CHAPTER 7 - PIPING SYSTEMS

7-1. A convector whose performance characteristics are shown in Fig. 7-4 is supplied with a flow rate of 0.04 kg/s
of water at 90 C. The length of the convector is 4 m, and the room-air temperature is 18 C. What is the rate
of heat transfer from the convector to the room air?

Solution:
See Fig. 7-4
m = 0.04 kg/s
t1 = 90 C
L=4m
ti = 18 C

q
t 2 = t1
mc p
cp = 4.19 kJ/kg.K
q
t 2 = 90
(0.04 )((4190))
t 2 = 90 0.0059666q
Mean Water Temp.
t m = 21 (t 1 + t 2 )
tm = 1
2
(90 + 90 - 0.0059666q)
t m = 90 0.0029833q
Equation for Fig. 7-4.
q
= 16t m 560 W/m
L
q = (4 )(16t m 560)
q = 64t m 2240
Substituting:
tm = 90 - 0.0029833 (64tm - 2240)
tm = 81.182 C

q = 64tm - 2,240 Watts

q = 64(81.182) - 2,240 Watts
q = 2,956 Watts
q = 2.956 kW ---- Ans.

7-2. Compute the pressure drop in pascals per meter length when a flowrate of 8 L/s of 60 C water flows through
a Schedule 40 steel pipe of nominal diameter 75 mm (a) using Eq. (7-1) and (b) using Figs. 7-6 and 7-7.

Solution:
(a) Eq. 7-1.
L V2
p = f
D 2

From Table 7-3 at 60 C.

3
= 983.19 kg/m
= 0.476 mPa.s = 0.000476 Pa.s

75-mm Schedule 40 Steel Pipe, Table 7-1, ID = 77.92 mm

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 CHAPTER 7 - PIPING SYSTEMS

0.008 m 3 /s
V= = 1.678 m/s
(0.07792 m)2 4
Table 6-1, = 0.000046 commercial steel.
0.000046
= = 0.00059
D 0.07792
DV (1.678 )(0.07792)(983.19)
Re = =
0.000476
Re = 270,067

From the Moody Chart, Fig. 6-1.

Re = 270,067,

= 0.00059
D
f = 0.019
L V2
p = f
D 2
2
p 1 (1.678)
= (0.019) (983.19)
L 0.07792 2
p/L = 338 Pa/m ---- Ans.

7-3. In the piping system shown schematically in Fig. 7-14 the common pipe has a nominal 75 mm diameter, the
lower branch 35 mm, and the upper branch 50 mm. The pressure of water at the entrance is 50 kPa above
atmospheric pressure, and both branches discharged to atmospheric pressure. The water temperature is 20
C. What is the water flow rate in liters per second in each branch?

Solution:
p = 50 kPa - 0 - 50 kPa = 5000 Pa
Use Fig. 7-6, water temperature of 20 C

Table 7-4.
For 75-mm pipe
Elbow = 4 x 3 m = 12 m
Straight Pipe = 8 m + 4 m + 5 m + 7 m + 15 m = 39 m
L1 = 12 m + 39 m = 51 m

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 CHAPTER 7 - PIPING SYSTEMS

For 50-mm pipe

Straight Branch = 0.9 m
Straight Pipe = 30 m
L2 = 0.9 m + 30 m = 30.9 m

For 35-mm pipe

Side Branch = 4.6 m
Straight Pipe = 6 m + 18 m = 24 m
Elbow = 1 x 1.2 m = 1.2 m
L3 = 4.6 m + 24 m + 1.2 m = 29.8 m

Q1 = Q2 + Q3

p 1 p
L 1 + 2 L 2 = p
L1 L2
p 1 p
L 1 + 3 L 3 = p
L
L1 3
p 2 p
L 2 = 3 L 3
L
L2 3
p 2 p
(30.9) = 3 (29.8)
L
L2 3
p 3 p 2

