ECE440 (EET416) Microwave Engineering

Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Plane Wave Propagation

Prof. Fawzy Ibrahim

Electronics and Communication Department
Misr International University (MIU)

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 Chapter Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plane Wave Equation
2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium
2.3.1 Classification of wave solution
2.3.2 Solution of Wave Equation
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters
2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors
2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power
2.6.1 General EMFs
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave

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2.1 Introduction
Our first application of Maxwell's equations will be in relation to
electromagnetic wave propagation. The existence of EM waves, predicted by
Maxwell's equations, was first investigated by Heinrich Hertz. After several
calculations and experiments Hertz succeeded in generating and detecting
radio waves, which are sometimes called Hertzian waves in his honor.
In general, waves are means of transporting energy or information. Typical
examples of electromagnetic waves include radio waves, TV signals, radar
beams and light rays.
All forms of electromagnetic energy have three fundamental characteristics:
1. They all travel at high velocity (velocity of light, c =3x108 m/s) in free space.
2. While travelling, they assume the properties of waves.
3. They radiate outward from a source.
This chapter is concerned with the application of Maxwells equation to the
problem of electromagnetic wave propagation.
The uniform plane wave represents the simplest case, while it is appropriate
for an introduction, it is of great practical important.

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2.1 Introduction (Continued)
Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, our major goals are to:
1. Solve Maxwell's equations and determine the wave characteristics and
parameters in the following media:
a. Free space ( = 0, = o = 4 x 10-7 H/m and = o= 8.854 x10-12 =
(1/36)x10-9 F/m)
b. Lossless dielectrics ( = 0, = r o and = r o)
c. Lossy dielectrics ( 0, = r o, = r o ) and << )
d. Good conductors ( 0, = r o, = r o and >> )
where is the angular frequency of the wave.
2. Investigate the power carried by a wave.
3. Understand the reflection and transmission of plane wave between two
different Media.

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2.2 Plane Wave Equation
When considering electromagnetic waves, in free space, it is called sourceless
(v = 0, J = 0 and = 0). Under these conditions, Maxwells equations in point
form may be written
in terms
of and only as:
B H
xE (2.1)
t t
D E
xH J (2.2)
v t t
.E 0 (2.3)

.H 0 (2.4)
Most of our work will be involved with fields having a sinusoidal or harmonic
time dependence.
In this case phasor notation is very convenient and so all field quantities will be
assumed to be complex vectors with an implied eit time dependence.
As an example if a sinusoidal electric field in the x-direction has the form:

E ( x, y, z , t ) A( x, y, z ) cos(t ) a x (2.5)
Where A is the real amplitude, is the radian frequency, = 2f, f is the wave
frequency and is the phase reference of the wave, at t = 0, it has the phasor
form:
E ( x, y, z ) A( x, y, z )e j a
s x
(2.6)
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2.2 Plane Wave Equation (Continued)
We will assume cosine-based phasor, so the conversation form phasor
quantities to real time-varying quantities is accomplished by multiplying the
phasor by eit and taking the real part:

E ( x, y, z , t ) Re[ Es ( x, y, z )e jt ] (2.7)

Example 2.1
Express Ey(z, t) =0.5 cos (2x109t 30z + 60o) V/m as a phasor.
Solution:
Step #1: Write the exponential notation or equation as:
9 o
Ey(z, t) = Re[0.5 e j(2x10 t 30z + 60 ) ]
9
Step #2: drop Re and suppress ej2x10 t to obtaining the phasor:
o
Eys(z) = 0.5 e(- j 30z + j 60 )
Note that Ey is real, but Eys is in general complex.
Note also that a mixed nomenclature is commonly used for the angle; that is,
30z is in radians, while 30o is in degrees.

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2.2 Plane Wave Equation (Continued)
Note: Using phasor
notation we get the following relations:
E 1
jE (2.9)
t
(2.8) Edt j E
In source free, linear isotropic, homogenous region, applying Eq.(2.8), the
Maxwells equations [(2.1) and (2.2)] in the Phasor form are:
v
xE jH j o H .E 0 (2.10)

xH j o E .H 0 (2.11)

Equations (2.10) and (2.11) constitute two equations for the two unknowns
and as follows:
1. Take the Curl operator of both sides of (2.10), we have:

xxE j oxH (2.12)
2

2. Apply the curl identity described in Eq.(A.5) we have: E (.E ) xxE
2
2
2

xxE (.E ) E 0 E E (2.13)

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2.2 Plane Wave Equation (Continued)
From (2.11) and (2.13) substitute (2.12) we have

2 2

E o o E 0 (2.14)
or
2
2

E ko E 0
An identical Equation for can be derived in the same manner:
2
2

H o o H 0
or
2 2
(2.15)
H ko H 0
The Laplacian operator, 2 is defined in Equ (A.6) as:
2 2 2
2 V V V (A.6)
V .V 2 2 2
x y z
Equations (2.14) and (2.15) are called the wave equations or Helmholtz
equations
The constant k o o o is called the wave number or propagation constant
f 2
In the free space k o o o 2 ; its unit is rad/m.
c c o
so ko is real and ko = 2/o = / c, where c is the speed of light.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium
2.3.1 Classification of wave solution
It is now possible to separate the solutions of the wave equation in a
charge free region into three basic types of fields. These are:
1. Transverse Electro-Magnetic wave (TEM wave):
It is characterized by the condition that both the electric and magnetic field
vectors lie in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, i.e.
having no components in the direction of propagation.
2. Transverse Electric wave (TE, or H-wave):
It is characterized by having an electric field which is entirely in a plane
transverse to the (assumed) direction of propagation. Only the magnetic
field has a component in the direction of propagation and hence this
wave type is also known as H-waves. For TE waves, it is possible to
express all field components in terms of the axial magnetic field
component.
3. Transverse Magnetic wave (TM, or E-wave)
It is characterized by having a magnetic field which in entirely in a plane
transverse to the (assumed) direction of propagation. Only the electric field
has a component in the direction of propagation, and hence this wave
type is also known as E-wave. For TM-wave, it is possible to express all
field components in term of the axial electric field component.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.2 Solution of Wave Equation
A basic plane wave solution to the above equations can be found by
considering an electric field with only an x component and uniform (no
variation) in the x and y, then we get:
E x ( z ) E x ( z ) (2.16)
E E x ( z )a x then and
0 0
x y
The Helmholtz or wave equation (2.14) is reduced to:
2 Ex ( z) 2
2
k o Ex ( z) 0 (2.17)
z
The solution to Eq.(4.17) will be forward and backward propagating waves
having the general form:
E x ( z ) E e jk o z E e jko z (2.18)
Where E+ and E- are arbitrary constants.
The above solution is for time harmonic case at frequency . In time domain,
this result is written as:
E x ( z , t ) Re[ E x ( z )e jt ]
E x ( z , t ) E cos(t k o z ) E cos(t k o z ) (2.19)

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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.2 Solution of Wave Equation
Example 2.2
Given the complex amplitude of the electric field of a uniform plane wave,
E+ = [100 x + 2030o y] V/m, construct the phasor and real instantaneous
fields if the wave is known to propagate in the forward z direction in free
space and has frequency of 10 MHz.

Solution
We begin by constructing the general Phasor expression, Eq. (2.18):
o
(z) = [100x + 20ej30 y] e-jk0z

Where ko = /c = 2 f/c = (2 x 107)/(3 x 108) = 0.21 rad/m.

The real instantaneous form is then found through the rule expressed in Eq.
(2.7):
o
(z, t) = Re[100e j0.21z e j2x107 x + 20e j30 e j0.21z e j2 x107 y]
o
= Re[100e j(2 x 107t 0.21z) x + 20e j(2 x 107t 0.21z 30 ) y]
= 100 cos (2 x107t 0.21z) x + 20 cos (2 x107t 0.21z +30o) y

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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters
Note the following characteristics of the forward wave in eq.(2.19):
E x ( z , t ) E cos(t k o z )
1. It is time harmonic because we assumed time dependence ejt to arrive .
2. E+ is called the amplitude of the wave and has the same units as E.
3. (t - k0 z) is the phase (in radians) of the wave; it depends on time t and space
variable z.
4. is the angular frequency (in radians/second) and k0 is the phase constant or
wave number (in radians/meter).
Due to the variation of E with both time t and space variable z, we may plot E
as a function of t by keeping z constant and vice versa. The plots of
E(z, t = constant) and E(t, z = constant) are shown in Fig. 2.3(a) and (b),
respectively.
From Fig. 2.3(a), we observe that the wave takes distance to repeat itself and
hence is called the wavelength (in meters).
From Fig. 2.3(b), the wave takes time T to repeat itself; consequently T is
known as the period (in seconds). Since it takes time T for the wave to travel
distance at the speed v, we expect that: vp
v pT
f
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters
But T = l/f, where f is the
frequency of the wave in (Hz).
vp
v pT v p f
f
Because of this fixed
relationship between
wavelength and frequency,
one can identify the position of
a radio station within its band
by either the frequency or the 2f 2 / T
wavelength. Usually the
frequency is preferred.
k o 2 / o
Which shows that for every
wavelength of distance
traveled, a wave undergoes a
phase change of 2 radians.

