Super
Critical and forthcoming Advanced
Ultra Super Critical technology
having higher efficiency provides
environmentally friendly energy.
To support Indias economic
growth, the growth in electric power
is must and in consideration of
direct relation of GDP growth and
Power growth, the development of
environment friendly fossil fuel based
power is necessary.
To keep the high quality
equipment cost competitive, TJPS
is also continuously improving the
manufacturing ecosystem for local
sourced components by developing
and expanding its vendor base in
India. We appreciate and support
increase content of renewable energy
we shall continue to develop and
apply Technologies such as Ultra
Super Critical (USC) and Advanced-
Ultra Super Critical (AUSC) that are
efficient and environmentally friendly
thus reducing carbon emissions.
We are confident that in near future
application of USC and AUSC
technology will be introduced by India
to enhance the performance as well
supporting capacity addition.
How has thermal sector growth
been impacted by growth in
renewable energy capacity?
Indias power sector is one of the
most diversified in the world with
sources of power ranging from
conventional to renewable sources.
Today, of the 305.5GW installed
capacity, thermal power has the
largest contribution at 212.5GW,
followed by hydro 42.97 GW,
renewable energy 44.24 GW and
nuclear 5.8 GW. To cater to the
increasing energy demand, the
Governments Twelfth Five Year Plan
for 2012 to 2017 aims at boosting
generation capacity by 88.5 GW, of
which 80% of the capacity addition
is planned from Thermal Power
Generation.
In consideration of demand
forecast to meet the GDP growth
Yoshiaki Inayama, Managing Director, Toshiba JSW
Power Systems Pvt Ltd
target for next two decades, we
believe Thermal sector will continue
to be maintaining the lead in Power
Generation because of instability
of renewable energy. Considering
environmental factor, efficiency
improvement of thermal, stability
improvement of renewable and
nuclear expansion will be keys for
future. Toshiba group can contribute
in all these areas and TJPS can
contribute efficiency improvement
of thermal power generation by
applying USC and AUSC technology
for new construction including scrap
and build and proper maintenance of
operating plant utilizing Toshibas
state of the art technologies. This
takes us a step further in our
endeavor to contribute to Indians
suitable power supply by its endeavor
of continued innovations. We have
capability and experience to apply
& execute such technologies for the
growth of industries for the next
India.
 November 2016
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What kind of new technologies

can India benefit from in the
thermal sector?
Since 2004, India applied use of
Super Critical technology and is now
at the advent of applying Ultra Super
Critical technologies with a vision
of applying Advance-Ultra Super
Critical technologies in near future.
This would benefit India to providing
more reliable and affordable power as
these technologies are more efficient.
We believe with application of such
technologies and development of
materials for such technologies, the
Make in India will get further boost.
In Japanese coal thermal plants,
the Operation and maintenance
is given high importance and
best practices are followed to
ensure that performance levels are
not deteriorated beyond global local chapters of Industrial Training
acceptance norms. We continue to Indias power sector Institute to impart on-site skill
bring plants very near to design is one of the most development training. In addition, 11
performance levels over the diversified in the many engineers at TJPS factory
designed life of plant by applying are trained by Japanese engineers
best techniques and practices. We
world with sources visiting India or are sent for a training
shall be applying similar practices of power ranging program at the Toshiba factory
ensuring better performance over the from conventional to in Japan. With our commitment,
designed life of Power equipment capability, and experience, we will
manufactured by us.
renewable sources. continue to contribute for the growth
Today, of the 305.5GW of industries for the next India.
What are your views on the installed capacity,
Make in India initiative of thermal power has the What are the key issues facing
the Government? How has it the power sector in India today?
impacted the power equipment largest contribution Please provide suggestions to
market? at 212.5GW, followed address them.
Governments Make in India by hydro 42.97 GW, While several initiatives have been
campaign has further reinforced taken by respective government
the conducive policies laid down to
renewable energy 44.24 agencies at Centre and also in
achieve a more reliable and stable GW and nuclear 5.8 GW States, we do believe that intent
power supply required for the of providing reliable, affordable
growth of critical industries. With Toshiba, long before the Power for All has not met the
this initiative, many multinational announcement of the Make in success as envisaged. We feel this
companies have set up base in India India campaign had identified and could be due to mismatch between
that not only will help in creating a established India as its manufacturing Generation capacity, Transmission
strong local manufacturing ecosystem base and development hub having network and Distribution network.
for components and equipments, but skilled manpower. Furthering our We also observe that Distribution
will also augment the technology commitment, TJPS started its own network is quite old which impacts
transfer and development of skills the Welding Training School at the the operation to large extent. We
youth of India deserves. Chennai factory, and tied up with the feel that integration of Generation,
 November 2016
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InConversation
Transmisison, and Distribution with
applications of technologies in all
that compliment each domain would
help in overcoming technological
bottlenecks and reduce the losses and
this lost energy will be available to
the consumers.
In addition to that, carbon dioxide
emission reduction will be one
of the most important issues for
power sector in India. In order to
respond this challenge, efficiency
improvement of thermal, stability
improvement of renewable energy
and nuclear expansion will be keys
for future. Toshiba can provide
solution for this challenge.
The other area which needs to be
addressed is infrastructure which
needs to be available for rapid
development of Projects and also for
effective operations.
Please share your presence in
12
the power sector in India.
Toshiba has a pedigree of over 60
years of expertise in power and a
strong lineage of association with
India, entering the thermal power
market by supplying two 500MW
subcritical steam turbines and Supercritical and Ultra supercritical
generators at Anpara B thermal power Turbine and Generator with unit
plant. Today, Toshiba JSW Power capacities in the range of 250MW
Systems Pvt ltd (TJPS), with its to 1000MW, has already established
state-of-art manufacturing facility at itself as a dominant player in the
Chennai to manufacture Subcritical, supercritical steam turbines and
generators (STG) in the 800MW
category in India, having won orders
Carbon dioxide for ten sets in all.
emission reduction In line with the Groups Make in
India commitment and its business
will be one of the
strategy to keep the high quality
most important equipment cost competitive, TJPS
issues for power recently shipped its first Made in
sector in India. In India steam turbine generator. The
800-megawatt steam turbine generator
order to respond this (STG) for Unit 2 of the Kudgi Super-
challenge, efficiency critical Thermal Power Station in
improvement of Karnataka state is Toshibas first
large-scale generation system to be
thermal, stability manufactured and assembled with
improvement of locally procured parts and systems,
renewable energy and and tested in India. Toshiba JSW
is geared up to contribute to the
nuclear expansion will
governments goal to provide 24x7
be keys for future. electricity for residential, industrial,
Toshiba can provide commercial, and agriculture use for
solution for this the next India.
challenge
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
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InConversation
India to be a strong growth
driver in global energy demand
Advance Metering Technology Limited (AMTL) is on a growth
path. The Noida-based company recently formed a strategic
tie-up with Grasslin Gmbh a subsidiary of US electrical product
MNC Intermatic Inc to bring energy efficient technologies in
India. Speaking to InfralinePlus, AMTLs Chairman and Managing
Director, P. K. Ranade, talks of why India is expected to be a
big market for energy efficient technologies in future and the key
growth drivers. Excerpts:

What is your outlook on the driver in global energy demand and

energy sector in India? What are
the key growth drivers according
to you?
Energy consumption in India has al-
most doubled since 2000 and the sec-
tor has high growth potential. Indias
per capita electricity consumption has
been continuously increasing over
the years. However, the countrys
per capita electricity consumption
is about 1/3rd of the global average.
Further, India uses only 6% of the
worlds primary energy, even though
its houses 18% of the worlds popula-
tion. This offers tremendous scope for
growth in future. Coal, however, is
the most dominant fuel in the energy
mix and there is a strong government
push to increase share of renewable
energy in the energy basket. India has
also recently ratified the Paris Agree-
ment which underlines its commit-
ment to a growing role for low-carbon
sources of energy led by solar and
wind power.
According to reports, India will be
a major contributor to global energy
demand by 2040. While energy
use is projected to decline in other
developed countries including China,
India will emerge as a strong growth
all modern fuels and technologies are
expected to play a role.
With a major push towards cre-
ation of new infrastructure and urban-
isation, Indias energy requirements
will also see an upswing. Initiatives
like Power for All and Make in
India will also act as strong growth
drivers.
The company recently entered
the solar EPC business. What
kind of opportunities are you
looking at in this segment?
The EPC business will be a strong
growth area for us. We recently
bagged a contract in Noida to develop
green building for an IT company on
turnkey basis. The entire package for
the project will be executed by us such
as civil and electrical works, design-
ing, engineering as well as water treat-
ment, waste disposal and Solar PV. We
have developed strong in-house exper-
tise to execute solar turnkey projects
which will serve as a one-stop shop
providing complete range of building
products and solutions. AMTL is now
ready to offer turnkey and retrofit so-
lutions to IT business buildings across
the country.
PK Ranade, Chairman and Managing Director,
AMTL
13
A target of 175 GW to be achieved
by 2022 and Indias global com-
mitment to increase share of non-
fossil fuels to 40% in its electricity
generation by 2030 are strong growth
drivers for the solar EPC industry.
I feel the industry is on a major
growth curve and there are numerous
opportunities in this segment for EPC
players. With falling solar tariffs no
longer an exception but a trend, the
need of the hour is to have a strong
and robust EPC industry in India
which can sustain delivery both in
terms of time and quality. The Solar
revolution in India can only succeed
if it is adequately supported by a
strong EPC segment.
Please share your manufacturing
plans for energy meters and
panels. What is the capacity of
your manufacturing facility? Is it
sufficient to meet demand?
AMTL has invested in production
capacity infrastructure over the past
 November 2016
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InConversation

few years and has been able to deliver

a double digit percentage year on year
growth consistently. We are currently
in a position to deliver more than 2
million meters annually and at the same
time more capacity is being added to
cater to the demand generated by the
aggressive electrification schemes
of the Government. We feel that the
demand in the short term is signifi-
cantly more than the supply capacity
available. However, this will reach a
saturation point when the electrification
schemes reach their peak deployment
rate in the medium term.

How can energy audit and

energy management benefit the
industry?
Energy audit and energy management
is a critical area for organisations and
utilities. Given the strong empha-
sis of the Government on energy
14 efficiency and energy conservation,
it is imperative to conduct regular
audits to assess the trends in energy
consumption as well as provide solu-
tions to reduce energy usage through
use of energy-efficient products and
solutions.
Energy Audit is the key to a
systematic approach for decision-
making process in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance
the total energy inputs with its use,
and serves to identify all the energy
streams in a facility. It quantifies
energy usage according to its discrete
functions. Industrial energy audit is an
effective tool in defining and pursuing
comprehensive energy management
programme.
We provide energy audit services
to organisations in various sectors
such as industries, hospitality, IT,
BPO & Malls and office buildings.
The scope of the audit includes elec-
trical energy audit, thermal energy
audit, Thermography of LT & HT
System, Power Quality Analysis and
Water Audit.
Energy audit and energy
management is a critical
area for organisations
and utilities. Given
the strong emphasis
of the Government on
energy efficiency and
energy conservation, it
is imperative to conduct
regular audits to assess
the trends in energy
consumption as well
as provide solutions to
reduce energy usage
through use of energy
efficient products and
solutions
In addition, Perform Achieve
Trade (PAT) assistance, support
for energy efficiency enhancement
projects and trainings to improve
Energy Efficiency are some of the
other focus areas.
What are the technological
offerings of AMTL that can
help India in its quest for clean
technologies?
We are an energy-centric organiza-
tion with focus on ensuring a greener
and cleaner economy with a three
pronged approach, namely Genera-
tion of power from renewable sources,
manufacturing of world class energy
monitoring devices and Energy Audit
Services. Recently, we have entered
into a tie-up with Grsslin Gmbh,
Germany, (a subsidiary of Intermatic,
USA) to expand our presence in the
electrical equipment market. After this
tie-up, we are now distributing elec-
trical products across India such as
time switches, light and temperature
control solutions.
To give you an example, the time
switch technology is unique for it
makes life easier, safer and helps save
energy efficiently in residential, office,
commercial and industrial buildings.
DIN- rail and universal time switches
offer diverse use options both indoors
and outdoors, for central switching of
different rooms, vacation programs and
universal switching tasks in switching

stations, in machine controls or specific
solutions such as swimming pool or
sprinkler system controls. Similarly,
light controls offer the highest pos-
sible degree of functionality, switch
separately for the desired situation in
residential, office, commercial and
industrial buildings and outdoors and
at the same time ensure noticeably
improved energy efficiency.
India is projected to become the
largest market for LEDs in India.
Please share your outlook and
growth plans in this regard.
There is no doubt that India has
witnessed a stellar growth in the
LED market in the last few years. A
strong government support coupled
with introduction of innovative LED
lighting products by manufacturers
has resulted in reduction in prices
of these products, thereby offering
consumers with more options to
choose from depending on their needs
and preferences. Increasing focus on
energy efficiency to reduce carbon
footprints, rising income and smart
city development are some of the
key triggers for the growth of LED
There is no doubt that
India has witnessed a
stellar growth in the
LED market in the last
few years. A strong
government support
coupled with introduc-
tion of innovative LED
lighting products by
manufacturers has
resulted in reduction in
prices of these prod-
ucts, thereby offering
consumers with more
options to choose from
depending on their
needs and preferences
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
lighting industry. The Unnat Jyoti by
Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA)
scheme which aims at replacing all
inefficient bulbs with energy-efficient
lamps has been instrumental in
bringing about this change.
AMTL has been developing its
portfolio of LED products and has been
active in the B2B segment so far. Retail
has been a part of our plans and we will
be introducing products in the market
as a part of our retail expansion.
AMTL also has presence in
generation of renewable energy.
Please outline your existing
portfolio and growth plans in this
regard.
AMT currently owns and operates
11.7 MW of wind power.This supplies
energy to the state grid. We are cur-
rently evaluating options for expansion
either via a greenfield project in Solar
or Wind or a strategic acquisition of an 15
existing project.
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
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InDepth
India needs to invest in smart grid
to be a low-carbon economy

16

Existing distribution grid infrastructure is primarily designed for one-way flow of electricity
Smart grid systems can help integrate multiple, variable renewable energy sources

By Team InfralinePlus

Indias journey from an ageing trans-
mission & distribution (T&D) to a
smart grid-enabled network infrastruc-
ture can have several enabling drivers.
Clearly transition from conventional
to renewable generation will throw up
radically new challenges. Identification
of the appropriate new technologies
and move to actualisation of the same
will be the need of the hour.
Smart Grids are a key enabling
infrastructure to develop smart solu-
tions to resolve Indias energy woes,
and address troublesome issues such
as massive transmission and distri-
bution losses and power thefts. Smart
grids are crucial to some of the key
projects of the Government of India
(GoI): 100 Smart Cities; 175 GW of
installed renewable energy generation
capacity by 2022; cumulative 40% of
the total generation from renewable
energy sources by 2030; electric
vehicles (to combat air pollution); and
24x7 power supplies to all citizens
(Power for All scheme).
The challenges of climate change
and the continued growth of elec-
tricity demand (albeit at tepid growth
rate) are putting increasing stress
on the Indias electricity network
infrastructure. The existing distri-
bution grid infrastructure is primarily

designed for one-way flow of elec-
tricity and limited consumption in
the home. With the growing imple-
mentation of large-scale, inter-
mittent renewable energy generation,
distributed generation and electric
vehicles, the operational limits of the
network as it is currently designed
will be reached.
India is now at the point of tran-
sition to a new era where power gen-
erated from clean sources (renewable
energy) will be at a premium, networks
will need to be flexible to the incor-
poration of new low-carbon tech-
nologies and customers will demand
greater insight and control over their
own consumption with greater use of
Figure 1: Drivers for Growth of Smart Grid Market in India
Information and Communication Tech-
nology (ICT), more than ever before.
Expanding the use of smart grid
technologies will also be instrumental
as India strives to rapidly increase
generation from variable renewable
sources. Smart grid systems can help
integrate multiple, variable renewable
energy sources by directing the power
efficiently to electricity end users.
Smart grid technologies can act
as an enabler for better integration
of renewable sources into the grid,
given their ability to reduce the
variability in the system by allowing
the integration of renewables
into diverse electricity resources,
including load control (e.g. Demand
November 2016
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Expanding the use
of smart grid tech-
nologies will also be
instrumental as India
strives to rapidly in-
crease generation
from variable renew-
able sources. Smart
grid systems can help
integrate multiple, vari-
able renewable energy
sources by directing
the power efficiently to
electricity end users
Side Management (DSM), Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI), and
enhancing the grid operation.
17
Policy and Regulatory
Intervention
Government of India launched Na-
tional Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)
on March 27, 2015. The mission is an
institutional mechanism for planning,
monitoring and implementation of
policies and programs related to Smart
Grid activities.
Under this mission, the Forum of
Regulator (FoR) notified the model
regulation on the (Smart Grid)
 November 2016
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InDepth

Regulations, 2015. The objective of improvement in generation,

the model regulation is as follows transmission and distribution Renewable energy
(Excerpts from the regulations): licensee operations, manage the based mini-grids can be
(1) The objectives of these transmission and distribution a possible solution to
regulations are to enable networks effectively, enhance
integration of various smart grid network security, integrate
meet the electricity de-
technologies and measures to renewable and clean energy into mand of vast rural popu-
bring about economy, efficiency the grid and micro grids. lation of India which
addresses the climate
Smart Grids in Urban context change issues. Vari-
Smart Distribution Smart City ous renewable based
Advanced Metered
Smart Buildings & Homes mini-grid models have
Infrastructure (AMI)
Outage
Smart
emerged in India. They
Management System
(OMS)
Mobility/Transportation have could set examples
Power Load
Management (PLM)
Water Management of how mini-grids can
Power Quality
bring an end to energy
Management (PQM) e-Security
poverty in India
Integration of RE
sources e-Medical
(2) The objectives also include
Micro Grid
enhancing network visibility and
Electric Vehicles
access, promoting optimal asset
18 utilization, improving consumer
service levels thereby allowing
Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Meters!
for participation in operations of
The announcement of the National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) and the release
transmission licensees, distribution
of the Model Smart Grid Regulations by the Forum of Regulators (FoR) in 2015
have set the stage for a paradigm shift in Indias electricity distribution system. licensees through greater technol-
One of the commitments under the government missions (NSGM) / schemes ogy adoption across the value
(UDAY) is to make the installation of smart meters compulsory for all consumers chain in the electricity sector and
using more than 200 units of electricity a month. particularly in the transmission and
The UDAY scheme envisages fast track rollout of 35 million smart meters by distribution segment.
the end of 2019.
Smart metering infrastructure is expected to be a long-term asset for the Smart Grids in Rural context
utilities in India, while smart meter technologies are dependent on the rapidly Renewable energy based mini-grids
developing electronics design and manufacturing industry.
can be a possible solution to meet the
electricity demand of vast rural popula-
tion of India which addresses the cli-
mate change issues. Various renewable
based mini-grid models have emerged
in India. They have could set examples
of how mini-grids can bring an end to
energy poverty in India.
But mini-grids developed so far in
the country are facing several chal-
lenges due to high capital and oper-
ating costs, high tariff and inconsistent
revenue collection, low demand in the
villages, and bureaucratic delays etc.
In some states with its unique
geography and the current state of
economy and village habitations, grid
 November 2016
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connectivity is neither feasible nor cost options like solar home lighting also to commercial loads like mills
effective. Therefore, off-grid solutions systems and off-grid lighting and oil presses.
like Decentralized Distributed Gener- products, mini-grids (depending on 5. RE mini-grid developers have
ation (DDG) facilities stand as an ideal their size) can provide electricity strong incentives to pursue
mode for supply of electricity. to not only residential loads like demand-side management, to
DDG can be based on either lighting and phone charging, but keep capital cost of generation
conventional or renewable sources equipment low.
and is usually implemented in remote In some states with 6. Development and operation of
villages where connectivity to the its unique geography mini-grids can create local jobs.
grid is not feasible or cost effective. and the current state The development of a fully-fledged,
DDG enables electricity generation at low-carbon economy with increasing
the local level using locally available
of economy and vil- deployment of renewable sources
resources ensuring reduced dependence lage habitations, grid will require changes to the existing
on external resources. Local distribution connectivity is neither transmission and distribution infra-
networks or mini-grids are set up over feasible nor cost ef- structure. Smart technologies will be a
a cluster of villages and powered by fective. Therefore, vital component of this transformation.
a local generating plant which may off-grid solutions like Increasingly, consumers expect reliable
be based on conventional fuels such supply, clean energy, responsive
as diesel, natural gas, fuel oil or on
Decentralized Distrib- service, new facilities and cost effi-
renewable energy such as wind energy, uted Generation (DDG) ciency from their utilities. Smart grids
solar energy, hydro power, and biomass. facilities stand as an can enable all that and more.
RE mini-grids have distinct advan- ideal mode for supply
tages over central grid extension and of electricity
other decentralized energy options For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
19
in providing access to reliable and
affordable electricity.
1. Compared to central grid
extension, RE mini-grids can be
less expensive due to lower capital
cost of infrastructure (depending
on distance) and lower cost of
operation by avoiding transmission
and distribution losses.
2. In countries with power shortages,
electricity supply through the
central grid, especially in rural
areas, may not be reliable. In such
regions, RE mini-grids that can be
designed and operated effectively,
can be more reliable than the
central grid in providing electricity
access and can ensure local energy
security.
3. Mini-grid developers have the
potential to access capital beyond
the traditional power sector, and
may be able to provide quicker
access to electricity than central
grid extension that may be prone
to bureaucratic hurdles and slow
implementation.
4. Unlike other decentralized energy
 November 2016
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StatisticsPower
State/Utilities wise Cross Subsidy Surcharge for 2016-17 (September, 2016)
S. No. Name of State Name of Discom Category of consumers Cross Subsidy Surcharge (CSS)
HT-I Industry (11 kV) 1.66 INR/kWh
HT-II - Others (11 kV) 2.03 INR/kWh
HT-I Industry (33 kV) 1.44 INR/kWh
TSNPDCL
HT-II - Others (33 kV) 1.78 INR/kWh
HT-I Industry (132 kV and above) 1.34 INR/kWh
HT-II - Others (132 kV and above) 3.55 INR/kWh
1 Telangana
HT-I Industry (11 kV) 1.65 INR/kWh
HT-II - Others (11 kV) 2.03 INR/kWh
HT-I Industry (33 kV) 1.48 INR/kWh
TSSPDCL
HT-II - Others (33 kV) 1.81 INR/kWh
HT-I Industry (132 kV and above) 1.35 INR/kWh
HT-II - Others (132 kV and above) 1.77 INR/kWh
CESU EHT 143.58 p/kWh
CESU HT 95.58 p/kWh
NESCO EHT 126.03 p/kWh
NESCO HT 65.82 p/kWh
2 Odisha
WESCO EHT 126.68 p/kWh
WESCO HT 83.45 p/kWh
SOUTHCO EHT 191.03 p/kWh
SOUTHCO HT 141.02 p/kWh
EHT General 180 p/kWh
EHT Commercial 210 p/kWh
HT-I Industry (B) 50 p/kWh
3 Kerala KSEB
HT II General (A) 10 p/kWh
HT II General (B) 180 p/kWh
HT-IV Commercial 230 p/kWh
HT industry 0.93 INR/kWh
Bulk Supply (other than DS) 1.54 INR/kWh
4 Haryana DHBVN & UHBVN Railways (Traction) 0.12 INR/kWh
LT Industry 0.57 INR/kWh
NDS (HT) 1.46 INR/kWh
20 5 Gujarat UGVCL, MGVCL, PGVCL & DGVCL HT Category 1.45 INR/kWh
89 paise/kWh
(85 paise/kVAh for Large Supply General
Large supply
Industry and 87 paise/kVAh for Large
Supply PIU/Arc Furnace industry)
92 paise/kWh
Domestic supply
(85 paise/kVAh)
6 Punjab PSPCL
107 paise/kWh
Non-Residential supply
(98 paise/kVAh)
55 paise/kWh
Bulk supply
(52 paise/kVAh)
82 paise/kWh
Railway Traction
(80 paise/kVAh)
LIP - EHV 0.18 INR/kWh
LIP - 33 kV 0.13 INR/kWh
LIP - 11 kV 0.05 INR/kWh
ML - EHV 0.15 INR/kWh
7 Rajasthan AVVNL, JVVNL & JDVVNL ML - 33 kV 0.09 INR/kWh
ML - 11 kV 0.02 INR/kWh
NDS - EHV 0.49 INR/kWh
NDS - 33 kV 0.43 INR/kWh
NDS - 11 kV 0.36 INR/kWh
Rs. 1.16 per kWh (which is 90% of the
For 220 kV/132 kV consumers
computed value of Rs. 1.29 per kWh)
8 Chhattisgarh CSPDCL
Rs. 1.21 per kWh (which is 90% of the
For 33 kV consumers
computed value of Rs. 1.34 per kWh).
Joint Electricity
Regulatory Com- HT & EHT 0.22 INR/kWh
mission
DNH Power Distribution
9 For the State of
Corporation Limited
Goa and Union
Industry
Territories,
Gurgaon
For 132 kV consumers Rs. 0.69/kWh
For 33 kV consumers (other than HTSS) Rs. 0.78/kWh
SBPDCL
For 11 kV consumers (other than HTSS) Rs. 0.77/kWh
For HTSS consumers (33 kV& 11 kV) Rs. 0.40/kWh
10 Bihar For 132 kV consumers Rs. 0.69/kWh
For 33 kV consumers (other than HTSS) Rs. 0.78/kWh
NBPDCL For 11 kV consumers (other than HTSS) Rs. 0.79/kWh
For HTSS consumers (33 kV& 11 kV) Rs. 0.40/kWh
 November 2016
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S. No. Name of State Name of Discom Category of consumers Cross Subsidy Surcharge (CSS)
LT-II: Non-Domestic/Commercial 2.54 INR/kWh
LT-III: Industrial 1.15 INR/kWh
LT-VII: General 0.49 INR/kWh
LT-VIII: Temporary Supply 3.1 INR/kWh
HT-I(A): Industrial 2.39 INR/kWh
HT-I(B): Ferro-alloys 0.29 INR/kWh
SPDCL HT-II: Others 4.6 INR/kWh
HT-III: APTs, BSTs and Rly. Stns. 2.53 INR/kWh
HT-IV(A):Lift Irrigation 1.29 INR/kWh
HT-IV(B):Composite Water Schemes 0.11 INR/kWh
HT-V: Railway Traction 1.21 INR/kWh
HT-VI: Townships & Colonies 0.27 INR/kWh
HT-VIII: Temporary 3.97 INR/kWh
11 Andhra Pradesh
LT-II: Non-Domestic/Commercial 2.79 INR/kWh
LT-III: Industrial 0.60 INR/kWh
LT-VII: General 0.00 INR/kWh
LT-VIII: Temporary Supply 2.42 INR/kWh
HT-I(A): Industrial 2.07 INR/kWh
HT-I(B): Ferro-alloys 0.12 INR/kWh
EPDCL HT-II: Others 4.22 INR/kWh
HT-III: APTs, BSTs and Rly. Stns. 2.36 INR/kWh
HT-IV(A):Lift Irrigation 1.88 INR/kWh
HT-IV(B):Composite Water Schemes 0.91 INR/kWh
HT-V: Railway Traction 1.22 INR/kWh
HT-VI: Townships & Colonies 0.63 INR/kWh
HT-VIII: Temporary 0.00 INR/kWh
HT I (A): HT - Industry (Express Feeder) 1.49 INR/kWh
MSEDCL
HT I (B): HT - Industry (Non-Express Feeder) 1.09 INR/kWh
HT I: HT-Industry 0.2 INR/kWh
12 Maharashtra R-Infra
HT II : HT- Commercial 1.19 INR/kWh
HT I: HT-Industry 0.81 INR/kWh
Tata Power
HT II : HT- Commercial 1.12 INR/kWh
Large Industrial Power Supply EHT Consumers 1.95 INR/kWh
Large Industrial Power Supply HT 2 Consumers 2.05 INR/kWh
Irrigation & Drinking Water Supply Category - EHT
2.56 INR/kWh
Consumers
13 Himachal Pradesh HPSEB
Irrigation & Drinking Water Supply Category - HT 21
1.83 INR/kWh
Consumers
Bulk Supply Category - EHT Consumers 2.59 INR/kWh
Bulk Supply Category - HT Consumers 2.01 INR/kWh
HV-1 (Supply at 11 kV) 2.8 INR/kWh
HV-1 (Supply above 11 kV) 2.16 INR/kWh
HV-2 (Supply at 11 kV) 1.05 INR/kWh
DVVNL, MVVNL, PuVVNL, PVVNL HV-2 (Supply above 11 kV ) 0.63 INR/kWh
HV-3 (Supply above 11 kV ) 1.52 INR/kWh
HV-4 (Supply at 11 kV) 2.17 INR/kWh
HV-4 (Supply above 11 kV ) 2.36 INR/kWh
14 Uttar Pradesh HV-1 (Supply at 11 kV) 3.04 INR/kWh
HV-1 (Supply above 11 kV) 2.57 INR/kWh
KESCO
HV-2 (Supply at 11 kV) 1.2 INR/kWh
HV-2 (Supply above 11 kV ) 1.26 INR/kWh
HV-1 (Supply at 11 kV) 4.84 INR/kWh
HV-1 (Supply above 11 kV) 4.40 INR/kWh
NPCL
HV-2 (Supply at 11 kV) 2.97 INR/kWh
HV-2 (Supply above 11 kV ) 2.82 INR/kWh
HT industrial consumers Rs. 0.47/kWh
15 Uttarakhand UPCL
Non-domestic consumers Rs. 0.74/kWh
16 Jammu & Kashmir JKPDD Nil
Industry (Injection & Drawal Voltage 230 kV) 350.69 (Paise/kWh)
Railway traction (Injection & Drawal Voltage 230 kV) 312.99 (Paise/kWh)
Government Educational Institution Etc. (Injection &
262.61 (Paise/kWh)
Drawal Voltage 230 kV)
17 Tamil Nadu TANGEDCO
Pvt. Educational Institutions etc. (Injection & Drawal
304.29 (Paise/kWh)
Voltage 230 kV)
Commercial and Other (Injection & Drawal Voltage
523.28 (Paise/kWh)
230 kV)
HT-2a (66 kV & above) 118 Paise/unit
HT-2a (HT level-11 kV/33kV) 86 Paise/unit
HT-2b (66 kV & above) 253 Paise/unit
HT-2b (HT level-11 kV/33kV) 222 Paise/unit
BESCOM, HESCOM, MESCOM, HT-2c (66 kV & above) 128 Paise/unit
18 Karnataka
GESCOM & CESC HT-2c (HT level-11 kV/33kV) 96 Paise/unit
HT-4 (66 kV & above) 45 Paise/unit
HT-4 (HT level-11 kV/33kV) 14 Paise/unit
HT-5 (66 kV & above) 709 Paise/unit
HT-5 (HT level-11 kV/33kV) 677 Paise/unit
19 Assam APDCL HT II Industry category 0.54 Rs/kWh
EHT 1.9 INR/kWh
20 Meghalaya MePDCL
HT 1.75 INR/kWh
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
NewsBriefs | Coal National
Government decides to factor in indexed imported coal prices into UMPPs
New ultra mega power projects (UMPPs)
based on imported coal may be insulated
from uncertainties in fuel costs, with
the power ministry deciding to factor in
indexed imported coal prices into tariff
for such plants. The ministry has agreed
India to overtake US as worlds biggest coal producer after China
India is set to surpass the US as the worlds
biggest coal producer after China by 2020,
as state-miner Coal India Ltd. ramps up
output to meet demand from domestic power
producers, according to BMI Research. The
22 South Asian nations share of world output
will increase to 12.7% by 2020 from 9.8%
in 2016, BMI said in a report. It cautioned
that the country will still fall short of the
governments ambitious coal output target
and domestic demand will continue to exceed
production up to 2020. India, where coal
accounts for 61% of electricity generation
capacity, is seeking to reduce imports of
the fuel by boosting domestic output. India
foresees coal as a dominant source of energy
at least for a couple of decades, while other
JSPL reopens Mozambique mines to tap rising coking coal price
Jindal Steel and Power Ltd (JSPL) has
reopened its mines in Mozambique from 1
October as the price of coking coal, used
in steel production, has surged because of
supply cuts in China. The company, which
is in the process of selling some of its
assets in the power sector to reduce over
Rs40,000 crore of debt, expects the rise
in coking coal prices to help improve the
performance of its mining operations in
the second half of the year. JSPL, which
has mining, steel, power and construction
businesses, had reported a consolidated
loss of Rs1,082 crore for the June quarter,
double the loss it had reported in the year
to use an index of prices of imported coal
from Indonesia, South Africa and other
coal exporting countries for calculation of
electricity tariff from such plants. While
the ministry has agreed to provide for the
escalation clause in bid rules, the final
go-ahead has to be given by the Cabinet,
it is learnt. This will safeguard companies
against unexpected changes in fuel costs
that have adversely impacted the existing
UMPPs based on imported coal. The
ministry had in December last year issued
draft bid guidelines for imported coal-
based UMPPs that contained provisions for
unforeseen events related to coal imports.
countries, including the US, are moving faster
toward replacing the fuel with cleaner energy
sources such as natural gas to meet tougher
emissions standards. India plans to expand
coal output to 1.5 billion metric tons by 2020
from an estimated 634 million tons in the
year ended 31 March.
ago period, mainly on account of nearly flat
demand for steel and high financing costs.
Ravi Uppal, managing director and group
chief executive officer of JSPL, said its
unit JSPL Minerale Mozambique LDA has
restarted mining operations at the Chirodzi
Mines in Tete Province in Mozambique as
the global price of coking coal, also known
Assocham seeks relaxation in long-
term PPA norm for coal
Industry body Assocham has sought
relaxation in the norm that seeks
long-term power purchase agreements
(PPA) with distribution companies
(discoms) to get coal under fuel supply
agreement. In the current scenario,
CILs over capacity of coal production
and thus removing the cap of long term
PPA would be beneficial for them and
also help increase the consumption
of coal as CIL may get the share of
demand of coal by the power plants
who have not been able to sign a long
term PPA due to paucity of bidding
opportunities, Assocham Secretary-
General D S Rawat recommended in a
letter to coal secretary Anil Swarup.
He, however, did not highlight the
number of power plants or the capacity
that was suffering from this issue.
Explaining the need for the same,
Assocham pointed out that there was
no such condition at the time when
such projects were conceptualized and
investments were made in these power
plants.
as metallurgical coal, has risen by more
than 150% since August. JSPL expects
access to own coking coal will also give
its steel output a competitive edge. India
has no coking coal reserves and the entire
requirement is imported from markets
such as Australia, Canada and Africa. While
the increase in the price of coking coal in
world markets is welcome news for miners,
passing on the increased cost of coal may
not be easy for domestic steel producers in
the face of cheap steel imports from China
and from countries with which India has
free-trade agreements such as Japan and
South Korea.

NewsBriefs | Coal National
Chhattisgarh registers fivefold increase in mineral revenue
Revenue from minerals in Chhattisgarh has
increased by fivefold over the past decade.
The mineral-rich state contributes 16 per
cent of the minerals produced in the country.
The state has been endowed with 28 types
of minerals, which include diamond, coal,
iron ore, limestone, bauxite, dolomite, tin
Coal import declines 6 pc to 16 mn tonnes in September
Coal imports fell 6 per cent to 16.1 million
tonnes in September over the same month
last year owing to higher prices of the fossil
fuel in the international market. Coal import
(all types of coal) in September 2016 stood
at 16.01 million tonnes (MT) (provisional)
against 17.10 MT in September 2015, Vinaya
Varma, the newly-appointed CEO of mjunc-
tion services, an online procurement and
sales platform floated jointly by SAIL and
Tata Steel, said. He further said that higher
prices in international markets appear to be
discouraging Indian buyers from importing
coal as they expect rates to soften and this
is the primary reason for falling inward ship-
ments in recent months, including September
2016, he said. Varma further said that a suf-
World Coal Association exhorts India for sustainable use of cleaner coal
The World Coal Association (WCA) has
urged India to work towards deployment
of cleaner coal. The global industry
association for coal has said that in order
to support a sustainable development
of the resource, the worlds third largest
energy consumer, India, will require
financial, technological and other support
internationally. Benjamin Sporton, Chief
Executive, WCA, said: We are excited
to be in India and have come here to
observe and take back key insights. As
an international organization, we can
support the sustainable development of
Indias coal, mining and power sectors in
ore etc. According to the report of the
states mining directorate, Chhattisgarh
had produced minerals worth about Rs
20,000 crore in the financial year 2015-16
and earned a revenue of Rs 3,709 crore.
The revenue earned was almost five times
the revenue collected by the state from
minerals in 2005-06. With the increasing
graph of mineral production, the state has
registered a growth of almost twofold in the
past six years. Minerals valuing Rs 10,674
crore were produced during 2008-2009. The
production of black gold tops the list. The
state has 16.36 per cent of the total deposits
of coal, with a 41,442 million tonnes reserve.
ficient stock of domestic coal is available in
the country. In addition, the demand for coal
in India is not rising as per expectation as
overall economy is not growing in the way it
was expected to grow, leading to lower-than-
expected demand for steel and cement.
partnership with Coal India, NTPC, and
other public and private enterprises. As
India is going to rely on coal to power up
its economy in the decades to come, I
think it is important to look for ways to
mine coal in a sustainable, efficient and
safe manner, as well as look for ways to
utilize it through modern high-efficiency,
low-emission (HELE) power generation
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
CIL coal linkage likely for NTPC
Pudimadaka power project
In a major boost to the 4000 MW NTPC
thermal power project in Pudimadaka in
Andhra Pradesh, the Union Power and
Coal Minister Piyush Goyal has assured
fuel linkage from CIL for the project.
This project was earlier proposed to
be developed by using imported coal.
This announcement comes following
a review meeting of various power
projects by Piyush Goyal and Union
Information Minister M Venkaiah Naidu.
While reviewing the progress of other
projects, the Government said the
Mannavaram Power Projects Equipment 23
Manufacturing Plant will not be shifted
and efforts would be made to ensure
more business, the Power Minister
assured. Venkaiah Naidu convened a
meeting with Goyal and Minister of
Heavy Industries Anant Geete, and
officials of NTPC, BHEL and NTPC
BHEL Power Projects Ltd (NBPPL),
coming up at Mannavaram in AP to
review their progress.
technologies to reduce emissions. For the
international coal community, India is of
high strategic importance and therefore,
WCA has decided to convene its annual
board meeting in New Delhi, this year.
According to the guidance given by the
International Energy Agency (IEA), by
2040, Indias energy consumption will
surpass that of the Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) Europe, and would be rapidly
approaching that of the US. Like other
countries before it, the countrys economic
growth will be still largely powered by
coal.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
NewsBriefs | Coal International
US power sector coal consumption to near 1984 levels in 2016: EIA
Coal production in the US is projected to
total 725.9 million st in 2016, down 19%
from last year, according to the Energy
Information Administrations monthly Short
Term Energy Outlook. The agency expects
production to fall across all basins, particu-
larly in the western US, where production
Indonesia says coal price rally to extend into Q1, boost mining revenues
The current rally in thermal coal prices
could extend through to the end of the
first quarter of 2017, an Indonesian mining
ministry official said, helping cash-strapped
miners boost revenues in Southeast Asias
24 largest economy. Coal prices sank 70
percent over 2011 and 2015 amid worries
imports by top consumer China had peaked
on measures to combat pollution. However,
contrary to expectations of further falls,
prices have rallied by about 75 percent this
year with producers trimming supply due to
concerns over demand. Indonesia, where
thousands of coal mines went out of busi-
ness as prices cratered, is now confident of
achieving its target of 30.11 trillion rupiah
($2.32 billion) in non-tax revenue from the
World Bank money is helping to finance Asias coal boom
A coal boom in Asia could destroy any
chances of meeting global climate goals,
World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim
pronounced recently said. If all the new coal
plants on the books earlier this year were
constructed especially in Asia it would be
impossible to stay below two degrees, he
said, referring to the temperature change tar-
get set in the Paris Agreement. Slowing the
growth of coal fired power plants is perhaps
the most urgent task for global leaders try-
ing to curb climate change, Kim said, empha-
sizing the need for a greener finance sector.
Since 2013, the World Bank Group limited
its own financing of new coal projects to
is projected to decline 21.7% from 2015. In
2017, the agency estimates US coal produc-
tion will climb to 754 million st, partly due
to higher natural gas prices. Growth is pro-
jected across all basins, led by growth in the
Interior region, at 7%. The Interior region
includes the Illinois Basin. Electric power
sector coal consumption is projected to total
673 million st in 2016, down 9% from last
year, which would be the lowest annual total
since 1984. In 2017, power sector coal con-
sumption is projected to total 684 million st,
up 1.7%. For 2016, the agency expects US
coal generation to total 30%, compared with
33.2% last year.
coal and minerals sector this year, Coal
and Minerals Director General Bambang
Gatotsaid. In 2015, the worlds top thermal
coal exporter had missed its target by 43
percent. Right now were almost at 50 per-
cent. With the rise in coal prices hopefully
well reach it, Gatotsaid.
rare circumstances. Meanwhile, according
to a report led by US-based NGO Inclusive
Development International, the Asian coal
Australian coal prices reach $100
per tonne since 2012
As Australian thermal coal prices hit
$100 per tonne recently for the first
time since 2012, the fuels rally is now
among the commoditys top-three
bull-runs on record. The bull-run rivals
the 2011 Fukushima nuclear meltdown
and Australian mining flood spike, and
the 2008/09 financial boom and bust.
With Australian New castle spot cargo
prices for November, up almost 100
percent since June to $100 per tonne,
their highest since 2012, traders and
analysts say a bust is inevitable. Of
course its not going to last. Rising prices
are encouraging Chinese miners to raise
output and the government, seeing how
much prices have risen, has backed down
somewhat and asked for an increase
in production, said Ralph Leszczynski
of shipping brokerage Banchero Costa.
However, many believe prices could keep
rising until the end of the year or possibly
into early 2017 as the winter season fuels
demand and miners take time to bring on
more production.
boom Kim describes as a disaster has been
quietly enabled by the International Finance
Corporation (IFC), the private sector arm of
the World Bank Group. After two years of sift-
ing through a commercial banking database,
researchers found the IFC has financial ties
to 41 new coal projects launched since 2013.
These projects include highly controversial
power plants like the Mahan plant in India,
the proposed Lanao Kauswagan power
station in the Philippines and the Rampal
coal plant in Bangladesh, each of which has
prompted protests by local activists who fear
the projects will cause severe environmental,
social and human rights problems.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

ExpertSpeak
Oxygenation, Bioremediation set to
play significant role in water treatment
Anil Attavar, Director, Way 2 India, feels that as India moves
ahead on its plans on urbanisation, water treatment will be
a key concern. The country is grappling with the problems
encountered in maintaining, preserving and nurturing
water bodies that are under the onslaught of urbanization
and industrialization in the cause of economic growth. In
this regard, oxygenation and bioremediation can play an
important role in mitigating these problems.