L = 1.036913 L
3 2
Assume f = 0.02
r = 998.21 kg/m3.
For 75-mm pipe, ID = 77.92 mm = 0.07792 m
For 50-mm pipe, ID = 52.51 mm = 0.05251 m
For 35-mm pipe, ID = 35.04 mm = 0.03504 m

p 1 V 2
= f
L1 D 2
1
Q = D 2 V
4
4Q
V=
D 2
1 8Q 1
2
p 1
= f
L1 D 2 D 1 4

p 1 8Q 12
= f
L1 2D 5
1
p 1 8Q 12
= 0.02 (998.21) = 5,633,748Q 2
L1 2 (0.07792)5 1

p 2 8Q 2 2
= 0.02 (998.21) = 40,535,176Q 2
L2 2 (0.05251)5 2

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 CHAPTER 7 - PIPING SYSTEMS

p 3 8Q 2 2
= 0.02 (998.21) = 306,352,668Q 2
L3 2 (0.03504 )5 3

(1)

p 1 p
(51) + 2 (30.9 ) = 50,000
L1 L2
(5,633,748Q )(51) + (40,535,176Q )(30.9) = 50,000
1
2
2
2

(5,633,748Q )(51) + (40,535,176Q )(30.9) = 50,000

1
2
2
2

2 2
287,321,148Q1 + 1,253,093,138Q2 = 50,000

(2)

p 3 p
= 1.036913 2
L L
3 2
(
306,352,668Q 3 2 = 1.036913 40,535,176Q 2 2 )
Q2 = 2.7Q3

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q1 = 2.7Q3 + Q3
Q1 = 3.7Q3

Then.
2 2
287,321,148Q1 + 1,253,093,138Q2 = 50,000
2 2
287,321,148(3.7Q3) + 1,253,093,138(2.7Q3) = 50,000
3
Q3 = 0.00196 m /s
Q3 = 1.96 L/s - - - Ans.
Q2 = 2.7Q3
Q2 = 5.29 L/s - - - - Ans.
Q1 = 3.8Q3
Q1 = 7.25 L/s - - - - Ans.

7-4. A centrifugal pump with the characteristics shown in Fig. 7-9 serves a piping network and delivers 10 L/s. An
identical pump is placed in parallel with the original one to increase the flow rate. What is (a) the new flow
rate in liters per second and (b) the total power required by the two pumps?

Solution:
Use Fig. 7-9.
At 10 L/s. Pressure Rise, p = 130 kPa
Efficiency = = 62 %
P = (0.10)(130) / (0.62) = 2.097 kw

For the pipe network.

p Q2
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 CHAPTER 7 - PIPING SYSTEMS

Q1 = 10 L/s
p1 = 130 kPa

Use trial and error to find Q2 and p2 that will lie along the pump curve in Fig. 7-9.

Trial 1, Q2 = 15 L/s

2
Q
p 2 = p 1 2
Q1
2
15
p 2 = (130) = 292.5 kPa
10
Each pump = Q = 7.5 L/s

From Fig. 7-9. p = 210 kPa < 292.5 kPa

Trial 2, Q2 = 13.3 L/s

2
Q
p 2 = p 1 2
Q1
2
13.3
p 2 = (130) = 292.5 kPa
10
Each pump = Q = 6.65 L/s

From Fig. 7-9. p = 230 kPa ~ 230 kPa

Efficiency = 80 %
Then Q2 = 13.3 L/s total - - - Ans.
Power = 2(0.00665)(230) / 0.80
Power = 3.82 kW - - - - Ans.

7-5. An expansion tank is to be sized so that the change in air volume between the cold-water conditions (25 C)
and the operating water temperature (85 C) is to be one fourth the tank volume. If pi = 101 kPa abs and pc =
180 kPa abs,., what will ph be?

Solution:
Eq. 7-7.
1 Vt
=
pi p VB VC
i
pb ph
VB - VC = 0.25Vt
1 Vt
=
pi pi 0.25Vt

pb ph
pi pi
= 0.25
pc ph
101 101
= 0.25
180 p h
ph = 325 kPa abs. - - - Ans.

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CHAPTER 7 - PIPING SYSTEMS

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