Fig. 2.3 Plot of E x ( z, t ) E sin(t ko z ): (a) with constant t and (b) with constant z.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters
1. Phase velocity, vp
To maintain a fixed point on the wave, the phase is constant, therefore:
phase = (t - ko z) = constant (2.20)
The velocity of the wave is called the phase velocity, because it is the velocity
at which a fixed phase point on the wave travel and is given by dz/dt:
d dz
(t ko z ) 0 ko 0
dt dt
dz 1 (2.21)
vp
dt ko o o o o
For free space, the phase velocity is given by:
1 1
vp 3 x108 m / sec c
o o 1
4x10 7 x x10 9
36
Where c is the speed of light in the free space.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters
1. Phase velocity, vp
In summary, we note the following:
1. A wave is a function of both time
and space.
2. Though time t = 0 is arbitrarily
selected as a reference for the
wave, a wave is without beginning
or end.
3. A negative sign in (t ko z) is
associated with a wave propagating
in the +z direction (forward traveling
or positive-going wave) whereas a
positive sign indicates that a wave is
traveling in the -z direction
(backward traveling or negative
going wave).

Fig. 2.4 Plot of E x ( z, t ) E sin(t ko z ) : (a) at t=0; (b) at t=T/4 (c) at t=T/2.
P moves along +z direction with velocity vp.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
2. The Wavelength,
The wavelength o, is defined as the distance between two successive
maximum (or minima, or any other reference points) on the wave, at a fixed
instant of time, thus:
[(t koz) (t ko (z + o)] = 2 ko o = 2
So, o = 2/ ko = 2 Vp / = Vp / f For free space = c / f (2.22)
3. The Wave Impedance or medium intrinsic impedance,
In section 2.3.2, one of wave equations is solved [(2.14) for electric field or
(2.15) for the magnetic field ].
In general, whenever or is known, the other filed vector can be readily
found by using one of Maxwells curl equations.
Thus applying (2.10) to the electric field obtained (2.18) gives: xEs j o H s
a x a y a z a x a y a z
E x ( z )
CurlE 0a x a y 0a z j o H
x y z x y z z
E x E y Ez Ex ( z ) 0 0
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
3. The Wave Impedance or medium intrinsic impedance,
Which is greatly simplified for a single Ex component varying only with z and
Hx = Hz = 0, we get:
dE x ( z )
j o H y
dz
Substitute using Eq.(2.18) for Exs, we have:
1 ko
Hy jko z
[( jko ) E e jko z
( jk o ) E e ] [ E e jk o z E e jk o z ]
j
So k0
H y ( z) [ E e jk o z E e jk o z ] (2.23)

In real instantaneous form, (2.23) becomes:
ko
H y (z, t) [ E cos( t k o z ) E cos( t k o z )] (2.24)
o
where E+ and E- are assumed real.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
3. The Wave Impedance or medium intrinsic impedance,
In general, Eqs.(2.23) and (2.24) show that the electric and magnetic field
amplitudes of the forward propagating wave in free space are related through
o o
Ex Hy H y o H y (2.25)
k0 o
We also find the backward propagating wave amplitudes are related through

Ex Hy H y o H y (2.26)
k0
Where is called wave impedance for the plane wave and the intrinsic
impedance for the medium, for free space, the intrinsic impedance is given by:

o o 4 x10 7 2 2
o 144 x10
k0 o 10 9 / 36

120 377
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
Example 2.3
A uniform
plane wave in free space its electric field intensity is given by:
E 0.8 cos(2x108 t ko y )a z V/m. Find:
a) The propagation constant, ko. b) The wavelength, .

c) The magnetic field intensity, | H | at the point P(0.1, 1.5, 0.4) at t = 8 ns.

Solution a) The propagation constant, ko is given by:

2x108
k o o o 2.094 rad / m
c 3 x108
c 108
b) The wavelength, is given by: 8
0.33 m
f 3 x10
c) The magnetic field intensity, H is given by (2.25) as:
0 .8 cos( 2 x10 8 t k o y ) 0 . 8 cos( 2 x10 8 t 2 .094 y )
H a x a x
o 120
2 .12 cos( 2 x10 8 t 2 .094 y ) a x mA / m
At
the point P(0.1, 1.5, 0.4) at t = 8 ns, we have:
| H | 2 . 12 cos( 2 x10 8 x 8 x10 9 2 . 094 x1 . 5 ) a x 12 . 2 | cos 108 o | 3 . 78 mA / m
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
The first term in (2.19) represents a wave traveling the +ve z direction and
the second term represents a wave traveling the - ve z direction
Some feeling for the way in which the fields vary in space may be obtained
from Fig. 2.5.

