Academic Writing

An Wilujeng Suryani
PhD Candidate UniSA

ani.suryani@um.ac.id

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 AGENDA
1 Writing: an introduction
2 Critical reading
3 Synthesis and analysis; plagiarism
4 Academic writing style

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Part 1. Writing

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Writing is

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 Writing vs. Speaking
Speaking Writing

3 dimensional 2 dimensional

You know your audience You are separated from your audience

Intonation Word choice and punctuation

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 Academic writing
Essay

Paper

Report

Article

Thesis

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 Start writing?
Who is the audience

What is the context

What is your message

What is your purpose

What documents/genres are used

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 Finding Information

Critical reading

Synthesis and analysis

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Finding information

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http://e-resources.perpusnas.go.id/
http://keanggotaan.pnri.go.id/daftar.aspx

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 Working with
Literature

Find it! Manage it! Use it! Review it!

Knowing the Reading Choosing your research Understanding the

literature types efficiently topic lit reviews purpose

Keeping track Ensuring adequate

Using available resources Developing your question
of references coverage

Honing your Writing relevant Arguing your Writing

search skills annotations rationale purposefully

Informing your work with Working on

theory style and tone

Designing
method

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage

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Reference Manager

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Part 2. Critical Reading

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 Critical reading
Active reading vs passive reading

Question, compare, and evaluate reading material

construct knowledge

Something published is always true ???

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Critical reading - contd
Is the author qualified to write about the subject

Is any important information missing

Is the language emotional

Is the information being presented mostly fact or

opinion?

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Bloom Taxonomy

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 What can help?
Mark text

Make notes

Make a summary

What do you think?

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 Being critical
The authors mean to be honest...but may have been misled
by the evidence..

The authors mean to be impartial but.. The reasoning is

flawed

The authors mean to be impartial but have made

assumptions that I dont share

The authors are attempting to say something new but have

not taken into consideration other information that I have

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 Being critical - contd
Evidence to back up claims

Be alert to the possibility of making an illogical jump

in your reasoning

Become sensitive to your own assumptions and how

they might aect your claims

Realise the importance of checking the literature

thoroughly to ensure that your understanding is
suciently deep
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Why am I reading this?
What are the authors trying to do in writing this?

What are the authors saying that is relevant to what I

want to find out?

How convincing is what the authors are saying?

How does this text compare with others you have read
on the topic?

In conclusion what use can I make of this?

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Part 3. Synthesis and
Analysis

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Quoting Paraphrasing Summarising

Identical to words Constructing a Putting main ideas

found passage into into your own words
your own
word
Other persons idea Present only the
and words Use your own most important ideas
sentence of a source

structure
Quotation marks Attribute to the original
must be used
sources
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 True or False?
1. Copying and pasting from the Internet can be done without citing
the Internet page, because everything on the Internet is common
knowledge and can be used without citation.

2. You don't have to use quotation marks when you quote an author
as long as you cite the author's name at the end of the paragraph

3. When you summarise a block of text from another work, citing

the source at the end of your paper is sucient.

4. If you quote your roommate in an interview, you don't have to

cite him/her or use quotation marks.

5. You don't have to cite famous proverbs because they're common

knowledge

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 True or False?
6. If you borrow someone's idea and use it in a paper, you don't
have to cite it.

7. Using a few phrases from an article and mixing them in with

your own words is not plagiarism.

8. Song lyrics don't have to be cited.

9. If you come across the phrase "era of error" and use it in your
paper, you have to cite it.

10.Indonesias independence is common knowledge which means

you don't have to cite the source in which you found it

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 Why?
Alasan utama:

TIDAK TAHU apa itu plagiasi

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 Contoh 1
Original text In text citation
Book value adalah nilai buku Tryfino (2009) mengatakan
per lembar dari suatu saham bahwa book value adalah
yang diterbitkan. nilai buku per lembar dari
suatu saham yang diterbitkan.

Tryfino. 2009. Cara Cerdas Reference list

Berinvestasi Saham. Jakarta: Tryfino. 2009. Cara Cerdas
Transmedia Pustaka Berinvestasi Saham. Jakarta:
Transmedia Pustaka

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 Contoh 2
Original text
Book value adalah nilai buku
per lembar dari suatu saham
yang diterbitkan.
Tryfino. 2009. Cara Cerdas
Berinvestasi Saham. Jakarta:
Transmedia Pustaka
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In text citation
Tryfino (2009) mengatakan
bahwa book value adalah
nilai buku per lembar dari
suatu saham yang diterbitkan
(p.76).
Reference list
Tryfino. 2009. Cara Cerdas
Berinvestasi Saham. Jakarta:
Transmedia Pustaka
 Contoh 3
Original text In text citation
Artinya bahwa variabel PBV Mulia & Nurdhiana (2012)
tidak berpengaruh signifikan menemukan bahwa pada
terhadap harga saham pada perusahaan food and
perusahaan food and beverage, PBV tidak
beverage yang terdaftar di berpengaruh signifikan
BEI periode 2007-2010. terhadap harga saham.

Mulia, F.H., Nurdhiana. 2012. Pengaruh Book
Value (BV), Price to Book Value (PBV), Earning Per
Share (EPS), dan PER Terhadap Harga Saham
Perusahaan Food and Beverage yang Terdaftar di
BEI Tahun 2007-2010. Jurnal Widyamanggala. p
1-19.
Reference list
Mulia, F.H., Nurdhiana. 2012. Pengaruh Book
Value (BV), Price to Book Value (PBV), Earning Per
Share (EPS), dan PER Terhadap Harga Saham
Perusahaan Food and Beverage yang Terdaftar di
BEI Tahun 2007-2010. Jurnal Widyamanggala. p
1-19.

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 Contoh 4
Original text
Students frequently overuse direct
quotation in taking notes, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the
final [research] paper. Probably
only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as
directly quoted matter. Therefore,
you should strive to limit the amount
of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd
ed. (1976): 46-47.
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In text citation
Students often use too many
direct quotations when they
take notes, resulting in too
many of them in the final
research paper. In fact,
probably only about 10% of
the final copy should consist of
directly quoted material. So it
is important to limit the
amount of source material
copied while taking notes.
 Contoh 5
Original text
Students frequently overuse direct
quotation in taking notes, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the
final [research] paper. Probably
only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as
directly quoted matter. Therefore,
you should strive to limit the amount
of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd
ed. (1976): 46-47.
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In text citation
Students often use too many
direct quotations when they take
notes, resulting in too many of
them in the final research paper.
In fact, probably only about
10% of the final copy should
consist of directly quoted
material. So it is important to
limit the amount of source
material copied while taking
notes.
 Contoh 6
Original text
Students frequently overuse direct
quotation in taking notes, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the
final [research] paper. Probably
only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as
directly quoted matter. Therefore,
you should strive to limit the amount
of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd
ed. (1976): 46-47.
In text citation
In research papers students
often quote excessively, failing
to keep quoted material down
to a desirable level. Since the
problem usually originates
during note taking, it is
essential to minimize the
material recorded verbatim
(Lester 46-47).

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 Contoh 7
Original text
Unless steps are taken to provide
a predictable and stable energy
supply in the face of growing
demand, the nation may be in
danger of sudden power losses
or even extended blackouts, thus
damaging our industrial and
information-based economies.
John Doe, 1999, p.231.
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In text citation
Doe (1999) recommends that the
government take action to provide
a predictable and stable energy
supply because of constantly
growing demand. Otherwise, we
may be in danger of losing power
or even experiencing extended
blackouts. These circumstances
could damage our industrial and
information-based economy (p.231).
Part 4. Academic Writing

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The purpose of this paper is to add to eorts to
treat the relationship between accounting,
democracy and emancipation more seriously, giving
recognition to dierence in this context. To open up
space for emancipatory praxis vis-a-vis accounting,
the authors articulate a delineation of accounting as
a dierentiated universal and emphasis the
significance of an appreciation of accounting as
contextually situated. The authors outline
implications of a reading of new pragmatism for
emancipatory praxis in relation to accounting that
takes democracy and dierence seriously.

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 Features
Confident evaluation

Balance writing

Clear voice

Demonstrate critical thinking

Formal style

References to support your ideas

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 Tips
Plan

Think what you want to say and say it as clearly as

possible

Read it out loud

Edit and revise itand againand again

Ask someone you trust to read your paper(s)

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1. Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure at
speech which you are used to seeing in print.

2. Never use long word where a short one will do

3. If it is possible to cut out word, always cut it out

4. Never use [be careful] with passive voice

5. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a

jargon word if you can think of an everyday English

George Orwell 1946

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 Write formally and
technically
Formal vocabulary

get vs .obtain

Less emotional language

wonderful, useless, terrible vs. helpful, poor,

problematic

Use technical terms

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 Logical structure
1. Introduction

2. Literature review

3. Methods

4. Results

5. Discussion and conclusion

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 Write objectively
I believe the model is valid, based on these findings

The following section will show how the m o d e l i s

validated by the findings

Parents who smoke are obviously abusing their children

Second hand smoke has some harmful eects on

childrens health

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 Whats matter with these
sentences?

Melanin, a form of skin pigmentation, darkens the

skin, which would otherwise have no protection
against the sun, a major contributor, with 76,250
adults in this year diagnosed with skin cancer, to
early death in the USA

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 Whats matter with these
sentences?
It is possible to see the detailing of the brush strokes
if careful observation takes place.

Aunt Izzie told the children not to play on the grass.

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 Cut redundant words
1. Take into consideration

2. During the time that

3. Conduct an investigation into

4. Has an ability to

5. On two separate occasions

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 Cut redundant words
6. It may well be that

7. An increased appetite was manifested by all the

8. I t w a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e
demonstration

9. It was decided that the order in which the quality

were asked should be changed
Source: Barrass 1978 p61, 70-72

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 Simplify the paragraph -
answer
Screen adaptations of literar y works are
commonplace. This essay will discuss dierent
perspective on the original works revealed by such
adaptations, with particular reference to two
potential favourites with producers: Emily Brontes
Wuthering Heights (1847), and Oscar Wildes The
Importance of Being Earnest (1895) last adapted by
Oliver Parker (2002).

50 words

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 Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mengembangkan komik digital berbasis nilai
karakter sebagai media pembelajaran akuntansi untuk SMA kelas XI. (2)
mengetahui kelayakan komik digital akuntansi oleh ahli media, materi dan guru
akuntansi. (3) mengetahui besarnya penguatan nilai karakter siswa dalam
pembelajaran akuntansi terhadap komik digital berbasis nilai karakter.
Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian dan pengembangan (RnD) dengan
menggunakan model pengembangan 4-D (define, design, develop,
disseminate). Media yang dikembangkan diujicobakan kepada 60 siswa kelas
IX, disebarkanluaskan di SMA ABCD. Hasil penilaian oleh ahli media yang
mendapat nilai rata-rata 4,25 Sangat Layak, ahli materi yang
mendapat nilai rata-rata 4,52 Sangat Layak, dan guruakuntansi yang
mendapat nilai rata-rata 4,21 Sangat Layak. Media komik digital dapat
menguatkan nilai karakter dengan hasil analisis standar gain yaitu jujur
pada uji pengembangan 0,82 dan uji validasi 0,63; mandiri pada uji
pengembangan 0,65 dan uji validasi 0,67;disiplin pada uji
pengembangan 0,78 dan uji validasi 1,00;kreatif pada uji
pengembangan 0,10 dan uji validasi 0,87;kerjakeras pada uji pengembangan
0,29 dan uji validasi 0,64.
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 Introduction
introduce subject and problem

clearly state purpose

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 Introduction
Perkembangan teknologi informasi membawa perubahan yang
signifikan dalam dunia bisnis. Ada berbagai macam sistem
informasi dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi yang muncul,
antara lain Electronic Data Processing Systems, Data Processing
Systems (DPS), Decision Support System (DSS), Management
Information System (MIS), Executive Information Systems (EIS),
Expert System (ES) dan Accounting Information System (AIS).
Perkembangan teknologi informasi juga berpengaruh terhadap
bidang akuntansi manajemen selaku bidang penghasil informasi
dalam rangka perencanaan, pengendalian dan pengambilan
keputusan manajemen. Pengaruh tersebut dapat bersifat
menguntungkan maupun merugikan perusahaan.

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Di Indonesia, etika akuntan menjadi isu yang sangat menarik. Tanpa etika,
profesi akuntansi tidak akan ada karena fungsi akuntansi adalah penyedia
informasi untuk proses pembuatan keputusan bisnis oleh para pelaku bisnis.
Disamping itu, profesi akuntansi mendapat sorotan yang cukup tajam dari
masyarakat. Hal ini seiring dengan terjadinya beberapa pelanggaran etika yang
dilakukan oleh akuntan, baik akuntan publik, akuntan intern perusahaan
maupun akuntan pemerintah.

Disamping lingkungan bisnis, hal yang dapat mempengaruhi seseorang

berperilaku etis adalah lingkungan dunia pendidikan (Sudibyo dalam
Murtanto dan Marini, 2003). Oleh karena itu, calon akuntan (mahasiswa)
perlu diberi pemahaman yang cukup terhadap masalah-malasah etika bisnis
dan etika profesi yang akan mereka hadapi. Terdapatnya mata kuliah yang
berisi ajaran moral dan etika sangat relevan untuk disampaikan kepada
mahasiswa. Dalam hal ini berarti keberadaaan pendididikan etika memiliki
peranan penting dalam perkembangan profesi di bidang akuntansi di
Indonesia.
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 Introduction
Teknologi informasi (TI), atau dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal
dengan istilah Information Technology (IT) adalah istilah umum
untuk teknologi apapun yang membantu manusia dalam
membuat, mengubah, menyimpan, mengomunikasikan dan/
atau menyebarkan informasi. TI menyatukan komputasi dan
komunikasi berkecepatan tinggi untuk data, suara, dan video
(wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas). Perkembangan teknologi
memberikan kesempatan untuk di aplikasikan dalam dunia
pendidikan sebagai salah satu media untuk meningkatkan
kualitas pendidikan. Salah satu bentuk aplikasi teknologi
dalam pendidikan adalah e-learning (Rosenberg, 2011)

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 Literature review
examine/analyse what has already been published
on your topic

review must be thorough

review must be accurate

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 Literature review
Menurut Bogdan dan Taylor (1975) yang dikutip oleh Moleong
(2007:4) mengemukakan bahwa metodologi kualitatif sebagai
prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa
kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang
dapat diamati. Selanjutnya dijelaskan oleh David Williams
(1995) seperti yang dikutip Moleong (2007:5) mengemukakan
bahwa penelitian kualitatif adalah pengumpulan data pada
suatu latar alamiah, dengan menggunakan metode alamiah, dan
dilakukan oleh orang atau peneliti yang tertarik secara alamiah.

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 Literature review
Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1995: 215)
persepsi diartikan sebagai tanggapan (penerimaan)
langsung dari sesuatu atau merupakan proses
seseorang mengetahui beberapa hal yang dialami oleh
setiap orang dalam memahami setiap informasi
tentang lingkungan melalui panca indera (melihat,
mendengar, mencium, menyentuh, dan merasakan).

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 Literature review
Keunggulan dari akuntan perusahaan dibanding
posisi lain dalam perusahaan dapat berupa
peningkatan karir yang cepat dan susah untuk
diberhentikan dari perusahaan. Tetapi untuk
mendapatkan pekerjaan ini juga biasanya sulit karena
harus lulus dari serangkaian tes, seperti tes psikologi,
tes materi akuntansi, tes wawancara, dan tes
kesehatan.

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 Literature review
Adanya benturan karena perbedaan sistem akuntansi antar
negara tersebut pada akhirnya menghambat bisnis
internasional. Sehigga pada akhirnya diperlukan adanya
sebuah harmonisasi standar akuntansi internasional untuk
menyelaraskan perbedaan-perbedaan dalam menerapkan
sistem akuntansi yang berbeda, percepatan perubahan
transparansi informasi keuangan, meningkatkan daya banding
informasi keuangan dari berbagai negara serta menghemat
biaya terutama bagi penyaji dan pemakai laporan keuangan.

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 Literature review
Kompetensi berkaitan dengan pendidikan dan pengalaman memadai yang
dimiliki akuntan publik dalam bidang auditing dan akuntansi. Dalam
melaksanakan audit, akuntan publik harus bertindak sebagai seorang yang
ahli di bidang akuntansi dan auditing. Pencapaian keahlian dimulai dengan
pendidikan formal, yang selanjutnya diperluas melalui pengalaman dalam
praktik audit. Selain itu, akuntan publik harus menjalani pelatihan teknis
yang cukup yang mencakup aspek teknis maupun pendidikan umum.
Asisten yunior untuk mencapai kompetensinya harus memperoleh
pengalaman profesionalnya dengan mendapatkan supervisi memadai dan
riview atas pekerjaannya dari atasannya yang lebih berpengalaman. Akuntan
publik harus secara terus menerus mengikuti perkembangan yang terjadi
dalam bisnis dan profesinya. Akuntan publik harus mempelajari, memahami
dan menerapkan ketentuan-ketentuan baru dalam prinsip akuntansi dan
standar auditing yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi profesi.

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 Method
How did I do this research?

Why?

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 Method - para. 1
Populasi penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa jurusan
akuntansi semester akhir, tiga perguruan tinggi di
kota XYZ, yaitu Universitas A, Universitas B, dan
Universitas C serta mahasiswa PPAk Universitas A.

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Thesis Writing Tips

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 Writing myths
1. The Paint by Numbers

2. Start writing when everything have figured out

3. Perfect first draft

4. Some got it; I dont

5. Good grammar is good writing

6. The five paragraph essay

7. Never use I

L. Lennie Irvin 2010, Writing spaces: Reading on Writing Vol 1, p 3-5

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1. How to eat an elephant?

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2. Time Management

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 3. Build writing habit
everyday

every morning

30 minutes to 2 hours

never skip morning power

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Questions?
Comments?

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