Mca4020 SLM Unit 06

Probability and Statistics Unit 6
Unit 6 Measures of Dispersion

Structure:
6.1 Introduction
Objectives
6.2 Requisites of Ideal Measure of Dispersion
6.3 Types of Measures of Dispersion
Absolute Measure of Variation
Quartile Deviation
Mean Deviation
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of variation
6.4 Summary
6.5 Terminal Questions
6.6 Answers
6.1 Introduction
In the previous units we studied about, the tendency of data to cluster
around a figure which is in central location. In this unit we will study about
different measures of dispersion. Dispersion means scatteredness. So it is
mean deviation or spread of values from their central values. It can also be
defined as the difference between two extreme values of the series.
Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student should be able to:
Explain the concept of dispersion and the significance of measuring it
Describe and compute different measures of dispersion
Decide about the use of an appropriate measure of dispersion under
different situations.
6.2 Requisites of Ideal Measure of Dispersion

The following are the requisites of Ideal Measure of Dispersion:
1. It should be easy to understand and simple to calculate.
2. It should be based on all values.
3. It should be rigidly defined.
4. It should not be affected by extreme values.
5. It should not be affected by sampling fluctuations
6. It should be capable of further algebraic treatment
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 166
6.3 Types of Measures of Dispersion

There are two types of measures of variations
Absolute Measure of Variation
Under absolute method, the dispersions are found out in the same unit in
which data are expressed. But this method is not suitable for comparative
study of two or more distributions when the variables are expressed in
different units.
Relative Measure of Variation
The relative measure of variation is the ratio of a measure of absolute
variation to an average. It is also known as coefficient of variation. That is, it
is a pure number which is independent of the unit of measurement.
Absolute measure of Variation includes
i) Range (R)
ii) Quartile Deviations (Q.D)
iii) Mean Deviations (M.D)
iv) Standard Deviations (S.D)
Relative measure of variation includes
1. Coefficient of Range
2. Coefficient of Quartile Deviations
3. Coefficient of Mean Deviations
4. Coefficient of Variations
6.3.1 Absolute Measure of Variation
Range
Range is the simplest method of studying variation. It represents the
differences between the values of the extremes. That is it is the difference
between the highest and the lowest values in the series. It is denoted by R.
In a frequency distribution, range is the difference between the upper limit of
the largest class interval and the lower limit of the smallest class interval.
Range can be computed using following equation.
Range = Large value Small value
L arg e value Small value
Coefficien t of Range
L arg e value Small value

Merits and demerits of range

Merits Demerits
It is easily understood and simple to It is affected by extreme values.
calculate.
It is rigidly defined. It is not based on all values. It uses
extreme values only.
Uses:
In Statistical Quality control
When the study does not require deep analysis
When data has no abnormal values
Note: Range is not defined if the class intervals are open.

Example: Find the range of the following discrete series 26, 28, 28, 26, 28,
30, 27, 29, 26, 24
Solution: The range R is calculated as:

R=H-L
where,
H: Highest value
L : Lowest value
R = 30 24 = 6
Therefore, the range of the given discrete series is 6.
Example: Find the range for the continuous series of data shown in table.
Frequency table for data
Class Interval 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Frequency 10 15 25 12 8
Solution: Range R is calculated as:

R = 25 0 = 25
Therefore, the range of the given continuous series is 25.

Example: Compute the range and also the co-efficient of range of the given
series of state which one is more dispersed and which is more uniform.
Series I 9, 10, 15, 19, 21 Series II 1, 15, 24, 28, 29
R = LV SV = 21 9 = 12 R = LV SV = 29 1 = 28
12 12 R 28
CR = = 0.4 CR = = 0.933
21 9 30 LV SV 30
Example: Find range and Co-efficient of range from following data.
A: 10 11 12 13 14
B: 40 41 42 43 44
C: 100 101 102 103 104
Series I Series II Series III
R =LV SV
= 14 10 R = 44 - 40 R = 104 - 100
= 4 = 4 = 4
R R R
CR = CR = CR =
LV SV LV SV LV SV
4 4 4
= = =
24 84 204
= 0.166 = 0.0476 = 0.0196
Series III is less dispersed and more uniform
Series I is more dispersed and less uniform

SAQ 1: Compute range and coefficient of range for the following data.
x: 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
f: 20 130 16 14 20 15 40
SAQ 2: From the following distribution find the value of range and its
coefficient:
X: 14, 16, 16, 14, 22, 13, 15, 24, 12, 12, 23, 14, 20, 17, 21, 22
6.3.2 Quartile Deviation

Quartile divides the total frequency in to four equal parts. The lower quartile
Q1 refers to the values of variates corresponding to the cumulative
frequency N/4, Upper quartile Q3 refers the value of variants corresponding
to cumulative frequency N.
Interquartile range = Q3 Q1
1
Quartile deviation is defined as QD = (Q3 Q1).
2
Q 3 Q1
Relative measure of dispersion coefficient of QD =
Q 3 Q1
Note:
1. Q3-Q1 gives the middle 50% of reading. Q3 and Q1 are also known as
upper and lower limit of middle 50% of readings.
2. Quartile range is not capable of further algebraic treatment.
Merits and Demerits of Quartile Deviations
Merits Demerits
It is easy to understand and to It is not based on all values.
compute.
It is rigidly defined. It is affected by sampling fluctuations.
It is not affected by extreme values. It is not capable of further algebraic
treatment.

Example: Find quartile deviation and coefficient of quartile deviation for the
given grouped data also compute middle quartile.
Class f
1 10 3
11 20 16
21 30 26
31 40 31
41 50 16
51 60 8
f = N = 100
Solution:
Class f Cf
1 10 3 3
11 20 16 19
21 30 26 45 Q1 Class
31 40 31 76 Q2 & Q3 Class
41 50 16 92
51 60 8 100
N = 100
N 100
Q1 = 25
4 4
N / 4 Cf p
Q1 L.L. C.I .
fc
Where L.L= lower limit of the quartile class, C.I = Class width, fc = frequency
of quartile class, N = total frequency and C.fp= Cumulative frequency of
class preceding the quartile class.

Q1 = 20.5
10
25 19
26
Q1 = 22.80
N / 2 Cf p
Q 2 L.L. C.I .
fc
Q2 = 30.5
10
50 45
31
Q2 = 32.11
3N / 4 Cf p
Q3 L.L. C.I
fc
Q3 = 30.5
10
75 45
31
Q3 = 40.17
1
Q.D = (Q3 Q1) = 0.5 (Q3 Q1)
2
1
= (40.17 22.80)
2
= 8.685
Q 3 Q1
Coef. of Q.D =
Q 3 Q1
40.17 22.80
=
40.17 22.80
17.37

62.97
= 0.275
Example: Find quartile deviation from the following marks of 12 students

and also co-efficient of quartile deviation:
25, 30, 37, 43, 48, 54, 61, 67, 72, 80, 84, 89

S. No. Marks
1. 25
2. 30
3. 37
4. 43
5. 48
6. 54
7. 61
8. 67
9. 72
10. 80
11. 84
12. 89
N 1 12 1
th th
Solution: Q1 = = = 3.25 item

th
4 4
= 3rd item + 0.25 of item
= 37 + 0.25 (43 - 37)
Q1 = 38.5
(3( N 1)) (37 1))

th th
Q3 = = = 9.75 item
th
4 4
= 9 + 0.75rd item
= 72 + 0.75 (80- 72)
Q3 = 78
1
QD = (Q3 Q1)
2
1
= (78 38.3)
2
QD = 19.75
Q 3 Q1
Coef. QD =
Q 3 Q1
78 38.5
= = 0.339
78 38.5
Example: Compute quartile deviation and its Coefficient for the data given
below:
X 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
f 15 20 32 35 33 22 20 10 8
Solution:
X f Cf
58 15 15
59 20 35
60 32 67 Q1 Class
61 35 102
62 33 135
63 22 157 Q3 Class
64 20 177
65 10 187
66 8 195
N = 195
( N 1) th
Q1 = size
4
195 1th
= size
4
Q1 = 48.78th size and corresponding to cf 67, which gives
Q1 = 60
Q3 =
3
N 1th size
4
=
3
196th 146.33th size.
4

It lies in 157, cf. Against cf 157, Q3 = 63

1
QD = (Q3 Q1)
2
1
= (63 60) = 1.5
2
Q 3 Q1
Coef. QD =
Q 3 Q1
63 60 3
=
63 60 123
= 0.024
SAQ 3: Compute the inter quartile range, Q.D and coefficient of Q.D for the
age distributions shown in table.
Age (Years) 18 21 22 24 27 30 32
Frequency 7 13 20 36 14 8 2
SAQ 4: Following are the frequency distribution of 292 workers of a factory

according to their average weekly wages. Calculate quartile deviation and
its coefficient from the following data:
Weekly Wages No. of Workers Weekly Wages No. of Workers
Below 1350 8 1450-1470 22
1350-1370 16 1470-1490 15
1370-1390 39 1490-1520 15
1390-1410 58 1510-1530 9
1410-1430 60 1530 & above 10
1430-1450 40
6.3.3 Mean Deviation

Mean deviation is defined as the mean of absolute deviations of the values
from the central value.

For individual series:
M .D( X )
(X i X)
N
For discrete data with frequency, mean deviation is calculated as:
M .D( X )
f (X X )
i
f
In case of continuous series X represents mid value of class-interval.
Similarly, we can have mean deviation from median or mode. X is

replaced by median or mode in the above formula. However, mean
deviation from median is the least. It is known as minimal property of mean
deviation.
The corresponding relative measures are coefficient of mean deviation.

M.D.( X)
Coefficient of M.D. X
X
M.D.(Median )
Coefficient of M.D.Median
Median
Merits and demerits of mean deviation
Merits Demerits
It is based on all values. It is not capable of further algebraic
treatment.
It is less affected by extreme values. It does not take into account negative
signs.
It is not affected much by sampling
fluctuations.
Uses: The mean deviation, MD is used:

1. When sample size is small.
2. In Statistical analysis of certain economic, business and social
phenomena.

Example: Compute MD and Coeff. 0f MD from mean for the following data
21, 32, 38, 41, 49, 54, 59, 66, 68
Solution:
X d= xi x
21 26.55
32 15.55
38 9.55
41 6.55
49 1.45
54 6.45
59 11.45
66 18.45
68 20.45
x = 428 x i x = d= 116.45
x
i 1
i
428
x 47.35
N 9
xi x 116.45
MD = = 12.938
N 9
MD 12.938
Coefficient of MD = = = 0.272
x 47.55
Example: Following are the wages of workers. Find mean deviation from
median and its coefficient.
X 59 32 67 43 22 17 64 55 47 80 25
Wages 17 22 25 32 43 47 55 59 64 67 80

X Wages (f) x i Me = x i 47 f . xi Me
59 17 30 510
32 22 25 550
67 25 22 550
43 32 15 480
22 43 4 172
17 47 M 0 0
64 55 8 440
55 59 12 708
47 64 17 1088
80 67 20 1340
25 80 33 2640
N = 11 511 x i M = 186 f.x i Me = 8478
11 1 th 11 1
Median = item = = 6 item = 47
th
2 2
8478
MD= = = 16.591
511
MD 16.591
Coefficient of MD = = 0.353
M edian 47
Example: Compute MD about its mode and its coefficient.

X 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
f 6 19 40 23 65 83 55 20 9

Solution:
X F d= x i Mode fd
20 6 100 600
40 19 80 1520
60 40 60 2400
80 23 40 920
100 65 20 1300
120 Mode 83 Modal class 0 0
140 55 20 1100
160 20 40 800
180 9 60 5401
N = f = 320 f x i Mode = 9180
The highest frequency is 83 and hence Mode is 120
f xi Mode 9180
MD= = = 28.68
N 320
28.68
Coefficient of MD = = 0.239
120
Example: Find out the mean deviation from the data given below about its
median.
Salaries 40 50 50-100 100-200 200-400
No. of Employees 22 18 10 8 2

Solution:
No. of x(mid
X
Employees value)
cf d= x i Me fd
40 22 40 22 10 220
50 18 50 40 0 0
50-100 10 75 50 25 250
100-200 8 150 58 100 800
200-400 2 300 60 250 500
N= f = 60 f x i Me = 1770
N 1 60 1 61
th
Median = item = = = 30.5

2 2 2
It lies in 40 cf and against 40 cf discrete value is 50
f xi Median 1770
MD = = = 29.5
N 60
MD 29.5
Coefficient of MD = = = 0.59
M edian 50
SAQ 5: Calculate mean deviation and also coefficient of mean deviation

using: (i) Mean (ii) Median and then compare the results.
Heights of plants (cms) 140, 147,143,145,144,150,142,141.
SAQ 6: The data in table is the distribution of employees of a firm according

to their efficiency. Find the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation
from: (i) Mean (ii) Median
Efficiency Index 18-22 22-26 26-30 30-34 34-38
Employees 20 30 11 3 1
6.3.4 Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is the root of sum of the squares of deviations divided by
their numbers. It is also called Mean error deviation. It is also called mean
square error deviation (or) Root mean square deviation. It is a second

moment of dispersion. Since the sum of squares of deviations from the

mean is a minimum, the deviations are taken only from the mean (But not
from median and mode).
The standard deviation is Root Mean Square (RMS) average of all the
deviations from the mean. It is denoted by sigma ().
For discrete series without frequency it is given by:
Variance =
(X X ) 2
N (A)
= ( Variance)
For discrete series with frequency, it is given by:
Variance =
(X X ) 2
f
f ..(B)
= ( Variance)
Where, X is the mid value of class interval for continuous series
In case of grouped data, alternative form for (A) & (B) are the followings
For (A), Variance =

d 2
(d ) 2
F
= ( Variance)
fd 2 fd 2
For (B), Variance =
(C.F .) 2
f f

= ( Variance)
X A
Where, d : here, A is assumed mean
C.F
And C.F.= Class Width
Note: The square of standard deviation is called variance. It is denoted by

2.
Properties of Standard Deviation
1. It is independent of origin but not independent of scale.
2. Standard deviation is always greater than or equal to zero.
3. It is the least of all root-mean-square deviations.
4. Suppose the mean of n1 values is X1 and that of n2 values is X 2 and
standard deviation of the n1 and n2 values is 1 and 2 respectively.

Then the combined standard deviation of both the values is given by:
n1 (12 d12 ) n 2 ( 2 2 d2 2 )
Variance = ; Variance
n1 n 2
Where, d1 = X X1 and d2 = X X 2
X being the combined mean of n1 and n2 values.
Merits and demerits of standard deviation

Merits Demerits
It is rigidly defined. It is difficult to understand.
It is based on all values. It gives undue weightage for extreme
values.
It is capable of further algebraic It cannot be calculated for classes with
treatment. open end interval.
It is not very much affected by
sampling fluctuations.
Combined Standard Deviation

Suppose we have different samples of various sizes n1, n2, n3 .. having
means x1, x2, x3 and standard deviation 1, 2, 3 . then combine
standard deviation can be computed by the following formula.
2 (n1 + n2) = n1 (12 + d12) + n2 (22 + d22)
d1 = x 1 x
d2 = x 2 x

Example: The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 respectively are
54.1 and 50.3 and there standard deviations are 8 and 7 respectively.
Obtain the SD for combined group. n1 = 50, x 1 = 54.1, 1 = 8, n2 = 100,
x 2 = 50.3, 2 = 7
Solution:
n1 x1 n 2 x 2
x
(n 1 n 2 )
(50 x 54.1) (100 x 50.3)
x = 51.56
50 100
2 (n1 + n2) = n1 (12 + d12) + n2 (22 + d22)
d1 = x 1 x , d2 = x 2 x
d1 = 54.1 51.56
d1 = 2.54, d12 = 6.45
d2 = 50.3 51.56
d2 = - 1.26, d22 = 1.56
2 150 = 50 (82 + 6.45) + 100 (72 + 1.58)
32 = (64 + 6.45) + 2 (49 + 1.58)
32 = 70.45 + 2 x 50.58
= 7.56
Example: The mean wage is Rs. 75 per day, SD wage is Rs. 5 per day for a
group of 1000 workers and the same is Rs. 60 and Rs. 4.5 for the other
group of 1500 workers. Find mean and standard deviation for the entire
group.
Solution: We have by data, x 1 = 75, 1 = 5, n1 = 1000
x 2 = 60, 2 = 4.5, n2 = 1500
Let x and be the mean and SD of the entire group.

n1 x1 n 2 x 2
Consider x
n1 n 2
1000 75 1500 60
i.e., x 66
1000 1500
Also we have,
(n1 + n2) 2 = n1 (12 + d12) + n2 (22 + d22),
where d1 = x 1 - x = 75 66 = 9; d2 = x 2 - x = 60 66 = -6
(1000 + 1500) 2 = 1000 (52 + 92) + 1500 (4.52 + (-6)2)

2 = 76.15 or = 8.73
Example: The diastolic blood pressures of men are distributed as shown in

table. Find the standard deviation and variance.
Pressure(men) 78-80 80-82 82-84 84-86 86-88 88-90

No. of Men 3 15 26 23 9 4
Solution: The table represents the frequency distribution of data required

for calculating the standard deviation.
Class Mid Frequency d = (x- 2

x-83 d fd fd
Interval value X f 83)/2
78-80 79 3 -4 -2 4 -6 12
80-82 81 15 -2 -1 1 -15 15
82-84 83 26 0 0 0 0 0
84-86 85 23 2 1 1 23 23
86-88 87 9 4 2 4 18 36
88-90 89 4 6 3 9 12 36
80 32 122
fd 2 fd 2
=
2 (C.F ) 2
f f

122 32 2
2 = (2) 2 1.525 0.16 4 5.46 (mm) = Variance
80 80

Standard deviation = = 2.336 (mm)

Example: Ten students of a class have obtained the following marks in a
particular subject out of 100.Calculate SD: 5,10, 20, 25, 40, 42, 45, 48, 70,
80
Solution:
(x) d = (x1 - 38.5)

S. No. 2
Marks (x1 - x )
d = (x1 - x )
1. 5 - 33.5 1122.25
2. 10 - 28.4 812.25
3. 20 - 18.5 342.25
4. 25 - 13.5 182.25
5. 40 1.5 2.25
6. 42 3.5 12.25
7. 45 6.5 42.25
8. 48 9.5 90.25
9. 70 31.5 992.25
10. 80 41.5 1722.25
x = 385 (x1 - x ) = d = 5320.50
2 2
x 385
x = = 38.5
N 10
=

xi x
2
=
5320.5
= 23.066
N 10
SAQ 7: The average weight of 100 apples from area A is 150gms with
standard deviation of 10gms. Similarly the average weight of 200 apples
from area B is 200gms with standard deviation of 15gms. Find the
combined standard deviation.

SAQ 8: An analysis of production rejects resulted in the following figures:

No. of rejects No. of rejects per
No. of operators No. of operators
per operator operator
21-25 5 41-45 15
26-30 15 46-50 12
31-35 28 51-55 3
36-40 42
Calculate standard deviation.
6.3.5 Coefficient of variation

When we want to compare two different sets of values pertaining to different
characteristics or pertaining to same characteristic, then we use coefficient
of variation (CV). It is a relative measure expressed in percentage and is
defined as:
S.D.
CV in % = 100
Mean
It is used to compare the homogeneity or stability or uniformity or

consistency of two or more data sets. A low value of coefficient of variation
indicates a low degree of variation.
Example: The runs scored by 3 batsman are 50, 48 and 12. Arithmetic
means respectively. The SD of there runs are 15, 12 and 2 respectively.
Who is the most consistent of the three batsman?
A B C
AM ( x ) 50 48 12
SD() 15 12 2
A 15
Solution: CVA = x 100 = x 100 = 30%
xA 50
B 12
CVB = x 100 = x 100 = 25%
xB 48

C 2
CVC = x 100 = x 100 = 16.66%
xC 12
Evaluation Criteria
Less CV indicates more constant player and hence more consistent player
is (Player C)
Example: Goals scored by two teams A & B in a foot ball season are as
shown below. By calculating CV in each, find which team may be
considered as more consistent.
No. of goals No. of matches Team (A) Team (B)

X A-team B-team fx fx
0 27 17 0 0
1 9 9 9 9
2 8 6 16 12
3 5 5 15 15
4 4 3 16 12
N = f = 53 f = 40 fx = 56 fx = 48
2
Solution:
Team (A) Team (B)

2 2
fx fx
0 0
9 9
32 24
45 45
64 48
fx = 150 fx = 126
2 2
fx 56
xA= = = 1.056
N 53
fx 48
xB= = = 1.2
N 40


A
2 fx 2
N

x
2
=
150
53
1.056 1.715 = 1.30
2
A

B
2 fx 2
N

x
2
=
126
40
1.2 1.95 = 1.30
2
B
A 1.30
CVA = x 100 = x 100 = 123.8%
xA 1.056
B 1.30
CVB = x 100 = x 100 = 109%
xB 1.2
Since, CVB < CVA, team B is more consistent player
Example: The prices of x and y share A & B respectively state which share
more stable in its value.
Price A (xi - 53) Price - B (xi - 105)

2 2
(x) (xi - x ) (4) (xi - x )
(xi - x ) (xi - x )
55 2 4 108 3 9
54 1 1 107 2 4
52 -1 1 105 0 0
53 0 0 105 0 0
56 3 9 106 1 1
58 5 25 107 2 4
52 -1 1 104 -1 1
50 -3 9 103 -2 4
51 -2 4 104 -1 1
49 -4 16 101 -4 16
x = 530 (xi- x ) = 70
2
x = 1050 (xi- x ) = 40
2
x 530
xA= = = 53
N 10
x 1050
xB= = = 105
N 10

70
A 2.64
10
40
B B 2
10
A 2.64
CVA = x 100 = 100 = 4.98%
x 53
B 2
CVB = x 100 = 100 = 1.903%
x 105
Since, CVB is less, share B is more stable.
Example: A student while computing the coefficient of variation obtained the

mean and SD of 100 observations as 40 and 5.1 respectively. It was later
discovered that he had wrongly copied an observation as 50 instead of 40.
Calculate the correct coefficient of variation.
x x
Solution: x i.e. 40
n 100
x (incorrect) = 4000
Now correct x = 4000 50 + 40 = 3990
3990
correct x = 39.9
100
Let us consider 2
x2
n
x 2
x2
5.12 40
2
100
x2 x2
i.e. 40 5.1 1626.01
2 2
or
100 100
x2 (incorrect) = 100 x 1626.01 = 162601
Now correct x2 = 162601 (50)2 + (40)2 = 161701

correct 2 = correct
x2
n

correct x 2
39.9 25
161701
i.e., correct 2 =
2
100
5
Now correct efficient of variation = 100 100 12.56%
x 39.9
Hence correct C.V. = 12.53%
Example: The mean and SD of 21 observations are 30 and 5 respectively.

It was subsequently noted that one of the observations 10 was incorrect.
Omit it and determine the mean and SD of the rest and coefficient of
variation.
x x
Solution: x i.e. 30 or x 630
n 21
incorrect x = 630
Now omitting the incorrect value 10,
New x = 630 10 = 620
n = 21 1 = 20
620
New x 31
20
Next consider 2
x2
n
x 2
x2
52 30
2
100
x2
i.e. 900 25
21
incorrect x 2 925 21 19425
Again omitting the incorrect value 10.
New x = 19425 (10)2 = 19325, n = 20

Hence new 2 new

x2
20

new x 2
19325
(31) 2 5.25
20
New = 5.25 = 2.29
2.29
Now correct efficient of variation = 100 100 7.38%
x 31
Example: Find standard deviations of the two series shown in table. State
which series is more stable?
Series A 192, 288, 236, 229, 184, 160, 384, 291, 330, 243
Series B 31, 48, 13, 51, 38, 43, 50, 36, 47, 82
Solution: The table displays the values required to calculate coefficient of

variation for data of series A.
2
Series A (X) d = x-260 d
192 -68 4624
288 28 784
236 -24 576
229 -31 961
184 -76 5776
160 0 0
384 124 15376
291 31 961
330 70 4900
243 -17 289
37 34247
37
260 263.7
10
2
2 = 34247 37 (58.4) 2
10 10
58.4
58.4
CV% = 100 22.15%
263.7
The coefficient of variation for the data of series A is 22.15%.
The table displays the values required to calculate coefficient of variation for
data of series B.
2
Series B ( X) X
31 961
48 2304
13 169
51 2601
38 1444
43 1849
50 2500
36 1296
47 2209
82 6724
Total 439 22057
X 43.9
2
22057 439 2
=
2
2205 .7 ( 43.9) 2205 .7 1927 .21 278.49
10 10
278.49 16.68802
16.69
CV.% = 100 38.0154 %
43.9
The series A is more stable, since the CV for series A (22.15) is less than
the CV for series B (38.02).
SAQ 9: In two factories A and B engaged in the same industry, the average
monthly wages and standard derivatives are as follows:
Factory Average Monthly wages S.D. of wages No. of wage Earners
A 4600 500 100
B 4900 400 80

(i) Which factory A or B pays larger amount as monthly wages?

(ii) Which factory shows greater variability in the distribution of wages?
SAQ 10: Find the sum and sum of squares of 100 items whose mean is 50
and S.D. is 5. Also find the coefficient of S.D. and the co-efficient of variation
6.4 Summary
In this unit, we studied about different measures of dispersion like Range
(R), Quartile Deviations (Q.D), Mean Deviations (M.D), Standard Deviations
(S.D), Coefficient of Range, Coefficient of Quartile Deviations,
Coefficient of Mean Deviations, Coefficient of Variations with examples.
6.5 Terminal Questions

1. From the following data determine the range and coefficient of range of
wages paid to the employees of a factory:
Wages in Rs 11-13 14-16 17-19 20-22 23-25
No. of Labourers 3 4 5 4 3
2. From the following data given below determine the value of Range and
its coefficient.
Marks 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
No. of 2 2 4 5 5 6 15 10
students
3. From the following frequency distribution find the quartile deviation and
its coefficient.
Wages 12.50- 17.50- 22.50- 27.50- 32.50- 37.50- 42.50- 47.50-
17.50 22.50 27.50 32.50 37.50 42.50 47.50 52.50
Freq. 1 6 4 3 14 19 22 2
4. From the following random variable find the range, coefficient of range,
quartile deviation and its coefficient.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

5. From the following series find the mean deviation from the mean and its
co-efficient
Grades 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
Freq. 2 7 10 12 9 6 4
6. Determine the mean deviation and its coefficient from median for the
following continuous series
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of
4 8 11 15 12 6 3
students
7. The breaking strength of 80 test pieces of a certain alloy is given in the

following table, the units being given to the nearest thousand pounds per
square inch
Breaking strength 44-46 46-48 48-50 50-52 52-54
No. of pieces 3 24 27 21 5
Calculate the average breaking strength of the alloy and the standard
deviation.
8. For the following data calculate the standard deviation

X 8 9 15 23 5 11 19 8 10 12
f 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
9. Calculate the co-efficient of variation form the following data:

Profit (Rs) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of Cos. 8 12 20 6 4
10. The following distribution shows the turnover of the branches of a group
of a group f multiple shops in March 2010
Turnover (in Rs. Lakhs) No. of shops
5 and under 10 8
10 and under 15 18
15 and under 20 42
20 and under 25 62

25 and under 30 30
30 and under 35 10
35 and over 4
Using assumed mean of Rs. 22,500, calculate (i) mean, (ii) S.D.,
(iii) Coefficient of variation.
6.6 Answers
Self Assessment Questions
R 36
1. Range = LV SV = 42 6 = 36 , CR = = = 0.75
LV SV 48
2. Largest value is 24 and smallest value is 12
Range = LV SV = 24 12 = 12,
R 12
Coefficient of range = = = 0.33
LV SV 36
3. The table shows the cumulative frequency distributions for the age
distributions.
Age (Years) Frequency Cumulative Frequency
18 7 7
21 13 20
22 20 40
24 36 76
27 14 90
30 8 98
32 2 100
Total 100
100 1th
Q1 value 25.25th value
4
Q1 22
3(100 1)th
Q3 value 75.75th value
4

Q3 = 24
Therefore, the inter quartile range, Q3 Q1 = 24-22 = 2 Yrs.
24 22
Q . D. = 1 year
2
24 22 2
Coefficient of Q.D.
24 22 26
4.
Weekly wages No. of workers c.f
Below 1350 8 8
1350-1370 16 24
1370-1390 39 63
1390-1410 58 121
1410-1430 60 181
1430-1450 40 221
1450-1470 22 243
1470-1490 15 258
1490-1510 15 273
1510-1530 9 282
1530 & above 10 292
N = 292
Q2 = Size of N/2 th observation = 292 / 2 = 146th Observation

Median lies in the class 1410 1430
N / 2 Cf p
Q 2 L.L. C.I .
fc
Where L.L= lower limit of the quartile class, C.I = Class width,
fc = frequency of quartile class, N = total frequency and C.fp=
Cumulative frequency of class preceding the quartile class.
Q2 = 1410
20
146 121
60
Q2 = 1418.333

N
Q1 =
4
Q1 lies in the class 1390-1410
N / 4 Cf p
Q1 L.L. C.I .
fc
Q1 = 1390
20
73 63
58
Q1 = 1393.448
Q3 = Size of 3N / 4 th observation = 3(292) / 4 = 219 th observation
So, Q3 lies in the class 1430 - 1450
3N / 4 Cf p
Q3 L.L. C.I
fc
Q3 = 1430
20
219 181 = 1449
40
1
Q.D = (Q3 Q1) = 0.5 (1449 1393.448)= 27.776
2
Q 3 Q1
Coef. of Q.D =
Q 3 Q1
1449 1393.448 55.552
= 0.020
1449 1393.448 2842.448
5.
X From Meanx 145 From Medianx 143.5

140 5 3.5
141 4 2.5
142 3 1.5
143 2 0.5
144 1 0.5
145 0 1.5
147 2 3.5
150 5 6.5
Total 1152 22 20.0

1152
Mean( X ) 144 cms.
8
22
Mean deviation from mean = N

8
2.75
2.75
Coefficient of MD ( X) = 0.0191
144
(8 1)th
Median is value = 4.5th value
2
Median = 143 + 0.5(144 143) = 143.5 cms
20
Mean deviation from median = 2.5
8
2.5
Coefficient of MD ( X) = 0.01742
143.5
The mean deviation from median (2.5 cms) is less than that of the mean
deviation from mean (3.75 cms).
6.
Mid X 28
Efficiency
Frequency value d fd f X - 24 Cf X Med)
fX
Index 4 Med)
X
18 22 20 20 -2 -40 80 20 3.63 72.60

22 26 30 24 -1 -30 0 50 0.34 10.20
26 30 11 28 0 0 44 61 4.34 47.74
30 34 3 32 1 3 24 64 8.34 25.02
34 38 1 36 2 2 12 65 12.34 12.34
Total 65 -65 160 168.00
( X) A
fd h 28 (65) 4 24
f 65
160
M.D.( X) 2.46
65

N 65
Median th Value th Value 32.5th Value
2 2
Median class is 22 26
32.5 20 12.5 50
Median 22 4 22 4 22 22 1.66 23.66
30 30 30
168
M .D. ( Median ) 2.58
65
2.46
Coefficien t of M..D.(X) 0.1025
24
2.58
Coefficient of M.D.( from Median ) 0.1091
23.6
Therefore, the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation from
mean are 2.46 and 0.1025 respectively. The mean deviation and
coefficient of mean deviation from median are 2.58 and 0.1091
respectively.
7. Given that: n1 100, n 2 200 1 150, 2 200

= 10, = 15
Combined Average = n1 X1 n 2 X 2
n1 n 2
100 150 200 200

100 200
15000 40000 55000
183 .33 gms
300 300
d12 (150 183.33)2 = (33.33)2 = 1110.889
d 22 = (200 183.33)2 = (16.67)2 = 277.8889
100(150 1110.8889) 200(200 277.5556)

=
100 200

(100 1260.8889 200 477.5556)

Standard deviation = =8.12
300
Hence, the standard deviation is 8.12
8. Solution:
No. of Mid No. of
d= 2
rejects per value operators fd fd
operator (X-38)/ 5
X f
20.5-25.5 23 5 -3 -15 45
25.5-30.5 28 15 -2 -30 60
30.5-35.5 33 28 -1 -28 28
35.5-40.5 38 42 0 0 0
40.5-45.5 43 15 1 15 15
45.5-50.5 48 12 2 24 48
50.5-55.5 53 3 3 9 27
N = 120
fd 2 fd 2
Variance =
(C.F .) 2
f f

= = 45.2434
Standard deviation =
9. (i) For finding which factory A or B pays larger amount as monthly
wages, we have to compare the total wage bill.
Factory A: Total wage bill = (4600) (100) = Rs 4, 60,000
Factory B: Total wage bill = (4900) (80) = Rs 3, 92, 000
Hence factory A pays larger amount as monthly wages.
(ii) For determining which factory shows greater variation in the
distribution of wages, we have to compare coefficient of variation
C. V (factory A) = = = 10.87
C. V (factory B) = = = 8.16

10. We have, C. V (1) =
Or
And C. V (2) =
Or 22.5
Therefore, the required values of the two means are 50 and 40

respectively.
11. Given
(i) Sum of items ,
(ii) Sum of squares of the items,
We know,
(iii) Co-efficient of =
(iv) Co-efficient of variation C.V. =

Terminal Questions
1. Range = 15, Coefficient of range = 0.42
2. Range = 45 - 5 = 40, Coeff. Of Range = 0.80
3. Q.D. = 5.04, Coefficient of Q.D. = 0.13
4. Range = 8, Coefficient of range = 1, Quartile Deviation = 1.5,
Coefficient of Quartile deviation = 0.27
5. 6.372, 0.36
6. 12.35, 0.36
7. Average breaking strength = 49.025, S.D = 1.96
8. 4.99
9. 34.6%
10. Mean = 21.35, S.D. = 6.375, C.V. = 29.86%

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Probability and Statistics Unit 6

Unit 6 Measures of Dispersion

6.2 Requisites of Ideal Measure of Dispersion

6.3 Types of Measures of Dispersion

6.3.1 Absolute Measure of Variation

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 167

Merits and demerits of range

Note: Range is not defined if the class intervals are open.

Solution: The range R is calculated as:

Solution: Range R is calculated as:

Therefore, the range of the given continuous series is 25.

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 168

Series I 9, 10, 15, 19, 21 Series II 1, 15, 24, 28, 29

Example: Find range and Co-efficient of range from following data.

C: 100 101 102 103 104

Series I Series II Series III

Series III is less dispersed and more uniform

Series I is more dispersed and less uniform

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 169

6.3.2 Quartile Deviation

Merits and Demerits of Quartile Deviations

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 170

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 171

Example: Find quartile deviation from the following marks of 12 students

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 172

Solution: Q1 = = = 3.25 item

(3( N 1)) (37 1))

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 174

It lies in 157, cf. Against cf 157, Q3 = 63

SAQ 4: Following are the frequency distribution of 292 workers of a factory

6.3.3 Mean Deviation

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 175

For individual series:

For discrete data with frequency, mean deviation is calculated as:

Similarly, we can have mean deviation from median or mode. X is

The corresponding relative measures are coefficient of mean deviation.

Merits and demerits of mean deviation

Uses: The mean deviation, MD is used:

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 176

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 177

N = 11 511 x i M = 186 f.x i Me = 8478

Example: Compute MD about its mode and its coefficient.

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 178

120 Mode 83 Modal class 0 0

N = f = 320 f x i Mode = 9180

The highest frequency is 83 and hence Mode is 120

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 179

Median = item = = = 30.5

It lies in 40 cf and against 40 cf discrete value is 50

SAQ 5: Calculate mean deviation and also coefficient of mean deviation

SAQ 6: The data in table is the distribution of employees of a firm according

6.3.4 Standard Deviation

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 180

moment of dispersion. Since the sum of squares of deviations from the

For discrete series without frequency it is given by:

For discrete series with frequency, it is given by:

Where, X is the mid value of class interval for continuous series

For (A), Variance =

Note: The square of standard deviation is called variance. It is denoted by

standard deviation of the n1 and n2 values is 1 and 2 respectively.

X being the combined mean of n1 and n2 values.

Merits and demerits of standard deviation

Combined Standard Deviation