Fig.2.5 (a) Plot of E and H as functions of z at t = 0; (b) plot of E and H at

z = 0. The arrows indicate instantaneous values.
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 2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)

Fig.2.5 (c) Relation between E and H field vectors and the direction of propagation, z.
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
Example 2.4 The electric field in free space is given by:

E 50 cos(108 t k o x) a y V / m
(a) Find the direction of wave propagation.
(b) Calculate ko and the time it takes to travel a distance of /2.
(c) Sketch the wave at t = 0, T/4, and T/2.
Solution
(a) From the positive sign in (t + kox), we infer that the wave is propagating
along the ve x direction (- x).
(b) In free space, vp = c. From (2.21), we have:

108 1
vp c ko 8
0.333 rad / m
ko c 3x10 3
Since the wave is traveling at the speed of light c, we have:

2 / ko 6
ct1 t1 8
31.42 ns
2 2c 2c 2 x3 x10
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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
Example 2.4 Solution:
(c) As discussed before:
at t 0 E y 50 cos(t ko x) 50 cos(ko x) V / m
2
at t T / 4 E y 50 cos(t k o x) 50 cos( ko x)
4
50 cos(k o x / 2) 50 sin( ko x) V / m
2
at t T / 2 E y 50 cos(t ko x) 50 cos( ko x)
2
50 cos(ko x ) 50 cos(ko x) V / m
Ey at t = 0, T/4 and T/2 is plotted against x as shown in Fig. 2.6. Notice that a
point P (arbitrarily selected) on the wave moves along - x as t increases.
This shows that the wave travels along the ve x direction (- x).

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2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave
parameters (continued)
Example 2.4 Solution:

Fig.2.6 The wave travels along the ve x direction (- x).

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2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium
The analytical treatment of the uniform plane wave is extended when the wave
propagates in dielectric of conductivity, , permittivity, and permeability, .
The medium is assumed to be homogenous (having constant and with
position) and isotropic (in which and are invariant with the field orientation).
In this case ( = 0 and J 0)The wave equations or Helmholtz equations are:

B H
xE
t t
or xE s j H s (2.27)

D E
xH J J
t t
(2.28)
or xH s Es j E s
The resulting wave equation for E then becomes:
2 2
Es (1 j ) Es 0 (2.29a)

(2.29b)
or 2 Es 2 E s 0
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2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium (continued)
Where is the wave number or propagation constant of the medium. In
this case is a function of the material properties, as described by , and
. is a complex value os it is referred to as complex propagation constant
for the medium defined by:
(2.30)
j j 1 j

If we again assume an electric field with only an x-component and uniform in
x and y, the wave equation (2.29) has the phasor solutions in the form:

E xs ( z ) E e z E ez (2.31)
The positive traveling wave in phasor form after substituting for is:
E xs ( z ) E e z E e ( j ) z (2.32)

Multiplying (2.32) by ej and taking the real part yields a form of the field in
time domain that can be visualized as:
E ( z , t ) E e z cos(t z ) (2.33a)
x
The magnetic field intensity is given by:
E z (2.33b)
H y ( z, t ) e cos(t z )

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2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium (continued)

From eqn. (2.33), it is seen that as E and H waves travel in a conducting
medium, its amplitude is attenuated by the factor e-az. The distance ,
through which the wave amplitude decreases by a factor e-1 (about 37%) is
called skin depth or penetration depth of the medium.
E e E e 1
1


The skin depth is a measure
of the depth to which an
electromagnetic wave can
penetrate the medium.

Fig.2.7 Skin depth

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2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium (continued)
Notes:
1. The uniform plane wave that propagates in the forward z-direction with
phase constant () and an exponential decay factor e-z.
2. The rate of decay with distance is called the attenuation constant or
attenuation coefficient (). The attenuation coefficient is measured in nepers
per meter (Np/m).
If the region for z > 0 is a lossless dielectric, then = 0 or << , and
and are real quantities. The propagation constant in this case is purely real
and can be written as: j j jk k k
0 r r

1 c (2.34)
3. The phase velocity, vp, is: v p [m / s ]
k r r
2 2 2 c o
4. The wave length, , is: [ m ](2.35)
k f rr r r
j r r
5. The intrinsic impedance 0 120 [] (2.36)
k r r
6. If ( = 0 then K = = real value which is similar to the propagation in the free
space (lossless medium), or no attenuation of the wave amplitude.
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2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium (continued)
Example 2.5 A plane wave propagating in lossless dielectric medium (r, r = 1
and = 0) has an electric field given as Ex= E+ cos (1.51x 010 t 61.6 z). For
this wave, determine the:
(a) Wavelength, . (b) Phase velocity, vp.
(c) Dielectric constant of the medium, r. (d) Intrinsic or Wave impedance,
Solution
(a) By comparison with (2.19) we identify = 1.51 x 1010 rad /sec and k= 61.6 m-1
= + j = j 61.6 m-1, then = 0 and k = = 61.6 which gives the wavelength
(2.35) as: 2 2 2
0.102m
k 61.6
(b) The phase velocity can be found from (2.34):
1.51x1010
p 2.45 x108 m / sec
k 61.6
(c) This is slower than the speed of light by a factor of 1.225. The dielectric
constant, r of the medium can be found as: 8
c c c 3.0 x10 2
vp gives r ( ) 2 ( 8
) 1.50
r r r p 2.45 x10
(c) The intrinsic or wave impedance, is given by (2.36):
j 377
o 307.8
k r 1. 5
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2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (lossy Medium)
Many problems of practical interest involve loss or attenuation due to good
(but not perfect) conductors.
If metals can be categorized as good conductors. From Eq.(2.30) the
complex propagation constant is given by:

