Chapter-6 Planning Instruction

1. Decide what to teach

- state standard ( the nature and needs of learners, professional societies with interests

in education)
- what state standard looks like
- power of state standard
- what happens from school district level
- formal and taught curricula
- power of the curriculum
2. Instructional objectives
- what it looks like?
- differ in two ways
- some objectives are general, others are specific
- kind of objectives we use result in three different kinds of learning: cognitive,

affective, psychomotor
3. writing specific objectives
4. preparing instructional plans for varying duration
- long and short of planning
- preparing unit plans
( parts of unit plans like: body, title, objectives, assessment)
- preparing lesson plan
( specifically what to do and how something will be learned with in a brief period)
parts of the lesson plans: objectives, resources, set introduction, assessment
- evaluating lesson plans

Resources useful when planning

- curriculum guides
- instruction material
- collaborative, cooperative and team planning ( teachers must be willing to provide

time, support, guidance, ideas and resources)

- comparative learning (compare educational practices across cultures)

Thoughtful instructional planning important for teachers and learners

planning must indicate what students are expected to know
teachers must prepare specific objectives that can be achieved
REFLCETION
 I learned about the different parts of a lesson plan. It helped me to design my

lesson plan as well. I will use all these elements correctly in my lesson plan

and make my lesson plan better.

Chapter -7 Four instructional alternatives: presentation, discussion, independent study, and

individualized instruction
1. presentation
- what is it? (informative talk a more knowledgeable person makes)
- purpose and characteristics of presenters
purpose: to inform others of facts, ideas, concepts and explanations
characteristics: teacher, may be live or recorded, may vary in length, maybe formal or

informal)
Good presenters qualities: preparation, delivery, handouts , closure
2. discussion
- what is it? ( situation wherein students, or students and a teacher converse to share

information)
- purpose and characteristics of discussion
pupose: to review, encourage students, improve face to face communication skills
Characteristics of discussion: interaction pattern, group size, group arrangement, role

of the teacher
Good discussion qualities: preparation, delivery, closure by being able to

convince
3. Independent study
- what is it? (assignments learners complete on their own)
- purpose and characteristics
Purpose: to rehearse, practice, provide opportunity to learn)
Characteristics: teachers as a facilitator, assignments to be completed in school or

home)
4. Individualized ( teachers should know about diversity of students) or differentiated

Instruction
- what is it?
- Purpose and characteristics
REFLECTION
 I am very thankful to know about the presentation, discussion and independent study.

I learned a new concept to be prepared first and to end up with a good closure. I

always take this in mind when I present in ITC classes. I think I have become

confident because of the preparation.

Chapter 8 Instructional activities: cooperative learning, discovery learning,

constructivism, and direct instruction

1. cooperative learning
- what is it? (learners work together in small groups)
- Purpose and characteristics
purpose: cause students to work together
Characteristics: mixed groups, group tasks, help each other, group reward is shared
2. discovery learning
- what is it? (students are asked to find out)
- purpose and characteristics
purpose: to get learners to think themselves, to promote higher thinking skills)
Characteristics: teacher set stage for knowledge discovery, learner's participation and

interaction are high

3. constructivism
- what is it? (way of teaching that intends to maximize students learning)
- Purpose and characteristics
- Purpose: enable students to acquire information in ways that can be easily

understood
- Characteristics: active learning in groups, scaffolding, reflection and resolution
4. direct instruction
- what is it? ( is a variation on the theme of a teacher presentations in that it is teacher

dominated and directed

- Purpose and characteristics
Purpose: cause students to learn academic content and skills
Characteristics: teachers provide strong direction, students made to feel

psychologically safe, students' behavior is controlled

Reflection
Making students to work in group is a tough task that I saw in my teaching practicum.

I have learned to wisely mix students and make a group to help run the discussion
well in the class. I will make sure I reflect and see what went well during the

discussion and will see what to change next time which I think I very important to do.