Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Second Edition
Field Hockey
STEPS TO SUCCESS
Elizabeth Anders
with
Sue Myers
Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anders, Elizabeth, 1951-
Field hockey : steps to success / Elizabeth Anders with Sue Myers. --
2nd ed.
p. cm. -- (Steps to success sports series.)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-6837-6 (soft cover)
ISBN-10: 0-7360-6837-6 (soft cover)
1. Field hockey. I. Myers, Sue. II. Title.
GV1017.H7A573 2008
796.355--dc22
2008017200
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iii
Climbing the
Steps to Field
Hockey Success
Field hockey is an extraordinary team game 2. Study the illustrations, which show exactly
played by millions of male and female adults and how to position your body to execute each
youth in more than 118 countries and by member skill successfully.
associations worldwide. Whether you are a novice 3. Read the instructions for each drill. Practice
or an experienced field hockey player, you will the drill and record the score.
appreciate the game more as you improve your
skills and your understanding of strategy. 4. Have a qualified observera teacher,
The popularity of field hockey comes from the coach, or trained partnerevaluate your
immense challenge the game demands for suc- skill technique once youve completed
cessful play. In field hockey, players must be able each set of drills. The observer can use the
to defend as well as attack. They must be able to success checks with each drill to evaluate
handle the ball, and they have to handle it under your execution of the skill.
the pressures of time, limited space, physical ex- 5. At the end of each step, review your perfor-
haustion, and dogged challenges from opponents. mance and total up your scores from the
Every time the hockey ball moves, the situation drills. Once youve achieved the indicated
changes and the decision-making abilities of play- level of success with one step, move on to
ers are tested. The individuals ability to execute the next step.
decisions that are essential to team play must be
developed. Field Hockey: Steps to Success is written This updated and expanded version is orga-
with that objective in mind. nized into 11 clearly defined steps that enable you
As in the first edition of Field Hockey: Steps to to advance at your own pace. Each step provides
Success, a thorough understanding of the three an easy and logical transition to the next step. You
roles of attack and defense enables the field cannot leap to the top of the staircase! You get to
hockey enthusiast to communicate tactics while the top by climbing one step at a time. The first
having a reason to select and execute proper skills. few steps provide a foundation of basic skills and
The second edition of Field Hockey: Steps to Success concepts. As you progress through the book, you
provides a progressive, 11-step plan for developing will learn how to use those skills to execute tactics
field hockey skills as well as a more comprehen- and to work with teammates. Numerous illustra-
sive method of incorporating individual (role 1), tions further clarify the proper execution of field
group (roles 1 and 2), and team (roles 1, 2, and 3) hockey skills and tactics, including those used by
tactics for all levels of players and coaches. the goalkeeper. Drills are sprinkled throughout
Follow the same sequence each step of the each step so that you can practice and improve
way: fundamental skills and tactical concepts before
engaging in more pressure-packed, simulated
1. Read the explanation of each skill, why the game situations. At the completion of all 11 steps,
skill is important, and how to execute the you will be a more knowledgeable and skilled
skill. field hockey player.
iv
Acknowledgments
Winning a championship in sports, especially Human Kinetics, particularly to Jana Hunter, for
in a team sport such as field hockey, requires a her patience and support! Ongoing thanks to all
collective effort. Through my fortunate career as of my coaching colleagues who have worked with
an athlete and coach, I have learned that team- me, and to many others who are too numerous
work is necessary for achievement and victory. to mention by name. My mentors, who helped to
Similarly, a team effort is required to write and shape my careerLibby Williams, Eleanor Snell,
publish a book. and Marge Watsonremain in my heart, along
Respectfully, I would like to acknowledge sev- with the athletes who have played for me and for
eral people who have helped with this second the programs we represented. My players make
edition. A huge thank you goes to Sue Myers the word team so very special. They have all
and to Dr. Andrea Hoffman, who agreed to assist heard me say, I am so proud of you as people and
me again after the first edition of Field Hockey: as players for the tradition and standard we have
Steps to Success. Special appreciation goes to my been able to create and share. I remain indebted
assistant coaches Char, Carla, Marcia, Sue, Yogi, to the extraordinary group of players I have had
Carol, Dawn, Robin, Amanda, Katie, Marina, the privilege to coach at Old Dominion University.
and Gwen, who know that it takes a team to suc- Last, but certainly not least, thanks to my parents,
ceed, and to Melissa Baile, a friend and former Alice and Stan Anders Jr., and my brother, Stanley
athletic administrator, who knew how to make Anders III, and his wife, Chris, and family for their
an opportunity happen. Thank you to the staff of continuous love and support.
v
The Sport of
Field Hockey
Field hockey remains a historically popular team associations: Europe, Asia, Africa, Pan-America,
sport for men and women, and for youth and and Oceania. The Unites States is a member of
adults on nearly every continent. Known inter- the Pan-American continental organization. As
nationally as hockey, field hockey incorporates the governing body of world field hockey, the
fitness, psychological skills, techniques, and FIH has more than 118 member nations, which
tactics. While playing the sport, a field hockey translates into millions of participants, both male
player will encounter numerous mental and and female, of all ages.
emotional challenges in addition to the physical Although the number of male players is in-
demands. Although physical size is unrelated creasing, in the United States, mens field hockey
to success in field hockey, the successful player takes a backseat to the womens game in terms
needs to quickly and skillfully execute funda- of the total number of participants and overall
mental techniques and use her intelligence and opportunities in the scholastic and collegiate
physical prowess, including proper body balance, scene. Participation by both genders continues
core muscular strength, anaerobic endurance, to significantly expand.
flexibility, exceptional hand-eye coordination Field hockey is a speedy, technical team sport
and ball-to-foot relationship, and agile, speedy that gives enjoyment to many levels of players.
movement. It is common for an international The game can be modified to satisfy local condi-
player who plays on a watered, swift, artificial tions or age groups. Throughout this book, the
surface to run more than 5 miles at a sprint conventional game of outdoor field hockey is
during a 70-minute match while encountering described.
individual and team problem-solving situations The Federation of International Hockey (FIH),
that require coordinated, technical skills. Field the international governing body, has established
hockey players are among the best conditioned 14 principal rules for field hockey. The rules cover
of all athletes. every game situation, from the organization and
Some form of field hockey has been played conduct of the game through the game proce-
since ancient times. The sport was brought to Eu- dures. The FIH rules are standard throughout the
rope through the influence of the Roman Empire. world and pertain to all competition. Variances
Later the British Empire exposed hockey to their in some rules may occur in youth and school
colonies in Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. organizations and, in the United States, in college-
Today the Federation of International Hockey sponsored programs. In this part of the book,
(FIH) serves as the guardian of the sport. It is we provide a condensed discourse of the rules
responsible for the sports development and pro- governing hockey play. For the complete rules,
motion with worldwide national and continental contact the FIH. See the resources section on page
organizations. The FIH oversees five continental xviii for their contact information.
vi
The Sport of Field Hockey
vii
The Sport of Field Hockey
surface is watered before the start of the match withstand friction and bounce. For international
and during the halftime intermission, the best- games, a white ball is used, but at other levels the
performing ball has a plastic cover that does team captains may agree on any color hockey ball
not absorb moisture, and it is well balanced to as long as it contrasts with the field color.
The Field
The field hockey field (figure 2) is the same length shooting circles is 3 inches (75 mm). Players are
as an American football field but it is wider. The not permitted to add marks or lines to the field
field of play is rectangular, 100 yards (91.40 m) of play. The perimeter lines of the hockey field
long and 60 yards (55 m) wide. Before each game, are in the field of play and they are marked by
the umpire checks for proper field lines, markings, the backlines, the goal lines (part of the backline
and goal conditions. The width of all lines and between the goalposts), and the sidelines. The ball
25 yds
(22.9m)
25-yard line
25-yard line
5-meter circle
viii
The Sport of Field Hockey
must travel wholly over a line to be considered out circle extends 16 yards into the field of play and
of play. The centerline is 50 yards (46 m) from the includes a 4-yard (3.66 m) straight line that runs
backlines. Two lines known as the 25-yard lines parallel to the goal line. The line that marks the
are marked across the field 25 yards (23 m) from shooting circle is 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide and is
each of the backlines. At each of the four corners part of the space enclosed by the semicircle.
of the field, a 4- to 5-foot (1.20 and 1.50 m) flag A ball that is wholly on the shooting circle or
post is placed off, but near, the outer edge of the partly on the inside of the circle is considered
field corners. inside the circle. A 5-meter circle is marked with
A 16-yard mark is placed outside the field of broken lines, 5 meters from the outer edge of each
play on each sideline. It is parallel to the backline, circle. Each broken line starts with a solid section
16 yards (15 m) from the backlines inside border. at the top center of the circle line, and each solid
The 16-yard mark must be 12 inches (30.5 cm) section is 300 mm long with 3-meter-long gaps
in length. between the solid sections.
Other short lines include the penalty-corner hit
marks. These marks are outside the field of play, Goals
on the backlines, at 5.47- and 10.95-yard intervals
(5 and 10 m) as measured from the outer edge A field hockey goal is rectangular. It is made up
of both sides of the goalposts. Also on the outer of two goalposts; a horizontal crossbar; a net that
edge of the sidelines are long-corner hit marks covers the sides, back, and top of the goal cage;
that are outside the field of play, 5.47 yards (5 m) a backboard; and two sideboards.
from the corner of the field where the backline Goalposts are positioned perpendicular to
and sideline meet. the ground, 4 yards (3.66 m) apart, and they are
The penalty spot is a 6-inch (150 mm) diam- connected by a horizontal crossbar that is 7 feet
eter spot that is placed 7 yards (6.4 m) in from (2.14 m) from the ground. The goalposts may not
the center of the inner edge of the goal line. This extend beyond the crossbar nor may the crossbar
spot marks where the ball is placed when a player extend beyond the goalposts. The 2-inch-wide
takes a penalty stroke. posts and crossbar are painted white and are not
more than 3 inches deep.
The 1 1/2-inch-diameter mesh net is attached
Shooting Circle to the back of the posts and crossbar at 6-inch
The shooting circle (figure 3) is a semicircle drawn notches and are secured solidly behind the
from the backlines, 16 yards (14.63 m) from goal and on the outside of the backboard and
each outer edge of the goalposts. The shooting sideboards. Nets have a maximum mesh size
16 yds
21.47 yds 7 yds
(6.4m) PENALTY STROKE
(19.63m)
(3 RADIUS or
6 DIAMETER)
16 yds
5.47 yds (14.63m)
(5m)
4 yds
(3.66m)
E4049/Anders/fig.3/309225/bobr-pulled-redraw/r3
ix -alw
The Sport of Field Hockey
of 1 3/4 inches (45 mm) and are secured so as The two sideboards are also 18 inches tall but
to prevent the ball from passing between the must not be less than 4 feet long. They also are
net and the goalposts, crossbar, sideboards, or painted a dark color on the inside of the goal.
backboards. The nets hang loosely outside the The goal cage is positioned at each end of the
back- and sideboards in order to prevent the ball field, on the center of the goal line, so that the front
from rebounding. base of each goalpost touches the back outer edge
Inside, all goals have a dark-colored backboard, of the goal line or backline, with the center of the
18 inches (46 cm) off the ground and 4 yards long. goal set 30 yards (27.5 m) from the sideline.
Game Play
A field hockey game is played between two teams of goals scored and of warnings and suspensions
of 11 players each. A team may choose to play issued. The umpire blows a whistle to
with a fully-protected goalkeeper who has goal-
keeping privileges, to use 11 field players (no one start and end each half of the game,
has goalkeeping privileges), or to use a designated signal fouls, enforce penalties, or suspend
field player who has goalkeeping privileges only the game for any other reason,
within her defensive shooting circle. A goalkeeper start and end a penalty stroke,
may wear full head and body protective equip-
signal a goal and then to restart the game
ment (leg guards, kickers, and headgear). A desig-
after a goal is scored or after play is sus-
nated field player who has goalkeeping privileges
pended,
within her defensive circle may wear only protec-
tive headgear. The goalkeeper or designated field indicate that the ball is entirely out of
player must wear a different color shirt. During bounds when it is not obvious to the play-
a game, a team may remove the goalkeeper by ers,
making a substitution. restart the game after an unsuccessful
One player from each team is appointed as penalty stroke attempt, and
captain. The team captain wears a distinctive arm stop the game for the substitution of a goal-
band or similarly distinguishing article on the up- keeper in full protective gear and then to
per arm or shoulder. The captain is responsible restart the game after the substitution.
for the behavior of the players on her team and
for ensuring that substitutions on her team are Prior to the game, the team captains and
performed correctly. A replacement captain must umpires participate in a coin toss. The coin toss
be appointed if a captain is suspended. determines which team will start the game. The
Two umpires administer the rules and ensure winner of the coin toss may choose the end of
fast and fair play. They take positions along the the field that her team will attack in the first half
sidelines, venturing onto the field only when nec- of play or she may choose to have possession of
essary. Each umpire maintains sole responsibility the ball at the start of the game. If the winner of
for calls in one half of the field for the entire game, the coin toss chooses to begin with ball posses-
including determining when the ball goes out of sion, then the captain of the other team chooses
play anywhere along the full length of his or her which end of the field her team will attack in the
nearer sideline and backline. Umpires call penalty first half. In the second half, direction of play is
corners, penalty strokes, and goals in their half reversed. The team that didnt start with posses-
of the field, and they call free hits in their circles. sion of the ball in the first half begins with ball
They also keep track of game time, call the end possession in the second half.
of each half, and ensure the completion of a The game starts with a center pass, or free
penalty corner if a half is extended. (One or two hit, in any direction from the center of the field.
timekeepers may help monitor game time from The pass that starts the game may not lift the
the scorers table.) Umpires keep a written record ball off the ground, and the opposing team must
x
The Sport of Field Hockey
xi
The Sport of Field Hockey
player may not be put into the game in place of a plays the ball over the backline. The hit is taken
suspended player. His or her team must continue from a spot exactly opposite from where the ball
the game without the suspended player. crossed the backline and not more than 16 yards
A regulation game has two 35-minute playing (14.63 m) from the backline. Again free-hit rules
periods with a five-minute halftime intermission. apply.
Specific leagues or competitions may modify If the defending team unintentionally plays the
the time of the playing periods and halftime in ball over the backline, then the attacking team
order to accommodate different player levels. For takes a free hit from a spot on the sideline 5.47
example, college leagues may increase halftime yards (5 m) from the corner flag. This is called a
length to 10 minutes in order to give the ground long corner.
crew enough time to rewater the playing sur- A penalty corner is awarded to the attack team
face. High-school junior varsity games often are if the defense intentionally hits or pushes the ball
played with 25- or 30-minute halves. The team over the backline, unless the ball is deflected by
that scores the most goals wins the game. If the the goalkeeper. For a goal to count during a pen-
regulation period ends in a tie score, the match is alty corner, the player must use a direct shot with
a draw. Specific tournaments or leagues set their a backswing, and the ball must hit the backboard
own rules regarding ways to resolve a tie game, or sideboard. A penalty corner is completed when
perhaps by playing longer, by having a penalty- a goal is scored; an attacker commits a foul; the
stroke competition, or by simply declaring the ball travels more than 5 meters (about 5 1/2
game a draw. yards) outside the circle; the ball travels outside
the circle for a second time; the ball travels over
Ball Out of Bounds the backline and another penalty corner is not
awarded; a defender commits a foul and another
The ball is out of play when it passes completely penalty corner is not awarded; a penalty stroke
over the sideline or backline. A player on the team is awarded; or a bully is awarded.
that did not touch or play the ball immediately
before it went out of play restarts play.
When the ball travels over the sideline, play
Bully
is resumed using the procedures for a free hit. When play is stopped (due to an injury, for ex-
By placing the ball on the sideline where the ball ample), a bully is taken to resume play. The bully
crossed the line, a player is ready to restart the is taken close to where the ball was located when
play. When the ball goes outside the field of play, play was stopped, but not within 16 yards (14.63
a player from the team that did not hit the ball out m) of the backline. For the bully, the ball is placed
of bounds may take a free hit or free push from between one player from each team. The players
the sideline where the ball went out of play. The face each other, with the goal they are defending
ball must be stationary and may not be raised. to their right. The two players start with their
The player playing the ball may be on or off the sticks on the ground to the right of the ball and
playing field. Players from the opposing team then tap the flat faces of their sticks together once
must be at least 5 meters (about 5 1/2 yards) just above the ball. After the tap, each player tries
from the ball. to gain possession of the ball. All other players
Sixteen-yard hits are similar to soccers goal must be at least 5 meters (about 5 1/2 yards) from
kicks. Defense hits, also called 15-meter hits, are the ball. A bully is used to resume play whenever
taken by the defense when the attacking team play is stopped but when no penalty is given.
Player Conduct
Field hockey players are expected to act sensibly ing it over the heads of other players. The
and with good sportsmanship at all times. stick is considered dangerous when it is
higher than a players shoulders in crowded
A player must hold her stick and not use or occupied space (other players within 5
it in a dangerous manner, such as by lift- meters, about 5 1/2 yards).
xii
The Sport of Field Hockey
A player may not play the ball wildly or in A field player must not stop, kick, propel,
a way that is dangerous or is likely to lead pick up, throw, or carry the ball with any
to dangerous play. A ball is considered dan- part of her body. It is a foul when a field
gerous when it is higher than the knee in player voluntarily uses her hand, foot, or
crowded or occupied space (other players body to stop or play the ball.
within 5 meters, about 5 1/2 yards). When an opponent is attempting to play
A player must not hit, touch, handle, or the ball, a player must not obstruct that
interfere with other players bodies, sticks, opponent by backing into her, by physi-
or clothing. cally interfering with her stick or body, or
A player must not intimidate or impede by shielding the ball from a lawful tackle
another player. with the stick or any part of the body. A
third-party obstruction is called when a
A player may not play the ball with the
player runs in front or blocks an opponent
back of the stick.
in order to stop her from fairly playing or
Hitting the ball hard on the forehand with attempting to play the ball.
the edge of the stick is prohibited, except in
A player must not tackle unless in a position
a controlled action, such as during a tackle,
to play the ball without body contact.
when raising the ball in a controlled man-
ner over an opponents stick or over a lying An attacking player is not permitted to
goalkeeper, or when using a long pushing run behind the goal or into the goal being
motion along the ground. A player may hit defended by the opponent.
the ball with the edge of the stick on the Unless the stick no longer meets specifica-
backhand as long as the player doesnt tions, a player may not change her stick
play the ball wildly, creating a dangerous between the award and completion of a
situation. penalty corner or penalty stroke.
A player must not use any part of the stick A player must not throw any object or piece
to play a ball that is above shoulder height, of equipment onto the field, at the ball, or
although defenders are allowed to use the at another player, umpire, or person.
stick to stop or deflect a shot on goal at any A player may not delay the game by wast-
height. A defender, however, may not hit a ing time.
ball above the shoulders. A penalty stroke
is awarded if a defender hits the ball above Goalkeepers also must conform to proper
the shoulders to prevent a goal. If a ball is conduct on the field.
traveling toward the goal and a defender
attempts to stop or deflect the ball, but if A goalkeeper who wears full protective
the ball would miss the goal if it were not equipment may not take part in the game
deflected, then any use of the stick above outside the 25-yard (23-meter) line area
the shoulder will be penalized by a penalty she is defending, except when taking a
corner and not a penalty stroke. If danger- penalty stroke.
ous play results after a legal stop or deflec- A goalkeeper who wears only protective
tion, a penalty corner is awarded. headgear may not play beyond the 25-
A player may raise the ball off the ground yard line area she is defending unless
as long the ball is not played dangerously the headgear is removed. The protective
and as long as it is not raised during a free headgear must be worn, however, when the
hit. goalkeeper is defending a penalty corner
A player must not approach within 5 me- or penalty stroke.
ters (about 5 1/2 yards) of an opponent When the ball is inside the shooting circle,
who is receiving a descending raised ball the goalkeeper has special privileges to
until the ball is on the ground and has been safely use her stick, protective equipment,
received and controlled. or any part of her body to push the ball
xiii
The Sport of Field Hockey
away, deflect the ball in any direction (in- The goalkeeper is not permitted to lie on
cluding over the backline), or stop the ball. the ball. This is an obstruction foul.
She may use her leg guards or kickers to When the ball is outside the circle she is
propel the ball. In addition, the goalie, with defending, the goalkeeper is permitted to
the stick above her shoulder, can stop or play the ball with her stick only.
deflect the ball, unless deemed dangerous
by the umpire.
xiv
The Sport of Field Hockey
xv
The Sport of Field Hockey
by an attacking player when a goal is scored, the foul, a 16-yard free hit is given to the defending
penalty stroke is retaken. If a goal was not scored team at the top of the circle, 16 yards from the
or if the attacker taking the stroke committed a center of the backline.
Player Roles
Every player, except the specialized goalkeeper, attack and defend. It is important to note that a
must be proficient in both attacking and defend- hockey player will possess the ball only 3 to 5
ing. The modern game of hockey places greater minutes on average and will be without the ball
emphasis on the complete field hockey player for 62 minutes or more in a 70-minute match.
than it used to. Although players can move any- Therefore, the key to creating a steady flow of
where on the field, each has exact responsibilities passing options is the intelligent movement of
within the teams system of play or formation, players who do not have the ball. Players must
whether the team plays with 10 field players and meet the responsibilities of the attack and de-
a goalkeeper or with 11 field players. fense roles and be able to move smoothly and
As in the first edition of Field Hockey: Steps effectively into any given role.
to Success, attack roles and defense roles are When field hockey players learn to retreat to
defined to help field hockey players and coaches defend and to advance to attack, they are ready
on all levels understand and improve their hockey for the game positions discussed in steps 7, 8, 9,
skills and strategies within the teams formation. and 10. Game positions define the overlapping
Through the execution of role responsibilities, and constantly interchanging roles of attack and
hockey techniques and tactics are appropriately defense. All players take on their attack roles
applied to develop a group of individuals who when their team is in possession of the ball, and
think and play together. For players to make good all players perform their defense roles when the
decisions, they must know what, why, when, and opponent has the ball.
where to apply a game technique. This knowledge
will lead players to develop decision-making Attack Roles
skills and technical execution. Players will then Attack roles are based on moving the ball from
exhibit quality performance, which is satisfying one player to another in order to advance the
and fun! ball toward the opposing goal. It takes two play-
Assigning roles to players according to who ers to complete a pass and at least three players
possesses the ball and where the ball is located to provide continuity. Hockey is a passing game,
on the field provides players with pertinent infor- and when a team has a sense of positional play
mation in a given situation. The concept of role along with the technical competence of passing,
assignments is based on the location of the ball receiving, and controlling the ball, then the ball
on the field and on the space on the field. can move effectively from player to player.
Attack play is the creation of space and the use Attack role 1 (AR1) is the player with the ball.
of space by attack players, both by the player who Her primary role is to maintain ball possession
has the ball and by the players who dont have for the team and to complete the pass. It is her re-
it. Hockey defense is the organization of players sponsibility to pass the ball in order to penetrate,
to block and control space. Players participate in secure an advantage, or merely maintain ball pos-
three roles both when their team possesses the session. If the pass is not immediately possible,
ball (attack) and when the other team possesses AR1 uses ball control and dribbling to move to a
the ball (defense). new position from which to pass.
Each of the three attack roles and three de- Attack role 2 (AR2) is the helper. She supports
fense roles has specific responsibilities. When her leader, who is in possession of the ball. AR2
these responsibilities are understood and ex- moves to a position less than 15 yards, or one
ecuted, all players on the field, regardless of game pass, away from AR1 in order to be available for
position within a formation, will be able to both a direct pass.
xvi
The Sport of Field Hockey
Attack role 3 (AR3) is the assistant helper. She to force AR1 to make a predictable pass. In general
provides support for AR2 and moves more than DR1 stays about 5 yards from AR1, although the
30 yards from the ball and 15 or more yards from distance can range from 3 yards up to 7 yards,
AR2. AR3 positions herself two passes away from according to their proximity to the goal, DR1s
the ball and moves to create space for her AR2 speed and ability, and the direction in which DR1
teammates. wants to force AR1.
Defense role 2 (DR2) is the player who is one
Defense Roles pass away from the ball. She helps DR1 by closing
Team defense roles require field hockey players off, and thereby controlling, the space between
to organize collectively in order to win back ball the ball and AR2 players. By stepping up to mark
possession. Together, defenders position them- and intercept passes to the nearest opponent,
selves to block space and to control the amount DR2 prepares to help DR1 stop the ball carrier.
of space the opponent can use so that the ball can Defense role 3 (DR3) is the assistant helper for
be successfully tackled or intercepted. DR2. She is the farthest from the ball, two or more
Defense role 1 (DR1) is the player closest to passes away. DR3s responsibility is to establish a
the ball. She has the responsibility of stopping the help position for DR2, to provide balance, and to
forward penetration of the ball carrier by putting cover the penetrating space and the opponents
herself directly in front of AR1. DR1s objective is in this space.
xvii
The Sport of Field Hockey
order to perform the skills of hitting, dribbling, for each of the major muscle groups. Stretching
and tackling, it is important to do ballistic exer- after a game or strenuous practice session will
cises and accelerated sprints, which help develop help prevent muscle soreness. Stretch each major
and maintain muscular strength in the following muscle group for 30 seconds and repeat once if
muscle groups: abdominals, legs and hips, shoul- necessary.
ders and chest, arms, and hands. Step 11 provides In summary, since field hockey requires en-
warm-up and conditioning activities that you durance and strength, a player must warm up in
can follow. Field hockey conditioning and fitness order to prevent or delay fatigue. Fatigue will af-
training should always consist of sport-specific fect a players performance by reducing her skill
movements. Refer to step 11 to plan your warm- and by impairing her ability to make good deci-
up and training routine. sions. Hence a hockey player should understand
The warm-up is complete, and your body is that successful performance requires physical
now prepared for the hockey practice or game. At preparation and technical precision. Whenever
the end of each practice session or after a game, possible, include a ball and stick in your warm-up
do a cool-down or warm-down. A cool-down con- exercises in order to incorporate skill training.
sists of exercises that allow your body functions Inadequate warm-ups and cool-downs will limit
and heart rate to return to their resting levels. your ability to improve your skills. Take care of
Perform jogging, walking, and stretching exercises your body.
Resources
The following organizations are under the jurisdic- Association (NCAA), the National Field Hockey
tion of the FIH (Federation of International Hock- Coaches Association (NFHCA), the National As-
ey), and they administer field hockey competition sociation for Intercollegiate Athletes (NAIA), and
in the United States and around the world. The the National Junior College Athletic Association
USA Field Hockey Association directs field hockey (NJCAA) administer collegiate competition for
competition. The National Collegiate Athletic both men and women.
xviii
The Sport of Field Hockey
xix
Key to Diagrams
Player
Ball
Dribble
Pass
Player movement
AR1 Attack role 1 (player with the ball)
AR2 Attack role 2
AR3 Attack role 3
DR1 Defense role 1 (defender closest to attacker with the ball)
DR2 Defense role 2
DR3 Defense role 3
GK Goalkeeper
F Forward
RW Right wing
CF Center forward
LW Left wing
RM Right midfielder
RCM Right center midfielder
CM Center midfielder
LM Left midfielder
LCM Left center midfielder
RB Right back
RIB Right inside back
RC Right cover
CB Center back
LB Left back
LIB Left inside back
LC Left cover
S Sweeper
P Post player
E4049/Anders/key/310329/bobr-draw/r2-alw
xx
1
STEP
Balance and
Footwork
The ability to play near your potential is the mark her relationship to the ball with every offensive
of a successful field hockey player and, ultimately, and defensive technique.
of a successful hockey team. Players who can Like the golfer who attempts to perfect her
properly and quickly execute fundamental hockey body posture before swinging the club, the field
skills exemplify the beauty of team play. Because hockey player must also prepare the body for per-
field hockey is a team game, a player must per- forming skills. Unlike the golfer who has plenty of
form individual skills well before she can play time to position her feet, head, and hands before
well within a team. Receiving, hitting, pushing, striking the ball, a hockey player is usually moving
ball control, and one-on-one defense are the five or running when performing a skill. Whether you
fundamental hockey skills to learn in order to are passing, receiving, dribbling, or tackling, the
effectively play attack and defense. No matter body must be momentarily in control before any
your present level of play, correct balance and skill can be performed successfully. Of course, the
footwork are the foundation for all hockey skills speed at which you can perform a skill correctly
and team success. will be a primary factor in your progress. The
Success in field hockey is often associated with hockey athlete must first try to perform a skill
speed, but balance and quick feet, or agility, are correctly and then to practice it to the point that
the most important physical attributes to pos- its performance becomes a habit. Once you have
sess. Little can be done to improve your innate reached this level, then you can try to perform
sprint speed, but balance and foot agility can be the skill more quickly.
improved significantly through practice. Proper Balance is closely related to footwork, which
body balance is controlled by the head, feet, and is basic to all fundamental hockey skills. Effective
hands with the stick. When these extremities are footwork allows you to start, stop, and change
in balance, your body is ready to move quickly direction with quickness and balance. Footwork
and skillfully. It is essential to have control of the also prepares the body to perform skills. Good
body, feet, and stick before attempting to perform footwork is important to all the attack roles and
skills rapidly. Rushing your execution of hockey defense roles. As an attack player with or without
techniques will only promote mistakes and bad the ball, you have an advantage over your defender
habits, which reflect a lack of emotional balance in knowing what moves you are going to make and
as well as a lack of balance. Quickness is specific when you will make them. Attack footwork is used
to the hockey skill being performed. The success- to shoot the ball, to fake your opponent off balance,
ful hockey player must seek a point of balance in to dribble around the reach of an opponents stick,
1
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
to cut to receive a pass, to avoid colliding with the footwork to the point where you can force your
opponent, and to maneuver in congested space in opponent to react to you. Good footwork can
order to get to the goalkeepers rebound. enable you to disrupt the attack plan of your op-
Good footwork is particularly important when ponent by forcing errors in ball handling and by
playing defense. Much of your defensive success forcing bad passing decisions that could result in
will depend on your ability to move quickly in an interception for your team.
any direction and thereby to react instantly to By thoroughly understanding the basic me-
the moves of your opponent and to the speed of chanics of body balance and footwork, you can
the ball. With hard work, you can improve your improve your agility and stick-handling skills.
Misstep
Your stick head is not comfortably touching the turf.
Correction
Bend your knees, and keep your hands and arms away from your body. Staggered feet must
be 12 inches (30.5 cm) apart, the width of your shoulders, with your weight distributed equally
on both feet.
2
Balance and Footwork
Misstep
Your balance is off.
Correction
If you lose your balance forward, flex your knees in order to get low, rather than bending at
the waist, so that you are ready to move backward as quickly as you can move forward. If you
lose your balance backward, be sure to keep your heels off the ground and to stagger your
feet shoulder-width apart. Knees must remain bent so that you can lean your head forward
and maintain balance. If you easily lose balance to either side, spread your feet shoulder-width
apart and flex the knees so that you are balanced and ready to move in any direction.
Stick Handling
Both left-handed and right-handed players use the sticks toe and forehand edge pointing up.
the shake-hands grip (figure 1.2a), or receiving Place both palms on top of the stick handle with
grip, as the basic hockey stick grip and as the fingers touching the ground on either side of
starting point for other grips. For the shake-hands the stick. Pick up the stick with both hands in a
grip, place the hockey stick on the ground with shake-hands position.
Misstep
The whites of your finger tips show.
Correction
Avoid the baseball-style grip. Relax your grip by establishing a slight trigger finger position
with both index fingers.
The reverse shake-hands grip is used to play the handle in your left palm and grip it firmly.
the balls left side. The reverse grip is the same Pay extra attention to your left hands position
as the shake-hands grip except that the toe of the because your left hands fingers will turn the flat
stick points down (figure 1.2b). Place the top of side of the stick to the ball to dribble, receive,
a b
Figure 1.2 Hands on the stick: (a) shake-hands grip; (b) reverse shake-hands grip.
3
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
pass, and tackle. Place your right hand, which distance to the ball. Each hands forefinger and
should be somewhat more relaxed than the left, thumb form a V, which should be centered on
a comfortable distance (5 1/2 to 7 inches, or 14 a line from the toe up the middle of the handle.
to 18 cm) down the handle. Adjust this distance Keep your arms and stick away from your
based on the skill you are performing and your body.
Misstep
The flat (left) side of the stick faces the sky.
Correction
Each hands forefinger and thumb should form a V, which should be centered on a line from
the toe up to the middle of the handle.
Misstep
Loss of stick-handling speed when going to a reverse shake-hands grip.
Correction
The hands are too far apart on the stick. Separate the hands only 5 1/2 to 7 inches (14 to 18
cm), and relax the right hand grip. Remember to use the shake-hands grip with V alignment,
and turn the stick with the left hand.
Control Box
For each player, there is a correct distance separat- To determine your control box, grip a hockey
ing the ball and the feet. This distance will vary ball in your left hand and your hockey stick with
a little according to a players height, body build, your right hand. Squat down and place the ball
and point of balance. The ball is controlled in out in front of your feet as far as you can reach
an imaginary control box area consisting of the without losing balance (figure 1.3a). Place the ball
space in front of the feet, a space that is about on the ground and stand up, keeping the feet the
the width of the feet. The control box concept same distance from the stationary ball. Position
will help you realize your proper point of bal- your head, feet, hands, and stick in a balanced
ance in relationship to the ball. Maintaining the attack stance, an alert yet relaxed semi-crouched
head of the stick and the ball within the control position, coiled for quick movement (figure 1.3b).
box promotes proper body posture and balance. Address the ball with the stick next to the balls
This in turn will enhance every hockey attack right side. Keep the ball within bounds of the
technique you attempt, such as dribbling, pass- width of the feet in order to keep from losing
ing, and receiving. control of the ball.
Misstep
You frequently lose control of the ball.
Correction
The hands are too close together. Separate your hands 5 1/2 to 7 inches (14 to 18 cm) and
bend your knees in order to establish your control box.
Misstep
Balance is disrupted, and you experience a loss of speed with the ball.
Correction
Your center of gravity is too low and the ball is too far from feet. Move your feet and head
closer to the ball so that your head leads the upper body toward the ball.
4
Balance and Footwork
Train your body to be a master of correct skill execution. Establishing an imaginary control
posture with precise ball-to-feet judgment so that box is an integral component of executing hockey
your stick can complete the connection for proper skills successfully.
a b
Preparation Execution
E4049/Anders/Fig.01.03b/309232/Offenstein/R1
1. Ball is in your left hand and the stick is in 1. Use a shake-hands grip
your right hand 2. Stick faces the right side of ball to move
2. Squat down the ball left; it faces the left side to move
3. Reach forward and place ball in front of the ball right
your feet, centered 3. Strike the lower half of the ball with the
4. Measure the distance from ball to your stick
toes 4. Maintain a measured distance of the ball
5. Visualize your control box from your feet
5. Be in a balanced attack stance
6. Keep your head over your wrist and focus
on the ball
Misstep
Stick contact is made on the top half of the ball, resulting in a loss of ball control outside the
control box. You have to overreach in order to get to the ball and you have a difficult time
controlling it.
Correction
The ball is too far from the feet, so the player cannot reach the lower half of the ball. Move
feet closer to the ball and bend your knees for good balance.
Misstep
Eyes strain to find the ball, and you frequently advance the ball with your feet.
Correction
Move the ball away from the feet and into your control box where you can see it.
5
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
6
Balance and Footwork
7
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Attack Footwork
Movement with and without the ball is impor- you are 30 yards (27.5 m) or more from the ball,
tant for all three attack roles. An effective attack you can grip your stick with only the right hand
player uses her slight advantage over the defender (figure 1.4) so that you can freely pump your arms
(knowing what move is coming and when) and and thereby run faster. But both hands must im-
moves swiftly while remaining in balance. Once mediately grip the stick in preparation to play the
you have developed the skills, footwork and fakes ball as you approach it.
will allow you to maintain balance as you attempt You should master three basic attack-footwork
to get past your opponent. Moving continuously movementsbreakdown steps, change of pace,
with and without the ball also demands superior and change of directionso that you can perform
fitness. Successful hockey players develop their the attack roles.
physical conditioning as they master the skills
necessary for excelling in the three attack roles. Breakdown Steps
When you are near the ball, both hands must
remain on your stick in a shake-hands grip. When Breakdown steps (figure 1.5) are used in both at-
tack and defensive footwork, and it is the most
fundamental skill for balance and foot movement.
The attack hockey player uses breakdown steps
to prepare the moving body for receiving and
passing skills. When sprinting, you must quickly
bring your body under control and into your basic
attack stance.
To execute breakdown steps, shorten your
running strides into quick, choppy steps without
crossing your feet. Feet are staggered, with one
foot up and one back as you keep your weight
evenly distributed on the balls of the feet. Lower
your hips by bending the knees. As the shorter
strides slow your momentum, push off the power
point of your back foot and step with the lead foot
in order to briefly move into your attack stance.
The head must be up in order to see the field and
the ball, with both hands on the stick prepared
Figure 1.4 Stick grip when running. to play the ball.
8
Balance and Footwork
a b c
Misstep
You overrun the ball, and your stick is too close to your feet.
Correction
Begin shortening your strides sooner in order to get your body and feet in balance before
the ball arrives.
Misstep
Your stick is too far from the ground, and you are not in balance.
Correction
Keep your heels off the ground and bend your knees in order to prepare the stick to play
the ball.
9
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Change of Pace
The change-of-pace footwork varies running speed vary from a right-hand-only grip for open field
so that you can fool a defender and break away runs to a shake-hands grip for preparing to play
from her. Without changing your basic running the ball. Completely extend your support leg. Lift
form and balance, change from a fast running your knee and thigh up and parallel to the ground
speed to a slower pace and then quickly back to as you bring the leg forward.
a fast run. The most frequently used change-of- To execute the stutter step, move lightly on
pace footwork in field hockey is the stutter step, the balls of your feet, using short, choppy steps.
also called the hesitation step (figure 1.6). Lead the upper body with your head and maintain
As you run, keep your head up so that you body balance, slightly crouched, with every joint
can see the field and the ball. Take your first step flexed and relaxed. Both hands remain on your
with your back foot, crossing it in front of your stick as you pump your feet in place. Push off
lead foot. Run on the power points of your feet the rear foot to accelerate forward. The left foot
with your toes pointing in the direction you are pushes from the ground in order for you to go to
going. Lean your upper body slightly forward your right; to go to your left, push off the power
and pump your arms in opposition to your legs, points of your right foot.
keeping your elbows flexed. Your stick grip will
a b c
10
Balance and Footwork
Misstep
Change of speed does not evade your defender.
Correction
Pump your feet in place in order to get your defender to stop his feet, then lower your hips
and push off into a burst of speed.
When attacking, you will be a step faster than a quickness when changing speed. To slow your
defender when you use change-of-pace footwork, speed, shorten your stride or decrease your stride
which will enable you to win the space or get to frequency. Use less force to push off your back
the ball first. The stutter step, or hesitation step, foot and to avoid leaning your head and shoulders
will allow you to fool your opponent into slowing back as you slow your pace. To increase your
down or stopping, giving you an immediate ad- speed, increase your stride frequency or lengthen
vantage to change direction or to accelerate and your stride. To accelerate quickly to a faster speed,
break away from the defender. The deception of push forcefully off the back foot.
the change of pace comes from illusion and from
Misstep
Change from slow to fast is not quick.
Correction
Push forcefully off your back foot to quickly accelerate.
Misstep
The change from a fast speed to a slow speed is not deceptive.
Correction
Lean your head and upper body forward in order to prevent defenders from quickly spotting
the change of pace.
Change of Direction
Change-of-direction footwork is especially im- one foot, rather than with a full step. On your first
portant for getting open to receive a pass or for step, flex your knee as you plant your foot firmly
putting your defender off balance. An effective to stop your momentum, turn on the ball of your
change of direction, such as the stop and turn foot, and push off in the direction you want to
(figure 1.7), depends on sharp cutting from one go. Shift your weight and take a long step with
direction to another. The change of direction can your other foot, pointing your toes in the new
be a simple attack move if you concentrate on a direction. Keep your head up in order to see the
two-count move: right-left cadence or left-right field, and keep both hands on your stick if you
cadence. To execute a basic change-of-direction are near the ball.
move, begin with a three-quarter-length step with
11
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
a b c
Misstep
You are not deceptive because you have a tendency to slow your speed too much on your
approach to change direction.
Correction
Stay in your normal running form and concentrate on a two-count directional move such as
right-left, left-right, or stop-turn.
Misstep
You run too great a distance, making your stops slow.
Correction
Use quick, brief breakdown steps or a short hop in order to stop.
The stop and turn allows you to change direc- dribble into the free space behind you. Before any
tion in order to create space between you and turn or pivot can be made, you must learn to make
the opponent. The increased space will give you a good stop after a short burst of speed. The quick
more time to successfully receive a pass from a burst of speed is used to fake your opponent into
teammate or, if you have the ball, to successfully thinking that you are going to run by her.
12
Balance and Footwork
It is important to lower your hips in a low, a sitting position. The rear foot becomes the pivot
balanced position, with the knees bent and the foot, which turns the body. The other foot follows.
head up to see the field. The head should remain After completing the turn, you should be facing
above the midpoint of the feet. Stop your run by the direction from which you want to receive the
shortening your strides into a staggered hop and ball, with your feet shoulder-width apart, the body
then lean in the opposite direction. Your rear foot in good balance on the balls of your feet, and the
is flexed at the knee in order to lower your body to ball away from the reach of the defender.
Misstep
Turns are rounded rather than sharp.
Correction
Use a three-quarter-length first step and flex your knee so that you can pivot sharply. Shift
your weight and push off in the direction you want to go. The second step is a long, explosive
step.
Misstep
The turn is slow and labored.
Correction
Feet are too wide. Keep your feet shoulder-width apart so that you can execute a long, second
step with the back foot while pushing with the lead foot.
13
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
14
Balance and Footwork
15
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
16
Balance and Footwork
Misstep
You easily lose balance.
Correction
Keep your heels off the ground and stagger your feet (establish a lead foot) shoulder-width
apart. Distribute body weight evenly on the power points of your feet. Keep your knees bent
and maintain proper body balance with head, feet, and hands.
17
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
E4049/Anders/Fig.01.08/309244/Offenstein/R2
Your head leads the upper body, with your from your body with your left hand positioned
feet staggered and shoulder-width apart or wider. away from your left knee. It is important to keep
Keep one foot (usually the left) in front of the the head of your stick on the ground in front of
other at all times, hips facing forward, and evenly your feet and legs in order to prevent the op-
distribute your weight on the power points (balls) ponent from pushing the ball into your feet. A
of your feet. Flex your knees so that your body well-balanced, defensive stance and a low stick
is low and coiled, ready to move or react in any are important because they allow you to better
direction. Grip your stick in both hands using judge distance; you will therefore know when to
the basic receiving grip. Keep your hands away tackle and when not to.
Misstep
You fail to protect the lead foot because you overreact to the balls movement.
Correction
Know what direction you want to force the dribbler and establish a lead foot early.
Misstep
You are easily faked by your opponents stick and ball movement.
Correction
Keep your eyes focused on the ball. Maintain a controlled playing distance from the ball and
remain in balance when tackling the ball.
Defensive Footwork
If you stop your feet, youre beat! To perform to move your feet with balance so that you can
defensive footwork well, which is necessary in react to your opponents attack moves and block
the three defense roles, you must have desire, the forward space to the goal.
discipline, anticipation, and superb fitness so Defensive footwork requires short, quick steps
that you can keep your feet moving! The key is with your weight evenly distributed on the power
18
Balance and Footwork
points of the feet. Avoid crossing your feet. Push Push-Back Footwork
off the back foot and continue adjusting with the
lead foot. The only time you change your lead In the basic defensive stance, the feet are staggered
foot is when your opponent moves by your lead while one foot inches in front of the other. The front
foot and gets behind you. In that case, execute foot is called the lead foot. Establishing a lead foot
a drop step to recover your defensive position. enables you to push back easily in the direction
Otherwise, if the ball is still in front of you, always of the rear foot. Moving or pushing back requires
maintain your lead foot and push back away from only a short step with the back foot as you push off
the ball to recover your alignment. the lead foot. The action resembles pushing away
Your feet are staggered shoulder-width apart from a wall. To move in the direction of the lead
so that you can instantly move laterally, forward, foot requires using the drop step, a more difficult
or backward. Keep your hips low, and lean your skill than protecting the lead foot. (The drop step
upper body forward with your head. Keep your will be covered in more detail later.) Keep your hips
eyes focused on the ball so that you can become a forward, square to the ball in front of you.
better judge of the distance between your probing You must protect your lead foot as you estab-
stick and the ball. Hold your stick in both hands lish your balanced, defensive stance. It is vital that
out in front of your feet. Defensive footwork calls you have a purposeful plan to force the opponent
for an active stick and for keeping the stick head to either side so that a lead foot is immediately
close to the ground and then inching it closer to established and then protected (figure 1.9).
the ball as you time the moment to tackle.
Misstep
Attack role 1 player moves the ball successfully past your backhand side.
Correction
Stay at least 4 yards (3.5 m) from the ball and get in position to keep the ball outside your
right shoulder.
E4049/Anders/Fig.01.09/309245/Offenstein/R1
19
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Attack role 1 player is able to dribble the ball either right or left, then in and behind you.
Correction
Maintain playing distance in order to keep the ball in front of you. Stagger your feet with a
pronounced lead foot (left lead foot directs the ball to the right) and with your right shoulder
and foot in line with the ball.
Misstep
Attack role 1 player fakes laterally and successfully penetrates with the ball by accelerating
forward.
Correction
Maintain distance from the ball with your right shoulder aligned to the ball. Stay on power
points and push back with the lead foot while sliding the rear foot back. Keep the ball in front
of your right shoulder and foot.
Slide or Shuffle
Maintain a balanced, defensive stance between of your feet. To slide forward, push off the back
your opponent and the goal by sliding or shuf- foot and step forward with the lead foot. To slide
fling. If the opponent moves to the side, quickly back, push off the lead foot and step with the
move your feet by sliding or shuffling laterally. back foot. To slide laterally, push with the lead
Your feet remain staggered, with an established foot in order to slide. Keep your stick head on
lead foot (figure 1.10). Use short, quick steps the ground and judge your distance from the
with your weight evenly distributed on the balls opponent and the ball.
Preparation
1. Use short, quick steps close to the ground
2. Shoulders and feet face the ball
3. Hands are on the stick in a separated shake-
hands grip
4. Lead foot and shoulder should be aligned
outside the opponents body (left foot and
shoulder are aligned outside the opponents
right side)
5. Align your back foot with the forcing direc-
tion
6. Feet are shoulder-width apart, on power
points, with your knees flexed
7. Head is steady over your knees a
20
Balance and Footwork
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Push off the foot that is farther from the 1. Maintain a balanced, defensive stance
desired lateral position 2. Patiently judge the distance from the ball
2. Step with the foot that is closer to the 3. Head is up to see the field
desired lateral position
3. Stick head is on the ground in front of your
feet, with the flat side facing the ball
4. Keep your arms away from your body
5. While sliding, pressure the ball with quick-
stick probes
Misstep
You cross your feet, preventing a quick change of direction.
Correction
Always keep your feet shoulder-width apart, and maintain a lead foot.
Misstep
You lean or reach too far with your stick, losing your balance.
Correction
Keep your head steady and slightly forward, basic grip on your stick, and keep your stick out
in front of your feet on the ground.
Drop Step
The drop step (figure 1.11) is a defensive footwork opponents move, use quick slide steps in order to
technique that is used when you fail to protect the reestablish your defensive stance with a lead foot
lead foot. The opponent has forced you to move forward. Keep your head up to see the field, and
back in the direction of your lead foot, which is keep your eyes focused on the ball. Avoid turning
a more difficult skill than moving in the direction your back to the ball or to your opponent. Aggres-
of your back foot. sively push off your back foot in the direction of
Drop step, or move the lead foot back, while your drop step. Drop step straight back, moving
pivoting on your back foot as you begin to move. your feet low along the ground.
After making the drop step in the direction of the
21
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Your drop step lacks explosiveness and is too slow.
Correction
Execute your drop step straight back and low to the ground. Avoid circling your lead foot or
lifting the lead foot.
a b c
22
Balance and Footwork
Misstep
When your opponent moves, you turn your back, temporarily losing sight of your opponent
and the ball.
Correction
Drop step in the direction of the opponents move, keeping your eyes on the ball and the
opponent.
Misstep
After the drop step, you use give steps rather than reestablish a defensive position. The
opponent runs by and behind you.
Correction
Reestablish a defensive position by using slide steps or by running. Turn into position with
your lead foot forward. Evaluate the opponents speed and distance in order to make a good
judgment.
Backward Run
A somewhat common movement pattern, the slightly forward to maintain balance. Knees re-
backward-run footwork is challenging but useful in main flexed. Keep one or both hands on your
the three defense roles. Backpedaling, or running stick, ready to reposition yourself in a balanced,
backward, for a short distance allows you to see defensive stance. Your feet stay low to the ground
the field in front of you. You can better judge your during the quick, short, backward running stride.
distance from the ball, your opponents speed of Concentrate on swinging your lower legs back in
attack, and your teammates movements. order to land and push off the balls of the feet.
To execute the backward run, drive back off Backpedal for only a short distance, while prepar-
the power points of the feet, keeping your head ing to get into a balanced, defensive stance.
Misstep
You lose your balance and fall backward.
Correction
Stay on the power points of your feet and keep the head slightly forward while
backpedaling.
23
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
24
Balance and Footwork
Keep the head and shoulders aligned above Score Your Success
the hips.
Nine or ten correct power steps = 10 points
Use the receiving hockey grip with the flat
Seven or eight correct power steps = 8 points
side facing forward near the ground.
Five or six correct power steps = 6 points
Keep your head and eyes up, and look out
at the field. Three or four correct power steps = 4 points
Zero to two correct power steps = 2 points
Your score ___
25
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
26
Balance and Footwork
Attack Footwork
A combined score of 104 points or more sug- balance and footwork skills that you find most
gests that you have satisfactorily mastered the difficult. A score of 90 points or less indicates
balance and footwork skills and that you are insufficient control of various movements. Review
prepared to move to step 2. A score in the range and practice the techniques discussed in step 1
of 91 to 103 is considered adequate. You can again before moving on to step 2.
move on to step 2 after additional practice of the
27
2
STEP
Passing and
Receiving
The truly sophisticated aspect of field hockey lift it into the air. As a general rule, a pass that is
is the team passing game. Unfortunately, many moving along the ground is easier to receive and
players are remembered for their dribbling skills control than a ball that drops from the sky.
instead of for their passing skills because dribbling Winning team play depends on effective pass-
appears to be more spectacular. Bad passing will ing combinations and on solid receiving skills.
destroy a teams chances of success, no matter Failing to accurately pass the ball or to receive
how much stick work and dribbling ability the and control it will cause a team to lose posses-
players have. Hence, passing and receiving skills sion of the ball. The critical elements of passing
are most important. To master passing and receiv- include correct timing, correct pace or speed, and
ing, you must develop the attack role 1 techniques the ability to read a play and thereby to judge
of pushing, hitting, and lifting. distances accurately. Every player and team can
All team sports demand interaction among improve if adequate attention is given to timing,
players, so passing is a priority in all basic skills. accuracy, and power.
Passing and receiving the hockey ball require You will improve your skill level by passing
that players work the ball in combination. The the ball on the ground whenever possible. In the
key to creating a steady flow of passing options information that follows, you will first learn about
is the effective movement of players who do not the attack role 1 techniques that are used to pass
have the ball. the ball along the ground and then learn how to
Depending on the game situation, you may practice the proper methods of receiving and
choose to pass the ball along the ground or to controlling passes on the ground.
28
Passing and Receiving
passes must be firm and fast, leading a success- can predict when and where the ball will stop
ful ball trap. A longer pass permits the receiver rolling. The essential elements of the push pass
more time to move into position if the direction are accuracy, a quick release, and a varied pace.
of the pass is wrong. Accuracy depends on the correct position of the
The speed of the pass is determined by the feet, which balance the body.
distance between the passer and receiver, the To execute the push pass on the forehand side
width of the passing lane established by the (figure 2.1), point your left shoulder at your target
opponents position, and the ground or surface and use the shake-hands (receiving) grip. Placing
conditions. Every pass has a correct speed. A ball your body sideways to the line of the pass enables
hit firmly to the receivers stick or one that leads you to transfer your body weight through the front
the receiver into open space is easier to stop than leg. Your center of gravity is lowered during the
a ball poking along the ground. A common error pass, with your feet a little more than shoulder-
is to underhit a short pass. width apart. Your head is down and your hands
For the timing of a pass to be right, the receiver are apart on the stick and in the shake-hands grip.
must be free, or at least prepared, to receive the There is no backswing, so your stick must start
ball. Hence, the passer must hold the ball and look next to the ball. Keeping the stick next to the ball
up before passing. The pass should arrive when helps disguise direction and time of release. The
the receiver wants the ball. face of the stick is closed slightly to keep the ball
on the ground. The ball is positioned under your
Push Pass eyes, with your weight evenly distributed.
Push the ball using the head of the stick as
The push pass is the most common field hockey you transfer your body weight to the left or
pass. The push pass, which is primarily used to front leg. You should feel as if you were pushing
play the ball over a 5- to 15-yard (4.5 to 13.8 through the ball while controlling the stick with
m) distance, provides accuracy, quicker release mainly your right hand. The left hand starts the
time when needed, and excellent control over push and the right hand provides direction. With
the pace of the ball. Although a push pass does your hands and stick away from your body, follow
not generate the same ball speed as a hit, it is through with your stick along your target line.
still effective and accurate. A good push passer
Preparation
1. Ball is positioned in your control box
2. Left shoulder points to the target
3. Weight is balanced over the balls of your
feet, 12 inches (30.5 cm) apart
4. Head is steady over the ball
5. Stick is next to the lower half of ball
6. Use a shake-hands grip
7. Stick face is closed slightly
(continued)
29
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Start weight transfer forward 1. Generate momentum through the ball
2. Keep the stick next to the ball 2. Finish your weight transfer through the front
3. Push your stick through the lower half of the leg
ball 3. Extend your stick and arms toward the tar-
4. Left hand pulls the stick forward get
5. Right hand exerts pressure and direction 4. Return to a ready position
6. Keep your head steady over the path of the
ball
7. Extend your arms as your left hand passes
your left foot
Misstep
The push pass comes off the ground.
Correction
Slightly close the face of the stick so that the top of the stick blade is ahead of the underside
of the hook. Follow through with the head of the stick low along the ground.
Misstep
You slap at the ball.
Correction
Start with the ball next to the stick.
The push pass on the backhand side, also be near the front foot so that the stick will be at
called the reverse push pass, is used to pass the a 45- to 60-degree angle to the ground when it
ball over short distances when there is neither strikes the ball (figure 2.2b). The power of the
time nor space to move into a forehand position. reverse stick push comes from pulling firmly with
To execute the reverse push pass, point your right the right hand. Your head should remain over the
shoulder at your target and grip the stick in a re- ball as you make the pass (figure 2.2c).
verse grip position (figure 2.2a). The ball should
30
Passing and Receiving
a b c
Misstep
The push pass is inaccurate.
Correction
Feet must be shoulder-width apart in order to establish balance, with the left (forehand)
or right (backhand) shoulder pointing to the target. Using a shake-hands grip (reverse for
backhand), keep the stick next to the ball, and use the head of the stick to push the ball as
you transfer your body weight to the front leg.
31
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
32
Passing and Receiving
33
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Preparation
1. Left shoulder points toward the target
2. Head is down and over the ball
3. Control the ball
4. Feet are 12 inches (30.5 cm) apart
5. Ball is in line with your left foot
6. Knees are bent and your weight is evenly
distributed on the balls of your feet
7. Hands are together at the top of the stick
34
Passing and Receiving
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Body weight is centered between your 1. Fluidly transfer your weight through your
feet front leg
2. Keep your head down and over the ball 2. Knees remain relaxed and bent
3. Keep your knees bent and your feet 3. Keep your head down and watch the ball
shoulder-width apart leave your stick
4. Left arm is nearly straight and the right 4. Arms and stick finish in line with the
elbow is tucked target
5. Transfer your weight to your front leg and 5. Return to a ready position
hip on the downswing
6. Align your hands with your wrists before
contact
7. Flat stick head squarely strikes the lower
half of the ball
Misstep
You miss the ball.
Correction
Keep your eyes focused on the lower half of the ball instead of on the target. Maintain bent
knees.
Start with a controlled ball about 9 inches (23 right hand. There are three methods to bring the
cm) in front of and in line with the front foot. hands together for the hit:
The first phase of the hit is the grip. The grip is
the same as the receiving grip (shake-hands grip) 1. The left hand remains near the top of
except that you bring the hands together so that the stick and the right hand moves up.
they can act in unison to strike the ball. With the This method is the most commonly used
hitting grip, make certain the forefinger of the and it provides the most leverage for the
left hand is in contact with the little finger of the swing.
35
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
2. The right hand remains in its original re- to the front leg as your stick sweeps down and
ceiving grip and the left hand moves down through the lower half of the ball. Pull with your
to join the right. This method restricts lever- left hip and push from the rear foot to the front
age and it requires wrist action during the foot in order to initiate the transfer of body
swing. weight. This hip pull will fluidly bring the straight
3. The left hand is moved down and the right left arm forward, directing the stick down into the
hand is moved up to meet in the middle of ball. Your right hand and arm follow the momen-
the handle. This method combines power tum of the hip pull and the relatively straight left
and control. arm. Eyes and head stay down to see the base
of your stick strike the lower half of the ball. The
The second action phase of the hit is the back- knees are relaxed and bent while your arms swing
swing. Shift your body weight slightly to the back freely through the ball. At contact, the flat face
foot, leg, and hip as you take your stick back and of the stick is at a right angle to the ground and
away from the ball. Keep your head down and your hands are aligned with your wrists. Inches
look at the bottom half of the ball. Your body before contact, the right hand, working in unison
remains low, with your knees bent and feet shoul- with the left, snaps at the ball. The flat part of the
der-width apart. The left arm is nearly straight but stick makes solid contact on the back lower half
not rigid on the backswing, with the right elbow of the ball. The speed of the wrists and hands
bent almost to 90 degrees. The arms swing freely is crucial during this action. Although the hips
away from your body, coordinating the shoulders and legs move first to initiate speed, the arms,
and legs for the third phase of the hit. wrists, and hands freely follow and they transfer
During the third phase of the hit, the weight that speed through the hit, which imparts force
transfer and contact, transfer your body weight to the ball.
Misstep
You undercut or slice the ball.
Correction
Set your feet 12 inches apart (30.5 cm), knees bent, and position the ball 9 inches (23 cm)
away from, but in line with, your front foot. The face of the stick must be flat at the moment
of impact.
Misstep
You top the ball, causing it to bounce.
Correction
With bent knees, position the ball farther from your left (forehand) or right (backhand) foot.
Strike the lower half of the ball center with the blade square.
In the follow-through phase, body weight is will follow the path of your stick head after those
relocated to the front leg, with the hands extended few critical inches from the ball. Continue to finish
out toward the target. After contact, continue to the follow-through until the stick and hands are
extend the stick down the target line during those out in front of the left leg.
few inches after the ball leaves the stick. The ball
Misstep
Your hit is choppy.
Correction
Position the ball in your control box, and align it with the front foot instead of with the back
foot. Follow through after impact.
36
Passing and Receiving
Misstep
Your hit has little power or accuracy.
Correction
Make sure your hands are together and that there is no space between them. Coordinate
and lead the left (forehand) or right (backhand) hand and arm on the downswing and on the
weight transfer through the front foot.
37
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
38
Passing and Receiving
The stick can start on the ground or from Ball contact is made on the label zone near
a lifted position. the upper part of the curve of the stick
The sweep action increases the stick speed while the stick is horizontal.
toward the ball. After contact, the player continues to lower
his or her center of gravity.
a b
Preparation Execution
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.04a/309267/Offenstein/R1
1. Take a side-on position from the ball, 1. Bend your knees 90 degrees
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.04b/309268/Offenstein/R2
which is outside the control box 2. Approach the ball with a wide stride with
2. Look up and select a target your left foot
3. Left shoulder points toward the target 3. Push from your right foot to extend the
right leg far away from your right hip
4. Both hands are together in a shake-hands
grip at the top of the stick 4. Breathe in as you lift the stick back
5. Feet are more than 12 inches (30.5 cm) 5. Use your wrists to move the curve of stick
apart, with the knees bent 90 degrees back in a semicircle loop
6. Ball is in line with your left foot 6. Continuous flow into the beginning of the
downswing
7. Left foot steps down and into line with the
ball
8. Keep your stick parallel to the ground
when your wrists enter your hip line
9. Rotate hips and transfer your weight from
your right leg to the left leg
10. Exhale
11. Head is above your hands, which are 8
inches (20 cm) above the ground
12. Strike behind the balls center
(continued)
39
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
Follow-Through
1. Continue to lower your center of gravity
2. Control the forward and curved movement
of the stick in order to follow the balls direc-
tion
3. Return to a ready position
Misstep
The ball travels in an unintended direction.
Correction
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.04c/309269/Offenstein/R1
Maintain a side-on position to the ball.
Misstep
You fail to disguise the direction of the sweep hit.
Correction
Sweep from a side-on position instead of from a front position to the ball. To disguise the height
of the sweep, control the stick angle by breaking your wrists either forward or backward at
impact. Hit on the right or left side of the center of the ball in order to change the direction
of the sweep hit at the last second.
The low reverse sweep hit (figure 2.5) is char- sweep. As with the forehand sweep, the stick
acterized by a very low body position, a wider can be lifted or it can be set on the ground at the
stance, and the use of the inside edge of the stick. beginning of the reverse sweep. The impact zone
The stick is in an almost-horizontal position at the is the inside edge of the stick close to the upper
moment of impact. The right foot is in front in section of the curve. At the moment of impact,
order to provide better balance during the reverse the stick is parallel to the turf.
Preparation
1. Take a side-on position from the ball, which
is outside the control box
2. Look up and select a target
3. Right shoulder points toward the target
4. Both hands are together in a reverse grip
at the top of the stick
5. Feet are more than 12 inches (30.5 cm)
apart, knees very bent
6. Ball is in line with your right foot a
40
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.05a/309270/Offenstein/R2
Passing and Receiving
b c
Execution
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.05b/309271/Offenstein/R1 Follow-Through
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.05c/309272/Offenstein/R1
1. Bend your knees 90 degrees 1. Continue to lower your center of gravity
2. Approach the ball with a wide stride with 2. Control the forward and curved movement
the right foot of the stick in order to follow the balls
3. Push from your back left foot to extend the direction
left leg away from left hip 3. Return to a ready position
4. Breathe in and lift the stick back
5. Use your wrists to move the curve of stick
back in a semicircle loop
6. Continuous flow into the beginning of the
downswing
7. Right foot steps down and into line with
ball
8. Keep your stick parallel to the ground
when your wrists pass the left hip
9. Rotate your hips and transfer your weight
from the left leg to the right leg
10. Exhale
11. Head is above the hands, which are 8
inches (20 cm) above the ground
12. Strike behind the balls center
Misstep
The sweep hit lacks speed and power.
Correction
Use a side-on position to the ball so that a greater stick-curve distance can be generated in
the backswing and downswing. Keep the left arm (forehand sweep) or right arm (reverse)
fully extended. Avoid striking the ground with your stick before or during impact.
41
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
The ball pops dangerously into the air during the reverse sweep.
Correction
Maintain a low body position and strike the ball off your front right foot with the inside edge
of the upper curve. Keep your stick parallel to the ground.
Learn the sweep hit after you have become The sweep hit is a skill that requires the co-
proficient with the push and the hit. When first ordination of the entire body, especially of the
learning to sweep hit, focus on hitting through the core muscles and joints. Learn to coordinate
ball in order to serve a level pass to the receiver. all partial joint movements perfectly in order
Practice with closed eyes in order to help you feel to execute a fluent and powerful sweep hit. A
the proper movement and to train the physical warm-up with dynamic functional exercise will
and kinetic senses. Also practice hitting balls of help prepare the specific muscles and joints for
different sizes and weights, as well as hockey passing. (See step 11 for more on the warm-up.)
balls, under pressure and while fatigued. After All hit drills can be modified to incorporate the
mastering the key elements of hitting a stationary powerful sweep hit.
ball, learn to sweep hit the ball on the run.
42
Passing and Receiving
43
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Receiving means allowing the ball to come to the of the body (referred to as forehand receiving,
stick, even if you are running to meet the pass. Any figure 2.6) and on the left side of the body (re-
forward movement or swing of the stick will cause a verse, or backhand, receiving, figure 2.7). Good
rebound. A receiver wants a ball passed accurately forehand and backhand receiving techniques
to the stick so that it can be trapped or bumped are the basic tools for a winning team effort.
into open space and then be used immediately. Backhand receiving follows the same receiving
Quality passes roll smoothly along the ground and principles as forehand receiving but with a few
they travel directly to the target. The best position differences. Because 90 percent of passing tech-
for receiving a ball that is moving along the ground niques originate from the right side of the body,
is to be facing parallel to the line of the ball. after reverse receiving, control the ball to the right
Receiving ground balls requires that you learn side of the body and establish a multiple-threat
to perform receiving techniques on the right side position with the ball.
a b c
E4049/Anders/Fig.02.06a/309273/Offenstein/R2
Preparation Execution Follow-Through
1. Face the ball or point the 1. Adjust your feet to re- 1. Maintain your balance
left shoulder toward the ceive the ball in your 2. Keep your head up
oncoming ball control box and watch the field
2. Move toward the ball using 2. Allow the ball to come 3. Ball is next to the
short, quick steps to the stick stick
3. Use a shake-hands grip 3. Receive the ball on left 4. Be ready to pass,
4. Weight is evenly distributed side of the stick and shoot, or dribble
on the balls of your feet strike the lower half of
ball on the stick blade
5. Bottom of the stick head is
on the ground 4. Head is steady over, and
in line with, the ball
6. Stick wedge is 70 degrees
forward toward the ground 5. Steer the ball into space,
away from nearby oppo-
7. Keep your receiving stick
nent
still
8. Head is steady and your eyes
are focused on the ball
44
Passing and Receiving
Misstep
The ball pops up in air off your stick.
Correction
Relax the separated shake-hands grip and bend your knees. Distribute weight on the balls
of feet.
Misstep
The ball travels under your stick.
Correction
Keep your head down, stick head on the ground, and watch the ball come to your stick. Trap
the lower half of the ball.
45 E4049/Anders/Fig.02.07b/309276/Offenstein/R1
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
The ball rebounds off your stick.
Correction
Keep stick still in line with your right foot. Angle stick forward to create a 70-degree wedge
to the ground.
Misstep
Ball hits your feet.
Correction
Move your stick and hands away from your body.
46
Passing and Receiving
Use a receiving grip and keep a still stick head Prepare the body and ball to pass, shoot, or
on the ground. dribble.
Evenly distribute your weight on power points
of your feet. Feet are shoulder-width apart. Score Your Success
Bend your knees. 13 points or more = 5 points
Allow ball to come to your stick. 8 to 12 points = 3 points
Steer the ball into space away from the near- 0 to 7 points = 1 point
est defender. Your score ___
Receiving Drill 2.
Receive and Transfer, Horizontal and Vertical
Organize into a group of three players, one ball per To Increase Difficulty
group. Use four cones to set up a 5-by-5-yard (4.6
Increase the size of the square to create a
m) square in the center of the field. Two players
rectangle.
take positions approximately 20 yards (18 m) from
both sides of the square (one on each side). Passer Increase the passing distance.
1 starts with the ball 20 yards from the square. Add the pressure of time or compete against
The target receiver starts along the opposite side another group.
of the square from passer 1. The target receiver Receive and pass with two touches.
starts the drill by cutting to the side of the square Increase the number of receiving attempts.
closest to the ball (passer 1) to arrive at the same
time as the pass. After receiving the ball, the target Play with two target players starting on op-
player takes the ball to the other side of the square posite sides of the square.
and passes the ball to the other outside player Receive the ball and then drop step out the
(receiver 2). The target receiver immediately pulls back of the square.
away to the other side of the square to initiate her Receive the ball and then step out the front
cut toward passer 1. Upon receiving the ball from of the square.
passer 1, the target receiver repeats the same se-
To Decrease Difficulty
quence back in the direction of receiver 2. Award
the target receiver 1 point for each time a passed Decrease the pass distance.
ball is received without error on the other side of Reduce the size of the box or square.
the square. After 10 receiving attempts, the target
Reduce the number of receiving attempts.
player rotates to a new position.
After all players complete turns at all three posi- Receive and pass using three touches.
tions, set the 5-yard (4.5 m) target square near the
sideline for vertical receiving. Position two players Success Check
vertically, one player (passer) 20 yards (18.5 m) Face the ball path and select a receiving
behind the square with the balls, and the other space.
player (receiver 1) 20 yards in front of the square.
Make eye contact with the passer.
The target receiver starts in front of the box and
diagonally cuts to the back of the box, then re- Time your move toward the ball with short,
ceives and then passes the ball vertically forward quick steps.
to receiver 1. Award the target receiver 1 point for Use a receiving grip and keep a still stick head
each time a passed ball is received and passed on the ground.
without an error. Evenly distribute your weight on power points
of your feet. Feet are shoulder-width apart.
47
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
48
Passing and Receiving
Misstep
Pass is too low.
Correction
With bent knees, strike the lower half of the ball with the face of the open stick and lift the
ball. Follow through with the stick lifted high.
49
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
For the aerial flick (figure 2.8), keep your body low through with your hands and raise your stick
low until the ball leaves your stick. The right hand forward and up, imparting height, distance, and
controls direction and speed. Throw or whip the speed to the ball. If you want the ball to rise to
ball with the face of the stick from an open stick knee height, follow through with the right hand
blade to left stick-blade rotation. This whiplike to a knee-height position. For an overhead height,
action imparts rapid side topspin to the ball. Fol- transfer your weight and follow through higher.
a b c
50
Passing and Receiving
Misstep
Pass is inaccurate.
Correction
Make sure that the left shoulder points to the target and that your stick follows the line of
the ball toward the target.
Misstep
The pass is too short.
Correction
Keep your head over the ball as you generate the lifting action. Keep knees deeply bent.
Extend your arms and stick forward and up, and use a complete follow-through toward your
target.
Preparation
1. Position yourself behind the descending
ball
2. Use a shake-hands grip
3. Raise the stick below head level
4. Be in a balanced stance with your knees
bent
5. Determine the balls aerial line and pre-
pare a horizontal or vertical stick
6. Stick wedge is 70 degrees forward to
ground
7. Keep the receiving stick steady
8. Left foot is in front of your right a
9. Head is steady and eyes are focused on
the ball (continued)
51
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Transfer your weight to the side from which the 1. Steer the ball into a space away from
aerial pass is coming a nearby opponent
2. Receive the ball on the stick shaft, below shoul-
der level
3. Direct the rebound downward
4. Place the stick behind the ball
5. Control the ball to the right side of your body
Misstep
The ball bounces forward off your stick and out of your range of control.
Correction
Keep your stick still and incline the shaft of the stick forward to rebound the ball down to
the ground at your feet. Ball-to-stick contact is above the sticks head and below the right
hand at knee height.
Misstep
The ball pops up and over your body or it hits your body or stick handle.
Correction
Prepare your feet using quick, short adjustment steps. Transfer weight to the side of the
approaching aerial pass. Watch the ball drop below your waist and onto the shaft-to-head
portion of the stick.
When a lifted pass is approaching your right more inclined the stick should be. Grip is relaxed.
side, lift your left elbow up, keeping the blade Immediately bring the ball under control near
of the stick horizontally straight and your right your right foot.
elbow pointing back, not tucked. Knees are bent, For an aerial ball approaching the left side,
with most of your body weight on your right foot. the stick is held vertically. Body weight is shifted
Right shoulder is in line with the approaching to the left foot, and the stick is taken across the
ball. The shaft and face of your stick are inclined front of the body with the left elbow well up. The
forward so that the rebound is directed vertically right elbow points across the body to the right. If
to the ground. Always position yourself behind the a ball is lifted far to your left, use a reverse stick
dropping aerial pass so that you can let the ball in a horizontal position. Once the aerial ball is
hit your stick on the shaft below the right hand, directed down, use your stick to check and control
at knee height or lower. The faster the pass, the the ball before making your next move.
52
Passing and Receiving
Misstep
Body is too close to the ball, and the ball bounces out of control upon contact.
Correction
Break down your run into short, quick steps in order to balance your attack stance. Ready a
horizontal or vertical stick using a shake-hands grip.
Push-Passing Drills
1. 7- and 15-Yard (6.4 to 13.8 m) Partner Push Pass ___ out of 20
2. Shuttle Push Passing ___ out of 5
3. Fives Downfield ___ out of 10
Hit Drills
1. Hit the Boards ___ out of 5
2. Square Passing With Quick Hits ___ out of 10
3. Sweep Hit Through Targets ___ out of 5
Passing Drill
1. Pass Inside and Outside ___ out of 10
Receiving Drills
1. Pig in the Middle ___ out of 5
2. Receive and Transfer, Horizontal and Vertical ___ out of 10
3. Mimi Drills ___ out of 10
Total ___ out of 90
A combined score of 74 points or more suggests additional practice of the passing and receiving skills
that you have satisfactorily mastered the skills of that you find most difficult. A score of 62 points or
passing and receiving and that you are prepared to fewer implies insufficient control of various move-
move to step 3. A score in the range of 63 to 73 is ments. You should review and practice the techniques
considered adequate. You can move on to step 3 after discussed in step 2 before progressing to step 3.
53
3
STEP
After receiving the ball from a teammate or after Dribbling is basically stick work on the run.
intercepting an opponents pass, you must use Running with the ball, or dribbling, serves the
good ball-possession skills that will give your team same purpose as dribbling in soccer or basket-
more time and space to be successful. The next at- ball; it allows you to keep possession of the ball
tack role 1 techniques to learn are ball control and by moving into open areas of the field and away
dribbling. To be a successful field hockey player, from opponents, it creates space for teammates to
you must coordinate your balance and control use, and it leads to goal-scoring opportunities. Use
to quickly move the ball with your stick, because the dribble to beat an opponent in the attack zone
stick work is the essence of these skills. near the opponents goal. Penetrating this area of
Ball control must not be confused with receiv- the field while maintaining ball possession will
ing and passing. Ball control refers to skilled ball give you a numbers-up advantage (more team-
movements that accompany footwork, change mates than opponents) and more goal-scoring
of direction, and body swerve and balance. Most chances. Keep in mind that excessive dribbling
important, ball control is the ability to keep the does not promote team play. Resist dribbling to
ball close to your stick. Losing control of the ball take on opponents in the defensive zone nearest
adversely affects the execution of your next move. your own goal. Losing possession in this area can
Your next move may be a pass, dribble, or shot lead to a scoring opportunity for the opponent.
on goal depending on the situation and on your Four dribbling techniques are important in
ability to control the ball. game situationsthe power dribble, speed drib-
The two basic ball-control techniques are the ble, Indian dribble, and spin dribble. The power
ball check and the drop step. The ball check brings dribble is used to maintain possession of the ball
the ball back under control when it moves outside in tight, crowded spaces. The speed dribble is
your control box. It is used to slow or stop the ball used to advance the ball into open spaces along
from rolling away or to change directions during a straight or diagonal line. The most effective ele-
dribbling. The drop step moves the ball back and ment in speed dribbling is to cut with the ball along
away from an opponent while keeping the ball a diagonal line to the open space, which moves the
next to your stick. A successful drop step creates opponent laterally. The most advanced dribbling
more space between the attack role 1 player and skill is the Indian dribble, which is used to disguise
the nearest defender, which provides more time the dribblers next move. When executed correctly
for the next attack move. The attack role 1 player with control and speed, the Indian dribble unbal-
is constantly moving her control box and the ball ances the opponent with its back-andforth, fore-
within it away from the nearest opponent. hand-to-reverse stick movement. The spin dribble
54
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
is used to protect the ball as you move away from ball control, the ball must be next to your stick
the nearest opponent, who is blocking the forward head, which is on the ground in a push position.
space you want to move to. This position will enable you to easily scan the
The best means of attack is to have the ball. field to pass or dribble or to elude an advancing
The ability to control the ball so that you can opponent. In field hockey, it is difficult to isolate
execute a multiple-threat attack and beat oppo- the relationships that exist among footwork,
nents in one-on-one situationsparticularly in body balance, running speed, and ball control.
the attacking half of the fieldand the ability to Good ball control and dribbling demand daily at-
prevent defenders from getting the ball are crucial tention. There is no shortcut to learning efficient
to individual and team success. stick work for ball control and dribbling, which
The purpose of ball control is to maintain pos- demand the coordination of footwork, balance,
session by using sidesteps to go around an op- concentration, and the light touch of your stick on
ponent. Getting the ball in position in the shortest the ball. Make time to play the ball with your stick,
amount of time requires a consistent relationship and enjoy developing a comfortable coordination
with the ball, your feet, and the stick. For good of your feet, hands, stick, and the ball.
Ball Control
The basis of ball control and stick work is moving role 1 (AR1) player, who uses the ball check to
the ball from left to right by means of a reverse control a through ball and to stop and go with all
stick. This requires that the stick be turned over dribbling techniques.
the top of the ball. You must learn to turn the Whether you are standing still or running,
stick because field hockey rules prevent the use of the ball check can be executed from various
the rounded sideright sideto control or pass directional ball movements. The left-to-right and
the ball. The two ball-control techniquesthe right-to-left ball movements are coordinated with
ball check and drop stepuse a split grip with a sidesteps, body swerves, weaves, and hesitations,
changeable V of the left hand. The left hand turns and they are constantly integrated with the ball
and controls the stick. The right hands function check. The ball check also accompanies the drop
is to allow the stick to be turned by the left hand step ball-control movement in which the ball and
and to occasionally add power. stick follow a diagonal line backward.
Before learning how to dribble, hockey players To execute the ball check (figure 3.1), position
should practice sidestepping to the left and right, the ball in your control box. Keep your stick near
diagonally forward to the right, and diagonally the lower half of the ball and prepare to change
back to the right and leftthe drop step. When your left hand from the shake-hands grip to the
your ball-control techniques improve, practice back of the stick. When the hands are in the
against an opponent. The greater the speed of an shake-hands grip and the toe of the stick is point-
approaching opponent, the smaller the sidestep. ing up, the forefinger and thumb of both hands
If the opponent is more cautious, your stick work form a V shape that points down along the edge
and sidestep distance must increase. of the stick. For good ball control and dribbling,
the V of the left hand adjusts a quarter turn to the
right so that it runs down the back of the stick.
Ball Check
To momentarily stop the roll of the ball, place the
Never move the ball into a position that makes face of the stick on the lower half of the ball while
it more readily available to your opponent than maintaining a 12- to 18-inch (30.5 to 46 cm) ball-
to you. The ball check, or sudden stop, is a ball- to-feet distance. A ball check on the reverse side
control technique that prevents the ball from should be immediately followed by a ball-control
running away from your control box and into the movement to the right side so that you are ready
opponents reach. It is also useful to the attack to pass, dribble, or shoot.
55
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
The ball moves outside your control box and you lose control.
Correction
Move your hands farther apart and bend your knees. Move the ball away from your feet about
12 to 18 inches so that you can see it in your control box. Your left hand controls and turns
the stick. Keep your head steady over the ball and your eyes focused on the ball.
a b c
Misstep
You snatch at the ball on the upper half of the ball.
Correction
Move the ball away from your feet and keep the ball in your control box, in line with and in front
of your feet. Focus on keeping the stick head in contact with the lower half of the ball.
Misstep
You lose the ball on your reverse side.
Correction
The ball must be within your control box. Do not allow it to pass your left foot. Keep your stick
head a few inches from the ball when placing the stick on the left side of the ball. Use your
left hand to turn the stick counterclockwise.
56
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
Drop Step As with the ball check, you must change the V
of your left-hand grip so that the left hand turns
The drop step is an individual ball-control tech- your stick. Keep your knees bent and your feet
nique that coordinates ball movement in a for- shoulder-width apart for balance. Your head stays
ward-to-back direction away from the opposing over the ball in your control box, in line with the
defender. The ball carrier (AR1) uses the drop right or left foot, and your stick remains next to
step to make space. The more space you have the lower half of the ball. If drop stepping to your
between you and your opponent, the more time right, move your right foot and the ball diagonally
you have to execute the pass. backward simultaneously by transferring your
You must time the drop step (figure 3.2) with body weight from your left to right foot. For the
a hip turn to the left or right to coincide with the left drop step, transfer your weight from your
defenders forward commitment. If the opponent right foot to your left. Follow the drop step with a
has time to change direction and tackle the ball, ball check to prevent the ball from going beyond
you have executed the drop step too soon. The key your foot. When executing a left drop step, im-
to successfully performing any ball-control skill mediately move the ball to the right side of your
that involves a change of direction and change of body. Getting into this position will make you a
pace is moving the ball along with the foot and multiple-attack threat.
maintaining consistent ball-from-feet distance.
Misstep
Approaching opponent has time to change direction and tackle you.
Correction
Your foot and the ball must move at the same time in order to coincide with the defenders
forward commitment to tackle.
Slight errors in judgment or technique can and poor judgment of the opponents positioning.
cause you to lose control of the ball while in a Maintain as much space as possible between the
restricted space. Most ball-control errors are due ball and your nearest opponent. To do so, you
to incorrect stick handling when changing grips, must constantly adjust your position in response
poor body balance, inadequate footwork, the to the challengers movements.
inconsistent relationship of the ball to the feet,
Preparation
1. Receive the ball in your control box with
short steps and quick footwork
2. Use a split grip with your left hand adjust-
ed
3. Ball is in control box
4. Stagger your feet shoulder-width apart
5. Knees are flexed; body is slightly crouched
6. Be aware of options; eyes see the ball and
the space between you and DR1
7. Stick is next to the lower half of the ball a
(continued)
57
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Make quick glances at the approaching 1. Move the ball to the right side of your
opponent body
2. Simultaneously push the ball and transfer 2. Keep the stick on the lower half of the
your weight to your back foot ball
3. Left hand turns the stick; allow the stick to 3. Use a shake-hands grip
rotate in your right hand 4. Be ready to pass, dribble, or shoot
4. Keep the ball 12 inches (30.5 cm) from
your feet and within the control box
5. Stick is on the lower half of the ball
6. Check the balls movement
Misstep
The stick is slower than the ball.
Correction
Control is of primary importance and speed is secondary. Keep your stick close (less than 1
inch, or 2.5 cm) from the lower half of the ball. Use your left hand to turn the stick; the right
hand allows stick to turn.
Misstep
The ball gets too close to your feet or outside your control box.
Correction
Keep the ball in your control box about 12 to 18 inches (30.5 to 46 cm) from your feet and
aligned with your feet. Move your foot first to start the ball moving.
58
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
59
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
60
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
61
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Dribbling
Although passing is the most effective way to of gravity. Coordinating stick work with changes
beat an opponent, the individual attack role 1 of direction while running with the ball requires
technique of dribbling is used to set up attack play. you to improve footwork. Remember, your drib-
Dribbling is easier than passing for many players bling speed will improve as your ball control
to learn and for many coaches to coach. The close improves.
ball control and efficient stick work required for The two basic levels of dribbling are the
efficient passing will enhance dribbling. fundamental level and the advanced level. The
Dribbling techniques share much in common fundamental level consists of one dribbling tech-
with ball control. In addition to the close control nique called the speed dribble, which is used for
of the ball, these elements include sudden change open field runs with the ball. The advanced level
of direction and speed, body swerves and fakes, consists of four dribbling techniquesthe power
and deceptive sidesteps. Inside attack players dribble, Indian dribble, spin dribble, and lifted
need closer stick work and dribbling techniques dribblethat use both the forehand and the re-
because they are frequently in tight spaces. Out- verse stick positions to put the ball into an open
side attack players have more open space, so space or over a defenders stick.
dribbling speed and a good ball check must be
developed. Speed Dribble
The most effective way to acquire dribbling
skills is to practice. With practice, you will learn The speed dribble (figure 3.3) is sometimes called
to keep the ball at the base of the stick and you the open field, or forehand, dribble. The object of
will develop control. You will need strong back the speed dribble is to run with the ball into open
and leg muscles in order to crouch down while field space in order to gain ground and move the
running. Your weight should be on the power opponent. The speed dribble can be used during a
points of your feet so that there is a lightness straight-line run or, more effectively, the player can
of movement. Keep your head down and your cut diagonally by using small push passes. Cutting
eyes on the ball, but make quick glances at the with the ball or dribbling diagonally will move the
opponent to evaluate her distance, balance, and opponent laterally, which allows the attacker to
position. To keep the ball close to your stick in penetrate through spaces closer to goal.
the control box, you must run with a low center
62
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
a b c
Misstep
You are chasing after your uncontrolled, rolling dribble.
Correction
Lower your body posture so that you can keep your stick head close to the lower half of the
ball.
Misstep
The ball gets too close to an opponent, who then successfully block tackles the ball.
Correction
Keep the ball close to your stick and your eyes downfield. Execute a quick turn (change of
direction) at least 5 to 7 yards (4.5 to 6.4 m) from an opponents stick reach.
63
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
The first step to speed dribbling effectively is inclined in front of the right. From this stick posi-
to execute the change of direction with a burst of tion, push the ball forward with small push passes
speed. To change the direction of the ball, use your as you run. It is very important to maintain a low
right hand (shake-hands grip) to push the ball out running position to avoid losing contact with the
into free space. This small, aggressive push pass ball. Running at maximum speed naturally places
to yourself enables you to break out into a good your body in a more upright position, which may
run. During the speed dribble, keep the ball at the force your stick too far from the ball, resulting in
forehand or right side of the body 3 to 4 inches (7 losing control of the ball.
to 10 cm) outside the right foot so that your running To pass to the left from the speed dribble,
action is not impeded. (Advanced speed dribblers move the ball to the front of the left foot or the
can also execute the speed dribble from outside the center of your control box. When you pass from
left foot.) Use the shake-hands grip and keep the the speed dribble, reduce the speed of the dribble
stick head close behind or next to the ball. When or move the ball into your control box in order
dribbling on an artificial surface, always keep the to execute a quality pass. Always practice using
stick blade on the lower half of the ball and the stick various speeds, but remember, skill is of primary
head on the ground, which requires a crouched importance and speed is secondary. If speed is
running posture. On rough grass surfaces, the stick emphasized as more important, your skill level
must be more vertical, with the left hand slightly will be reduced.
65
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Stick is slow and clumsily handled.
Correction
Allow the stick to freely rotate in your right hand while your left hand turns the stick.
Misstep
Pushing or tapping the upper half of the ball.
Correction
Move the ball 12 to 24 inches (30.5 to 61 cm) from your feet in your control box. Concentrate
on touching or pushing the lower half of the ball.
66
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
a b c
E4049/Anders/Fig.03.04b/309294/Offenstein/R2
Preparation Execution Follow-Through
1. Receive the ball next to 1. Use your left hand to 1. Keep your stick close to
your stick turn the stick the ball
2. Knees are flexed 2. Allow the stick to rotate 2. Accelerate away from
3. Be in a crouched posi- in your right hand your opponent
tion with a low center of 3. Stick should be next to 3. Look up and be ready to
gravity the lower half of the ball pass or shoot
4. Lead with your head 4. Use deceptive sidesteps
over the ball and body swerves, with
5. Glance up and the look silent pushes of ball
back down at the ball 5. Control the ball with the
stick behind the ball
6. Ball remains in your
control box
7. Change speed, direction,
or both
67
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
68
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
Indian Dribble
The stick in the reverse position initiates all ad- ball arrives. The zigzag ball movement involves
vanced skills in field hockey. The Indian dribble, coordinating the movements of the stick, ball,
or zigzag, is a more advanced technique that and feet. When the ball is in front of the right
uses the reverse stick. The object of the Indian foot, your weight is on your right leg. The ball is
dribble is to get the opponent on the wrong foot dragged to your left foot and your left foot now
by sweeping or zigzagging the ball across and in bears your body weight.
front of your feet in both directions. Moving the Your stick strikes the lower half of the ball,
ball from side to sideforehand to backhand and which improves the speed of the Indian dribble.
backcombines the elements of successful ball Your stick should be no more than 1/2 inch from
control and good stick work. the ball. Concentrate on using your left foot as
To execute the Indian dribble (figure 3.5), use the left-side boundary to keep the ball within the
the split grip with the V of left hand near the back bounds of your control box and within the lim-
of the stick handle. Feet remain shoulder-width its of your advancing feet. Sometimes, though,
apart, knees bent. Body is crouched slightly. The players take the ball beyond the feet, such as to
ball is 18 to 24 inches (46 to 61 cm) from your change direction or evade an opponent.
feet as you run with the ball. If slowed or station- From a stationary position, top players can
ary, the ball is 12 inches (30.5 cm) from the feet. perform the zigzag more than 90 times in 60
Keep the ball out in front of you where you can seconds. Using lots of concentration and correct
see it. Head remains still and it leads the upper technique, you can perform more than 50 zigzags
body forward to the ball. The stick must move in one minute. If you are inspired and determined
faster than the ball when it is turned over the top to work hard, the Indian dribble can be a danger-
of the ball because it must reach a position to ous and glamorous attack technique for you.
check the balls zig or zag movement before the
Misstep
You lose dribbling speed and overreach for the ball.
Correction
The ball is too far from your feet and outside your control box. Place your stick on the lower
half of the ball and keep it close to the ball.
Misstep
You dribble the top half of the ball.
Correction
Do not lift your stick more than 1/2 inch over the ball.
Spin Dribble
The spin dribble (figure 3.6) is used to protect crouched position provides a wide base of sup-
the ball while pivoting or turning away from a port and can create greater distance between the
defender who is blocking the forward space. As opponent and the ball. In field hockey, the attack
with all dribbling techniques, proper body posi- role 1 playerthe player with the ballmay not
tion in relation to the ball and the opponent is stand still and shield the ball; this is an obstruc-
important. Establish a pivot foot and turn side- tion foul. To avoid the penalty, you must pivot
ways. Assume a slightly crouched posture and and immediately move with the ball away from
spin dribble or drag the ballin a forehand or the defense role 1 player.
reverse directionaway from the opponent. The
69
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
a b c
Misstep
Weak left-to-right movement.
Correction
On the reverse stick side, check the ball and keep the ball from passing more than a few
inches outside the left foot.
Misstep
Your zigzag dribble escapes on your backhand side.
Correction
Turn your stick counterclockwise so that it can touch the lower half of the ball before the
ball arrives.
70
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
a b c
Misstep
You run into the defender.
Correction
Begin to turn sideways to pivot or turn away from the defender a few yards sooner.
Misstep
The ball hits your feet.
Correction
The stick and your hands are too close to your body. Keep your arms extended away from your
body with your stick on the ball. The ball remains on the outer edge of your control box.
71
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
You fail to lift the ball from the ground.
Correction
Bend your knees and lower the stick handle with the left hand as you slide the stick under
the ball.
The reverse lifted dribble is a bit more difficult dribble the ball wide to the left of your body. The
because it is performed with only the left hand left hand is lower on the stick for added strength
on the reverse-stick side. This skill is used to and coordination.
Preparation
1. Run forward with the ball close to your
stick
2. Two hands are on the stick (forehand) or
lower left hand only (reverse)
3. Maintain your running form
4. Eyes glance up to see the opponent and
free space
5. Turn the stick in order to slide the flat side
of the stick head under the ball
a
E4049/Anders/Fig.03.07a/309302/Offenstein/R1
72
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Tap the aerial ball either right or left
1. Lift the ball a couple of inches into the E4049/Anders/Fig.03.07c/309304/Offenstein/R1
E4049/Anders/Fig.03.07b/309303/Offenstein/R1
air 2. Readjust your body position in response
2. Turn the stick with your left hand to the opponent
3. Maintain balance on your power points 3. Accelerate away from the opponent
4. Shift your attention from the ball to the 4. Maintain close control of the ball
opponent 5. Prepare to pass or shoot
5. Maintain correct ball-from-feet distance
Misstep
You kick the ball or overrun the ball while attempting to lift it.
Correction
Keep the ball on the right or left side of your body, slightly outside your control box. Avoid
dribbling the ball directly in front of your feet.
Misstep
The umpire calls a dangerous-play penalty on the lifted dribble.
Correction
Lift the ball only a small distance off the ground so that the aerial dribble cannot lead to
dangerous play.
73
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
74
Controlling the Ball and Dribbling
75
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Ball Control Drills
Dribble Drills
A combined score of 58 points or more sug- and dribbling skills that you find most difficult.
gests that you have satisfactorily mastered ball A score of 44 points or fewer implies insufficient
control and dribbling and that you are prepared control of various movements. Review and prac-
to move to step 4. A score in the range of 45 to tice the techniques discussed in step 3 before
57 is considered adequate. You can move on to progressing to step 4.
step 4 after additional practice of the ball control
76
4
STEP
Tackling
Championships are won with defense. The abil- The best defense is having the ball. Without
ity to stop the opponent with the ball game after the ball, your team cannot score goals. In addi-
game will put your team in a position to win. The tion to pass interceptions, tackling to win ball
heart of the defense is the player nearest to the possession is critical. All field players, even the
ball carrier. This defense role 1 player (DR1) leads goalkeeperalthough techniques differmust
the effort to regain possession of the ball for her learn to execute tackling techniques, because
team. How you perform the DR1 skills is critical when a team loses the ball, all players fall back
to your teams defense. on defense and must get into position to take
Winning the ball from a talented attack role the ball back. Do not settle for merely spoiling
1 dribbler requires more than average defense the opponents attack by poking the ball out of
skills. It requires footwork, balance, self-discipline, play. Although it is important to break up a play
and a determined attitude. In field hockey, the or to knock the ball off the sideline, it is better to
term tackling describes the techniques applied gain possession of the ball by executing proper
by the defense role 1 player to the ball, not to the tackling techniques.
dribbler of the ball. A good DR1 player has good Tackling has three objectives:
timingshe knows when to tackle and when not
to tackle. During the transition from defense roles 1. to keep the ball in front of the defensive
2 and 3 (see step 9), the DR1 player can avoid player so that AR1 is forced to pass a ball
having to tackle by intercepting the pass. Three that can be intercepted by DR2,
basic defensive techniquesengaging distance 2. to force AR1 to pass the ball so that pos-
(setting up your body to perform a skill), the jab session of the ball can be regained; and;
and fake-jab tackles, and the block tackle (attack 3. to stop AR1s forward progress and ball
block and defensive block)are used in direct control by blocking space and by creating
encounter and pursuit, both on the forehand and a tackling threat.
backhand sides of the body. Engaging distance
and give enable you to keep the ball in front of Of course, a clever dribbler will avoid being
you. These are the most crucial techniques to tackled most of the time and will choose to pass
learn because defense requires that you be able to another area of the field. A battle of cleverness
to judge distance well, much like passing. You can develops between the tackler and the dribbler,
use a jab tackle and a block tackle to get the ball each attempting to outmaneuver the other or to
only if you learn to properly judge distance from force the other to make an error. A common fault
the ball while maintaining a balanced, staggered of the DR1 player is to charge a ball carrier who
stance, which includes using a lead foot. is in full control of the ball or to charge after a
77
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
loose ball that is closer to the opponentin other Understanding the correct approachengaging
words, mistakenly committing the body and feet distance and givewill help you avoid these un-
to the ball. Other errors include planting the feet balanced errors and will eventually prepare you
and swinging or flailing your stick at the ball. to execute successful jab and block tackles.
Defensive Footwork
If you stop your feet, youre beat. To perform Feet are staggered shoulder-width apart so
the defensive footwork necessary for the three that you can instantly move laterally, forward,
defense roles, you must have desire, discipline, or backward. Keep your hips low and your head
anticipation, and superb fitness so that you can steady. Your head directs your upper body for-
keep your feet moving. The key is to be in bal- ward. Keep your eyes focused on the ball so that
ance and to move your feet so that you can react you can judge the distance between your probing
to your opponents attack moves and block the stick and the ball. Hold your stick in both hands
forward space to the goal. out in front of your feet. Keep the stick head near
Defensive footwork requires short, quick steps the ground and inch it closer to the ball as you
and weight evenly distributed on the power points of decide when to tackle.
the feet. Avoid crossing your feet. Push off the back The four basic defensive footwork move-
foot farthest and keep adjusting with the lead foot. ments are engaging distance and give, slide or
The only time you change your lead foot is when shuffle, drop step, and backward run. All de-
AR1 moves by your lead foot. Always execute a drop fensive footwork movements, except engaging
step, then resquare your hips and shoulders to the distance and give, were described in step 1 (see
ball in order to recover your defensive position. page 18).
Tackling
Whether the ball carrier is moving toward you or shake-hands grip once you are ready to steal the
whether you are pursuing a dribbler to your left or ball. The head of the stick slides on the ground
right, the basic requirements for the tackle are the because the ball is on the ground, controlled
same. The ball must be within the reach of your by the dribbler. From here, the defenders stick
stick. To determine your reach, your body must tracks the ball, and the defender tries to hasten
be in a low crouch with your knees and back bent. the dribblers stick movement, perhaps causing
Balance is essential for quickly adjusting to the the attacker to make an error such as losing ball
dribbler. Learn to control your center of gravity control or moving the stick too far from the ball.
by keeping your body weight down on the power When you use the stick to tackle, it must be done
points of your feet, not on your toes, because if with decisive contact to the lower half of the ball.
your weight is too far forward, you wont be able Your eyes should be focused on the ball and not
to recover quickly. Remember the clichif you on any deceptive body, stick, or foot movements
stop your feet, youre beat. A balanced, defensive that the AR1 dribbler may perform.
stance (figure 1.8, page 18) that establishes a lead A patient and calm DR1 player will avoid com-
foot for ready, agile footwork is vital. mitting her body, feet, or stick in a hasty forward
For the most part, the stick is held in both or lateral direction. A patient DR1 player will bet-
hands. Extend your left hand and arm away from ter judge the distance between the ball and her
your body at the height of your left knee. The jab own stick and her opponents stick. Keep the ball
tackle is a one-handed tackle that is executed in front of you, and be alert for a sudden change
with the left hand and arm. The right hand, of pace or direction from the dribbler, both of
though, is immediately placed on the stick in the which determine when you should use a jab, or
78
Tackling
fake jab, and a block tackle. If AR1 beats you, your Engaging distance is also referred to as ap-
immediate priority is to deny further penetration. proach distance, the distance needed to move
Channel AR1 into areas of the hockey field where close to your opponent in order to apply defen-
space is limited (for example, into a nearby team- sive pressure. Give or push back refers to pushing
mate or toward the nearest sideline) or force AR1 away from the ball or opponent in order to avoid
to pass the ball so it doesnt penetrate further getting too close before you can reestablish your
or move back toward her own goal. If you can defensive stance and pressure the ball. The de-
delay penetration via the pass or dribble, your fense role 1 player ultimately wants to take the
teammates will have time to recover to goal-side ball from the attacker by blocking and controlling
positions and support you. the forward space to the goal. This is not an easy
skill; it requires agile footwork combined with
Engaging Distance and good judgment and balance. The most important
Give (Push Back) aspect of successful defensive footwork is cor-
rectly judging distance in order to get close to the
The basic defensive stance (see figure 1.8, page ball or opponent. You must be close enough to be
18) was introduced in step 1. For defense, it is a defensive threat without being beaten by the
necessary to combine a defensive stance with en- opponent. Engaging distance is equal to about 1
gaging distance and give. Defensive footwork and or 1 1/2 stick lengths, depending on the speed of
a balanced, defensive stance are impossible to the opponent. You should be able to reach the ball
isolate from one another. The concept of engaging with your stick by taking one short, quick step.
your distance to the ball and pushing backward Approach the ball at a speed that will allow you
in order to give ground and adjust to the speed of to maintain balance and to change direction.