j j 1 j

for , the one can be neglected with respect to / and we get

j j j j

o
but j 1 90 and 1 90 1 45 o
o 0 1
j 1 45 (cos 45 j sin 45 o ) (1 j )
2
therefore
(1 j )
j j j (1 j )
2 2
2 f
(1 j ) (1 j ) f
2
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2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Therefore: f (2.44)
Regardless of the parameter and of the conductor or the frequency of
applied field, and are equal. If we again assume only an Ex component
traveling in the +z direction the Eq.(2.33) becomes: E x ( z, t ) E e z cos(t z )
z f
E x ( z , t ) E e z cos(t z ) E e cos( t z f ) (2.44)
Definition: The depth of penetration (s) is the distance traveled inside the
medium at which the amplitude of the wave attenuates e (e 2.7) times from
its initial level as shown in Fig.2.2. This is also called skin depth or skin effect.
From Eq.(2.44) the field amplitude is given by:
f z
E x ( z ) E e z E e (2.45)
At z = 0 |Ex(z)| = E+ and
at z = s |Ex(z)| = E+/ e, therefore:
| E x (z) | E e s f
E e 1
The skin depth or depth of penetration s is:
1 1 2
s (2.46)
f Fig.2.2
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2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Notes:
1. The uniform plane wave that propagates in the forward z-direction with
phase constant and attenuation constant or coefficient () as:

f (2.47)

2. The phase velocity

2 (2.48a)
V p / s 2 / 2 /
3. The wave length
2 1
2 s 2 2 (2.48b)
f f

j (2.48c)
4. The intrinsic impedance

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2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Example 2.6 Compute the skin depth (s) at a frequency of 10 GHz of the
following materials with conductivity, as indicated:
a) Aluminum (Al = 3.816x107 S/m). b) Copper (Co = 5.818x107 S/m).
c) Gold (Gl = 4.098x107 S/m). d) Silver (Sl = 6.173x107 S/m).
Solution: Eq. (2.46) gives the skin depth s as:
2 1 1 1 1
s 5 .03 x10 3
f o (10 10 )( 4 x10 7 )

3 1 7
a) For Aluminum: s Al 5.03x10 8.14 x10 m
3.816 x107
1
b) For Copper: sCo 5.03 x10 3 7
6. 60 x10 7
m
5.813 x10
1
c) For Gold: sGl 5.03 x10 3 7
7.86 x10 7
m
4.098 x10
1
d) For Silver: sSl 5.03x10 3 7
6 .40 x10 7
m
6.173x10
33 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Example 2.7 A plane wave propagating in the sea water medium (r=81, r = 1
and = 4 S/m) Consider an incident wave of frequency 1 MHz, find the:
a) Skin depth, s. b) Wavelength, .
c) Phase velocity, vp . d) Intrinsic or Wave impedance, .
Solution
4
(a) The loss tangent is given by: 6 12
890 1
' (2x10 )(81)(8.85 x10 )
Sea water is therefore a good conductor at 1 MHz, the skin, s of Eq. (2.46) is:
1 1 2 1 1
s 0 . 25 m 25 cm
f o (10 6 )( 4 x10 7 ) x ( 4 )
(b) the wavelength as:
2
2 s 1.6 m in free space the wavelength 0 = 300 m

(c) The phase velocity can be found from (2.35):

p 2x106 (0.25) 1.6 x106 m / sec in free space v = c

(d) The intrinsic or wave impedance, is given by (2.49): j 4 j 4
j 2x1x10 6 x 4x10 7 x( 4 j 4)
0.987 j 0.987
( 4 j 4) x ( 4 j 4)
34 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)

Example 2.8 A plane wave is given by: E ( z , t ) 0.5 e 4 z cos(10 9 t 4 z ) a x V / m
Determine the following:
a) The propagation constant and the wave parameters (Vp, , and s)
b) The magnetic field, associated with the wave in both phasor and time domain
representations.
Solution
a) E ( z , t ) 0.5 e 4 z cos(109 t 4 z ) a V / m 4 Then ( 4 j 4) rad / m
x
10 9 2 2
p 8
2.5 x10 m / sec m 1.57m
4 4 2
j j10 9 x 4x10 7 109 x 4x10 7

j
(50 j 50 ) 222e 4
( 4 j 4) ( 4 j 4)
1 1
s 0.25 m
4
b) E ( z ) E e z e j z a E ( z ) 0.5e 4 z e
j 4z
a V /m
s x s x
0,5 j ( 4 z j )
j z
E z j z H ( z) e z e a 2.25 e 4 z e 4 a mA/m
H ( z) e e a s y y
s y j
222 e 4

H ( z, t ) 2.25 e 4 z cos(109 t 4 z ) a mA / m
4 y
35 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power
2.6.1 General EMFs
In 1884 an English physicist, John H. Poynting developed a power theorem
for the electromagnetic field.
This theorem determined the power flow associated with an electromagnetic
wave which can be transported from one point (where a transmitter is
located) to another point (with a receiver) by means of EM waves.
The Poynting vector in watts per square meter (W/m2); that is defined as:

P ( x , y , z , t ) ( E ( x , y , z , t ) xH ( x , y , z , t ))
(2.49)
It represents the instantaneous power density vector associated with the
EM field at a given point. The integration of the Poynting vector over any
closed surface gives the net power flowing out of that surface.

36 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power (continued)
2.6.1 General EMFs
Notes:

1. The Poynting vector P ( E xH )

2. Direction of P : P E and P H in other words P is in the direction of the
wave propagation.
V A W
3. Magnitude of P : power density (power/area or W/m ) 2 P ( E xH ) . 2
m m m
4. The theorem states that the electromagnetic power that enters a volume
through its boundary is equal to the rate of increase of stored energy in the
volume and the electromagnetic power lost in the volume .
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs
For sinusoidal EMFs if we assume that the electric and magnetic field
intensities
have the forms:
z
(2.50a)
E ( z , t ) E e cos(t z ) a x
then E z
H ( z, t ) e cos(t z )a y (2.50b)

The instantaneous Poynting vector or instantaneous power density vector is:
E 2 2 z
P ( E xH ) e cos( t z ) cos( t z ) a z (2.51a)
37 of 53
ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power (continued)
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs
Using the trigonometric identity: Cos A Cos B = [Cos (A+B) +Cos (A-B)],
Eqn.(2.51a) becomes:
E 2 2 z
P( z, t ) e [cos( 2 t 2 z ) cos( )]a z (2.51b)
2
To determine the time-average Poynting vector or power density Pdav ( z ) in
[W/m2], which is of more practical value than the instantaneous Poynting
vector P ( z , t ), we integrate eq. (2.51b) over the period T = 2/; that is:
1
T 1
T
E 2 2 z
Pdav ( z ) 0 P ( z , t ) dt e [cos( 2 t 2 z ) cos( )]a z dt
T T 0
2
E 2 2 z E 2 2 z
Pdav ( z ) e [ 0 cos( )]a z e cos( ) a z (2.52)
2 2
Eqn.(2.52) can be derived using vector analysis as follows:
(2.53a)
E ( z, t ) E e z cos(t z )a x Re[ E e z e j (t z ) ]
E z E z j (t z )
H ( z, t ) e cos(t z ) a y Re[ e e ] (2.53b)

38 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power (continued)
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs

The time-average power density or Poynting vector, Eqn.(2.51), Pdav ( z ) is
equivalent to :
1 * 1 * 2
E
Pdav ( z ) Re[ E xH ] Re[ E s xH s ] e 2 z cos( ) a z (2.54)
2 2 2
The total time-average power, Ptav crossing a given surface S is given by:
1 *
Ptav Re( E x H ). d s (2.55)
S
2
We should note the difference between P ( x , y , z , t ) , Pdav ( x , y ,,z ) and Ptav
P ( x , y , z , t ) is the instantaneous Poynting vector or instantaneous power
density
vector in [W/m2] and it is time varying. .
Pdav ( x , y , z ) is the time average of the Poynting vector or time average power
density vector also in [W/m2] and it is time invariant.
Ptav is the total time average power through a surface in watts; it is a scalar
and time invariant.

39 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power (continued)
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs
Example 2.9 In a nonmagnetic medium (o and ) if the electric field intensity of

a plane wave is given by: E ( x, t ) 4 sin( 2x107 t 0.8 x) a z V / m
Determine and calculate the following:
a) r and .
b) The time-average power density of the wave, Pdav ( x , y , z ) .
c) The total time-average power, Ptav crossing an area, A = 100 cm2 of plane
2x + y = 5 .
Solution a) Since = 0 and ( /c, the medium is not free space but a
lossless medium.
= k = 0.8, = 2 x107, = o (nonmagnetic), = r o
c 0.8 x3 x108 12
k o r o r r 7

c 2x10
r 14.59 and r 120 120x 98.7 []
0
k r r 12
b) The time-average power density of the wave is given by:
1 * E 2 16
Pdav ( x ) Re[ E x H ] a x a x 81a x mW / m 2
2 2 2 x 98 .7
40 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.6 Poyntings Theorem and Wave Power (continued)
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs
Example 2.9 Solution
c) The normal to plane 2x + y = 5 is given by: a
2a x a y
n
Hence the total time-average power is: 5
1 *
Ptav Re( E x H ). d s S ( x ). A a n
S
2
3 4 2 a x a y
( 81 x 10 ) a x .( 100 x 10 )
5
5
162 x 10
724 . 5 W
5

41 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave
We consider the phenomenon of reflection which occurs when a uniform
plane wave is incident on the boundary between regions composed of two
different materials.
We study the reflection of a plane wave normally incident from free space
onto a surface of a conducting half-space. The geometry is shown in Fig.2.3
where the lossy half space z > 0 is characterized by parameters , and .
With no loss of generality, we assume that the incident plane wave has an
electric field vector oriental along the x-axis and is propagating along the
positive z-axis.

Fig. 2.3 Plane wave reflection from a lossy medium, normal incidence

42 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
The incident fields can be then written in the phasor form, for z < 0 as:
1 k0 z
Eis ( z ) E e jko z a x (2.53) H is ( z ) E e a y (2.57)
o
Where, for free space Ko is the wave number, o is the wave impedance and
E+ is an arbitrary amplitude.
A reflected wave may exist in the region z < 0, with the form:
jk 0 z
Ers ( z ) E e jko z a x (2.58) H rs ( z ) E e ( a y ) (2.59)
o
Where is called the reflection coefficient of the reflected electric field.
Note the sign in the exponential terms of (2.56 and 2.57) has been chosen
as negative, to represent waves traveling in the +ve z direction of
propagation.
On the other hand, the sign in the exponential term of (2.58 and 2.59) has
been chosen as +ve, to represent waves traveling in the ve z direction of
propagation. The transmitted fields for z > 0 in the lossy medium can be
written in the phasor form as:
TE z
Ets ( z ) TE e z a x (2.60) H ts ( z ) e a y (2.61)

43 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Where T is the transmission coefficient of the transmitted electric field an is
the intrinsic impedance of lossy medium.
From (2.42) the intrinsic impedance is given by: j /
And from (2.30) complex propagation constant or wave number is given by:
j 1 j / j (2.62)
We now have a boundary value problem, where the general form of fields are
known via (2.66) (2.61) on either side of the material discontinuity at z = 0.
The two unknown constants and T are found by applying two boundary
conditions on Ex and Hy at z = 0.
Since these tangential field components must be continuous at z = 0, for the
electric field, we have the following equation:

Eis ( z ) Ers ( z ) ETs ( z ) (2.63)
From Equations (2.60), (2.61) and (2.62) substitute in
(2.63), we get:
Eis ( z ) E e jk o z a x

1 T Ers ( z ) E e jk o z a x
(2.64)
Ets ( z ) TE e z a x
44 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Similarly for the magnetic field, from Equations (2.57), (2.59) and (2.61) we
get: 1 k0 z
H is ( z ) E e a y
o
H is ( z ) H rs ( z ) H Ts ( z ) 1 (2.65) H ( z ) E e jk 0 z ( a )
rs y
0 o
TE z
H ts ( z ) e a y

Solving Equation (2.64) and (2.65) for the reflection and transmission
coefficients, we have:
o (2.66)

o
2
T 1 (2.67)
o
This is the general solution for reflection and transmission of a normally
incident wave at the interface of lossy material, where is the intrinsic
impedance of the material.
and T are complex numbers.

45 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.10
Consider a plane wave normally incident on a half-space of copper ( =
5.813x107 S/m, r = 1 and r = 1). If wave frequency, f = 1 GHz, compute:
(a) The propagation constant or wave number, ..
(b) The intrinsic impedance, .
(c) The skin depth, s for the conductor.
(d) The reflection coefficient, .
(e) The transmission coefficient, T.
Solution:
(a) The complex propagation constant for the medium is given by (2.30) as:
j Where and are given by (2.43) as:

f x109 x 4x10 7 x5.813x10 7 4.79 x105

So (4.79 j 4.79) x105
(b) From (2.36) The intrinsic impedance, is calculated as:

j 2x109 x 4x10 7 3
5
(8 . 239 j 8. 239) x10
(4.79 j 4.79) x10
46 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.10 Solution (continued)
(c) The copper is a good conductor, then the skin, s Eq. (2.46) is:
1 2 1
s 2 .088 x10 6 m
f o
(d) The reflection coefficient, is calculated from (2.66) as:
o (8.239 j8.239) x10 3 377

o (8.239 j8.239) x10 3 377
376.99 j8.239 x10 3 o
1179 . 99
377.008 j8.239 x10 3
(e) The transmission coefficient, T is calculated from (2.67) as:

2 2(8.239 j8.239) x10 3

T
o 377.008 j8.239 x10 3
6.181x10 5 45o
47 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.11
Consider a plane wave normally incident from free space on a half-space of
a medium 2 with parameters (r = 3.5 and r =2.5) as shown in Fig. 2.4. If
the wave frequency, f = 1 GHz and the incident electric field in the phasor
form, for z < 0 is: Eis ( z ) E e jko z a x

where E+ = 10 mV/m, find the phasor and instantaneous

values of the

incident wave ( Ei , H i ), the reflected wave ( Er, H r) and the transmitted wave

( Ei , H i).
Solution:
The incident magnetic field intensity
9
in phasor form is:
2x10
k o o o 8
20.94 rad / s
c 3x10
1 jk0 z 10 jk0 z j 20.94 z
H (z) E e a e a 26.5e a [ A / m]
is y 377 y y
0
The instantaneous incident magnetic field intensity is:

H ( z, t ) 26.5 cos(2x109 t 20.94 z )a [ A / m] Fig. 2.4 Plane wave reflection.
is y
0
j j 3.5 x 4x10 7 446 377
446 0.084
j 2.5 x(1 / 36 ) x10 9 0 446 377
48 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.11 Solution:
The reflected electric field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
jk0 z jk0 z j 20.94 z
E ( z ) E e a (0.084)(10)e a 0.84 e a [mV / m]

rs x x x
E ( z , t ) 0.84 cos(2x109 t 20.94 z ) a [mV / m]
rs x
The reflected magnetic field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
jk 0 z 0.084 jk 0 z jk 0 z
H ( z) E e a x10 xe a 1.27 e a [ A / m]
rs y 377 y y
o
H ( z, t ) 1.27 cos(2x10 9 t 20.94 z ) a [ A / m]
rs y
The transmitted electric field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
2
k k o r r 20.94 3.5 x 2.5 61.94 T 2( 446)
1.084 1
0 446 377
jkz j 61.94 z j 61.94 z
E ( z ) a TE e a (1.084)(10)e a 10.84 e [mV / m]
ts x x x
The transmitted magnetic field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
TE jk z
10.84 k z j 61.94 z
H ( z ) a e a e a 24.3 e [ A / m]
ts y y 446 y

49 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.12
Consider a plane wave normally incident from a medium 1 with parameters
(1, 1 and 1) on a half-space of a medium 2 with parameters (2, 2 and
2) as shown in Fig. 2.6. For 1 = 100 , 2 = 300 and The incident
electric field in the phasor form, for z < 0 is:

Eis ( z ) E e jk1z a x
If E+ = 100 V/m calculate the values for:
(a) The incident wave and the magnitude for the average incident power
density.
(b) The reflected wave and the average
reflected power density.
(c) The transmitted wave and the average
transmitted power density.

Fig. 2.5 Plane wave reflection from a medium 1, normal incidence on medium 2.
50 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.12 Solution
(a) The incident magnetic field in the phasor form, for z < 0 is calculated from
(2.66) as:
1 jk 1 z 100 jk1 z
H is ( z ) E e
ay e a y e jk1 z a y [ A / m ]
1 100
The magnitude for the average incident power density is given by.
1 * 1 1
Pidav Re( E i xH i ) Re ( E e jk1 z a x ) x ( E e jk1 z a y )
2 2 1
1
(100 )(1) a z 50 a z [W / m 2 ]
2
(b) The reflection coefficient, is calculated from (2.66) as:
2 1 300 100
0.5
2 1 300 100
The reflected wave that exists in the region z < 0, is calculated from (2.66) as :

Ers ( z ) E e jk1 z a x (0.5)(100)e jk1z a x 50e jk1z a x [V / m]
51 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.12 Solution
The reflected magnetic field in the phasor form, for z < 0 is calculated from
(2.69) as:
jk 1 z 50 jk1 z
H rs ( z ) E e ( a y ) e ( a y ) 0 . 5 e jk1 z ( a y ) [ A / m ]
1 100
The magnitude for the average reflected power density is given by.
1 * 1 * 1
Prdav Re( E r xH r ) E r H r ( a z ) (50 )( 0 .5) 12 .5 ( a z )[W / m 2 ]
2 2 2

(c) The transmission coefficient, T is calculated from (2.67) as

2 2 2(300) 600
T 1.5
2 1 300 100 400
The transmitted wave that exists in the region z > 0, is calculated from (2.68) as:

Ets ( z ) TE e jk 2 z a x (1.5)(100)e jk 2 z a x 150e jk 2 z a x [V / m]

52 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

 2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.12 Solution
The transmitted magnetic field in the phasor form, for z > 0 is calculated
from (2.59) as:
TE jk 2 z 150 jk 2 z
H ts ( z ) e a y e a y 0 . 5 e jk 2 z a y [ A / m ]
1 300
The magnitude for the average transmitted power density is given by.

1 * 1 1
Ptdav Re( E ts xH ts ) E t H t a z (150 )( 0 .5) a z 37 .5 a z [W / m 2 ]
2 2 2
We may check and confirm the power conservation requirement:

Pidav Prdav Ptdav
Then:

50 [W / m 2 ] 12 .5 [W / m 2 ] 37 .5 [W / m 2 ]

53 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim