Soalan : Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh perkara-perkara yang tersenarai dalam

disertasi

Bab 5 Rumusan, Perbincangan dan Cadangan

5.1 Rumusan

Wiersema, 2009
The conclusion section should follow logically from the results and should avoid
undesirable repetition of the results section. One common error in dissertations is that the
writer is reluctant to draw conclusion.

Ary et al., 2010

The summary usually includes a brief restatement of the problem(s), the main features of
the methods, and the most important findings. On completing a draft of this section, check it
carefully to determine whether it gives a concise but reasonably complete description of the
study and its findings. Also check to ascertain that no information has been introduced here
that was not included in the appropriate preceding sections.

Colin Fisher, 2011

...is an overview of content that provides a reader with the overarching theme, but does not
expand on its specific details...

Fraenkel et al., 2014

In sum, it is apparent that mixed-methods studies are becoming increasingly common in
educational research. Their value lies in combining quantitative and qualitative methods in
ways that complement each other. The strengths of each approach to a large degree mitigate
the weaknesses of the other. While mixed-methods research designs are potentially quite
attractive, however, they should be approached with the realization that to carry them out
well requires considerable time, energy, and resources. Furthermore, researchers need to be
skilled in both quantitative and qualitative methods, or to collaborate with those who possess
the skills they lack.
Creswell, 2015
Summaries provide overviews of the literature and research on timely issues in
education...

Kesimpulan
Rumusan merupakan ulasan secara keseluruhan terhadap isi dan intipati kajian yang
dijalankan. Namun, bukan memberi fokus kepada aspek yang spesifik. Kesimpulan akan
menyatakan secara tuntas tentang dapatan kajian yang dijalankan.

5.2 Perbincangan

Slavin, 2007
The discussion section should summarize the results of the study in relation to the problem
statements and hypothesis presented at the beginning of the report and in relation to the past
literature.

Ary et al., 2010

To begin the discussion of mixed methods research, we must start with a consideration of
paradigms. Most researchers are familiar with the paradigm wars, in which paradigm
purists argued that quantitative and qualitative methods were incompatible because these
two paradigms are opposed in conception and practice.
A beginning researcher may find the discussion the most difficult but also the most
rewarding to write. This chapter is difficult because there is no standard format for the
content; you must use insight and original thinking to provide an explanation and
interpretation of the results that you presented previously. Be ready to provide the answer to
the original research question. First, discuss how the results support or fail to support the
hypotheses of the study. In this interpretation, you must deal not only with expected results
but also occasionally with unexpected or negative results. Here are some guidelines for
interpreting various results.

Airasian et al., 2012

The section in the research report that discusses and interprets the results.
Johnson & Christensen, 2014
The discussion section has the purpose of interpreting and evaluating the results obtained,
giving primary emphasis to the relationships between the results and the hyphotheses of the
study. Begin the discussion by stating whether the hypotheses of the study were or were not
supported. Follow this statement with an interpretation of the results, telling the reader what
you think they mean. In doing so, you should attempt to integrate your research report where
you are given any latitude for stating your own opinion; even there , you are limited to
stating your interpretation of the result and what you think the major shortcomings of the
study are. In general, the discussion should answer the following questions:
What does the study contribute?
How has it helped solve the study problem?
What conclusions and theoretical implications can be drawn from the study?
When discussing the shortscomings of the study, you should mention only the flaws
that might have had a significant influence on the result obtained. You should accept a
negative finding such rather than attempting to explain it as being due to some
methodological flaw, unless, as may occur, there is a good reason why a flaw did cause the
negative findings.

Fraenkel et al., 2014

The discussion section of a report presents the authors interpretation of what the results
imply for theory and/or practice. This includes, in hypothesis testing studies, an assessment
of the extent to which the hypothesis was supported.
In the discussion section, researchers place their results in a broader context. Here they
recapitulate any difficulties that were encountered, make note of the limitations of the study,
and suggest further, related studies that might be done.

Kesimpulan
Perbincangan merupakan landasan pengkaji dalam menginterpreatsi keputusan dan dapatan
berdasarkan teori dan praktis. Perbincangan juga merupakan medan dalam mengenengahkan
persoalan terhadap kepentingan kajian kepada masyarakat. Kemudian soalan tentang sejauh
mana kajian dapat membantu menyelesaikan masalah sejagat dan juga kesimpulan terhadap
teori dan implikasi yang perlu.
5.3 Implikasi kajian

Kothari, 2009
Such implications may have three aspects as stated below:
A statement of the inferences drawn from the present study which may be expected
to apply in similar circumstances.
The conditions of the present study which may limit the extent of legitimate
generalizations of the inferences drawn from the study.
The relevant questions that still remain unanswered or new questions raised by the
study along with suggestions for the kind of research that would provide answers for
them.

Ary et al., 2010

Because the aim of research is to increase knowledge, the author of the proposal should
show how his or her particular study will do this by discussing how the results will contribute
to theory and knowledge in the specific area to which the research question is related and to
what extent these results will be useful in solving problems and answering questions in the
general field. Finally, you show how the results of the study will provide grounds for further
research in the area.
In addition, you may explain how your own experience and expertise, coupled with
the facilities and goals of the institution where the study is being carried out, place you in a
favorable position to solve the problem in question.

Creswell, 2015
Implication in a study are those suggestions for the importance of the study for different
audiences. They elaborate on the significance for audiences presented initially in the
statement of the problem...

Kesimpulan
Kesimpulannya, implikasi kajian merupakan platform dalam menyatakan kesan dan impak
kajian terhadap fokus dan masalah yang telah dicernakan dalam bentuk kajian.
5.4 Cadangan
Ary et al., 2010
Some of the common weaknesses found in proposals are as follows:
Introduction
1. The problem is not clearly and unambiguously stated. The reader cannot be certain
what the researcher plans to do.
2. The problem is too broad for a single study.
3. The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
4. The study has not been linked to the existing body of knowledge in the field.
Methods
5. The proposed design is not appropriate for answering the research question.
6. There is no discussion of extraneous variables and how they might be controlled.
7. The proposal does not provide operational definitions of the variables.
8. The proposal does not adequately discuss the validity and reliability of measuring
instruments.
9. The proposal is not sufficiently detailed to allow for replication.
Analysis of Data
10. The statistical procedures are not appropriate for analyzing the data.

A research proposal presents the exact nature of the problem to be investigated and
a detailed description of the methods to be used. It is the researchers step-by-step plan for
discovering new knowledge. It is at this stage that the researchers inspiration and insights
crystallize into concrete form. The following categories of information should be included in
a quantitative research proposal.

Peter Airasian et. al ,2012

Recommendations is asuggestions for future actions based on practical significance o an
statistical significance only..

Fraenkel et al., 2014

Research proposals and research reports are similar in many respects, the main difference
being that a research proposal is generated before a study begins, whereas a research report
is prepared after a study has been completed.
A research proposal is nothing more than a written plan for conducting a research study. It
is a generally accepted and commonly required prerequisite for carrying out a research
investigation. It communicates a researchers intentions, makes clear the purpose of the
intended study and its justification, and provides a step-by-step plan for conducting the study.
The research proposal identifies problems, states questions or hypotheses, identifies
variables, and defines terms.

Creswell, 2015
A dissertation or thesis proposal is a plan for a research report, initiated and developed
before the research actually begins. We will not discuss proposals for external funding here
because other writers have adequately covered them, and they are beyond the scope of this
text. Before discussing research proposals, however, it is helpful to distinguish them from
research reports.
The purpose of a proposal is to help an investigator think through all aspects of the
study and anticipate problems. A proposal also provides a written document that faculty and
advisors can read, evaluate, and critique to improve a study. The research plan or proposal
becomes a document to sell the study-a written narrative that must convince the faculty of the
need, importance, and value of the proposed study. A well-defined proposal:
Facilitates the process of obtaining permissions to study a site or educational setting.
Provides information to gatekeepers and those in authority so that they can determine
the likely impact of a study at their site.
Provides criteria to assess the quality of a project. Those evaluating and reviewing a
study use these criteria. Knowing the proper elements of a good proposal permits
evaluators to examine projects for these elements, and to determine, once you
complete a project, whether it fulfills its goals.

Kesimpulan
Kesimpulannya, cadangan merupakan ruang dalam menyatakan kelemahan dalam kajian
yang dijalankan dan menyatakan aspek-aspek yang perlu dilakukan penambahbaikkan dan
menjadi rujukan kepada pengkaji akan datang dalam melaksanakan dan meluaskan kajian
supaya lebih releven da berkesan.
Rujukan
Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Sorensen, C. & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introducing to research in
education (8th ed.). Canada: Nelson Education Ltd.

Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluation

quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Lincoln and London: Unversity of
Nebraska Press.

Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B. & Turner, L. A. (2014). Research methods, design, and
analysis (12th ed). United States of America: Pearson Education Inc.

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, M. E. & Hyun, H. H. (2014). How to design and evaluate research in
education (9th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Kothari C. R. (2009). Research methodology methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Delhi:
New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers.