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    Ljiljana Petrovic Ex Bazovic
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    29 Ansichten16 Seiten

    2000ag Europe PDF

    Hochgeladen von

    Ljiljana Petrovic Ex Bazovic

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 16
    By E. Delson, A. S. Brooks and J. J. Shea ‘REPRINTED FROM: Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prohistory, 2nd ed, E.Delson, | Tattersall, J. A Van Couvering and A. 8. Brooks, eds. Garland: ‘New York, 2000 WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF: Etic Delson Department of Vertebrate Paleontology ‘American Museum of Natural History New York, NY 10024 Europe ‘Continental area with the fongest, moscneatly continuous r= coed of primate (including human) evolution. Europe does snot have the mest ancient primates (as does North America), nora good series of Homo erctsfesilsand very carly primates, (asin Asa) and ts fossil econ lacks the broad representation f almost all primate groups and most major events in cr tarthine and human history characteristic of Afica, What does distinguish Eucope is chat irhasa good representation of| both eal and ltr primates nd many human types and che Jongest history ofthe study of paleoanthropology and geology. ‘Asa consequence, the definitions of Cenozoicand most other time-scale subdivisions (epochs and stages), as well as of many types oflithi industries, technologies, and arifcts, are based ‘on European type sections especialy feom che Mediteranean and Paris-London basns“nd fom southwestern France. Europe is che smallest mainland continent, with an area ‘of 10 million km?, of which only che southern ewo-thids is potentially habitable by nonhuman primates. Western Eu rope was faunally connected to North America but nxt co Asia in the Early Cenozoic: Altica was isolated: a seaway di- vided central Asia from moi of eastern Europe. Asia and Eu~ rope were in contact by dhe mid Cenozoic, and faunal inter ‘change with Aftca via wesern Asia beeame possible early in the Miocene. Lae in thar epoch, intermittent contact was probably feasible across che Mediterranean Basin, both in the center (ca, 11-9 Ma) and in the Far west (ca 6-5.3 Ma) Acthis time, the mainly foresced environments preset since M0 the Mesozoic were increasingly restricted northward, so that steppes dominated most of southern Europe from 8 t0 5 Ms, The Mediterranean Basin became desiecated atthe end of | the Miocene as che result of tectonic contact with Africa in the west, preventing sufficient inflow of Atlantic water to keep the basin filled. After massive downeutting of river channels emprying into the basin (eg, Rhone and Niledela areas), 4 channel in the Rif area of Morocco refilled the “Mediterranean with Atlantic water (and fossils), marking the beginning ofthe Pliocene ca. 5.2 Ma. Humid monsoon-type fores spread chrough southern Europe, but then global ci- matic cooling led to more open conditions in the later Pliocene and Barly Pleistocene (ca. 3-1.0 Ma). A number of local mouncaia eanges that had risen mostly ding the later (Cenozoic were the centers of regional glaciation through the Pleistocene, as was the Scandinavian sector co the north Lat jnudinal zonation of climatic belts typifies Europe coday and probably dd so theough much of che Cenozoic Rise of Primates Primates fist appeared in the European fossil recordin the Late Paleocene. Plesiadapis oceurred in France at Cernay (and similar sites) and in Germany ar che Walbeck fissure- fill, which also yielded the unique specimens of Saxonela, Pilesiadapids continued into the Farly Eocene in England, France, and Belgium (the important locality of Dormaal) WOE CAP unc [Jf] sterre TUNDRA \WoooeD STEPPE Fa] pine woons [_] mixeo woootano Tepuraply a laid alongside Phenacolemur and the first euprimates: the notharctid Cantiueand the anapromorphine omomyid Til Ihardina, More than a dozen genera included in the Adapi formes ranged through the Facene of Europe, from Portugal ‘to England to northern Germany. The greatest numberof lo calities tein southern France, especially the group of fssuce- fillings and seratified sites in the Quercy region. Micrachoet= ine omomyids coexisted with adapiforms ar many, f not al, of the localities in the Middle and Late Eocene. In general they were small, while adapiforms ranged in site from tiny to that of aca, filing the niches taken by both notharctids and ‘omomyids in North America Jus after the beginning of the Oligocene (34-33 Ma), a major fiunal turnover known as the Grande Coupure, (Great Cutol?) cook place, and all pri- mates disappeared from the European Fossil recoed through ‘our che restof the Oligocene and Early Miocene. ‘Only in the early Middle Miocene (ca, 17-16 Ma) do primates again appear in Eucope, as resule of emigration from Africa, Pliopichecide were apparently the fist ro ative, probably via the sub-Alpine route along the northern shore ofthe Mediterrancan from western Asia, Acthistime,a major inland sex extended roughly east-west in the center of Europe and dovwa ro mest the Mediterranean in the Adiati region, Pliopithecusand alles were maioly resticted tothe west and north of this seavay, from Spain through co Poland and Hungary (bur alo in Romania), between 16 and 1] Ma, orl amin of Earpe daring a Pico ead ig cooler a ody Slightly younger is the firs European hominid Griphopiche ss, known from. single tooth at Engelswies (Germany, ca 15 Ma) ana few others from Neudosf (Caech Republic, ca. 14 Ma); these appeas to be closely similar co the lange sample from Pasar, Turkey. Dryopsheeusartved, or evolved locally, sill late, perhaps by ca. [4 Ma, and sometimes oc curred alongside the pliopithecids, At least three species are know fom many localities: D. fontani, D. lietanus, and D. 2rancoi and a fourth may occur ia Spain; teeth from Ud abno (Georgia, ca. 12 Ma) might epresent D. fontani or & distinct species. Cranial and postcranial remains of Dryo= pithecus are known from the easly Late Miocene of Can Llo- bateres (Spain, 9.6 Ma) and Rudabsnya (Hungary, ca. 10 wes "Sem smn) rotnarve y pe a) a i Lt Paleocene Plessis any Eocene - Pesadaptees,Aaapse fa oan Pests, Aa oer Me Eocene ~ Apia, Fone Atop. Merachowia Etnp te cee esi, Merecosn net Once Age -ome Ma), but opinions dlfer as to che affinities ofthis genus. Ie appears ro have conservatively thin molar enamel and neatly sibbonlike nasopalatine moxphology, the orbits are widely spaced, and igs humerus and ulna display several Features more like those of “modern” homninoids than is known for Griphopithesos or the Alrcan Kenpapithecus. Some authors have suggescedthae Dryopithecur may lie neae the base of che orangutan (pongine) or African apefhuman (hominine) clades, but iis probably more reasonably placed antecedent to that split, in the subfamily Dryopithecinae. Another member ofthat group may be the Irian "swamp apc” Ore _pshecus, previously thought to be a cercopithecoi, Move i tensive studies have shovsn that, alchough it has distinctive = Walbgek} Gaia ‘AMelania Clay \\o Messel 1 Grrenstein Gosgen Eserkingthoy Spjelsdort tngeo Sfdtpens a IN Selected Eurapean Lae Paecen 2 ary Olsen fsi primate ote. Age and ince or indiated scoring 0 the ey af ma teeth, which converge in some ways on those of ancestral (Old World monkeys, its posteranium and some cranial fe cures ally i¢ with later Hominidae. Most specimens are known From a series of sites in Tuscany dated to 8-7 Ma: a few teeth ate also known from Sardinia. One lase hominid _genus may als belong co the Dryopithecinae or, more likey. to the Homininae. Grnecopithecisis represented by a patil skull and numerous jaws (but ao postcrania) from Greek lo- calices dated ca. 9.5-8 Ma, Ir shares some canine reduction ‘with Hominini and igs molats have vey thick enamel, but otherwise itis rather gosillalike in facial morphology, con- forming to the morphorype for hominines; nv derived char- acters are shared with Ponginze Cercopitheccids appeared in Furopein the Late Miocene, when Mevpithecus penielies, 2 semitertestial colebine, was ‘common in the southeasrem parc ofthe continent ae Pikeem and Ssloniki (Greece), Titov Veles (Yugoslavia), Kalimanci (Bulgaria, and Grebeniki (Ukraine, allca.9-8 Ma The range of thie species continued eastward a least into Afghanistan, One premolar tooth fom Wissberg, in the Eppelsheim-area ‘Deinotberion Sands’ of Getmany, may date 11 Ma, ‘With the aridification of southern Europe, ca, 6-5 Ms, all primates disappeared except a few poorly dated colabines known from forested localities in Hungary. The reurn of hu- mid forests saw che spread of macaques (presumably feom [North Africa—rwo teeth are known in eastern Spain in the latest Miocene) and two new colobines: a smaller and more arboreal species of Meopithecus and the moderately large- bodied, errestial Dolchopitbecus rscinensiz. Berween Sand 3 Ma, these species are often found together at localities be- ‘ween Spain and Ukraine and as far north as Germany (Wolfersheim) and southern England (Red Crag). Later Pliocene and Pleistocene cooling probably led ro the extinc- ‘ion of the colebines, but macaques indistinguishable from the living seams of Gibraltar and North Africa persisted inco the easier Late Pleistocene across all of Europe from England and Spain to the Caucasus. The large-bodied, ter- restial, baboonlike Paradolchopichecu was apparently a lo cal macaque derivative that converged on the savannah ba- boon niche, Ie is known from only a few sites in the later Pliocene of Spain, France, and Romania, and also from ‘Tadzhikistan (central Asia. Earliest Human Colonization ‘The date and nature ofthe earliest human occupation of Eu rope are controversial. Europe was cleatly occupied over a side area between 500 and 300 Ka, an interval discussed in the following section. A smaller number of sites have been suggested to date before 500 Ka, but most of ches have been ctitcized on one of more grounds: the arifctual nature of the material (Chilhae, Kilich, Nevers [Bourbonnais sands, Predevce, St. Eble, Stranské Skéla,Vallonner, Venta Mi- ena); the basis of the dating (Isemia), or the association be- tween the dated material and the artificts (Chilhac UL, Monte Pega, Monte Poggiole, Solheihac).In he past, many claimsof Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene sites were bated ‘om che argument chat simple ools—pebble cores and mini- rally modified lakes—necessarily indicated great antiquity. “Today, archaeologists recognize that such simple ool oceur petiod and that hydrody- namic ictors can, in some cases. mimic the appearance oF human finknapping. Accordingly the acceptance of claims aboucearly human sites in Europe (asin other regions) must depend heavily on biocheonologic evidence and geacheono- metic determinations. In the ex'y 1990s, such data only ‘eakly supported any ofthe purported earl occurences. Moreover. unl che mid1990s, indisputable human fos remains were entcely lacking in Europe before ON atest) amar ate 1 sm sapere ‘ea “abe Hse Mode 1 ede eis zi "atale M saps’ & Mes Ea “rl sapiens Acbaan Late“ sien Aca enw spn & Renelan ei oH ape 8 Mode 1 chan ode & ene Laer Hse & Mae & ateuan ay Nendo & evden ay Mow ay ouston Raritan & Eat Mousa Eye Paty ance 8 Ey Moston jon 8th Most [aac apes Mode 1 & Acad nuroe: 247 Map “Europe Gey eine) showing major loci with hon fie and alive han Late Plesaceve (130 Ke). Spb indie ge nad ate action, sie aonb ror te name in apraxia if. owtbooais 2 Sent Eble 3, Char 4, Dai "Mone Pela 8, Apes TDO: 8 Caran 10 Tighe 1, Star 12, hare 13, Mauer 1 Vn ite 15, Bax Gre £6, relma: 17 Suconcomber 18 Claston; 19, Rena; 2, Poi 21, Ares 22 Tera Amina: 28 Se Ets 24 Vegan 25, Scnbe 26 Karl 27, Veta Strat Sklas 29, Lamon’ 30, Sal 31 Apacs Sima 32, Tora c= Ambre 34 Manian; 3, Vga: 35. Hove, 36, Bingleben 37, Rigen: 3, Sa “chen 3. Abevile 40, Alama i, Yainbrges 42, Thomas Quan 13 ngs 4. Gants 45; Enid 0, Cael Gd, Montel Gi, Pn Mammo ed Rbibbig Cau de Paz 17, Biche 18, Leva 19, La Cha 90 Lacurt 51. Fintan 52, Pech de [Ae 53, eat 3, Grima (Grated Prince 55, Haas 96, Tabun: 37, brad “dies cli nti geographic a. utc fi compavion 8 ‘hci, Mauer and perhaps Reilingen (Germany); Vertesebl- los (Hungary): and Petsalona (Greece). The taxonomy of these fosil is highly controversial: Although some speci- -menshave been atributed oH. erect, most authors referco them as “archaic Homo sapien” of, more recently, H, heide- bergen (originally coined by Schoetensack in 1908 for che Mauer mandible). Many. if noc all. specimens exhibita mo- saic pattern of primicive features undoubtedly reflecting thei. erectus ancestry mixed with derived characteristics resulting from a combination of genetic drift and nacura se lection for morphological adaptations, perhaps co colder li- maces. The range of estimated cranial capacities overlaps che mean of ce later H. erectus sample from Asia but may aver- age somewhat higher. Some fossils (eg Bileingsleben) ex- hibie che typical angulated occipital region of H. erectus, While others (Petralona, Atapuerca, Steinheim, Swans- combe, Verteszllds) have a more rounded occipital region and a educed and more inferiorly directed occipital corus Similaly, che faces of Petralona, Atapuerca, Steinheim, and ‘Arago ate quite pneumatized and exhibic both midacial prognathism and the divided supercilary arches ofthe later Neandertals, while retaining some primitive Features nor found in the later group. In the presence of characteristics shared wich later Neanderthals, the Middle Pliscocene Eu- ropeans differed from hei African contemporaries. There «an belittle doube thatthe wide swings ofthe climatic pen

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