A country can afford to neglect its Oxygenation and

water sources only at its own peril.
The overall scenario in Indian water
sector demands state of the art waste-
water treatment technology, achieving
best results with ease of operation,
economy and safety. Water, one of the
most important substances on earth,
sustains life. Natural resources like
rivers, lakes, tanks, ponds and such
other water bodies play a significant
role in our lives. The burgeoning
population of our country is increas-
ing pressure on the environment
water in particular - and the primary
concern is to conserve and preserve,
in good condition, this most precious
natural resource. Rapid urbaniza-
tion is creating tremendous stress on
existing infrastructure. India is in dire
need of water management, with 17%
world population against 4% water
availability. Increase in water treat-
ment facilities using efficient water
treatment technology is the only op-
tion. Most of the water bodies in our
cities and towns are in a state of ne-
glect (see photographs). Many water
bodies which were flourishing - and
attracted people a few decades ago -
are in despicable condition, shunned
by general public - and are causing
health and hygiene problems resulting
in several diseases and ailments.
Bioremediation
It is in this backdrop that oxygenation
and bioremediation can prove to
be an effective method to treat Anil Attavar, Director, Way 2 India
and preserve water 25
stagnating in Rapid
lakes, tanks, urban- The treatment involves oxy-
ponds and genation or bioremediation, or a
other such
ization is combination of both, depending
countless creating tre- on the quality of the water to be
water bod- mendous stress treated. The primary application
ies in our on existing in the treatment of wastewater is
cities, towns infrastructure achieving 100% DO (Dissolved
and villages. Oxygen). By achieving this, the
The technology BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)and
has been accepted COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) are
and shortlisted by National Mission for reduced, enabling the slurrys microbes
Clean Ganga, for its Namami Gange and solids to exist in a balanced atmo-
project. This technology is all set to sphere resulting in a neutral effluent.
play a significant role in water treat- One of the most significant con-
ment, as the countrys water experts tributors to quality of life is air that
grapple with the problems encountered does not stink, and the SAR reactor
in maintaining, preserving and nurtur- can achieve this with minimum fuss.
ing water bodies that are under the The process of treatment is simple. The
onslaught of urbanization and indus- stagnant water is treated by aeration,
trialization in the cause of economic in which nano bubbles carry oxygen
growth. While the aerator alone would to the water, achieving full aeration in
need to be imported (being patented), one pass through the unit. Given the
all other components of the system simplicity of the equipment, very little
would be procured locally, to maxi- operator training is required. Fish can
mize indigenization and give a fillip thrive and foul odours are removed,
to the Government of Indias Make in eliminating negative community
India initiative. impact. The operation can if required,
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
ExpertSpeak
Dead Fish at Ulsoor Lake, Bengaluru
be monitored remotely, using wireless
communication systems.
The equipment comprises broadly,
an aerator, a pump and a blower, apart
from an electrical panel, switches
and interlocks. Efficiency of aeration
depends on bubble size and consis-
tency. Smaller the bubbles, more
26 efficient the transfer of oxygen. Nano
and micro size bubbles are pro-
duced consistently, and much more
efficiently than traditional aeration
devices. Traditional aeration devices
like fountains, sprays and sprinklers
are grossly inefficient due to the large
particlesize, having a small surface
area, leading to less absorption of
oxygen. Moreover, the droplets of
water fall locally in the immediate
vicinity of the fountain or the spray,
and homogenous oxygenation is not
A picture of neglect
achieved. Additionally, the power
consumption is very high as more
power is required to throw water into
the air than the other way round. In
SAR aerator, the aerator internally
disperses air immediately, reaching
up to 130% of oxygenation through
nano and microbubble contact with
the water in the SAR Aerator. Full
aeration is achieved in one pass
through the SAR Unit.
The aerator achieves high
throughput as the water is fully aerated,
passing through the aerator in frac-
tions of a second. The process requires
very low input pressures of water and
The advantages to the air while achieving high throughput
user are manifold. The capacity. Immediate and consistent
equipment requires very oxygenation of the entire water mass
is achieved while being distributed
little maintenance, as throughout the water mass. The small
there are no moving parts, size of the aerator requires minimum
adding to the safety of footprint and the equipment can be
the operating personnel, very easily retrofitted.
during operation. Con- The advantages to the user are
structed with stainless manifold. The equipment requires
very little maintenance, as there are
steel and high density no moving parts, adding to the safety
polyurethane, possibility of the operating personnel, during
of corrosion, abrasion operation. Constructed with stainless
and contamination do not steel and high density polyurethane,
exist. The simplicity of possibility of corrosion, abrasion
the equipment leads to and contamination do not exist. The
simplicity of the equipment leads to
requirement of very little requirement of very little operator
operator training training. The process eliminates
anaerobic conditions and removes foul
odours, thus avoiding negative com-
munity impact. The system finds appli-
cation in areas of aeration, flocculation
and bio-remediation. The process can
be monitored remotely using wireless
communication systems.
The technology also finds application
in Bio-Remediation. Pollution has been
occurring in nature since the beginning
of time, and nature, has, in the past, been
able to mitigate pollutions detrimental
effects by producing an offsetting set
of circumstances so as to naturally
control the pollution. A babbling brook
undergoes natural bioremediation. The

A SAR 100 GPM Aerator
Before: (using a traditional venture aerator)
babbling occurs when small waterfalls,
stones or any obstruction in the flow
break up the water into droplets exposing
the water surface to air. These droplets
absorb oxygen from the air. Microor-
ganisms (bacteria) of all kinds live in
the water. They need oxygen to live. As
long as the brook is babbling, the water is
being oxygenated, and the bugs can live.
These bugs eat the pollutants in the water.
Without such babbling or movement
of water, the oxygen is not replenished.
Without oxygen the bugs die and the
pollutants build up, creating a high BOD
(Biological Oxygen Demand) which
results in stagnation and odour, and con-
taminating drinking water sources.
For the first time, by using this
technology,large volumes of water can be
bio-remediated. 10 EBRs, which fit into
a 10 foot by 10 foot space can oxygenate,
add bacteria and nutrients, to 20,000
After: (using SAR Aerator after 30 days of operation)
gallons of water per minute. Applications
for this technology are endless as bacteria
eat all sorts of pollution.
Installation of the aerator requires no
special skills other than a qualified elec-
trician. Each unit comes skid mounted
with an electrical panel containing all
the relevant breakers, switches and
communication devices. The assembly
requires no special skills. Since there
are no moving parts to the aerator itself,
service is extremely easy. The only
service required for the aerator itself
is occasional cleaning of the internal
liner. This requires removal of the liner,
replacing it with a clean one and putting
the unit back into use. This operation
takes approximately 15 minutes. If con-
tinuous operation is required, a second
liner should be on hand for immediate
replacement. The stainless steel liners
are cleaned periodically, and if not
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
physically abused, have lasted over nine
years of continuous use.
Case study - Calgary Airport
Several case studies are available,
prominent being the Calgary Airport
case where ethylene glycol, used for
de-icing aircraft during cold weather,
was accumulated in a pond upwind of
the main terminal, causing the pond to
become anaerobic in spring, emanating
foul odours. Removal of ethylene glycol
entails very expensive chemical and
mechanical methods like ozone treat-
ment and distillation. It was therefore
necessary to introduce a bacterium which
secreted surfactants in order to produce
a froth cap on the pond. An oil eating
bacteria was introduced into the liquid
flow of the aerator through a dosing
pump, and a froth cap was produced. The
odour emitting from the pond was elimi-
nated. The froth cap covered the entire
oil slick. When the froth cap was pushed 27
aside where the oil slick had been, there
was no longer an oil slick. Professors of
Biology at the University of Calgary con-
curred that the oxygenation of the froth
cap would greatly enhance bioremedia-
tion, as the largest inhibitor to aerobic
bacteria bioremediation is simply - lack
of oxygen.
Thus, SAR aeration, in conjunction
with aerobic bacteria addition, results in
consumption of organic compounds by
forming a froth cap, which is the most
effective method of distributing biore-
mediation bacteria on bodies of water.
This technology has also been
extremely useful in addressing odour
problems in mushroom farms, resulting
in the added advantage of huge savings
in power costs, due to reduced power
consumption. Apart from thousands
of dollars save in power, millions of
dollars would have been spent had the
mushroom company been forced to
relocate due to negative community
impact caused by its activities.
The views in the article of the author are personal
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
InDepth
Lack of coal demand poses fresh
challenge to the Government
28
SEBs of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have become power surplus
Around 21-22 GW of coal-based generation capacity is currently stranded without a PPA
By Team InfralinePlus
The Indian government seems to have
backtracked on its initial target of
increasing 1bn coal production, seeing
the lack of demand from all sectors,
including the power sector. India had
initially planned to increase its domes-
tic coal production to 1bn tonnes by
2020 in light of the ever-increasing de-
mand from the power sector, especially
from the Independent Power Producers
(IPPs). However, the demand from
the power sector has declined signifi-
cantly over the past one year, due to
falling demand from state electricity
distribution companies (DISCOMs).
Owing to the bad financial health of the
DISCOMs, states have been resorting
to power cuts and load shedding and
prefer to buy cheaper power from the
Power Exchanges (PXs). The state
DISCOMs have failed to sign long
term power purchase agreements (LTP-
PAs) since 2013 and the recent trend
indicates that the market is slowly but
surely shifting to short term power
purchase planning.
Due to increase in DISCOM losses
over the past two years, there have
been definitive steps undertaken by
the Ministry of Power (MoP) with the
advent of the Ujwal Discom Assurance
Yojana (UDAY). UDAY seems a more
comprehensive scheme than any other
past schemes as it talks about bringing
efficiency and transparency in the
workings of DISCOMs. Various state
generating companies (GENCOs) have
been requesting Coal India (CIL) to stop
the coal supply for their power plants
due to less demand from the state and
their respective DISCOMs.
Coal Indias expansion plants are
part of Indias overall efforts to ensure
energy security by cutting crude oil
imports by 10 percentage points over the
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

the energy deficit and lift people out of

energy poverty.

Coal Demand-Supply/
Power Purchase
Agreements/Stranded
Capacity: A conundrum!
Several state DISCOMs are already
facing financial stress due to accu-
mulated losses to the tune of INR 3.8
Lakh Crores (as on March, 2015) and
increasing @ 12% p.a. as reported by the
ministry. Such financial stress does not
allow DISCOMs to make fresh power
purchases and prevents them from float-
ing new tenders for Long Term Power
Purchase Agreements (LTPPA) for ther-
next six years the country now imports mal power which will have a negative
80% of the crude oil requirement and Over the past four impact. Backing down long term thermal
boosting production of natural gas. The years, PPAs of only 12 firm must run power for accommodating
demand for coal from the power sector infirm power is unsustainable technically
GW have been signed
has seen tremendous decline in the and financially and will be a big chal-
past one year. Government has set the under the competitive lenge for system operators to deal with.
2016-17 coal production target for Coal bidding route (Case 1 Over the past four years, PPAs of 29
India at 598 MT. While the production bids). Leading state only 12 GW have been signed under the
has been increasing continuously there competitive bidding route (Case 1 bids).
has not been many takers of coal. Coal
electricity boards Leading state electricity boards (SEBs)
demand has remained subdued during (SEBs) of Maharashtra, of Maharashtra, Gujarat and even Tamil
2016-17. Gujarat and even Tamil Nadu have become power surplus and
Despite being a regional energy may not require additional contracts
giant, India has a low per-capita
Nadu have become for the next couple of years. Other
consumption (1075 kilowatt hours power surplus and may utilities who need power are taking full
(kWh) per person per year) compared not require additional advantage of the prevailing low spot
to China (4,034 kWh per person) and power prices in exchanges (less than
contracts for the next
the US (13,532 kWh per person). The INR 2.5/unit), rather than entering long-
low per-capita energy consumption in couple of years term contracts. Currently, around 21-22
India is primarily due to the fact that GW of coal-based generation capacity
a vast majority of population does not inability to access sufficient energy is is stranded without a PPA. The plant
have access to modern energy sources one of the reasons for the low levels of load factor (PLF) of the existing coal-
to deliver basic energy needs. One development in some regions, as energy based capacity for private independent
in four Indians does not have access deprivation has significant health, power producers with a contract was
to electricity; about two-thirds of the social, environmental and economic less than 60% in FY 2015-16 and has
population use traditional biomass implications. The government is relying been consistently hovering well below
for cooking. Energy poverty the on coal-fired power plants to reduce 60% during 2016-17 (up to September
2016). While Coal Indias stellar per-
King Coal! formance over the past two years has
Indias dependence on coal can be seen in its electricity generation mix. As of September taken away fuel-related worries to some
2016, 187 GW (approximately 61% of the total installed capacity) came from coal-powered extent, legacy issues such as new coal
thermal generation. The balance consists of a combination of hydro (15%), other fossil
fuel (9%) nuclear (2%) and non-hydro renewable energy sources (13%). In recent years,
block auctions at aggressive prices still
Indias electricity sector has grown at a rapid pace. Installed generation capacity has haunt some generators.
grown phenomenally post-independence from some 1.4 GW in 1948 to about 306 GW by Further, there is a huge amount of
September 2016. generation capacity lying undispatched
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
InDepth
due to unavailability of coal which is
due to the policy that only plants with
long term contracts will get coal linkage,
thereby rendering installed transmission
capacity underutilised. On the other
hand, state distribution companies
are not pursuing long term contracts
resulting in a Catch-22 situation for the
generation and transmission capacity
addition and a utilization mismatch.
Historical and future trend
Coal has always been the mainstay
of the Indian power sector and it is a
view shared by most policymakers that
it must remain the primary source of
electricity generation for at least the
next three to four decades. This view
is based on the belief that a centralised
electricity system based on an ever-
expanding coal power generation base
will ensure energy security, provide af-
fordable energy for all and, importantly,
30 address the issue of energy scarcity in
India. The dominance of coal in Indias
energy consumption basket can be at-
tributed to its extensive use in produc-
ing electricity in the country. Coal
powered thermal power plants (TPPs)
account for 70% of total electricity
generated in the country and represents
61% of the installed power capacity.
The current scenario contrasts with
the one in 2013 when CIL was finding
Figure 1: Coal Indias growth production and offtake levels during
last five years (in %) w.r.t to demand from the power sector
CIL's growth production and offtake/consumption
by power utilities (FY11-FY16)
Year-on-year growth (in %)
7.4
3.8
2.1 2 2.3
0.01 1.1
FY11 FY12 FY13
Production
Source: Coal India (CIL), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), media reports
it difficult to sign Fuel Supply Agree-
ments (FSAs), despite constant prodding
by the government. It had struggled to
accept the FSA obligations even in case
of power plants with long-term PPA
and slated to be commissioned before
March, 2015. The government at that
time identified two groups of plants with
an aggregate capacity of 14,600 MW
and asked CIL to supply fuel to them on
a short-term MoU basis as they lacked
LoAs from the company. Although,
most of the central sector plants in this
category are likely to be commissioned
The dominance of coal
in Indias energy con-
sumption basket can
be attributed to its ex-
tensive use in produc-
ing electricity in the
country. Coal powered
thermal power plants
(TPPs) account for
70% of total electricity
generated in the coun-
try and represents 61%
of the installed power
capacity
Coal consumption by power
utilities: 530.4 MT (15-16)
6.9 Coal consumption by power
utilities: 545.9 MT (15-16)
Coal consumption by power
utilities: 489.4 MT (13-14) 3.8
1.4
FY14 FY15
Offtake
before 2020, there are several private
sector plants that are facing financial
issues leading to delays in or stoppage
of the construction work.
In 2013, apart from identifying plants
for short-term supply contracts, CIL
was also issued a presidential directive
to sign FSAs with certain power plants
holding valid LoAs. For this purpose,
a list of power plants totalling around
78,000 MW capacity was finalized by
the Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
and approved by Cabinet Committee on
Economic Affairs (CCEA). However,
only about 58,000 MW of this capacity
has been commissioned till date with
around 54,000 MW having long-term
PPAs and are therefore eligible to draw
coal from CIL under FSAs.
Amid an improving trend in
domestic coal production and the mea-
sures being taken by CIL to augment
domestic coal output, the dependence
on coal imports is likely to remain
high in the near to medium term (till
FY19) and moderate gradually after
that, due to the overall challenges in
coal mine development along with risk
of delays in ramping up of coal output
by the allottees of schedule II and
schedule III mines.
Conclusion
The financial position of state power
distribution companies (DISCOMs)
is being cited as a key impediment to
demand growth. Over-investment in
transmission is desirable for a country
like India because the sources of
energy lie either in the central/eastern
coal belt or hydro resources in north
while demand centers are in the plains
8.8
8.6
of north, west and south. Stranded
power capacities of 22-28 GW
(industry estimates) may have to wait
for 2-3 years for securing PPAs. During
the present period, both government
and industry are relying on UDAY
FY16 scheme for the demand to pick up and
kick-start the growth in the sector.
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

StatisticsCoal
Power Generation - Role of Coal (Aug16)

(Apr-Mar) FY. 16-17 FY. 15-16 Growth

(Apr-Mar)
(2015-16) Aug-16 Aug-15 Apr-Aug16 Apr-
(2014-15) Abs. %age
(Prov.) (Prov.) Aug15
1. Power Generation (In Billion Units)
Total 1048.673 1107.386 95.261 95.12 486.442 460.266 26.18 5.70%
Hydel 129.244 121.341 17.738 17.779 63.652 67.659 -4.01 -5.90%
Thermal 878.32 943.407 72.929 73.515 403.856 373.097 30.76 8.20%
Coal 800.334 861.714 65.839 66.854 368.384 340.304 28.08 8.30%
based
Oil 1.407 0.394 0.009 0.033 0.132 0.174 -0.04 -24.10%
Gas T. 41.075 47.053 4.403 3.854 20.995 17.802 3.19 17.90%
Lignite 35.504 34.246 2.678 2.774 14.345 14.817 -0.47 -3.20%
Nuclear 36.102 37.292 3.515 2.834 15.873 16.269 -0.4 -2.40%
Import (Bhutan) 5.008 5.245 1.08 0.992 3.06 3.242 -0.18 -5.60%
II. PLF %
Cumulative
Thermal 64.25 62.28 52.03 58.1 59.28 60.74 -1.46 -2.40%
Coal based 63.86 62 51.72 57.91 59.04 60.39 -1.35 -2.20%
Lignite 75.23 70.93 61.43 63.62 66.67 70.73 -4.06 -5.70% 31
Nuclear 80.74 73.65 81.73 65.91 74.79 76.65 -1.86 -2.40%
III. Specific Coal 0.671 0.645 0.685 0.67 0.66 0.675 -0.02 -2.20%
Consumption* (Kg/KWH)
IV. Coal Despatches(ln MT)
CIL 385.393 409.132 27.3 30.2 157.8 160 -2.2 -1.40%
SCCL 39.175 47.332 3.661 4.043 18.81 19.433 -0.62 -3.20%
Total 424.568 456.464 30.961 34.243 176.61 179.433 -2.82 -1.60%
V.Coal Receipt * (In MT)
INDIG- 451.158 480.948 33.328 36.067 192.822 187.761 5.06 2.70%
ENOUS
IMPORT 91.288 80.716 5.116 6.868 28.877 34.804 -5.93 -17.00%
TOTAL 542.446 561.664 38.444 42.935 221.699 222.565 -0.87 -0.40%
Coal Consumn.*(ln MT) 531.477 545.674 42.911 43.562 232.018 217.959 14.06 6.50%
VI. Coal Stock (In MT)* (As on (As on (As on (As on (As on (As on
1.04.14) 01.04.15) 01.08.16) 01.08.15) 01.04.16) 01.04.15)
20.082 26.104 30.256 30.417 38.875 26.104 12.77 48.90%
(As on (As on (As on (As on (As on (As on
01.04.15) 01.04.16) 01.09.16) 01.09.15) 01.09.16) 01.09.15)
26.104 38.875 28.424 30.082 28.424 30.082 -1.66 -5.50%
VII. Decr./lncr. 6.022 12.771 -1.832 -0.335 -10.451 3.978

Note(*): 1. Receipt, consumption and coal stock includes coal from all sources.

2. Specific coal consumption calculated as per April-August Generation & Consmn. Figs provided by CEA.

3. Coal stock is for Power plants monitored by CEA on daily basis.

 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

StatisticsCoal
Indonesian Coal Prices - HBA - FY 2016-17 (till Oct16)

HBA 6322 HPB MARKER (kcal/kg GAR) (USD/Ton)

Month kcal/kg Gunung Pinang Indominco Melawan
(USD/ton) Prima Coal Envirocoal Jorong J-1 Ecocoal
Bayan I Coal IM East Coal

7000 6700 6150 5700 5400 5000 4400 4200

16-Apr 52.32 55.87 57.84 52.29 43.06 43.25 41.6 33.45 30.87

16-May 51.2 54.66 56.7 51.26 42.16 42.44 40.89 32.88 30.35

16-Jun 51.81 55.32 57.32 51.82 42.65 42.88 41.28 33.19 30.63

16-Jul 53 62.42 63.97 57.8 47.95 47.6 45.45 36.57 33.64

16-Aug 58.37 56.61 58.53 52.9 43.61 43.74 42.04 33.8 31.18

16-Sep 63.93 68.45 69.61 62.87 52.45 51.6 48.99 39.43 36.18

16-Oct 69.07 74.01 74.82 67.55 56.6 55.3 52.26 42.07 38.53

FOB Thermal Coal Prices - Australia & South Africa - FY 2017

Australia (FOB Newcastle South Africa (FOB Richards Bay
Month
6700 kcal/kg) (USD/Ton) 6000 kcal/kg) (USD/Ton)

16-Apr 50.8 52.7

32 16-May 51.2 53.7

16-Jun 53.4 57.3

16-Jul 62.3 62.5

16-Aug 67.4 66

16-Sep 72.9 67.4


CoverStory
Climate Change: Is India ready
to move away from coal?
Make in India and Digital India to lead to a significant increase in electricity demand
Need to expedite capacity addition in hydro, nuclear and gas-based generation
By Team InfralinePlus
On October 2, 2016, India made a strate-
gic decision to move away from coal as
a source of electricity in the long run by
ratifying the Paris Agreement on Climate
Change. The deal, approved by nearly
200 countries in Paris last December,
aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions
by shifting away from fossil fuels to
limit global warming to well below
2C compared with pre-industrial times.
However, considering the fact that India
is one of the fastest growing economies
in the world and more than 300 million
people are yet to receive power, this
development has also triggered a debate
on how it will impact Indias long term
strategy to address energy security.
The pace of reduction in Indias
carbon intensity has slowed in the past
decade due to heavy dependence on
coal to meet electricity requirement.
But by signing up to the Paris climate
pact, the country has taken on binding
commitments to reduce emissions,
which means in the future it cannot fall
back on the dirty fuel to fire its new
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
33
generating capacities if its electricity
demand spikes.
According to BP Statistical Review,
India witnessed 5.3 per cent increase in
emissions in 2015 -- the highest in the
world. India is apparently banking on
renewable capacity to meet its electricity
requirement and not much attention is
being paid to harnessing potential of
cleaner and reliable energy sources like
hydro, gas and nuclear, which does not
seem to be a credible strategy to ensuring
countrys long-term energy security.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
CoverStory
India has committed to reduce its
emissions by 33 to 35 per cent over
the baseline of 2005 by 2030 under
the Paris climate agreement. Power
sector accounts for 35-40 per cent of
the countrys total emissions. India has
targeted to raise share of renewable
energy in its power mix to 40 per
cent by 2030. However, as we know,
capacity utilisation of renewable power
plants is much lower at 15-16 per cent
compared to conventional generating
stations which can be easily run at
80-90 per cent plant load factor (PLF).
That means a 100 MW solar plant will
generate the same quantum of elec-
tricity as a 20 MW conventional plant.
If the Indian economy gets back to
the trajectory of 9-10 per cent annual
GDP growth, electricity consumption
could see a sharp increase. Then getting
additional conventional capacity in
time to meet power requirement might
34 prove challenging. Building hydel
and nuclear power plants takes time.
Developing natural gas-based gen-
eration capacity is also not an option
given the domestic shortage of the fuel
and the issues of affordability involved
in using imported LNG. If India tries to
add coal-fired capacity, it could run the
risk of defaulting on emission reduction
commitments.
Prior to 2007, nuclear capacity
addition was not an option for India
because the country faced domestic
shortage of uranium and was barred
from accessing international market for
the fuel. While harnessing hydropower
resources has always been a tricky prop-
osition for the country given the risks
involved in it, domestic gas shortages
undermined the prospect of generation
capacity addition based on the clean fuel.
The net result was that India added coal-
based generation capacity at a frantic
pace of capacity from 1990 onward in
the absence of credible alternatives.
According to official data, the share
of coal in Indias total primary energy
rose from 33 per cent in 1990 to 45 per
Capacity utilisation
of renewable power
plants is much lower
at 15-16 per cent com-
pared to conventional
generating stations
which can be easily run
at 80-90 per cent plant
load factor (PLF). That
means a 100 MW solar
plant will generate
the same quantum of
electricity as a 20 MW
conventional plant
cent in 2012. That slowed the pace
of reduction in the countrys carbon
intensity (emissions per unit of GDP).
According to BP Statistical Review,
Indias coal consumption grew by 4.8
per cent in 2015 and accounted for
58 per cent of the countrys primary
energy consumption. India also
accounted for more than 10 per cent of
global consumption during the year.
According to a study undertaken
by the Global Commission on the
Economy and Climate, the pace of
decline in Indias energy intensity in the
2000s worked out to 2.7 per cent, which
was higher than the 1.5 per cent median
pace of energy intensity decline across
all countries in this period. But Indias
energy intensity fell at a slower pace of
1.9 per cent between 2006 and 2013.
According to the International Energy
Agency, Indias per capita energy
consumption is just a third of global
average and 24 crore people still lack
access to electricity. Besides, the Modi
governments flagship programme like
Make in India and Digital India are also
expected to lead to a significant increase
in the countrys electricity demand. So
there is a tremendous scope for increase
in Indias electricity consumption. That
could have serious implications for the
countrys energy intensity if India does
not shift to conventional but cleaner
energy sources like hydropower, nuclear
and gas-based plants.
According to the IEA, Indias
energy consumption would more than
double by 2040, accounting for 25
per cent of increase in global energy
consumption. Strong growth in Indias
manufacturing and an additional 58
crore consumers will boost electricity
demand by 4.9 per cent per year,
reaching almost 3300 TWh in 2040.
Installed capacity will surge to nearly
1 100 GW in 2040 about the same as
Europes current capacity, the IEA says
in its World Economic Outlook 2015.
According to analysts, energy
intensity of GDP is also affected by broad
structural changes in the economy. The

income elasticity of demand for energy
tends to vary with income per capita.
This elasticity the percentage change
in per capita energy consumption for a
given change in per capita GDP tends
to rise as countries go from low income
to middle-income status, they add. To
keep carbon intensity from rising, India
will have to expedite harnessing non-
renewable sources of cleaner energy too,
which would help reduce the countrys
coal-generated electricity.
Paris Agreement not to
jeopardise Indias energy
security plans
On the other hand, some experts
believe that signing of the Paris
Protocol will notpose threat to Indias
energy security. Climate control, it is
claimed, is not an impeding factor for
coal-based power plants. Rather it is
the sluggish growth of manufacturing
sector. Even if the growth manufactur-
ing sector picks up, the idle capacity of
current installed total capacity will be
sufficient to meet the requirement.
India has an installed capacity of 3
lakh MW and another 1.75 lakh MW is
to be added from the renewable sector
by 2020-22. Currently India is using
just around 1.5 lac MW with major coal
based power plants operating at around
40% Plant Load Factor. As of now,
manufacturing sector is not picking up
and that is the cause of more than half
of installed capacity lying idle.
Further, the existing capacity plus
the capacity from renewable shall be
together around 5 lac MW by 2020-22,
and looking at the growth pattern of
Indian manufacturing sector, even at
the peak performance of this sector
under Make in India push, India shall
be using just around 3.5 lac MW,
leaving again surplus capacity unused.
Considering a 7% GDP growth y-o-y,
the requirement in 2022 would still
be around 400 GW, leaving further a
surplus of 100 GW, which the Gov-
ernment is already planning to export
to neighboring countries.
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
The Paris Agreement
The agreement calls on countries to combat climate change and to accelerate
and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low
carbon future. Specifically, it seeks to limit global temperature rise to well
below 2 degrees Celsius, and to strive for 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Developed countries are expected to come up with $100 billion in climate
financing each year, with half of that going to help countries adapt to green
energy and the other half to mitigating the effects of climate change.
The agreement will enter into force 30 days after at least 55 countries,
accounting for 55 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, deposit
their instruments of ratification or acceptance with the United Nations
India accounts for 4.1 percent of global emissions and is the worlds third
largest emitter of greenhouse gases
India has not agreed to cap or cut its emissions outright like some countries,
but will boost its use of green energy and reduce its emissions relative to
its gross domestic product by up to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 levels
including renewable energy. The gov-
Indias nuclear ernment had planned addition of 5,300
generation capacity is MW nuclear capacity during the cur-
5,780 MW, which works rent 12th Five year plan (April 2012-
March 2017). Against that, it has added
out to 1.8 per cent of its just 1,000 MW as of August 2016.
total installed capacity India has chalked out ambitious plan
including renewable to meet 25 per cent of its electricity from 35
energy. The government nuclear plants by 2050, which appears
had planned addition to be an optimistic target given the
public resistance against nuclear power.
of 5,300 MW nuclear Acquiring land for nuclear plants is also
capacity during the not going to be easy as there is no con-
current 12th Five year sensus on amendments proposed by the
plan (April 2012- March Modi government in the land acquisition
2017). Against that, it act passed by the previous UPA regime.
The land acquisition bill tabled by
has added just 1,000 the Modi government in parliament
mw as of August 2016 provides certain exemptions for five
categories of projects from going
Experts also feel that role of tech- through the process of getting consent
nology will be critical in addressing of 80 percent of land owners when land
Indias climate change goals. It is is acquired for private projects, and the
claimed that as a policy, from 14th consent of 70 percent of land owners
plan onwards, all power plants based is obtained when land is acquired for
on coal shall be following the super public-private partnership projects.
critical/ ultra-super critical technology These changes were introduced in the
which almost nullifies the emissions as Right to Fair Compensation and Trans-
it increases efficiency by 8-10 percent parency in Land Acquisition, Reha-
vis-a-vis sub critical sets and drastically bilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
reduces the amount of coal to be burned. However, consent of landowners is not
required for government projects.
Nuclear push required Nuclear power projects require
Indias nuclear generation capacity significant areas of land due to the
is 5,780 MW, which works out to 1.8 additional requirement of a 1.5-km
per cent of its total installed capacity exclusion zone around the plant in
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
CoverStory
India. According to the Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board (AERB) code, an area
in the radius of 1.5 km, called exclusion
zone, around the reactors is established
where no human habitation is permitted.
This area forms the part of the project
and included in the land acquired.
The future of nuclear energy in India
hinges on the outcome of parliamentary
debate over the bill. Should it be passed,
it will boost NPCIL plans of devel-
oping nuclear energy parks that could
each supply 10 GW of power. On the
other hand, failure in passing the bill
could badly undermine the prospects
of nuclear power in the country, say
analysts. There has been significant
opposition and local protests to the
government plans of land acquisition
to develop these nuclear energy parks,
potentially delaying their development
and forcing the Nuclear Power Corpo-
ration to search for alternative locations.
36 Indian Prime Minister, Narendra
Modis trip to the US in June cleared
the hurdles for Westinghouse to
building nuclear reactors in India.
NPCIL and Westinghouse signed a deal
to set up six AP 1000 nuclear reactors
in India. The AP 1000 is Westing-
houses flagship new-generation PWR
with a net electrical output of 1,100
MW. The project site has been shifted
to Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh, after
the original site selected in Gujarat
met with protests and faced delays.
Contracts between NPCIL and West-
inghouse are likely to be finalised by
2017 while engineering and site design
work will begin immediately. An
inter-agency committee has been set
up to work out financing structure for
the reactors. US-based Exim Bank will
provide financing for the project. But
costs of reactors to be purchased from
the US have yet to be finalised.
Indian private sector can play an
important role in ramping up nuclear
generation capacity through supply of
components, equipment and works con-
tracts. However, it is barred by law from
participating in the capacity addition.
Hydropower capacity
addition remains slow
The share of hydropower in Indias
power mix has come down to 14 per
cent from 40 per cent in 1960 and is
expected to fall further in coming days
due to slow pace of capacity addition.
The private sector which bagged major-
ity of new hydel projects in the past is
unable to undertake capacity addition.
So there is a pile-up of languishing
hydel projects.
Most of the unrealised hydropower
potential is located in areas which are
inaccessible due to lack of physical
infrastructure. The previous UPA gov-
ernment had taken initiatives to build
roads and highways to expedite har-
nessing of hydel projects in Arunachal
Pradesh. It had also mooted the idea
of hydropower purchase obligation to
promote hydel power. But UPA lost
power before these initiatives could
come to fruition.
The Modi government has yet to come
out with policies that would expedite har-
nessing of hydropower resources. India
has potential to generate nearly 1.5 lakh
MW electricity from hydro resources.
Against that, it has so far harnessed
just 42,000 MW. The government has
envisaged adding 10,897 MW capacity
based on hydropower during the current
Plan. Against that, it had added just 3,996
MW as of August 2016.
Bleak outlook on Natural
Gas
India has nearly 25,000 MW capac-
ity based on natural gas. However,
due to domestic gas shortages, these
plants are operating at less than half of
their installed capacities. These plants
are also unable to use imported LNG
because of affordability issues. The
demand-supply gap for gas is projected
to further widen in coming years as
industrialisation picks up pace. In such
a scenario, investors are unlikely to bet
on gas-based generation capacity.
Government has implemented a
scheme for utilisation of gas based
power generation capacity in the
country through supply of spot RLNG
(e-bid RLNG) but PLF still remains
very low. However, if LNG prices
rise again, the government could find
it difficult to implement the scheme
which requires subsidy payout.
Coal-fired generation
dominant
Coal-fired plants account for over 60 per
cent of Indias total installed generation
capacity. In terms of generation,
coal-based plants contribute about 75
per cent of countrys total electricity
consumption despite drastic fall in
their average PLF. As the power sector
is the biggest contributor to countrys
emissions, the government has started

levying cess on coal as environment
cost of the dirty fuel. Finance Minister
Arun Jaitley doubled the cess on coal to
Rs 400 a tonne in the budget 2016-17.
Jaitley justified the increase as a way
to internalise some of the cost exter-
nalities that result from the use of coal.
This is a significant cost increase for
coal-fired power plants, with the revised
cess amounting, for example, to about 10
per of the price of 6,000 Kcal/kg GCV
imported coal, say analysts. The money
is used by the government to finance
capacity addition in renewable power.
The government has also offered
incentives to replace more than 25 year
old, obsolete sub-critical units with
supercritical technology based plants
in a bid to bring down emissions of
coal-fired plants. As of today, more
than 90 per cent of Indian coal plants
use sub-critical boiler technology with
operating efficiencies close to 30 per
cent. India has committed to ramping
up its currently low penetration of High
Efficiency Low Emission (HELE) tech-
nologies such as super-critical and ultra
super-critical boilers, which can increase
efficiencies to as high as 46 per cent.
Every percentage point increase in
boiler efficiency results in a 2.5 per
cent reduction in GHG emissions.
If half of Indias coal boilers were
HELE-based by 2030, this could lead
to avoided emissions of roughly 400
million tonnes, say experts.
The Central Electricity Authority
announced plans in May 2016 to close
up to 37GW of obsolete coal plants
based on outdated subcritical technology
about 20 per cent of Indias installed
coal-fired power generation capacity.
Our first concern is emissions ... We
also want plants to be more efficient in
use of resources, the CEA had said.
India has also signed pact to strengthen
cooperation with Japan in advanced
ultra supercritical coal technology.
Strong growth in
renewables
As part of its Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDCs),
India has committed that at least 40 per
cent of its installed power generation
capacity will be non-fossil fuel
based by 2030. The current number
is 30 per cent, if hydro and nuclear
power are included. A big share of
the commitment will be achieved, if
India meets its 175 GW of renewable
power capacity target by 2022. The big
imponderable here is Indias insistence
that it will achieve the targets only if
developed countries give it money and
discounts on new technology.
Experts say that ratification of
climate accord would attract a much
larger global scrutiny on the countrys
ability to achieve yearly renewable
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
targets and compliance with policies
such as Renewable Purchase Obli-
gation (RPO). According to analysts,
Indias renewable targets are ambitious
and delivery on ground in terms of
new deployment has gathered consid-
erable pace. The ambitious targets are
now further backed by Indias global
commitment under a formal multi-
national agreement. Despite several
key concerns that remain, this should
help focus government policies for the
sector, attract domestic and interna-
tional capital into the sector and assure
growth for all stakeholders.
Conclusion
Analysts feel that clean coal technolo-
gies can help resolve Indias dilemma
over usage of coal. However, India has
to make a timely decision on whether
it should wait for commercialisation
of advance super critical technology
or should it work on more credible 37
option of expediting capacity addition
in hydropower, nuclear and gas-based
generation to ensure long-term security
of electricity supply.
Even if India gets advanced ultra-
supercritical technologies in a couple
of years and starts their large-scale
deployment, there is no guarantee
that it will be able to make intended
reductions in power sector emission
while also adding coal-fired generation
capacity freely.Anyway, this tech-
nology will be costly and put upward
pressure on electricity tariff if deployed
on a massive scale.
So, it would be advisable for the gov-
ernment to promote capacity addition in
hydropower and nuclear. The gov-
ernment can build roads and highways
to help in expeditious harnessing of
hydro resources in remote and inac-
cessible areas.To ensure expeditious
capacity addition in nuclear, the gov-
ernment can think of roping in private
sector participation, which would entail
amending the existing law.
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
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NewsBriefs | Oil & Gas National
OMCs losses on subsidized sales to fall 30 per cent to Rs 19,100 crore
The Gross Under-Recoveries of Oil Market-
ing Companies (OMCs) on subsidized sales
of petroleum products is likely to fall 30 per
cent to Rs 19,100 crore in the current finan-
cial year from Rs 27,570 crore last fiscal.
The estimated reduction in losses is based
Pradhan pitches for subsidy withdrawal on petro products
Making a case for free market economy to
boost investments, Oil Minister Dharmendra
Pradhan has said the market price of petro-
leum products should be commensurate
38 with production rate to augment output and
subsidies on such items must be for poor
households only. The market price should
be near to production price. We have to adopt
a market mechanism. Government should
not control prices (of petroleum products),
the minister said. The minister was also
of the view that freeing price of petroleum
products is necessary to boost the inves-
tors confidence and increase private players
participation in energy sector. He suggested
that the without removing subsidies India
Centre to invest Rs 15,000 crore to expand Panipat refinery
The central government will invest Rs 15,000
crore to increase the capacity of Panipat
refinery from existing 15 million tonnes
(MT) to 25 mt to create huge employment
opportunities, Union Minister Dharmendra
Pradhan has said. Also, an ethanol plant
would be set up at a cost of Rs 500 crore
by the Indian Oil Corporation in Panipat to
generate alternative fuel from agricultural
residue which would boost agriculture sector,
the Petroleum Minister said. The Union
Minister said that the expansion of refinery
would raise specifications of fuel quality from
BS-4 to BS-6. This would not only create
employment opportunities for the people, but
on an average Indian basket crude oil price
of $45 per barrel and a Rupee-Dollar ex-
change rate of 68 for the full financial year
2016-17. Apart from lower crude oil prices,
the GURs would fall due to the steps taken
by the government like Direct Benefit Trans-
fer for domestic LPG (DBTL), leading to the
cancellation of 35 million fake accounts,
surrender of LPG subsidy by 10 million
customers under the GiveItUp campaign
and a gradual monthly increase in prices of
kerosene and LPG, said K Ravichandran, Se-
nior Vice President at research and ratings
agency ICRA. He added any sharp recovery
in crude oil prices would be the primary
sensitivity for GURs going forward.
cannot augment production of petroleum
products in the country. He also stressed that
the subsidies should be targeted and should
not be available to everybody for increasing
investors confidence. At present, the govern-
ment still provides subsidy on kerosene and
cooking gas (LPG).
would also help in raising quality of fuel in
the country by the year 2020, he said. As per
scientific research, he said that ethanol made
from crop residue can produce fuel or energy
Govt to part-finance GAILs Rs
13,000-crore pipeline project
The government has agreed to partly
fund the Rs 13,000-crore natural gas
pipeline from Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh
to Haldia in West Bengal, state- owned
gas utility GAIL India has said. The
government will provide Rs 5,176 crore
or about 40 per cent of the project cost
after the state-owned gas utility found it
difficult to commercially justify the huge
investment of Rs 12,940 crore in absence
of either a firm source of gas supply or
customers. The ministry of petroleum
and natural gas vide letter dated October
7, 2016 has communicated the Cabinet
Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)
approval for 40 per cent capital grant
(limited to Rs 5,176 crore) of the total
estimated project cost of Rs 12,940 crore
to GAIL for the execution of Jagdishpur-
Haldia/Bokaro-Dhamra natural gas
pipeline projects, it said. The 2,539-km
long pipeline from Jagdishpur in Uttar
Pradesh to Haldia in West Bengal and
also Bokaro in Jharkhand and Dhamra in
Odisha will be completed by 2020.
up to 72 per cent. Pradhan said that efforts
were being made to have the downstream
of petro chemical hub in Haryana so as to
attract maximum investment in the state.
This would attract about 100 big or small
industries thus generating maximum revenue
and employment in the state, he said. The
Union Minister also appreciated the state
government for digitization of ration cards
under public distribution system, which
revealed that five lakh beneficiaries were
getting dual benefit of both subsidised LPG
and kerosene.This has saved Rs 100 crore
subsidy being granted by the Centre to
Haryana government, he pointed out.

NewsBriefs | Oil & Gas National
Indian Oil to lay Indias longest LPG pipeline
State-owned Indian Oil Corp (IOC) plans
to lay the nations longest LPG pipeline
from Gujarat coast to Gorakhpur in eastern
Uttar Pradesh to cater to growing demand
for cooking gas in the country. IOC plans to
import LPG at Kandla in Gujarat and move
it through the 1,987 kilometer pipeline to
Niti Aayog rejects Oil Mins Rs 10K crore demand to build new reserves
The governments think-tank NitiAayog
has shot down petroleum ministrys
demand for nearly Rs 10,000 crore of
public money for building more strategic
crude oil reserves as the proposal strays
from the agreed plan to rope in private
sector investments for crude storage
beyond the existing 5 million tonnes. While
pointing out that there was neither plan
fund allocated for the project nor any
funding tie-up for it from other resources,
NitiAayog said that during the preparation
of the 12th Five Year Plan the ministry had
agreed to private sector involvement in
building and operating strategic storage.
There is significant interest in global
OIL achieves all-time highest natural gas production during 2015-16 fiscal
Oil minister Dharmendra Pradhan recently
launched the national seismic programme to
carry out assessment of unappraised areas
across the country for potential oil and natural
gas reserves. The massive 2D seismic survey,
which will cost the government more than Rs
5,000 crore, has been launched on Mahanadi
basin (onshore) in Odisha. Our governments
is giving a lot of focus to hydrocarbon data.
Pradhan said at the launch at Tarang village.
As much as 48% of the Indian sedimentary
basin remains unappraised, and there has
been no major finding in new sediments in
the last 25 years, he added. ONGC will carry
out the national seismic programme (NSP)
Gorakhpur via Ahmedabad (in Gujarat),
Ujjain, Bhopal (in Madhya Pradesh), Kanpur,
Allahabad, Varanasi and Lucknow (in Uttar
Pradesh). The pipeline will carry 3.75 million
tons per annum of LPG. LPG will be fed
into the pipeline at Kandla port as well as
IOCs Koyali refinery in Gujarat. This will
be the biggest LPG pipeline in the country.
GAIL currently operates a 1,415-km line
from Jamnagar in Gujarat to Loni near
here. The line carries 2.5 million tons of
LPG annually. GAIL also has a 623-km
Vizag-Secunderabadpipeline. IOC also has a
274-km pipeline from Panipat in Haryana to
Jalandhar. The demand for LPG is increas-
ing consistently in recent year.
crude oil majors to create storages to
secure markets and also on arbitrage
on fluctuating prices. As regards energy
security, as long as the crude is stored on
our mainland, we will always have the first
right, it commented on the proposal.
said he was hopeful the survey work would
in most parts of the country while Oil India
Ltd will undertake the project in northeastern
states. NSP will cover an estimated 48,243
line kilometre, covering 26 sedimentary
basins divided into 11 units. In addition to the
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
Rosneft sign agreements to acquire
98 percent in Essar Oil
Essar Energy Holdings Limited, the
exploration and refining arm of Essar
Energy, and Mauritius based Oil Bidco
Limited the controlling shareholders
of Essar Oil Limited (EOL)announced that
they have entered into separate definitive
agreements for the sale of 98% of EOL.
The first sale and purchase agreement
envisages the sale of 49% to Petrol Com-
plex Pte. Ltd and the second envisages
the sale of the remaining 49% to Kesani
Enterprises Company Limited at a valua-
tion of Rs 72,800 crore. An additional Rs
13,300 crore ($2 billion) will be paid for
the acquisition of Vadinar Port, which has
world-class storage and import/export
facilities. The all-cash deal encompasses 39
EOLs 20 million tonne refinery in Gujarat,
India, and its pan-India retail outlets.
The closing of the Transaction is condi-
tional upon receiving requisite regulatory
approvals and other customary condi-
tions. The Parties expect to obtain the
relevant approvals before the end of this
year. Indian markets will witness robust
demand growth for petroleum products
in the long term.
national seismic programme, we are carrying
out a reassessment of hydrocarbon data of
existing sedimentary basins. The third big
thing is the single platform where all the data
is being brought together, or the national data
repository, which we will be dedicating to the
nation very soon, the minister said. Pradhan
eventually lead to enhanced exploration and
production (E&P) activities in Odisha. Work
on such surveys in these parts in the 80s had
even resulted in some evidence of onland gas
findings, he said. The presence of gas has
been established about 30 km offshore of
Dhamra in a discovery by Reliance in the past.
 November 2016
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NewsBriefs | Oil & Gas International
Shell said to consider sale of US$1b Malaysia LNG stake
Royal Dutch Shell Plc is considering a sale of
its stake in a Malaysian liquefied natural gas
export plant, which could fetch more than
US$1 billion (RM4.19 billion). Shell is gaug-
ing interest in its 15 per cent stake in MLNG
TigaSdn, which owns an LNG terminal in
Sarawak on the island of Borneo. The sale
may draw interest from private-equity firms.
Iran to invite foreign companies to bid on oil and gas
Iran will invite foreign companies to bid for
oil and gas projects for the first time since
last years landmark nuclear deal with world
powers, the Oil Ministry said recently. The
40 ministry did not say how many projects would
be involved but said they include exploration
and production in oil and gas fields. It will
be the first time Iran offers an international
tender for oil and gas projects since the
nuclear deal went into effect in January. The
ministrys website said foreign companies
should submit their applications by Nov. 19,
and that successful companies would be
announced on Dec. 7. Iran had previously said
that priority for exploration and production
for foreign companies would be given to
Singapore joins IEA as Southeast Asia oil demand set to rise 80% by 2040
Singapore joined the International Energy
Agency (IEA) as an association country. The
island state, which is the Southeast Asian
hub of the oil trade, is the fourth country to
join the influential agency as an association
country after China, Indonesia and Thailand.
Singapore has key strategic importance
in the energy sector as energy demand in
the region is expected to rise by 80 percent
in the next 20 odd years, driven by robust
population growth and economic expansion.
The inclusion of Singapore in the IEA also
marks the rising importance of Asia in the
global economy and energy landscape. The
IEA, an autonomous group set up in 1974, is
Malaysias state-owned Petroliam Nasional
Bhd, which holds 60 per cent of MLNG Tiga,
has pre-emptive rights on the stake. The
disposal is part of the Anglo-Dutch energy
giants plan to raise US$30 billion from as-
set sales in the three years through 2018 to
help cut borrowings after its acquisition of
BG Group Plc prompted Fitch Ratings Ltd to
lower its credit rating. The companys total
debt ballooned to US$90.3 billion at the end
of June, from US$52.9 billion a year earlier,
data compiled by Bloomberg show. The
pressure is on Shell to slim down its global
footprint following the BG acquisition, Saul
Kavonic, a Perth-based analyst at energy
consultancy Wood Mackenzie Ltd, said.
neighboring countries with which it shares
border fields. The country has 28 joint offshore
and onshore gas and oil fields with those
countries. Iran has already upgraded its model
for oil contracts, allowing for a potential full
recovery of costs over almost two decades.
made up of 29 member countries which are
net oil importers and have committed to a
demand-restraint programme for reducing
national oil consumption by up to 10%. We
are going to create different programs and
activities with Singapore in order to make the
decision makers in this region understand the
benefits of using energy more efficiently and
the opportunities that renewable energies are
Pakistans LNG imports set to surge
to 3bcf/day by 2018
Pakistan, largely dependent on imported
fuels for its energy needs, will be
importing a cumulative of 3.0 billion cubic
feet (bcf) per day of liquefied natural
gas (LNG) by 2018 to bridge the demand
supply gap, which has already crossed
4.0 bcf mark. The countrys current
natural gas production is around 4.0
bcf/day, while the demand had crossed
already crossed 8.0 bcf/day mark, said
ShahidKhaqanAbbasi, minister for
Petroleum & Natural Resources. One
LNG terminal is already operational, while
another would be ready by January 2017
and third by July 2017, while two private
sector terminals would be operational by
2018, Abbasi said. He said the country is
already importing 0.6 bcf of LNG, another
0.6 bcf will come by January 2017 to be
followed by 0.6 bcf in July 2017, taking
the LNG imports to 1.8 bcf per day. As
two private sector terminals would be
commissioned in 2018, the countrys total
gas imports would reach 3.0 bcf per day.
creating across the world, said Fatih Birol,
executive director of the IEA. The Interna-
tional Energy Agencys objective is to ensure
reliable, affordable and clean energy and
help member countries handle disruptions in
oil supply. Singapore is the fourth country to
join the IEA under the association country
initiative after China, Indonesia and Thailand
last November. As an Association country,
Singapore will work with the IEA on a broad
range of energy security issues. To become
a full member, countries should be net oil
importers with a crude reserve that is equiva-
lent to around 90 days of the previous years
average net oil imports.
 November 2016
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ExpertSpeak
Mundra LNG Terminal: Indias
next energy gateway
Anil Joshi, President, GSPC LNG Ltd., feels that given Indias global
commitment to reduce carbon emissions, the country will have to
significantly increase the share of natural gas in the energy basket.
The state of Gujarat has emerged as the natural gas capital in India,
and the upcoming 5-MMTPA LNG Terminal at Mundra, shall further
add to this landscape.

Indias GDP is poised to grow between
7.5 to 8% in the coming few years. A
country aspiring towards tremendous
growth needs a lot of infrastructural sup-
port in terms of power, energy, roads,
ports etc. Infrastructural support is key
to growth that can never be discounted
in any growing economy like ours.
In Paris 2015 UNFCCC, 196
countries came together to deal with
the issue of climate change. World
leaders pledged to cut carbon emissions
to restrict the increase in global
average temperature below 2C. At this
forum, India has committed to reduce
its emissions intensity of its GDP by 33
to 35 per cent by 2030 from 2005 level.
Moving towards gas-based economy by
increasing the share of Natural Gas can
help India meet its objective. Recent
initiatives of MoPNG like #Gas4India
also aim to increase the share of
Natural Gas in Indias Energy Basket
from current level of 6.5% to 15%.
As of August 2016, Indias Natural
Gas (NG) consumption was around 140
MMSCMD. For the first time, the share
of Regasified LNG (RLNG) stood more
than domestically produced NG. The
additional gas demand in the economy
is constantly being met through higher
levels of imported LNG, making India
the 4th largest importer of LNG.
The state of Gujarat has already
emerged as the natural gas capital of
India where natural gas business
and infrastructure is thriving
across the entire value
chain with
exploration Moving
blocks, LNG towards gas-
import based economy Anil Joshi, President, GSPC LNG Ltd.
41
terminals by increasing the
and share of Natural eliminates the requirement of break-
developed Gas can help water. The location of the Mundra Port
gas India meet its is well placed for bringing the LNG
transmission objective vessels especially in view of the short
and distribution distance for voyages from the Middle
business. Gujarat East and African LNG exporting coun-
with its vast coastline (1600 kms) tries. This provides immense opportu-
already has two fully operational nity for LNG import at this terminal,
LNG import terminals (Dahej and with savings in LNG transportation
Hazira) as well as an excellent cost. Further, the Mundra Port is well
network of pipelines and inter-pipeline connected with the vast hinterland of
connectivity. western and northern Indian states,
which have huge potential for demand
Strategic advantage of regasified LNG.
GSPC LNG Limited (GLL) is set-
ting up a 5-MMTPA LNG Terminal at Components and facilities
Mundra, Kutch. Mundra port offers a Mundra LNG terminal is aimed to
strategic location as it is an all weather import LNG to meet the growing
operating port with natural draft suit- energy demand. The LNG terminal will
able for 24x7 safe berthing of all size comprise of receiving, storage and re-
LNG vessels. The port already has gasification facilities of LNG with state
operational facilities for all the requi- of the art technology. Mundra Terminal
site services for LNG ship pilotage, project has been conceptualized to be
berthing and un-berthing. No capital developed in three phases. In the Phase-
or maintenance dredging is envisaged I, single jetty with unloading facilities,
for the project. The Gulf of Kutch acts two LNG storage tanks and regasified
as a natural shelter for the port and LNG send out capacity of 5 MMTPA
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
ExpertSpeak
(peak capacity of 6.25 MMTPA) are
being executed. The Phase-II of project
envisages one additional LNG storage
tank and enhancing regasified LNG
send out capacity to 10 MMTPA (peak
capacity of 12.5 MMTPA). The ultimate
phase envisages addition of one ad-
ditional jetty with unloading facilities,
three LNG storage tanks and augmenta-
tion of regasified LNG send out capacity
to 20 MMTPA.
In the current phase of project
being developed, the 5 MMTPA
LNG terminal has 1 Km long jetty
designed for handling LNG tankers of
sizes 75,000 M3 to 260,000 M3, two
full containment LNG storage tanks
of net capacity 1,60,000 M3 each,
facilities for LNG regasification, and
fiscal metering. Terminal is designed
considering several different operation
scenarios i.e. send-out without LNG
ship unloading, send-out with LNG
42 ship unloading, minimum send-out
with and without ship unloading. The
process and equipment are designed for
nominal send-out of 5 MMTPA with a
peak at 125% of the nominal send-out
to cater peak load.
The Terminal has two LNG storage
tanks of full containment type and
tank boil-off rate is 0.08% per day.
The storage tanks consists of primary
inner container of 9% nickel steel
mounted in a secondary pre-stressed
concrete steel-lined outer tank and a
reinforced concrete domed roof and a
support deck suspended from the outer
container roof over the inner container.
The tank bottom, annular space and
suspended deck are insulated in order
to limit the ambient heat ingress. Tank
filling lines are designed for LNG
unloading rates of 15000 m/h through
both top and bottom filling pipes.
The process facilities include
regasification system, unloading
system and BOG handling system.
Open Rack Vaporisers (ORV) uses
seawater as its heat source to convert
LNG into natural gas. Heat from the
seawater for vaporisation of LNG is
In the current phase
of project being
developed, the 5
MMTPA LNG terminal
has 1 Km long jetty
designed for handling
LNG tankers of
sizes 75,000 M3 to
260,000 M3, two full
containment LNG
storage tanks of net
capacity 1,60,000 M3
each, facilities for
LNG regasification,
and fiscal metering
free of cost. ORVs have lower carbon
foot-prints owing to no CO2 emission
for regasifying the LNG. ORVs require
lesser space compared to alternative
regasifcation equipments and saves
land cost for the project. The LNG
unloading facility is designed for LNG
unloading rates of 15000 m/h. LNG
unloading facility comprise of four 20
unloading arms with emergency release
coupling. Three arms shall be used for
LNG unloading and One unloading
arms shall be used for vapour return
to the vessel. Two BOG compressors
are installed considering the LNG
unloading rate of 15000 m/h and
minimum send-out rate requirements.
These two BOG reciprocating
compressors can be operated as per the
capacity modulation requirements i.e.
25/50/75/100%.
In order to serve customers not
connected with natural gas pipeline,
this terminal has LNG truck loading
facility consisting of a single truck
loading bay with provision for future
expansion to 4 loading bays.
The terminal is self sufficient for
requisite utilities to run LNG terminal
i.e. Nitrogen generation and storage,
Plant & instrument air system, fully
equipped fire fighting system including
fire-water tanks & fire station, diesel
storage and distribution system, 6.6
KV emergency diesel generator having
capacity to run the terminal at 25%
load in case of power failure. Electrical
power supply to the terminal is through
two 66kV dedicated transmission lines
sourced from different sub-stations
to meet the power demand in case of
failure of any of supply line.
Strong connectivity with
pipeline grid
The Mundra LNG terminal shall be
connected with the existing natural
gas grid of GSPL which is also con-
nected to all major pipelines in India.
 November 2016
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This shall provide unhindered access to consortium of Toyo Engineering company having vast experience in
to natural gas markets of western and India Limited & Toyo Engineering executing international LNG projects.
northern India. Corporation (Japan), and Sea water Since the start of construction of the
The project is implemented intake & outfall facilities to Coastal terminal in August 2014, Mundra LNG
through different packages, namely Marine Construction & Engineering Terminal has achieved many significant
Storage Tanks, Regas facilities, Sea Limited (COMACOE), while marine milestones progressively. GLL has
water intake & outfall, and Marine facilities are being undertaken given highest priority to safety and
facilities to optimize costs, through separately. EPCC Contractors for quality in the works. All the packages
seamless integration of different LNG storage tanks and Regasification of the project are in advanced stages of
facilities by managing interfaces facilities are leading global contractors construction and the terminal shall be
among Engineering, Procurement, and have executed similar LNG completed by next year.
Construction and Commissioning projects in India. Globally LNG industry is at cross
(EPCC) Contractors at different stages GLL has appointed Whessoe roads today. A lot of projects are
of the project life cycle. Engineering Ltd, UK as its Project getting commissioned; increasing
EPCC contracts were awarded Management Consultant (PMC). global supply of LNG. Spot LNG
for Storage Tank facilities to IHI Whessoe Engineering Ltd, UK is prices have reduced significantly
Corporation, Regasification facilities a globally acclaimed engineering in line with oil price crash and
with the availability of abundant
The project is implemented through different supply of LNG. In addition to
conventional LNG, many countries
packages, namely Storage Tanks, Regas facilities, are experimenting with Small Scale
Sea water intake & outfall, and Marine facilities to LNG concept and foraying the usage
optimize costs, through seamless integration of of LNG as marine bunker fuel, road
transport fuel etc. This is indeed a
different facilities by managing interfaces among moment of reckoning for Indias LNG
43

Engineering, Procurement, Construction and industry. GLL aims and aspires to be

Commissioning (EPCC) Contractors at different ready with its infrastructure to serve
the nation.
stages of the project life cycle
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
ExpertSpeak
Natural gas infrastructure
requires cautious approach
Dr. U.D. Choubey, Director General, SCOPE, feels that even
though natural gas is the future for energy sector, it is important to
ensure that the infrastructure creation for the same is not done in a
haphazard manner. Realistic demand and supply estimates should
be taken into account toa void excessive capacity which can lead to
be a drain for the companies.
The global energy sector has
experienced a paradigm shift over past
two decades. 21st century witnessed
natural gas as a green alternative to oil
and it was exploited extensively for
commercial use. It helped development
of the economy but has become
44
a matter of concern that the share
of natural gas in the energy mix in
India has come down from 11% in
2009-10 to 6% as of now. Therefore
the projected share of natural gas
increasing to 20% by 2030 attracts
uncertainty if not impossibility.
It is a paradox, rather ironical fact,
that all projections whether supply
or demand of natural gas has not met
reality in the past. Total demand of
natural gas in India in 2012-13 was
projected at 242.66 MMSCMD, going
up to 378.06 MMSCMD in 2016-17.
This needs to be examined in the light
of the present supply-demand sce-
nario. Also, the demand for natural
gas in India alone has been pegged at
746 MMSCMD by 2029-30 (Vision
2030 Natural Gas Infrastructure in
India, Report by Industry Group for
PNGRB). Further, on supply side it
has been projected at 384 MMSCMD
in 2018-19, which is more than 100%
of the present supply, that too within
less than two year period. Exaggerated
supply and demand projections are not
achievable in the near future.
Key elements of natural gas
infrastructure consist of pipelines
for transportation of gas from
source and distribution
of natural gas
It is
to various
imperative
end users
that natural gas
and also
infrastructure is
creation
built in a planned
of R-LNG
way with back-
terminals.
to-back firm
It is also
contracts
integrated
with creation
of user facilities. All
these activities are highly capital-
intensive and high-risk areas. Even
though our country has recognised the
need for investing in a strong natural
gas infrastructure so as to develop free
flow transmission and distribution of
natural gas across the country, past
experience shows that the investment
has taken the nature of unplanned
expenditure leading to blockage of
funds and under-utilisation of the
natural gas infrastructure. As of 31st
March 2016, India has around 17,000
kms of pipeline with capacity to carry
390 MMSCMD (data by PPAC) of
natural gas. However, the average
flow of gas as of now is around 132
MMSCMD. This implies that on an
average, the pipelines capacity is being
utilised to the extent of 35%-40% at
Dr. U.D. Choubey, Director General, SCOPE
the maximum. Key reasons for the
above are shortage in source of gas
and also price sensitivity of demand
of gas. Proper coordination between
source, transportation and users require
improved and coordinated approach.
There are three players involved in
monetisation of gas through pipeline.
They are - supplier of gas from source,
the transporter and the buyer (i.e.
the end user of gas). Therefore, there
must be a firm gas supply/ purchase
contract on back-to-back basis i.e.
between supplier and transporter as
well as transporter and end user. But
off late, the practise has undergone a
shift. Pipelines are being constructed
in absence of any firm purchase supply
contract with the end users resulting
in underutilisation of the laid down
pipelines. This results in loss to the
utility provider as its investment is
irrecoverable due to underutilization. It
needs caution in creating further infra-
structure. Construction and execution
of pipelines entails heavy capital
outlay (around INR 3- 5 crores per

km of pipeline depending upon size).
Any unplanned investment on creating
pipeline infrastructure as a result would
lead to blockage of investment and a
drain on resources of the company(s).
Hence, in order to start with any
fresh investment in infrastructure, it
should be based on realistic supply and
demand of natural gas and, above all,
a firm gas supply contract on back-
to-back basis. Optimal utilisation of
infrastructure would lead to recovery
of cost of pipeline and in turn ensure
maximum utilisation of infrastructure.
This would lead to win-win situation
for all parties involved- seller, utility
provider and buyer.
LNG liquefaction and
gasification facilities
It would not be an exaggeration to say
that LNG has driven globalisation by
connecting distant markets thereby
making natural gas accessible even
to resource deficient/ absent areas.
Hence, at present, LNG is the driving
force behind the worlds energy map.
With the growing dependence on
natural gas, LNG presents itself as
a viable alternative. As per IGU, the
global LNG trade reached 244.8 MT
in 2015-16 earmarking the said year
as a historical period for LNG trade.
As of 2015-16, there are 33 LNG
importing countries as against only 17
LNG exporters. As of January 2016,
the nominal liquefaction capacity
stood at 301.5 MTPA. This is likely
to increase by 141.5 MTPA given
the plants under construction are
commissioned. The capacity utilisation
of liquefaction stood at approximately
50%. The world has seen more or less
flat capacity utilisation from previous
year primarily due to global fall in gas
prices, diversion of export of LNG by
countries for domestic consumption
In order to start with
any fresh investment
in infrastructure, it
should be based on
realistic supply and
demand of natural gas
and, above all, a firm
gas supply contract
on back-to-back basis.
Optimal utilisation of
which only 24.5 MT is operational
infrastructure would
lead to recovery
of cost of pipeline
and in turn ensure
maximum utilisation of
infrastructure
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
and of course political unrest in key
exporting nations.
Regasification terminals
With respect to regasification, the
global capacity as of 2015 stood at
757 MTPA (IGU World LNG report
2016) and new capacities are being
planned to be added very shortly. 55
MMTPA new regasification capacities
were under construction for the quarter
ended 31st March 2016. However, the
utilization levels for the receiving LNG
terminals at world level stands low and
is not more than 40% in any case. The
utilization levels have remained flat
during 2014 and 2015 primarily due
to diversion of domestic production
by many countries for self-use by
the country and falling price of gas
internationally.
At present, India is the 13th largest
gas consumer and 5th largest LNG
importer in the world. India has four 45
LNG terminals with a total regasifi-
cation capacity of about 33 MT of
(Petroleum Ministry). However, oper-
ating LNG gasification terminals are, by
and large, being operated on their full
capacity. Crowding of regasification
terminals is likely to put pressure not
only on utilisation levels but also on
returns of investment in constructing
the terminal. Construction of LNG
terminal entails a heavy capital expen-
diture of approx. INR 6,000 crores (for
5 MMTPA LNG receiving capacity).
Hence, the same should be done after
giving serious consideration of all
related factors such as sourcing and
supply of regasified LNG to consumers.
Utmost care would be required
when we go for long term tie-up for
imported LNG in the country. High
price tie-up, unpredictable falling
price of gas and affordability of
consumers in India (which is yet to
see mature market of gas) may create
serious problems in times to come
and hence it would be difficult for the
utility provider to find takers in the
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

ExpertSpeak

Indian market for imported LNG if it existence of the company. The only high capital expenditure for the same
is tied-up at high price on long-term olive line being the country as energy is equally irrational. Utility providers
basis. In such a case, take or pay deficient and consumers/ government create facilities at their own cost and
liability on the utility service provider may, under compulsion, be required to capitalise the infrastructure as project
may be very high, adversely affecting consume high priced LNG to produce investment in the financials. Any unde-
the economic health of the company. essential input for economic growth, be rutilization of the utility whether being
To avoid any such situation, there it power, fertilisers and others. pipeline, LNG or regasification terminal
should be firm gas supply contracts on would result in loss to the utility
back-to-back basis from suppliers to Way Forward provider and hence negative return on
transporter and to end-users. Though natural gas is the future for investment. This would lead to financial
Market intelligence and researchers energy sector, it should be ensured and resource loss to the company(s) and
have larger role in LNG trade as the that the infrastructure creation for the the country as well.
price of gas has been highly buoyant. same is not done in an unplanned way. Excessive infrastructure not aligned
Long term tie-ups of LNG at higher Arguments can be presented against with realistic demand and supply can
price may create enormous problems this point by pleading that a develop- lead to be a drain for the companies
for company(s) as marketing of high ing country like India needs to develop and hence it is imperative that natural
price gas would be difficult. Liability infrastructure in order to create demand gas infrastructure is built in a planned
under take or pay may create for gas. Contradicting this thought way with back-to-back firm contracts.
liquidity problems for the utility may not be completely rationale but At least two of the loose ends must
company which may affect the very expecting individual companies to incur be tied up with firm contracts from
source of gas to transporter and again
Utility providers create facilities at their from transporter to end users. If we
do not evolve a clear policy, we shall
own cost and capitalise the infrastructure
46 be building yet another Taj Mahal
as project investment in the financials. Any and discussing strategic sale (or even
underutilization of the utility whether being closure) of the financially stressed
pipeline, LNG or regasification terminal would sick PSE in next five to ten years time.
Humko kitne Taj Mahal Hai Aur
result in loss to the utility provider and hence Banane?
negative return on investment
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com

ExpertSpeak
Oil & gas companies need to
develop a risk analytics engine
Neeraj Gupta, Director, iEnergy Innovations Pvt. Ltd., feels that
oil and gas is a high-risk industry and hence requires timely risk
mitigation to avert crisis. As a solution, he recommends that oil and
gas companies should adopt a step-by-step approach to build a
decision support enabled risk framework.
Majority of the oil & gas enterprises
implement ERM (Enterprise Risk
Management) as a compliance
requirement. It means they will
develop risk registers and governance
framework but lacks a robust day
to day monitoring and integrated
reporting and alerts framework.
The ultimate objective of any ERM
framework is to mitigate risk before
it happens, avoid black swans and
identify some of the uncontrollable
risks, monitor them on day to day basis
and implement ERM as a decision
support system. The root cause
analysis reports of some the recent
disasters in oil industry also point
towards this by stating that risk control
failure is one of the primary reasons.
Risk Management has to be integrated
in day to day business activities of a
company. Its ultimate objective is to
maximize shareholders value.
Based on some secondary research it
can be said that
-- Over 80% use industry trends and
peer analysis to identify risks
-- Over 80% values importance of
internal audit reports
-- Over 70% think key risk indices
and performance indicators are
same
-- Over 80% believes there is a lack of
integration is the key issue
-- Nearly 40% have some unstructured
risk taxonomy in place
-- Over 90% did not have any enter-
prise risk monitoring dashboards
Board and CEO give utmost
importance to the following factors:
-- Measure performance against the
key risk indicators
-- Periodic mea-
surement for
Oil
appropri-
& gas com-
ateness
panies should
-- Deviation
adopt a step-by-step control measures
from a
approach to build a
risk per-
decision support
formance
enabled risk
plan
framework
-- Periodical
review of risk
governance policy,
controls, and mitigations
-- Evaluate changes in internal or
external environment
-- Monitor risk progress report an
variance following the policies
-- Periodic review of risk control
framework robustness
-- Use structured scientific and ana-
lytical tools
As a result, following step-based
approach needs to be considered in
order to facilitate transition from an
elementary risk control framework to a
more robust one.
1. Build the Risk Taxonomy
2. Develop inter-relationships between
various risk drivers across different
risk domains like strategic, opera-
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
Neeraj Gupta, Director, iEnergy Innovations
47
Pvt. Ltd.
tional, financial and legal
3. Develop key risk indices and
4. Transform it into a decision
support system using analytical
engines
Risk Taxonomy is an important
stepping stone in the entire risk
framework. It is not possible to
build a high rise building on a weak
foundation and same is true for a risk
management program. A risk taxonomy
outlines are risk categories, their
drivers, key performance areas and
risk indices across entire organization.
Post taxonomy creation, it is important
identify inter-relationships across risk
sub-categories and drivers. There is no
point in having a thousand risk indices
when all of them are related to each
other. All risk drivers which are related
to each other should be part of same
risk indices. At a board level it is not
advisable to have more than ten risk
indices at the maximum.
Even tree methodologies were
used to develop relationships between
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

ExpertSpeak

Fig 1, Identifying risk Inter-relationships (Boleslaw et.al 2015)

It is recommended that
oil & gas companies
adopt a step-by-
step approach to
build a decision
support enabled risk
framework. There is
a need to develop
a comprehensive
taxonomy across
four areas of risk
i.e. strategic,
operational, financial
and compliance and
map it across all the
business units of an
organization. It is the
48 foundation of the entire
risk framework

Fig 2, Developing Risk event tree triggers events of a particular risk,

assigning a likelihood percentage
based on number of similar events in
the past (Fig 2.0). Even tree helped
in prioritization of key risk indices as
once you complete your analysis, one
Fig 1, Identifying risk Inter-relationships (Boleslaw et.al 2015) can easily find out the top five or ten
indices that have relatively more chance
of occurring and not necessarily based
on past events but also on the existing
processes as well.
It is recommended that oil &
gas companies adopt a step-by-step
approach to build a decision support
enabled risk framework.
-- Develop a comprehensive tax-
onomy across four areas of risk i.e.
strategic, operational, financial and
compliance and map it across all the
business units of an organization. It
is the foundation of the entire risk
framework.
-- Explore inter-connectivity between
Diagram (Fig 2.1) shows how key risk indices were prioritized and converted into various risk drivers identified
a decision support system. in taxonomy to create a risk
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

Fig 2.1, Decision Model for Risk Control Framework

49

historical data can be used to build

Companies need to perform regular monitor analytical engines.
of key risk indices. Frequency of monitoring -- Perform regular monitor of
may vary. E.g., for high risk field operations, all key risk indices. Frequency
compliance data should be monitored on daily of monitoring may vary. E.g.,
for high risk field operations,
(or even hourly, if required). And a probabilistic
all compliance data should be
consequence analysis should be performed. For monitored on daily (or even
other strategic decisions like bidding decisions, hourly, if required). And a
cost and schedule simulations can be used probabilistic consequence analysis
whenever required should be performed. For other
strategic decisions like bidding
connectivity map. It helps in to assign weightages by looking decisions, cost and schedule
identifying the common risk drivers at historical data or susceptibility simulations can be used whenever
affecting multiple risks to avoid of a business unit based on annual required and a probabilistic
duplication of monitoring efforts probabilistic analysis performed. estimate may be obtained using
across multiple business units. -- Develop synergies with other previous risk drivers or new
-- Use existing key performance existing data systems (ERP, compliance requirements.
indices to derive key risk indices. SCADA etc.) to have one version
Event tree should be used in order of truth. These systems or other For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

InDepth
Fourth consecutive reduction
in Natural Gas price

50

Gas prices have been reduced by nearly 50% in the past two years
Biggest beneficiary of this price cut is CGD sector which has higher exposure to retail

By Team InfralinePlus

Recently domestic natural gas price has
been cut to $2.50 per million British
thermal unit for the period of October
1, 2016 to March 31, 2017 from the
previous price of $3.06 which is
reduction by 18 per cent. The price cut
is in line with the fall in gas prices over
the reference period July 2015 to June
2016. This is the fourth consecutive
reduction since the implementation
of the domestic gas pricing formula.
Previous to this, the domestic gas
prices was reduced by 20 per cent in
April 2016. The prices have reduced
by nearly 50% in the past two years
since new gas pricing formula has been
introduced. ONGC is the countrys
biggest gas producer, accounting for
some 60% of the 90 million standard
cubic meters per day current output.
Every dollar dip in gas price results
in about Rs 4,000 crore hit in revenue
of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
(ONGC) on an annual basis. The
current price reduction would hit its
revenue by about Rs 1, 000 crore.
All gas of ONGC as well as that of
Oil India Ltd and private sector RILs
KG-D6 block is sold at the formula
approved in October 2014. This formula,
however, does not cover gas from fields
like Panna/Mukta and Tapti in western
offshore and Ravva in Bay of Bengal.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

cubic metres) in Mumbai. This is the

Gas Price ($ per million British thermal unit (mmBtu))
first big drop in CNG and piped gas
6
price in recent years.
5.05
5 4.66 The reduction in natural gas prices
would help stimulate the gas share in
3.82
4 the energy basket as discounted gas
3.06
3
would mean lower raw material cost
2.5
for compressed natural gas (CNG) and
2 piped natural gas (PNG) to households
and would translate into reduction in
1
retail prices.This will also benefit the
0 government since it will lower the
1st Nov 2014 - 31st 1st April 2015 - 30th 1st Oct 2015 - 31st 1st April 2016 - 30th 1st Oct 2016 - 31st fertiliser subsidy burden.
March 2015 Sep 2015 March 2016 Sep 2016 March 2017

Gas Price ($ per million British thermal unit (mmBtu)) New domestic gas pricing
policy 2014
With the cut in domestic gas prices, to Rs 1.5 per standard cubic meter in Gas is one of the cleanest fuels with
relative attractiveness of downstream price of PNG for domestic customers less carbon dioxide per joule deliv-
companies - which are involved in and Rs 0.8-1.7 per kg cut in CNG ered than either by coal or oil and far
distribution of gas over the upstream prices. Following this price cut, MGL fewer pollutants than other hydro-
companies which are involved in reduced CNG price by Rs 1.60 per kg carbon fuels. The share of gas in the
production of gas are likely to accen- and the price of piped gas has been energy basket of the country figures
tuate as this help in earnings growth reduced by Rs1.01 per unit (standard poorly compared with the global
of downstream companies such as 51
Indraprastha Gas (IGL), Mahanagar
Gas (MGL), Gujarat Gas and GAIL. The biggest beneficiaries of this price cut are
This price cut puts further pressure on city gas distribution (CGD) companies which
finances of upstream producers such
have higher exposure to retail. As price reduction
as ONGC, Oil India, and RIL who do
not find the current rate incentivizing will help in improving gas consumption and
enough to invest more in oil and gas increasing conversion to CNG-driven vehicles.
hunt. These upstream companies are These CGD companies tend to retain a portion of
expected to report subdued revenue
from gas. It is assumed that every $0.5
the price cut, which improves operating margin
drop in gas price reduces earnings of
ONGC and Oil India by 5-6%. ONGC
had earlier requested the government to
relook at the gas price formula as this
does not leave them with any money
to carry out more projects and makes
exploration unviable.
The biggest beneficiaries of this
price cut are city gas distribution
(CGD) companies which have higher
exposure to retail. As price reduction
will help in improving gas con-
sumption and increasing conversion
to CNG-driven vehicles. These CGD
companies tend to retain a portion
of the price cut, which improves
operating margin. The price cut
should result in a reduction of Rs 0.5
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
InDepth
Global Benchmarks for current share of 6.5% in next three
Domestic Gas Price to four years. This is to promote a
Calculation gas-based economy, which is part of
the nations commitment to cut carbon
emission levels. Indian Government
has undertaken various initiatives and
policy interventions across the natural
gas value chain, which can shape the
nations natural gas future.
Pricing of gas is a politically
sensitive issue as it is a key input in
important sectors such as fertilizer
and power. Keeping in view market-
determined pricing for gas can be the
best policy going forward in order
to ensure greater investment, com-
petitiveness and transparency in the
sector, the new domestic gas pricing
average of 23.8%. The Government policy was approved by the Cabinet
is aiming to raise the share of gas in Committee of Economic Affairs on
the energy basket to 15% from the 18th October 2014.
According to the formula approved in October
52 2014, the domestic gas price is calculated as
the weighted average price of four global bench-
marks the US-based Henry Hub, Canada-based
Alberta gas, the UK-based National Balancing
Point (NBP), and Russian gas. While Henry Hub
has a weight of 38.1 per cent in the pricing for-
mula, NBP accounts for 42.9 per cent, Alberta Hub
4.9 per cent and Russian gas 14.1 per cent
According to the formula approved
in October 2014, the domestic gas
price is calculated as the weighted
average price of four global bench-
marks the US-based Henry Hub,
Canada-based Alberta gas, the
UK-based National Balancing Point
(NBP), and Russian gas. While Henry
Hub has a weight of 38.1 per cent in
the pricing formula, NBP accounts
for 42.9 per cent, Alberta Hub 4.9 per
cent and Russian gas 14.1 per cent.
Europe and Russia jointly account for
57 per cent of the weight and a steep
decline in prices in these two regions
will influence domestic rates substan-
tially. Amusingly, the pricing guide-
lines do not take into account the
price of gas imported. The formula
mandates a price revision once every
six months.
Concerns on new gas
pricing policy
Despite the perceived benefits of
the new gas pricing policy, there are
several concerns that come along
with it. The first is to do with how
the formula is constructed. The price
in India is pegged on the benchmark
prices of the previous year, and takes
effect after a time-lag of a quarter. For
example, the price applicable in the
period April 1-September 30, 2016
was based on the average benchmark
prices over January-December 2015.
This means Indias gas prices follow
the global cues with a good time-lag
of six months.
Another important concern with
the price of domestic gas being
pegged to global benchmarks is that
any gains could be offset by losses
on account of the Rupee movement.
According to various research
agencies, almost 6 per cent depre-
ciation of the Rupee over April-Sep-
tember 2015 will mean the net impact
of the fall in the price of gas will
actually be significantly lower.
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

StatisticsOil & Gas

Natural Gas Production in India, 2016-17 (As on September, 2016)

State April May June July August September Total

I) Gross Production :

A) Onshore:

(i) Assam / Arunachal Pradesh 265.63 255.11 259.31 273.59 264.21 262.29014 520.73

(ii) Rajasthan 118.84 120.09 112.2 116.48 111.99 103.103864 238.93

(iii) Gujarat 125.81 113.11 107.34 126.28 129.83 132.694574 238.92

(iv) Tamil Nadu 84.33 78.02 74.59 74.49 77.95 75.160096 162.35

(v) Andhra Pradesh 55.03 57.67 68.32 73 75.66 77.280003 112.7

(vi) Tripura 99.79 121.08 116.65 119.53 120.04 114.68374 220.87

(vii) West Bengal, MP, Jharkhand (CBM) 37.24 42.65 43.67 46.86 48.24 47.816 79.89

Onshore Total (A) 786.67 787.72 738.42 783.37 779.67 765.212417 1574.38

B) Offshore: 1701.4 1868.37 1816.32 1874.42 1846.25 1787.070596 3569.77

Total (A+B) 2488.1 2656.1 2598.4 2704.7 2674.15 2600.099013 5144.2

II) Net Production 2400.7 2573.6 2513.4 2621.3 2578.59 2503.13987 4974.3

Consumption of Natural Gas in the domestic market (As on September, 2016) 53

Month April May June July August Sept Total

Natural Gas 2400.66 2573.61 2513.42 2621.31 2578.59 2503.14 15191.44

(including CBM)

LNG Import 2142.02 2081.67 1908.49 1960.19 2144.19 2374.65 12722.29

Total 4542.68 4655.28 4421.91 4581.5 4722.78 4877.79 27913.73

Domestic Crude Oil Production (September, 2016) (Million Metric Tonnes)

September April-September
2015-16
Details 2014-15 2016
(P) 2016
2015 (P) 2016 2015 (P) 2016 (P)
(Target)
Target)*

ONGC 18.6 18.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 9.3 11.2 9.1

Oil India Limited 3.4 3.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.6 1.6 1.6

Private/Joint Ventures 11.7 11.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 5.8 5.5 5.4

Total Crude Oil 33.8 33.1 2.7 3 2.6 16.8 18.3 16.2

Condensate 3.7 3.8 0.3 0.3 1.9 1.9

Total (Crude + 37.5 36.9 3 3 2.9 18.7 18.3 18.1

Condensate) (MMT)

Total (Crude + 274.7 270.8 22.3 22 21.4 136.9 133.9 132.4

Condensate) (Million
Bbl)
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

StatisticsOil & Gas

Refineries Installed capacity and crude oil processing (September,2016) (MMTPA / MMT)

Crude Oil Processing

Installed
Com- September April-September
Refinery Capacity 2014-15 2015-16 (P)
pany
1.4.2016) 2015 2016 2015 2016
2016(P) 2016 (P)
(Actual) (Target) (Actual) (Target)
IOCL Barauni (1964) 6 5.9 6.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.2 3.1 3.3
Koyali (1965) 13.7 13.3 13.8 1.1 1 1.1 6.5 7.2 7.3
Haldia (1975) 7.5 7.7 7.8 0.5 0.6 0.7 3.8 4 4
Mathura (1982) 8 8.5 8.9 0.7 0.6 0.7 4.3 4.4 4.6
Panipat (1998) 15 14.2 15.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 7.4 7.6 7.7
Guwahati (1962) 1 1 0.9 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.52 0.5 0.44
Digboi (1901) 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.28 0.3 0.25
Bongaigaon(1979) 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.2 1.2
Paradip (2016) 15 - 1.8 0 1.1 0.4 0 3.6 2.8
IOCL TOTAL 69.2 53.6 58 4.4 5.3 5 27.3 31.9 31.7
HPCL Mumbai (1954) 6.5 7.4 8 0.7 0.7 0.6 3.7 4 4.1
Visakh (1957) 8.3 8.8 9.2 0.8 0.7 0.7 4.3 4.3 4.4
HMEL Bathinda (2012) 9 7.3 10.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 5.5 4.7 5.5
HPCL-TOTAL 23.8 23.5 27.9 2.4 2.1 2.3 13.5 13 14

54 BPCL Mumbai (1955) 12 12.8 13.4 1 1.2 1.2 6.5 7 7.1

Kochi (1966) 9.5 10.4 10.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 5.5 5.3 5.5
BORL Bina (2011) 6 6.2 6.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 3 2.9 3.3
BPCL-TOTAL 27.5 29.4 30.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 15.1 15.1 15.9

NewsBriefs | Renewable International
Renewable energy project returns face counter party risks
Falling component prices and project costs
may have vindicated renewable energy
developers bets on low tariffs. But their
returns are seeing risk from an unexpected
quarter---power distribution companies or
discoms, the buyers of renewable energy.
The weak financial health of discoms is
Govt gives 600 MW stranded power projects second wind
A clutch of wind power units with a combined
capacity of 600 MW that has never been put
to use for the want of long-term buyers have
been offered a ray of hope by the government,
by allowing them to participate in the first ever
auction for wind power. As the government
is set to invite tenders for 1 gigawatt (GW) of
wind power in order to help states without
natural wind advantage meet non-solar
renewable purchase obligation, along with the
potential investors, these existing units can
also bid. This is a break from convention as
usually auction for long-term power purchase
agreements which has so far happened only
in the thermal power sector is confined to
new players, not existing ones. These wind
India says future phases of solar mission will be WTO compliant
India has assured the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) that future Indian
solar programmes will comply with
the multilateral bodys rules on the
sourcing of local equipment. India hopes
to continue with the present set of
provisions in the ongoing second phase
of its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM), but introduce WTO
compliance from the third phase onwards.
The assurance was given at a meeting of
the multilateral bodys Dispute Settlement
Body (DSB), which adopted the Appellate
Bodys findings that Indian norms for
mandatory domestic sourcing of solar
constraining the credit profile of renewable
energy developers, raising debt costs and
crimping potential returns for project
developers, ratings agency India Ratings
and Research said. According to India
Ratings, discoms in Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu,
which have large installed renewable
energy capacities and more in the pipeline,
are taking more than four to eight months
to release payments. Maharashtra State
Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd is said to
have delayed payments to wind projects
by about a year. The payment delays and
uncertainties are raising the credit risk
profile of the developers, driving up the
finance costs.
power units in crisis had come up on promises
by some states that the power would be pur-
chased by them on a long-term (20-25 years)
basis. But that was not to be and investments
of Rs4,000 crore are on the verge of being
declared non-performing assets.
cells and modules were inconsistent with
WTO rules. The US had dragged India to
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
National
Solar module exports rises 116
percent in April-July
Indian exports of solar modules and
cells rose 116% during April-July 2016
and touched $41 million. During that
same period India imported modules
and cells worth $580 million, up 52 %
compared to the same four-month period
(April-July) of 2015. China is the single
largest exporter of solar modules and
cells to India, accounting for 82% of
Indias total solar imports. Malaysiais
the second largest exporter to India,
accounting for a 12% share of Indias
overall imports. Currently, United States
accounts for only 1% of Indias total
solar imports and it remains to be seen if 55
imports from U.S. will increase after the
recent ruling from the World Trade Orga-
nization (WTO) is enforced, which found
Indias domestic content requirement
discriminatory against U.S. manufactur-
ers, said Priyadarshini Sanjay, managing
director Mercom Communications India.
The United Kingdom imported the largest
amount of Indian solar modules and
cells, accounting for 34.1% of Indias
total solar export.
the WTO three years ago for the domestic
content requirements under the JNNSM.
It subsequently won the case as India
was not able to prove that the sourcing
of the equipment was part of government
procurement where there were no
restrictions on localisation. New Delhi said
while it did not agree with all the findings,
it would inform the DSB of its intentions
to implement the ruling within 30 days, as
per WTO rules. BRICS countries needed
to jointly figure out how to continue with
local sourcing policies without flouting
WTO rules.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
NewsBriefs | Renewable National
Government takes up Rs 1,000 crore slum lighting project
The Centre may spend Rs 1,000 crore in
subsidies to offer a new solar lighting solu-
tion to one crore families living in shanties
and slums where rooms are poorly lit all
through the day. The ministry of new and
renewable energy has already committed
Rs 500 crore for the two-year project while
India witnessed $16 billion shortfall in renewable energy investments in 2015
India needs a total annual investment $26
billion to achieve its targeted renewable
capacities and meet committed reduction in
emissions. In comparison, the investment
made into the renewable sector in India
56 was $10 billion in 2015 a shortfall of
$16 billion. According to data compiled
by the Institute of Energy Economics
and FinancialAnalysis, Indias electricity
generation from renewable sources is
estimated to be 17 per cent and is projected
to rise to 25 per cent by 2022, and an
impressive 40 per cent by 2030. As part
of its targets, India aims to reduce its
emissions intensity by 33-35 per cent
over the 2005 levels, by 2030. In 2014, it
announced aggressive renewable energy
PM Narendra Modi said to plan $3.1 billion boost for Indias solar factories
Prime Minister Narendra Modis
government is planning a 210 billion-rupee
($3.1 billion) package of state aid for
Indias solar panel manufacturing industry.
Modi wants to raise renewable capacity to
175 gigawatts by 2022 from 45 gigawatts
at present. In addition to meeting its own
energy targets, which Bloomberg New
Energy Finance estimates may cost $200
billion, India wants to emulate industrial
developments in neighboring China,
where solar manufacturers have created
a world-leading export industry. The
Prayas program (Pradhan MantriYojana
for Augmenting Solar Manufacturing),
another Rs 500 crore is under consider-
ation, said S P Gon Chaudhuri, chairman of
Kolkata-based Renewable Energy College
that invented the sunlightcapturing gadget.
Installed on the rooftop, the gadget sends
sunlight into rooms where even windows
dont let in sunlight during the day, using
a special dome and a reflective cylinder.
In night the gadget falls back on batteries
charged with solar panels to light LED bulbs
installed in homes. Poor families can buy
this gadget for Rs 1,100 after subsidy. If the
government approves the additional subsidy
of Rs 500 crore, then the cost of the gadget
for the poor will come down to Rs 600,
Chaudhuri said.
addition targets aiming to increase the
installed renewable energy capacity,
including large hydro, to 225GW from 97GW
in August 2016.This transition would require
an additional investment of $128 billion, or
an annual investment of $21 billion.
part of Modis Make in India campaign,
is intended to create 5 gigawatts of
photovoltaic manufacturing capacity from
2019 and build 20 gigawatts of projects in
MNRE to seek Cabinet nod to classify
hydro power as renewable
New & Renewable Energy Ministry will
seek Cabinet approval to a proposal to
reclassifying large hydro power plants
as renewable projects, a move which
can help India achieve clean power
capacity of 230 GW by 2022. I have a
study carried out by Power Secretary
and his team which demonstrates that
except 4-5 countries almost univer-
sally in the world, hydro power (large
project) is considered renewable. We are
almost on the verge of finalising that
report, which should shortly be taking
up to the Cabinet (for approval), Power,
Coal, Mines and New & Renewable
Energy Minister Piyush recently said.
Removing the distinction between small
project (up to 25 MW) and large hydro
project can help India projecting that
its installed renewable energy capacity
would be 230 GW by 2022. Goyal further
said, I do believe that hydro power of
all sizes and shapes should be consid-
ered part of renewable energy.
the country by 2026. The policy, which is
being developed by the ministry in charge
of renewable energy and industrial policy,
along with the NitiAayog government
research group, will be presented to the
Finance Ministry within a month before
going to the cabinet for final approval.India
has become one of the biggest clients of
Chinese photovoltaic manufacturers and in
the absence of its own domestic capacity
that reliance could potentially grow. In the
first six months of 2016, India imported
18 percent of Chinas production worth
$1.1 billion, according to Bloomberg New
Energy Finance.

NewsBriefs | Renewable International
Chandigarh, Himachal, Uttarakhand to get cheapest power, Gujarat to costliest
Residents of Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh,
Puducherry and Uttarakhand will be able to
buy solar poweratRs 3 per unit the lowest
tariff in India from panels installed on
their rooftops without having to shell out
Kerala to tap renewable energy to increase power production
Annually spending a whopping Rs 6,000
crore to purchase power from outside,
Kerala has decided to step up power
generation through renewable energy
sources like solar and windmill, a state
minister has announced. State Minister for
Electricity KadakampallySurendran said
in three years the state will generate 600
MW power through solar projects. Sixtyfive
per cent of the annual power requirements
of the state is sourced from outside the
state and with the Centre coming out with
new rules that 85 per cent of the power
generated in a state has to be utilised in the
state, we will now have to think of alternate
sources. And the best bet is going to be
solar and windmill, said Surendran. A 200
Chhattisgarh to procure 700 MW renewable energy by 2018
Chhattisgarh will procure additional power
from renewable energy sources to the tune of
approximately 700 MW by FY 2018. With this,
the average power purchase cost for Chhat-
tisgarh State Power Distribution Company
Ltd (CSPDCL) based on the above power
availability will increase from 2.58 Rs/kWh
in FY 2015-16 to 3.12 Rs/kWh in FY 2018.
The rates have been derived based on cost
of power at existing rates and considering no
escalation in power purchase cost since it is
passing through for the distribution company.
Notably, Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy
Development Agency (CREDA) has invested
Rs400 crores during last 11 years in develop-
a penny. The solar panels will be set up by
third parties, which will sell power at these
prices in the two states and two Union
Territories. The Solar Energy Corporation of
India, a government-owned company that
has the mandate to develop the renewable
energy sector, had sought bids for setting
up 200 MW of solar panels on rooftops in
the country to sell power to residents of
buildings. Bids in Himachal and Uttarakhand
and the Union Territories of Chandigarh and
Puducherry were the cheapest, while they
were the costliest in Gujarat. The subsidy is
to the extent of Rs 52.5 per watt of installed
capacity for the special category states,
including the four regions.
MW solar park is getting ready in Kasargode
district and by January next year the first
phase of 30 MW will become ready. We have
identified a suitable land also in Kasargode
district and the proposal is to set up another
200 MW solar park.
ing infrastructure for solar power generation
which had resulted in 40 MW of electricity
being generated from non conventional
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
States
Jharkhand loses steam for solar
power purchase agreements
Developers who won an auction of solar
project contracts in Jharkhand are still
waiting for the states government-run
electricity distributor to sign power pur-
chase agreements (PPAs), six months after
they emerged the successful bidders. The
March auction, with contracts for 1,200 MW
of projects in 45 places up for grabs, was
one of the largest single auctions to have
ever been held in the country. Companies
that won the projects are waiting for the
Jharkhand BijliVitaran Nigam to sign the
PPAs which they will need to arrange funds 57
from lenders and other sources. We have
submitted all the necessary documents but
PPAs have not been issued, said one of the
developers. The auction saw winning tariffs
between Rs 5.08 and Rs 7.95 per kwH. This
was fairly high compared with auctions in
other states, where the winning tariffs this
year were Rs 4-5 per kwH. Solar radiation
in Jharkhand is relatively low and land
prices high, which prompted the cautious,
high bids, developers claimed.
energy sources. The agency will be installing
a total of 10,000 submersible and surface
solar photo voltaic (SPV) irrigation pumps in
farm lands soon across the State. The SPV
Pumps shall be provided with lightening and
over voltage protection. The principal aim in
this protection is to reduce the over voltage
to a tolerable value before it reaches the
PV or other sub-systems components. The
source of over voltage can be lightening or
any other atmospheric disturbance, officials
informed. Notably, the State government has
already commenced preparation for setting
up 51,000 solar powered irrigation pumps in
a span of two-and-half-years in the State.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
NewsBriefs | Renewable International
IEA set to raise solar forecast
Historically conservative in its forecasting
for the growth of renewable energies, the
IEA appears to be ready to put an end
to that trend with its upcoming World
Energy Outlook report. The agency has
revealed that estimates for solar and wind
Wind could supply fifth of world electricity by 2030
Wind power could supply as much as 20
percent of the worlds total electricity by
2030 due to dramatic cost reductions and
pledges to curb climate change, the Global
Wind Energy Council (GWEC) said in a report.
58 If last years Paris climate accord leads to
a worldwide commitment to the decarbon-
ization of the electricity sector, total wind
power capacity could reach as much as 2,110
gigawatts (GW) by then, nearly five times its
current level, the industry group said. Such
an increase in capacity would involve annual
investment of 200 billion euros ($224 billion)
and would reduce carbon dioxide emissions
by more than 3.3 billion tonnes per year, it
said. It forecast that Chinas share of the total
would reach 666.5 GW, more than quadru-
Taiwan moves toward opening renewable energy market
A two-stage draft amendment to the Electric-
ity Act aimed at opening Taiwans renewable
energy market and putting in place related
regulatory and management measures was
approved Oct. 20 by the Executive Yuan. Dur-
ing the first stage, the nations energy industry
will transform into a decentralized, localized
and community-based one characterized by
a thriving green power production sector. The
second stage, which is to be implemented
step-by-step, will see renewable and tradi-
tional generation facilities selling electricity to
public power utilities, and consumers select-
ing their providers. Requiring state-owned
Taiwan Power Co. to establish two separate
installations will be significantly increased
in the report, as it tries to accurately reflect
the renewed global efforts to cut carbon
emissions. The IEA has underestimated
growth in the renewables sector for over
ten years, which has seen a fair amount of
criticism aimed at the agency, which acts as
the worlds number one energy forecaster.
However, its annual mid-term report, which
is due at the beginning of November, will
increase previous estimates, and should
hopefully more accurately reflect the
genuine outlook for the sector. The main
reason for the change in the forecast is the
recent developments in energy policies
around the world.
pling its current capacity. The group said total
global wind power installations stood at 433
GW by the end of last year, up 17 percent from
a year earlier, and are set to rise by around 60
GW in 2016. Much of the increase was driven
by China, which accounted for 145.4 GW at
the end of 2015, 33.6 percent of the total.
business unitsone for power generation and
the other for delivery, distribution and sales
is another central plank in the legislation
proposed by the Ministry of Economic Affairs.
Brazil ready to help Pakistan in
generating renewable energy
Brazil Ambassador Claudio Raja
Gabaglia Lins has said that Brazil was
meeting 42 per cent of its energy needs
through renewable resources and was
ready to help Pakistan in generating
energy through wind, solar, ethanol,
biomass and other sources. Brazil was
seventh largest economy of the world
and second largest in Latin America and
Pakistan could achieve beneficial results
for its economy by enhancing coopera-
tion with Brazil. The ambassador said
that Brazil had achieved robust growth
in agriculture and livestock sectors and
Pakistan could improve its agriculture
productivity by increasing coopera-
tion with Brazil in this particular field.
Many Pakistani products have excel-
lent potential in Brazilian market and
Pakistani businessmen should step up
efforts to promote trade with Brazil, he
added. He said that promoting direct
contacts between the private sectors of
both countries was the best approach to
explore all untapped areas of potential
cooperation.
The amendment is set for review by the
Legislative YuanTaiwans highest lawmaking
bodybefore year-end. Lin Chuan-neng, direc-
tor-general of the MOEAs Bureau of Energy,
said liberalizing Taiwans renewable energy
market is key to fostering the emergence of a
viable green power industry. The government
will maintain this momentum by implement-
ing policies spurring private participation
and investment, as well as streamlining
production and supply. According to Lin, the
amendment is not expected to affect the rate
for average electricity power consumption
per household, currently calculated at 330
kilowatt-hour by Taipower.
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 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

ExpertSpeak
Energy storage to play key
role in grid stabilization
Prashant Panda, President, Solar Business, ACME Solar, feels
that as India expands its power capacity addition, both thermal
and renewable, it will need energy storage solutions to guard
against challenges arising out of grid stability. According to
Panda, Energy Storage can play key role in grid stabilization
through operations such as Frequency response, peak shaving
and time shifting.

Today, we can witness the change India seems to be on track to

in the countrys power sector. India
is expected to have surplus power
supply in financial year 2016-17
60 with the continuous addition of new
power generating sources including
renewable sources and also an
improved supply of coal to thermal
power plants which have a lions
share in total power generation
scenario of our country. However, a
large populace of the country is still
bereft from continuous supply of
electricity and load shedding is still
a perennial problem in many areas.
Many rural localities are still waiting
to be connected to the main Grid. But
with the impetus being given by the
government, to 24/7 supply to all,
these ills will soon be overcome.
When we look back and see the
transformation in the sector in the last
decade where the country was reeling
under severe power crisis and the spot
price of power at exchanges touched
a new height and the current scenario
where the cost of power procurement
at exchanges is cheapest of the entire
available power supply contract chain.
India has an installed power
capacity of more than 305 GW, of
which renewable energy has a share
of more than 14%. At current pace,
achieve its ambitious target of
having 40% of the
power gen- Grid
eration from stability
renewable becomes a major
sources by issue when there is
2030. substantial addition
The of energy through
game renewable
changer for sources
this transfor-
mation can be
grouped into three broad categories.
First, the improved supply of fuel to
thermal power plants with an increase
of around 11% in coal production
and the reverse auction of gas supply
through price pooling of domestic
produced gas and imported LNG
to the once idle gas-based plants to
generate power at affordable price.
Second, the addition of new capacity
in both thermal and renewable energy
sectors by giving clearances to Mega/
Ultra Mega thermal power projects
and setting national goal of having
175 GW of installed renewable
energy capacity by 2022. And third,
by policy and regulatory support,
where distribution companies which
were making high losses can make
a turnaround by reducing their
Prashant Panda, President, Solar Business,
ACME Solar
financing cost to reduce the debt
burden and make more investments
in upgradation of infrastructure
for transmission and distribution of
power, and purchase more power
from renewable energy sources to
fulfill their renewable purchase
obligation under the new National
Electricity Policy.
ACME has been an industry leader
in solar power generation with an
operational capacity of 514 MW and
more than 1.1 GW of power project
under various stages of construction
and implementation in different parts
of the country. We have committed to
the Government at the Re-invest 2015
to develop 7500 MW of Solar Projects
during the five year period of 2015-19.
Besides, generating 12000 Million
Units of green and clean power
annually, these projects will also
create employment for nearly 4000
persons, directly and indirectly and
prevent Carbon Emissions of around
10000 MT per year.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

Today ACME is recognized as

the leading solar power developer in
India and expanding rapidly for global
footprint. We have been able to add
nearly 1100 MW of new Solar Projects
through bidding in various tenders
since April2015.

Energy storage technology

Energy Storage is one of the key
focus areas of ACME and we are
developing various customized solu-
tions to meet application specific
requirements. Growing level of inte-
gration of Renewable energy sources
on to the main Grid and given their
intermittent nature makes it impera-
tive to bring in Energy Storage solu-
tions (ESS) in Indian context. Grid
stability becomes a major issue when
there is substantial addition of energy
through renewable sources, which are
intermittent in nature. Energy Storage
can play key role in grid stabilization right solution for right application.
through operations such as Frequency
Energy forecasting Energy storage in this context is
61

response, peak shaving and time
shifting.
Energy forecasting which could
become a major requirement with
increased level of Renewable can
be made possible by having ESS
in place. Apart from the large scale
grid level storage systems, equal
importance has to be given towards
distributed storage systems at
residential and micro grid level that
can also bring energy independence
to individual users.
Another important segment where
energy storage brings value is EV
to building or EV to Grid. With
aggressive plans across the world to
introduce Electric Vehicles (EV), this
segment is going to clearly influence
the Energy storage markets. Energy
storage uses various methods to
store excess energy to be used at a
later time which in turn allows the
energy providers to balance between
the demand and supply. A number
of devices and media are used to
store energy, while their selection
which could become not just a back-up power source that is
a major requirement used only when grid is not available.
with increased level Storage element is not going to be
operated in floating applications as
of Renewable can it is being used presently with the
be made possible conventional storage technologies.
by having ESS in However, Energy storage unit is
place. Apart from the subjected to a daily cycling when it is
used in conjunction with renewable
large scale grid level sources or Electric Vehicles. This
storage systems, brings a challenge of cyclic life for an
equal importance has energy storage unit. ESS shall have
to be given towards the capability to be used either as an
Energy source for applications such
distributed storage as grid and also as power source for
systems at residential applications as in Electric Vehicle.
and micro grid level In this context, we see Lithium ion
that can also bring battery clearly emerging as a favorable
choice. Growing use of Lithium
energy independence Battery in Electric vehicle is driving
to individual users the demand worldwide and bringing
its cost down. Benefits out of Electric
depends primarily on the source of Vehicle industry can be utilized for
energy and the intended use. There Grid scale storage also.
are a lot of competing technologies It is very important for the country
that are available to store the energy. to initiate few pilot projects, gain
However, it is important to choose a experience to deal with the grid scale
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

ExpertSpeak

storage systems. Though large scale frame regulations and policies around falling in line with the Governments
storage systems are already installed this segment. vision of creating smart cities. While
and operational in countries like It has also been observed that there are handful of applications and
Germany and Japan, we do not have distributed energy storage systems numerous advantages with Energy
any thing operational in India. While are already being considered for Storage solutions, it is important for
it is helpful to learn from what has ancillary services, particularly as a the authorities and industry to clearly
been installed already elsewhere in Primary Control Reserve, in some define the use cases, frame guidelines
the world, it is important to establish countries like Germany. This gives an and standards so that the segment can
proof of concepts in India. This helps additional facility for individuals to grow as an organized segment.
the industry to learn what challenges participate in ancillary services. This Realizing this impending need
are there in Indian context and also needs a smart grid to be available, of Energy Storage, ACME has
already installed Lithium Ion battery
Though large scale storage systems are already based Energy storage systems, and
established working examples in
installed and operational in countries like various segments like rural micro
Germany and Japan, we do not have any thing grids, Renewable integration at high
operational in India. While it is helpful to learn altitude areas and building solu-
tions. It is also giving that extra
from what has been installed already elsewhere push towards localizing PCS, EMS
in the world, it is important to establish proof and battery assembly in India under
of concepts in India. This helps the industry Make in India initiative.
to learn what challenges are there in Indian
context The views in the article of the author are personal
62 For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com

InDepth
RPO compliance by Obligated
Entities need of the hour
A total of 9 states out of 16 reported a compliance level of less than 70 per cent last year
Questions of capital costs and consumer level prices need to be answered
By Team InfralinePlus
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) along with all the State Renew-
able Development Agencies are speedily
moving towards achieving the target of
175 GW of grid connected RE power by
2022 as part of Indias global commit-
ments to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UN-
FCCC) to combat climate change.
The Renewable Energy Certificate
(REC) scheme in India aims to boost
energy generation from renewable
sources and enable states (state dis-
tribution companies, DISCOMs) to
cost-effectively meet their renewable
purchase obligations (RPOs), set by
respective State Electricity Regulatory
Commissions (SERCs). Last year, the
Honble Supreme Court (SC) of India
while upholding the applicability of
RPO regulations, put a greater thrust on
the fundamental duties of the citizens of
India enshrined under the Constitution
of India to protect and improve the
natural environment (Hindustan Zinc
Ltd. vs. Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory
Commission case). The SC empha-
sized the impacts of global warming
and securing environment for larger
public interest in the realm of Article
51A(g) & Article 21 of the Constitution,
provisions of Electricity Act, 2003, the
National Electricity Policy of 2005 and
the National Tariff Policy of 2006.
As per a study conducted by Indian
Energy Exchange (IEX) last year, a total
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
63
of 9 states out of 16 including Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and
Delhi reported a compliance level of
less than 70 per cent (RPO compliance)
and have not met even half of their
RPO targets in the past two years. More
recently, state electricity regulatory
commissions (SERC) in states such
as Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have
recently amended solar RPO norms
with upward revision and extension in
trajectory period. SERC in Tamil Nadu
has significantly increased solar RPO
norm from 0.5 per cent in 2015-16 to
5 per cent in 2017-18, while SERC in
Maharashtra has gradually increased the
RPO norm from 0.5 per cent last fiscal
to 3.5 per cent in 2019-20 fiscal.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

InDepth

RE Targets for 2022 in capacity terms: State-wise Solar RPO

RE Source Solar Wind Small Hydro Biomass Total
requirement (as on 2021-22)
Capacity in MW 99,533 60,000 5,000 10,000 174,533 Solar RPO Solar RPO
State Required Required
(2021-22) (2021-22)
(%) (MW)
Domestically, there are questions of capital costs and Andhra Pradesh 8% 5357
consumer level prices that need to be answered. The Arunachal Pradesh 8% 42
governments ballpark figure suggests that $100 billion Assam 8% 801

of investment would be required to meet this solar pow- Bihar

Chhattisgarh
8%
8%
2969
2171
er capacity addition. Another number being bandied out Delhi 8% 1870
is INR 10 Lakh Crore of investment for 100 GW of solar Goa 8% 369
and 60 GW of wind power capacity addition by 2022 Gujarat 8% 9403
Haryana 8% 4030
Himachal Pradesh 8% 521
Current context Renewable Purchase Obligation Jammu & Kashmir 8% 1319
Indias renewable energy (RE) genera- (RPO): 8% of total consumption of Jharkhand 8% 500
tion capacity is around 43 GW (8.5 GW electricity, excluding hydro power, shall be Karnataka 8% 5961
from solar energy by March 2022 Kerala 8% 1429
- solar, 28 GW - wind, 4.3 GW - small-
To further support the ambitious of 100 Madhya Pradesh 8% 5636
hydro and 4.8 GW - biomass). There GW solar by 2022, the amendment Maharashtra 8% 12611
is increasing realization that RE can proposes an increase in solar RPO to 8%. Manipur 8% 118
be a major contributor in Indias future The increase could potentially support Mizoram 8% 76
80 GW of capacity addition between FY
energy mix. (Total installed capacity, as Meghalaya 8% 182
2016-2022 assuming an annual average Nagaland 8% 60
of September 30 2016: 306 GW; Coal: electricity demand growth of 8%. The Odisha 8% 2200
187 GW, Gas: 24 GW, Nuclear: 5.7 GW, present RPO regulations (EA 2003 and Punjab 8% 3917
Hydro: 44.2 GW, RES: 43.1 GW) NTP 2006) require RPO estimations
64 to be based on consumption, which
Rajasthan 8% 6556
Domestically, there are questions of Sikkim 8% 5
might have issues with the RPO
capital costs and consumer level prices Tamil Nadu 8% 8903
implementation. The amendment
Telangana 8% 4457
that need to be answered. The govern- needs to address the contradictions
Tripura 8% 123
ments ballpark figure suggests that $100 with EA, 2003. The amendment also
Uttarakhand 8% 561
exempts electricity sourced from
billion of investment would be required Uttar Pradesh 8% 13248
hydro sources from RPO obligations.
to meet this solar power capacity How the DISCOMs will get impacted
West Bengal 8% 4603
addition. Another number being bandied Chandigarh 8% 50
is yet to be understood. Also, it may
Daman & Diu 8% 189
out is INR 10 Lakh Crore of investment trigger another issue for discoms
under Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana Dadar & Nagar
8% 502
for 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind Haveli
(UDAY) scheme.
power capacity addition by 2022. This Puducherry 8% 229
Total 100,000
does not include large costs of providing solar energy from the date of notifica-
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
grid evacuation and stability for the tion of this policy which shall be such
intermittent power supply. that it reaches 8% of total consumption July 22, 2016) enlists the yearly RPO
of energy, excluding Hydro Power, by trajectory for both non-solar and solar
Renewable energy March 2022 or as notified by the Cen- power purchase from the current year
provisions in the revised tral Government from time to time. till 2018-19. For non-solar, the targets
Tariff Policy: Provisions The calculation is based on certain are from 8.75 per cent to 10.25 per cent
related to Solar RPO assumptions on capacity utilization and solar is 2.75 per cent to 6.75 per
Under the amended provisions of the factor (CUF) including rooftop solar cent during same period. The target
National Tariff Policy (Para 6.4 1(i)), and growth in the total energy con- is to reach 17 per cent of total energy
it is stated that Long term growth sumption. This may further change consumption as listed above.
trajectory of Renewable Purchase depending on the actual growth in the
Obligations (RPOs) will be prescribed total consumption of energy in the Challenges
by the Ministry of Power in consulta- respective States. REC mechanism essentially seeks to
tion with MNRE and within the However, the order titled Guide- address the mismatch between availabil-
percentage so made applicable, to start lines for long term RPO trajectory of ity of RE sources and the requirement
with, the SERCs shall also reserve a Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO) of the obligated entities to meet their
minimum percentage for purchase of for non-solar as well as solar (dated renewable purchase obligation across
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com

states. However, experiences of REC Present Scenario of REC market

transactions in the past two years have No. of REC Redeemed
indicated that the some of the impedi- Opening RECs Closing
REC RECs retained Total
ments faced by the mechanism are due Month, Year Balance Redeemed Balance
Issued (B) by RE E=(C+D)
(A) through Power (F=A+B-E)
to procedural shortcomings in the exist- Exchanges (C)
Generators (D)

ing mechanism. RPO compliance is the September,

15926429 883041 193619 31129 224748 16584722
2015
biggest challenge facing the mechanism.
October,
State owned DISCOMs are mostly 16584722 522245 225293 36150 261443 16845524
2015
absent from the market; most of the November,
16845524 613071 319312 33484 352796 17105799
2015
participating DISCOMS, though small, December,
17105799 582625 960041 39019 999060 16689364
are mostly private. Lack of compliance 2015
and price uncertainty has also resulted January,
16689364 779010 401939 36707 438646 17029728
2016
in lenders shying away from financing February,
17029728 616491 676737 42330 719067 16927152
REC based projects. 2016
The main problem is that though March,
16927152 1005441 1266385 74240 1340625 16591968
2016
there is enough supply of RECs in the
April, 2016 16591968 367123 316110 52224 368334 16590757
energy exchanges, there is not enough May, 2016 16590757 687577 181941 30094 212035 17066299
demand as states are not forcing their June, 2016 17066299 508895 468441 2213 470654 17104540
utilities and industries to meet their July, 2016 17104540 139609 272980 13615 286595 16957554
RPOs. The trading has been lackluster August,
16957554 8456 - 0 16966010
2016
as there is no urgency for states to buy
Total 33287083 15610753 710320 16321073
REC until the end of the fiscal year in
March when they must meet their com- Table 1: REC Summary from Sep15 to Aug16
Source: Renewable Energy Certificate Registry of India website
pliance targets. This delay has led to low 65
trading of REC, which has made price
discovery difficult.

Conclusion
Energy policy development in India at
present is focused largely on improving
energy security in the country. With a
large proportion of the population still
not having proper access to electric-
ity, the countrys large dependency
on imported fuel and economic and
social impacts due to climate change
has driven the Government of India to
identify measures for harnessing renew-
able energy (RE) and energy efficient
measures for improving the countrys
energy security and efficiency. RPO
compliance by Obligated Entities (DIS-
COMs, CPPs, Open Access Consumers)
is the need of the hour to bring liquidity,
fresh investments and ultimately for the
promotion of a comprehensive market,
which will allow the government to
achieve its objective of declaring India
as a green powered economy in near
foreseeable future.

For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com

 November 2016
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StatisticsRenewableEnergy
1) Programme/ Scheme wise Physical Progress in 2016-17
FY- 2016-17
Cumulative Achievements
Sector Achievement (April -
Target (as on 30.09.2016)
September, 2016)
I. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW)
Wind Power 4000.00 1305.50 28082.95
Solar Power 12000.00 1750.38 8513.23
Small Hydro Power 250.00 49.40 4323.35
BioPower (Biomass &
Gasification and Bagasse 400.00 51.00 4882.33
Cogeneration)
Waste to Power 10.00 7.50 115.08
Total 16660.00 3163.78 45916.94
II. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
Waste to Energy 15.00 2.24 162.40
Biomass(non-bagasse)
60.00 0.00 651.91
Cogeneration
Biomass Gasifiers 2.00 0.00 18.15
-Rural
8.00 2.40 166.64
-Industrial
Aero-Genrators/Hybrid systems 1.00 0.20 2.79
SPV Systems 100.00 48.13 361.98
Water mills/micro hydel 1 MW + 500 Water Mills 0.10 MW + 100 Water Mills 18.81
Total 187.00 53.07 1382.68
III. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Family Biogas Plants (in Lakhs) 1.00 0.17 48.72
Source: MNRE
66

2) REC Trading Volume and Price for October 2016

Through IEX
Cleared
Buy Bids Sell Bids Cleared Price No. of Month of
REC Type Volume
Participants Auction
(Rec) (Rec) (Rec) (Inr/Rec)
Solar 19,932 2,300,940 19,932 3,500 477
October 2016
Non-Solar 157,273 8,269,834 157,273 1,500 847
Source: IEX

Through PXIL
Buy Bid Sell Bid MCP MCV
Month of
REC Type (No. of (No. of (INR / Certificate) (No. of certificate)
Auction
certificates) certificates) Qty. (MWH)
Non Solar 98048 4743346 1500 98048
October 2016
Solar 15676 1347938 3500 15676
Source: PXIL

3). Commissioning Status of Grid Connected Solar Power Projects as 30-09-2016

Total cumulative capacity Capacity commissioned in Total cumulative capacity
Sr. No. State/UT
till 31-03-16 (MW) 2016-17 till 30-09-16(MW) till 30-09-16 (MW)
1 Andhra Pradesh 572.97 374.08 947.05
2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.27 0.27
3 Bihar 5.1 85 90.1
4 Chhattisgarh 93.58 34.88 128.46
5 Gujarat 1119.17 17.14 1136.32
6 Haryana 15.39 15.39
7 Jharkhand 16.19 16.19
8 Karnataka 145.46 143.67 289.13
 November 2016
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9 Kerala 13.05 13.05

10 Madhya Pradesh 776.37 34 810.37
11 Maharashtra 385.76 385.76
12 Odisha 66.92 66.92
13 Punjab 405.06 166.14 571.2
14 Rajasthan 1269.93 24.67 1294.6
15 Tamil Nadu 1061.82 493.59 1555.41
16 Telangana 527.84 433.95 961.79
17 Tripura 5 5
18 Uttar Pradesh 143.5 143.5
19 Uttarakhand 41.15 41.15
20 West Bengal 7.77 4 11.77
21 Andaman & Nicobar 5.1 5.1
22 Delhi 14.28 9.59 23.87
23 Lakshadweep 0.75 0.75
24 Puducherry 0.03 0.03
25 Chandigarh 6.81 6.81
26 Daman & Diu 4 4
27 J&K 1 1
28 Himachal Pradesh 0.2 0.2
29 Mizoram 0.1 0.1
27 Others data from rooftop 58.31 42.61 100.92
division cumulative
TOTAL 6762.85 1863.33 8626.18
Source: MNRE

4. State-Wise Waste Generation, Collection and Treatment Details

Quantity
S.No. States Generated Collected (TPD) Collected % Treated (TPD) Treated % 67
(TPD)
1 Andaman & Nicobar 70 70 100 5 7
2 Andhra Pradesh & Telangana 11500 10656 93 9418 82
3 Arunachal Pradesh 110 82 82 74 74
4 Assam 650 350 54 100 15
5 Bihar 1670 NR NR NR NR
6 Chandigarh 340 330 97 250 74
7 Chhattisgarh 1896 1704 90 168 9
8 Daman Diu, & Dadra 85 85 85 Nil 0
9 Delhi 8390 7000 83 4150 49
10 Goa 183 182 99 182 99
11 Gujarat 9227 9227 100 1354 15
12 Haryana 3490 3440 99 570 16
13 Himachal Pradesh 300 240 80 150 50
14 Jammu & Kashmir 1792 1322 74 320 18
15 Jharkhand 3570 3570 100 65 2
16 Karnataka 8784 7602 87 2000 23
17 Kerala 1576 776 49 470 30
18 Lakshadweep 21 - 0 - 0
19 Madhya Pradesh 5079 4298 85 802 16
20 Maharashtra 26,820 14900 56 4700 18
21 Manipur 176 125 71 - 0
22 Meghalaya 268 199 74 98 37
23 Mizoram 552 276 50 Nil 0
24 Nagaland 270 186 69 18 7
25 Orissa 2460 2107 86 30 1
26 Puducherry 495 495 100 Nil 0
27 Punjab 3900 3853 99 32 1
28 Rajasthan 5037 2491 49 490 10
29 Sikkim 49 49 100 0.3 1
30 Tamil Nadu 14532 14234 98 1607 11
31 Tripura 407 407 100 Nil 0
32 Uttar Pradesh 19180 19180 100 5197 27
33 Uttarakhand 1013 1013 100 Nil 0
34 West Bengal 8674 7196 83 1415 16
Total 1,43,449 1,17,644 - 32,871 -
Source: CPCB Report
 November 2016
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OffBeat |ExpertSpeak
Delhi Metro: A road map to
sustainable transport
The Delhi Metro which is the worlds 12th largest metro
system in terms of both length and number of stations
is leading the way in sustainable transport. In this article,
Harveen Kaur, PhD Scholar, University of Delhi, discusses
various green and sustainable initiatives taken by Delhi Metro
and how it can serve as a role model for public transport
across the country.

Since metro transport systems are
quite capital-intensive projects, the en-
vironment sustainability of such sys-
tems is an important issue that needs
to be explored. This article examines
the sustainable approaches (conserv-
ing resources, energy security, and en-
68 ergy efficiency) and green initiatives
taken by Delhi metro to build a low
carbon and an environmental friendly
rail transport in India.
About Delhi Metro Project
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
(DMRC) is headquartered in New
Delhi, India. It was registered (in the
year 1995) under Companies Act 1956
with equal equity participation from
the Government of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and the
Central Government. The Delhi Metro
has been instrumental in escorting
masses as a means of urban transporta-
tion in India. Delhi Metro introduced
high-class, comfortable, air-condi-
tioned and environmentally sustainable
services for the first time in India and
completely revolutionized the mass
transportation scenario not only in the
National Capital Region but in the
entire country. DMRC today stands out
as an outstanding example of Green
Metro over globe.
Presently, the Delhi Metro network
consists of about 213 Km with 160
stations along with seven lines. The
network has now crossed the bound-
aries of Delhi to reach Noida and
Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon
and Faridabad in Haryana. It is
important to highlight that Delhi
Metro is the First metro
train system in the Harveen Kaur, PhD Scholar, University of Delhi
world to receive Delhi
the Envi- metro Road map towards
ronmental has been com- sustainable development
Standard mitted towards the The DMRC contributes positively
ISO 14001 objectives spelt out towards Sustainable development
EMS under the National of India. The project activi-
during the Solar Mission and ties thereby contribute towards
construction sustainable use of sustainable development of the
phase itself. solar energy country.
It has created
local skilled and DMRCs Solar Initiative
semi-skilled employment opportunities Delhi metro has been committed to-
for number of people in the capital. wards the objectives spelt out under the
Key highlights of Delhi Metro:
It carries 2.7 Million passengers a day
It is known to be most energy intensive (energy is being used for traction,
i.e., for carrying passengers and maintaining conditioned air in the
coaches) but very sustainable transport system
56 % of energy is consumed by traction and the remaining 44 % by other
services
The concern for sustainability is manifested in its Mission and Culture
statement itself i.e. to make Delhi Metro self-sustainable and during con-
struction it should neither cause inconvenience nor endanger public life
nor should their work lead to ecological or environmental degradation.
According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 3.9 lakh
vehicles from the streets of Delhi.
 November 2016
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DMRCS SUSTAINABLE POLICIES AT A GLANCE
Quality
Policy
Waste
Managem
ent Policy
S us tainable
Policies of
DMR C
Environmental
Policy
Swacch
Metro
Compaign
National Solar Mission and has been
proactively working towards sustain-
able use of solar energy to harness
electricity for its operations. It has set
up roof top solar power plants at many
of its stations. It has installed nine
new solar power generation facilities
in the stations and the depot of the
Badarpur Faridabad Metro corridor
for partial fulfillment of the energy
requirements. The power generated is
study for installing solar panels on the
Water
Policy
Solar
policy
Energy
Manageme
nt Policy
used for the lighting and other auxiliary
requirements of the station and depot
buildings. In total, DMRC has so far
commissioned solar power facilities
with generation capacity of approx.
2,800 kWp with plants at Dwarka Sec-
tor 21, Anand Vihar, Pragati Maidan,
Metro Enclave, Yamuna bank station,
Yamuna bank depot, Faridabad RSS,
ITO, Ajronda depot and the Faridabad
metro stations. In addition to this, the
Foot Over Bridges (FOBs) providing
connectivity to the commuters across
the National Highways has also been
undertaken. It has already commis-
sioned 3 MW Solar Power Plants and
aims to achieve 20 MW by 2017 and
50 MW by 2021.
DMRCs Water Conservation
Initiative
Delhi Metro is taking all possible
measures to rationalize its use of water
and recycle and reuse water as much
as possible. In order to streamline the
water conservation measures of the
organization, a detailed water policy
has been put in place since 2013. In ad-
dition to this, in 2014-15, Delhi Metro
also added 99 Rain Water Harvesting
pits at 37 locations with capacity of
990 CuM. Rain water harvesting struc-
tures have been installed at elevated
stations, viaducts and depots. 69
Rain Water Harvesting
Structures at Shastri Park
Depot

S OC IAL INDIC ATOR

It has increased employment opportunities for semiskilled, skilled labour and professionals in the
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in various capacities . The project activity thus contributes to
social well being Source: http://www.delhimetrorail.com/
watermanage.html

E C ONOMIC INDIC ATOR

It has reduced total energy consumption because of the increased efficiency achieved through Currently DMRC has 84 rain water
regenerative brakes system . It also reduces the dependence of host country on imported fossil
fuels. The job opportunities generated by the project activity also helps in improving the harvesting structures with 464 pits
economic status of those recruited for the project activity.
which have a total capacity of 8607.08
cum. In the FY 2016-17, DMRC
E NVIR ONME NTAL INDIC ATOR
It regenerates electricity which aids in reduction of CO 2 emitted to the atmosphere . The project had planned to install 24 new RWH
activity has also resulted in reducing SOx emissions and associated environmental degradation.
Replacing an equivalent amount of grid electricity by regenerated electricity, results in fossil fuels
systems with 107 pits with a total
conservation and increased availability of power from the northern grid for other needful
purposes .
capacity of 1350 cum. DMRC is also
exploring more possibility of mini-
TE C HNOLOG IC AL INDIC ATOR mizing fresh water consumption by
The technology being used in the project activity is environmentally safe and sound technology
for the application. The project activity by providing an environmental friendly technology for the
treating and reusing the waste water.
Delhi Metro Rail System in the country would serve as an example for other upcoming metros in
the country.
Waste water treatment is an
important initiative to be taken for the
 November 2016
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OffBeat | ExpertSpeak
Installation of Solar Panels by Delhi Metro
betterment of the society and for future
generations. Treating waste water and
reusing the treated water is an important
part of water conservation effort. Waste
water treatment is a process, wherein the
contaminants are removed from waste
water to produce effluent suitable for
reuse or discharge in waste water drain.
70 It has installed Sewage Treatment Plants
(STP) and Effluent Treatment Plants
(ETP) in depots & colonies resulting
in reuse of water for horticulture and
flushing of toilets.An Effluent Treatment
Plant treats the waste water to remove
any toxic and non-toxic materials or
chemicals from the waste water. A
Sewage Treatment Plant (domestic
waste water treatment) removes contam-
inants from waste water and household
sewage. Five depots of DMRC (namely
Sarita Vihar, Shastri Park, Yamuna
Bank, Sultanpur and Khyber Pass along
with the residential colonies at Shastri
Park, Sarita Vihar and Yamuna Bank)
have been equipped with these plants.
Tree Plantations done by DMRC
Source: http://www.delhimetrorail.com/enviroment.aspx
DMRC has also taken a new step
towards recycling of waste water
by installing bio-digester tanks. In
bio-digester tank, a consortium of
anaerobic bacteria acts as inoculum
(seed material) to the bio-digester
and converts the organic waste into
methane and carbon dioxide.
DMRCs initiative for
Conservation of Ecology
DMRC has a policy to plant 10 saplings
for every tree that it removes. In order to
ensure that the correct type of saplings
are planted and maintained, DMRC has
engaged the services of Forest Depart-
ment, Govt. of Delhi. All the expenses
for this are borne by DMRC. In order
to further expand the green cover in the
National Capital, DMRC handed over
a land area measuring 15 hectares (near
Shastri Park) to the Forest department
for plantation activities.
In addition, DMRC has also tied
up with a non-governmental organi-
Waste water treatment
is an important initiative
to be taken for the bet-
terment of the society
and for future genera-
tions. Treating waste
water and reusing the
treated water is an
important part of water
conservation effort.
Waste water treatment
is a process, wherein
the contaminants are
removed from waste
water to produce efflu-
ent suitable for reuse
or discharge in waste
water drain
zation- Sustainable Green Initiative
for carrying out plantation drives in
different parts of the city. DMRC
plans to plant over 25,000 saplings
voluntarily in the years to come. Tree
plantation by DMRC has potential
capacity to sequester approximately
5,500 t of CO2 and produce 12,400 t
of O2 per year.
Tree Plantation Data for
DMRC Construction Phase 1,
2&3
Conservation of Ecology
Trees Trees Trees Trans-
felled/cut Planted planted
31855 344251 6636
Source: http://www.delhimetrorail.com/
otherdocuments/cop21.pdf
Going Green Initiative for
Buildings - Green Metro
Green Buildings are known to be
most environmentally efficient build-
ings. In India, Indian Green Building
Council (IGBC) certifies building as a
Green Building. Until now, there was
no norm in place that could certify a
Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) to
be green. In order to develop a rating

Initiatives to Conserve Ecology
Sources: http://www.greening.in/2013/05/delhi-metro-celebrates-world.html
Concept of Green Building
system applicable to all metros, DMRC
and IGBC joined hands and came up
with a Green Certification norm for the
very first time in the world, for rating a
MRTS to Green Standards. This MRTS
Rating System was launched by IGBC
on 4th September 2014 exclusively for
Green certification of Metro System.
All the upcoming Metro stations
under the Delhi Metro as part of its
third phase are designed and being
constructed as Green Buildings with
specific provisions for the conservation
of energy as well as better CO2 saving,
water saving and waste management
arrangements. These station buildings
have following specific features:
Reduced Heat Island Effect:
The roofs of the stations are
either finished with high reflective
materials or/and landscaped with
vegetation.
Landscape Plant Species:
The plant species used for the
landscaping (wherever possible)
of the stations are either native
or adaptive which consume less
water and help in increased water
efficiency of the building.
Insulated Building Envelope: To
reduce heat gains in the stations
and improve energy efficiency,
the walls, roof and windows are
insulated.
Adequate Fresh Air: The Metro
stations are being designed to
provide adequate fresh air as
per ASHRAE 62.1-2004 through
ventilation system.
Low VOC Paints: To reduce
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
In order to develop
a rating system ap-
plicable to all metros,
DMRC and IGBC joined
hands and came up
with a Green Certifica-
tion norm for the very
first time in the world,
for rating a MRTS to
Green Standards. This
MRTS Rating System
was launched by IGBC
on 4th September 2014
exclusively for Green
certification of Metro
System
the adverse health effect and
improve quality of indoor air, only
Low VOC paints, adhesives and
sealants are being used in the 71
buildings.
Water Efficient Fixtures: Low
water consuming fixtures like
Dual-flush WC, low flow taps etc
are installed at the stations.
Energy Efficient Equipments:
All the lift and escalators are
equipped with Variable Voltage
Variable Frequency drives which
consume less energy compared
to conventional lift & escalators.
Faridabad metro stations have received
highest green building rating and
awarded the highest possible rating
(platinum) for adherence to green
building norms, by the Indian Green
Building Council (IGBC), which has
devised a rating mechanism for Metro
stations and buildings on a scale of
platinum, gold, silver etc for following
the green building specifications. Two
new recently opened Metro stations of
Delhi in Phase 3 Janpath and Mandi
House, have also been awarded the
highest possible rating (platinum) for
adherence to green building norms,
by the Indian Green Building Council
(IGBC).
 November 2016
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OffBeat | ExpertSpeak

Operations in Green Building Metro has been certified by the United

Nations (UN)under the Kyoto Proto-
col as the First Metro Rail and Rail
based system in the world which will
get Carbon Credits for reducing Green
House Gas Emissions as it has helped
to reduce pollution levels in the city
by 6.3 lakh tons every year henceforth
helping in reducing global warming. It
has earned carbon credits worth about
Rs.47 crore annually for the next seven
years and with the increase in number
of passengers, this figure shall increase.
No other Metro in the world could get
the Carbon Credit for the above because
of the very stringent requirement of the
United Nations Body to provide con-
clusive documentary proof of reduction
in emissions. It is difficult to give docu-
mentary proof of the difference of energy
consumption of two scenarios, i.e. With
Source: www.masterspmc.com
Metro and Without Metro. Today about
18 lakh people travel in the citys Metro
72 Green House Emissions from different Modes of transport at Rail system which is completely non-
glance polluting and environment friendly and,
but for the Metro these people would
have traveled by cars, busses, two/three
wheelers etc which would have resulted
in emission of green House Gases such
as CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM and SO2.

Source: http://www.delhimetrorail.com/greeninitiative.aspx
Reduction in GHG Emission
initiative
Currently, about 25 lakh people travel
by the Metro, which is a non-polluting
and an environment friendly system.
Had the Metro not been there, these
people would have travelled by cars,
buses, two- and three-wheelers, which
would have resulted in higher emis-
sion of greenhouse gases. Thus, Delhi
Conclusion
Delhi Metro is committed to energy
conservation, environment protection
and sustainable development which
is visible from its positive approaches
and efforts. It can be concluded that
every passenger who chooses to use
Metro instead of car/bus contributes
in reduction of emissions (approx. 100
gm of carbon-Co2for every trip of 10
km and therefore, becomes party to the
reduction in global warming). It has
set a bench mark performance against
worlds best Metros. In addition, DMRC
has taken initiatives for intermodal
last mile connectivity like Feeder Bus
Service, Grameen Seva from Metro
Stations, Bicycle Service and Battery
Operated Taxis from stations.
The views in the article of the author are personal
For suggestions email at feedback@infraline.com

Reports & Studies
Discom losses to halve by FY19: CRISIL
Ratings agency CRISIL estimates the
aggregate gap or loss of power distribution
companies (discoms) in the 15 states that
have joined the Ujwal Discom Assurance
Yojana (UDAY) would more than halve to
28p a unit by 2018-19. The gap, calculated
as average revenue realised minus average
cost of supply, was 64p a unit in FY16.
Consequently, aggregate losses of these
discoms are seen declining by 46 per cent,
to Rs 20,000 crore from Rs 37,000 crore
now. The gap will still be well above the
nil envisaged under UDAY, as some states
with very high aggregate technical and
commercial losses arent well prepared to
reduce it. The reasons include inadequate
BRICS need additional $51 billion annually to meet renewable targets
BRICS countries will require additional
annual investment of $51 billion on
average to meet their current renewable
energy capacity addition targets, says
a report. The Institute for Energy
Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA)
said that overall nearly $10 billion would
need to come in annually from public
Increased coke prices to hurt steel makers: Fitch
A sharp increase in coking coal prices
since August 2016 could squeeze Indian
steelmakers profitability and deepen their
financial risks, Fitch Ratings said. The risk,
according to Fitch, will increase if high cok-
ing coal prices persist and domestic steel
demand growth remains weak. Leverage
for producers such as Tata Steel and JSW
Steel jumped in the financial year ending
March 2016, mainly due to poor profit-
ability, and sustained pressure on margins
would hamper financial risk mitigation.
Prices for hard coking coal for export by
Australia as of 30 September 2016 were
$100 per tonne higher than the average
in the quarter ended June 2016 (1QFY17),
feeder separation, feeder and distribution
transformer metering, and a poor record
on other efficiency parameters. Also, with
elections due in some within 12 months,
their room to raise rates is restricted.
Cross-subsidisation is also high. Says
Gurpreet Chhatwal, business head, large
corporates, at CRISIL: Rajasthan, capacities with already-signed PPAs to be
Haryana, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand
finance institutions to channelize sufficient
private funds to meet the renewable
energy capacity targets of BRICS nations.
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa make up the grouping. The current
renewable energy targets of BRICS
countries require an additional annual
investment of USD 51 billion on average,
which highlights the gap that may be
filled by blended finance mechanisms,
IEEFA said. IEEFA said there are pockets
in the renewable energy space such as
residential rooftop segment that are riskier
and less attractive for private investments
and entities like the New Development
Bank (NDB) can play a crucial role
according to data from The Steel Index.
A 125% hike in process. Prices rallied fol-
lowing Chinas decision to limit coal mines
operating days to 276 a year, from 330
to restructure the sector and improve its
profitability. Others issues such as flooding
November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
are expected to fare better in UDAY
implementation and likely to be the biggest
beneficiaries. UP, Bihar and Jammu &
Kashmir are expected to be laggards. These
three states would account for almost
two-thirds of the gap in FY19. Concerted
effort by them will be critical to narrowing
the future gap. CRISIL says the energy
requirements of discoms are expected to
increase at a compound annual rate of
seven per cent by FY19, compared with
around four per cent till FY16. New signing
of long-term power purchase agreements
(PPAs) seems unlikely, with 25,000 Mw of
operational by FY19.
in catalysing funds. Overall, BRICS
countries have announced targets to add
renewable capacity of nearly 500 GW over
time horizons ranging from 2020-2030.
Meeting these targets would require an
annual investment of around $ 177 billion. 73
In comparison, the investment in the
renewable sector in BRICS countries in
2015 was $126 billion, leaving an average
shortfall of USD 51 billion, the report
said. With respect to India, IEEFA said
the country requires around $26 billion
each year to meet its renewable capacity
targets by 2022, including $5 billion
annually to build a smart grid to handle
higher production from renewable sources.
in Chinas Shanxi province, that reduced
supply, and a number of unplanned mine
outages in Australia also supported the
price rise. Increase in raw material costs
for Indian steel producers could shrink
margins, if the cost rise is not passed on to
consumers. For example, we estimate that
a $ 50 per tonne increase in Tata Steels
coking coal cost in 1QFY17 would have
reduced consolidated EBITDA by around
35%, if all else stayed the same. Similarly,
JSW Steels 1QFY17 consolidated EBITDA
would have fallen by around 25%. The
impact of higher coal costs would be offset
if we assume price realisations for the two
companies were 5%-10% higher.
 November 2016
www.InfralinePlus.com
People in News
Cyrus Mistry removed as Tata Sons chairman, Ratan Tata returns
The board of Tata Sons Ltd has replaced
Cyrus P. Mistry as chairman, less than four
years after he took the helm, and named his
predecessor Ratan Tata interim chairman
for four months.Tata Sons in its collective
wisdom and on the recommendations of the
principal shareholders decided that it may be
appropriate to consider a change for the long-
term interest of Tata Sons and Tata group,
a spokesperson said.A selection committee
Tata Group appoints Padmanabhan as HR head
74
In a quick move to perhaps assuage anxiet-
ies among employees following the spat
between Ratan Tata and Cyrus Mistry, the
Tata Group has appointed S Padmanabhan,
a stalwart within the Tata ecosystem, as
the new group chief of HR (CHRO). This
was after Tata Groups former CHRO, N S
Rajan, who was brought in three years back
Tata veteran S Ramadorai resigns from NSDA, NSDC
Tata veteran S Ramadorai has resigned
as chairman of the governments skill
development agencies NSDA and NSDC
sparking speculation that he might be
headed back to Indias largest conglomer-
ate. Rohit Nandan, vice-chairman of the
governing body and secretary, ministry
of skill development and entrepreneur-
ship, has been appointed interim head of
the National Skill Development Agency
till a full-time chairman is appointed. The
comprising Ratan Tata, Venu Srinivasan,
Amit Chandra, Ronen Sen and Kumar Bhat-
tacharyya was given the mandate of finding
a replacement for Mistry, 48, who became
chairman of the $103 billion conglomerate
in December 2012, at the end of Tatas over
two-decade tenure at the top. The board
was given four months to complete the task.
In the interim, the board has requested me
to perform the role of chairman and I have
agreed to do so in the interest of and reassur-
ance to the Tata group, Ratan Tata, 78, said.
The development, which portends at least
short-term turmoil, comes at a time when
the conglomerate, whose business interests
range from tea to telecom and salt to soft-
ware services, has been trying to recast or
dispose of the key UK steel business, which it
acquired in a $12.9 billion purchase of Corus
Group Plc. in 2007 under Ratan Tata.
from EY, had resigned following Mistrys
ouster as chairman of Tata Sons.The exit
of an HR head from an organization, which
is undergoing turbulence following the
sudden ouster of its chairman, can hit the
morale of its people. For the Tata Group,
which employs over 6,60,000 people,
Padmanabhans appointment is thus critical
at this juncture. Padmanabhan, who chairs
the Tata Business Excellence Group, or
TBExG (earlier Tata Quality Management
Services), had kick-started the process of
taking the group towards overall business
excellence from the initial focus on quality.
TBExG had set itself a target of enabling at
least 25 Tata companies to achieve industry
leadership by 2025. Padmanabhan is also
chairman on the board of Tata Consulting
New CMD for TSNPDCL
The Telangana Government recently
appointed A. Gopal Rao as Chairman and
Managing Director of Northern Power
Distribution Company of Telangana Lim-
ited (TSNPDCL) Warangal. He will relieve
the incumbent K. Venkata Narayana from
the post. According to the orders issued
by in-charge Principal Secretary (Energy)
Sunil Sharma, the appointment has been
made following the resignation submit-
ted by Mr. Narayana on health grounds.
Engineers (TCE), a wholly owned subsidiary
of Tata Sons. Under Rajan, the group had
announced 27 weeks maternity leave policy,
six months paid adoption leave and 15 days
paid paternity leave, in addition to other
policies around diversity and inclusion. Pad-
manabhans experience in the field of HR
comes mainly from a stint he served in Tata
Consultancy Services (TCS) as HR director.
His career with the Tata Group at senior
executive positions began with TCS in 1982,
and spans over 33 years. He was executive
director (operations), Tata Power Company
since 2008, and was responsible for the
profitable and sustainable operations of all
thermal and hydro generation plants across
India and transmission and distribution
systems in Mumbai.
former Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
chief was appointed chairman of the skill
development agencies in May 2013 with
a Cabinet rank. He is also the chairman
of Tata Institute of Social Sciences and
AirAsia India.His resignation triggered
talk that he might be headed back to the
Tata Group where a search committee is
looking for a full-time chairman after the
board of Tata Sons ousted its first non-
family chairman, Cyrus Mistry, last month.
 e T r ial!
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