AR1 is so significant to the defensive roles, and To execute engaging distance (figure 4.1), use
especially to one-on-one defense, that a thorough short, quick approach steps without crossing your
examination is necessary. The responsibility of feet, and protect your lead foot by positioning it
the defense role 1 player (DR1) is to block the slightly outside the opponents body. If your op-
dangerous space leading to the goal by getting in ponent makes a move toward the goal on the side
position to halt the ball carriers forward progress. of your back foot, you must give or push back
The key in all one-on-one situations is to keep the without losing balance. As with your engaging, or
ball in front of you and to maintain your playing approach, steps, use short, quick push-back steps
or reaching distance to the ball. without crossing your feet and losing balance.
Preparation
1. Position yourself between the ball and the
goal
2. Shoulders and feet face the ball
3. Run or move toward the ball
4. Judge your distance from the ball
5. Hands are separated on the stick
(continued)
79
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Within 7 yards (6.4 m) of the ball, establish 1. Stick head is on the ground in front of
your left lead foot with your right shoulder your feet
aligned to the ball 2. Pressure the ball with a quick, tracking
2. Engage by pushing off your back foot; stick
give by pushing from the lead foot 3. Use balanced, defensive footwork
3. Use short, quick steps on the power points 4. Patiently judge the distance from the ball
of your feet or attacker
4. Feet are shoulder-width apart 5. Decide when to tackle
5. Flex your knees in a semicrouched posi-
tion
Misstep
You run toward an opponent who has close control of the dribble and are then beaten.
Correction
Establish a lead foot, and push back in order to keep dribbler in front of you.
Engaging distance and push-back techniques with your lead foot to approach the attacker; push
basically require the same footwork but in differ- off your front foot and step with your back foot
ent directions. They both use short, quick steps, to give. When engaging, never cross your back
with one foot up and the other foot back. Keep foot in front of your lead foot. When giving, never
your weight evenly distributed on the power cross your lead foot in front of your back foot.
points of the feet. Push off the back foot, and step
Misstep
AR1 fakes and swerves around you.
Correction
Concentrate only on the lower half of the ball in order to maintain your reach distance.
80
Tackling
Remember these guidelines for engaging great speed or quickness with the ball. This will
distance: prevent AR1 from simply pushing the ball forward
and outracing you. If AR1 relies on a high degree
Keep the ball in front of you. Position your- of skill rather than on quickness, move quickly
self between the dribbler and the goal you are toward her to within your stick-reach distance.
defending. This goal-side positioning (see step 9) Deny AR1 reasonable time and space to use her
is important for shutting off the opponents direct skills to beat you.
route to the goal.
Maintain a lead foot. A lead foot (primarily
Engage or approach AR1. Determine the the left foot) will help you move laterally or to push
speed of the dribbler as you move to deny time back in step with AR1s speed and ball control.
and space to the ball carrier (AR1). As a general Force the dribbler to make a decision by keeping
rule, the closer AR1 is to your goal, the closer your stick on the ground to track the ball and by
you (DR1) should be to her. If AR1 is within the keeping the ball aligned with your right shoulder.
shooting circle, she must be denied the oppor- Be patient and calm while you constantly adjust
tunity to shoot the ball. When engaging AR1, distance from the ball and maintain your balance.
who is about to receive the ball, DR1 must use Keep your eyes focused on the lower half of the
defensive power steps and align the ball in front ball, looking for an opportunity to tackle, or, de-
of the right shoulder. pending on the situation, to give more ground, to
Give, or push back, by pushing off the lead foot. delay the attacker long enough for a teammate
To deny penetrating passes, quickly gain your bal- to come help, or to force the ball in the right
ance. Evenly distribute your weight on the power (forehand) direction. Be ready to check the ball
points of your feet and maintain a low center of with your stick, avoiding overcommitment with
gravity. Move in a balanced position if the dribbler a reckless stick swing.
suddenly sidesteps or swerves laterally. Maintain Tackle the lower half of the ball. When the
ball-to-right-foot-and-shoulder alignment. time is best for you and your team, tackle hard to
Evaluate. The less space you give the op- gain possession of the ball. The decision of when
ponent, the less time AR1 will have to make to tackle is based on your judgment of when you
decisions and handle the ball. Judge the distance can effectively reach the ball with your stick while
between the ball and the dribblers stick and maintaining your balance and of when your stick
your stick. Give AR1 a bit more space if she has is closer to the ball than AR1s stick.
Misstep
AR1 has too much dribbling space.
Correction
Engage your distance closer for an effective reach and better tackling threat.
81
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Jab Tackle
The one-handed jab tackle (figure 4.2) is more sitions to help defend. Forwards use this tackle
popular on artificial surfaces and can be used often for tackling while retreating. Generally, you
in a variety of one-on-one defensive situations. will use this tackle from a position in front of the
Usually the jab tackle, sometimes called the poke, dribbler, with your lead foot closer the dribbler
is not as strong a tackle as the block tackle. It is as you run alongside her. The secret of the jab
used to fake or bluff a dribbler, not to win the ball tackle is the long reach of the left hand and arm
outright. The purpose of the fake jab is to get AR1 and the easy shift into other tackles. The quick
to lower her head and eyes to the ball and to react poking action of the stick is like a sneak attack,
to your stick, thereby slowing down her dribble as the objective remains to force the ball beyond
and making it more predictable. A successful jab the dribblers stick so that you can steal it. In
typically forces the dribbler to lose the ball. The the shooting circle, where fouls result in penalty
pressure defender then goes in to cleanly steal it. corners and penalty strokes, use a two-handed
You can also use the jab to delay the opponents jab or block tackle to better prevent the ball from
attack until more of your teammates are in po- hitting your feet.
Misstep
AR1 dribbles past your left side and behind you.
Correction
Increase your distance from the ball using push-back footwork, and maintain a left lead foot
with your right shoulder aligned with the ball.
82
Tackling
a b c
E4049/Anders/Fig.04.02a/309308/Offenstein/R1
Misstep
Your jab misses the ball and the ball goes under your stick.
Correction
Keep your stick head on the ground and concentrate on poking under the lower half of the
ball.
Misstep
Stick is slow and clumsily handled.
Correction
Change your left-hand V to the front of the stick and jab through the lower half of the ball.
83
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Remember these guidelines when executing dribblers right side, start with your stick head
the jab tackle: on the ground and thrust the head of the stick at
the lower half of the ball. Running along AR1s
Use the right stick position. Initially both left side requires that you overtake the dribblers
hands are on the stick, which is held away from run in order to avoid the fouls of body contact
your body. Your left hand is away from the body and obstruction. Because the dribbler more often
and below the left knee as it grips the top of the will carry the ball on her forehand side, you must
stick. The face of the stick is turned slightly to outrun the dribblers run before reaching for the
the right so the flat side of the stick is facing up, ball with the left-handed jab. To jab tackle while
placing the V of your left hand on the front of the running alongside the ball carrier, transfer much
handle. The head of the stick is on the ground or of your weight through to the left leg at the mo-
as close to it as possible throughout the entire ment you jab with the stick. Whether you are
tracking and poking action. jab tackling alongside or from a front position,
Maintain a balanced body and lead foot. Knees avoid transferring all your weight to the lead foot
are bent. Body is balanced and slightly crouched. because this commitment makes it difficult to
The ball is aligned with your right shoulder if your recover on missed attempts.
left foot is the lead foot. To jab tackle a dribbler Time the jab or poke under the ball. Always
who is in front of you and is moving to your right time your jab downward in a stabbing motion
side, maintain your left lead foot and keep the ball under the ball. Recoil your stick to both hands so
from moving outside your right shoulder. Move that you are ready to jab again, block tackle, or
your right foot forward to tackle a player moving pass the ball. Keeping the ball aligned with the
to your left. In this situation, keep your left shoul- right shoulder will enable you to keep the ball in
der aligned with the ball. When running along the front of you for tackling.
Misstep
Your reach is restricted.
Correction
Crouch low, leading with your left foot and shoulder. Hold your stick in your left hand and
extend your left arm for a jab or fake jab.
Misstep
You are unable to recover from a missed jab tackle or to retreat in time.
Correction
Do not overly commit forward by placing all your body weight on the lead foot. Recoil your
stick quickly and maintain your balance.
84
Tackling
Block Tackle
The two types of block tackles are the attack (figure 4.3). On the reverse or left side, use a
block and the defense block. Use the attack block horizontal stick in a 10 oclock position. Take a
tackle when an opponent slows down and power small forward step toward the ball and push your
dribbles directly at you or after a speed dribbler horizontal stick toward the ball. Keep both hands
has been forced into you. Use your stick in the 2 on your stick, which is out away from your feet.
oclock position as a horizontal barrier in front of Your knuckles touch the ground.
your feet or wide to your right on the forehand
Preparation
1. Position yourself on the goal side
2. Engage or give distance with breakdown
steps
3. Establish a left lead foot and shoulder
4. Align your right foot and shoulder with
the ball
5. Use a shake-hands grip, with the head of
the stick on the ground
6. Have a low center of gravity on the power
points of your feet
7. Eyes are focused on the lower half of the a
ball
(continued)
85
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Time the attack block with a short step 1. Steer the ball away from the dribbler
toward the ball, or give back with your 2. Keep the stick on the ball
feet for a defensive block
3. Be ready to look up to pass
2. Stay in balance
3. Trap and then strike the lower half of the
ball on the stick label
Misstep
You are slow to move with AR1s sidestep.
Correction
Stay on the power points of your feet and keep one foot in front of the other. Align ball with
your right shoulder.
Misstep
You block tackle the ball but lose it immediately.
Correction
Keep your stick still in a 2 oclock position (forehand) and let the ball come to it. Strike the
lower half of the ball and control it with your right hand on the stick. Control the ball away
from the dribbler.
Generally the attack block tackle is used when Position yourself on the goal side. While in
you have successfully forced the AR1 dribbler into control and balanced, move between AR1 and
a one-on-one situation in which the dribbler has the goal you are defending. Your left foot and left
no choice but to try to beat you with the forward shoulder lead as you force the AR1 dribbler into
dribble. Use the defensive block tackle while a position for a forehand tackle. Keep the ball in
pushing back away from a speed dribbler. Allow front of you. Imagine a straight line running from
the ball to come to your stick. Block tackling, the ball to your right shoulder. When forcing the
the most common method of tackling, requires dribbler to your right side and to the outside of the
good balance, good foot positioning, and good field near the sideline, use a wide forehand block
timing. tackle. Always position yourself to play goal side.
Remember these guidelines when executing On the inside, deny the dribbler escape routes to
the forehand block tackle: the shooting circle in the center of the field.
86
Tackling
Align your right foot and shoulder with the Reverse Block Tackle
ball. Ignore the dribblers stick and foot fakes as
you align your right foot and right shoulder with The reverse block tackle is a more difficult tackle
the ball. Bend your knees and crouch down in to master than the forehand block tackle and it is
order to lower your center of gravity. almost impossible to cleanly execute if the dribbler
has won the goal-side position. When the sideline
Keep your stick head low and use a shake-
is an ally, however, left-side defenders must be fa-
hands grip. Keep your eyes focused on the lower
miliar with this tackle. The principles of the reverse
half of the ball. Hands are apart on your stick,
block are the same as the forehand block. The
each in a shake-hands grip. Improved timing
only difference is the 10 oclock horizontal stick
and strength will allow you to grip the stick and
position, which is outside the line of your body
tackle with a left-hand grip only. Sometimes the
on your left side but still in front. Good dribblers
forehand block tackle is preceded by fake jabs or
who cleverly get the ball to their forehand side
a show of a block on your left side. In any event,
nearly always attempt to beat left-side defenders
the head of your stick always remains close to
on their backhand side. Let the one-on-one battle
the ground, ready to block the ball on the stick-
begin, because a good defense role 1 player will
label area as the dribbler takes her stick away
be able to use quick footwork and good balance
from the ball.
to force the ball to his or her forehand.
Remember, timing is key. Time your tackle for To execute the reverse block tackle (figure 4.4),
when the ball is well away from the opponents hold your stick in your left hand using a reverse
stick. Allow the ball to come to your stick as you grip. Get in a low position on the goal side and
give backward with your feet. Your stick must lead with your right shoulder and foot. Lock your
align in a 2 oclock position from your feet. Do left elbow and point the toe of your stick at the
not move your stick forward or swing at the ball ground. Time your block tackle to trap the ball
as you will certainly give the ball back to the drib- using a horizontal stick (knuckles of left hand on
bler. Use the strength of your legs and forearms ground) so that AR1 overruns the ball.
to trap the ball, and immediately control the ball
away from the dribbler.
Preparation
1. Position yourself on the goal side
2. Engage or give distance with breakdown
footwork
3. Establish a lead foot and shoulder
4. Align your left foot and left shoulder with
the ball
5. Eyes are focused on the lower half of the
ball
a
(continued)
87
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Use a reverse V grip of your left hand 1. Steer the ball away from the dribbler
2. Keep a low center of gravity on the power 2. Keep the stick on the ball
points of your feet 3. Be ready to look up to pass
3. Time the block by lowering the handle of
the stick
4. Toe of the stick is on the ground
5. Stay in balance
6. Trap and then strike the lower half of the
ball
Misstep
You hasten your approach and tackle before your teammates are in position to cover inside
passing options.
Correction
Delay your approach by holding and giving.
Misstep
AR1 pushes the ball between your feet and behind you.
Correction
Keep the head of your stick on the ground in front of your feet. Keep moving your feet to
block space behind you.
88
Tackling
Recovery Tackle
At some point, every player will be required to will enable DR1 to keep AR1 to one side while
tackle while retreating or recovering because DR2 gets into position to help stop the forward
sometimes the ball will get into the space behind penetration by AR1.
the player. Tackling while recovering does not dif- Your objective when executing a recovery
fer from direct-approach tackling. You still must tackle is to keep the ball to one side by running
concentrate on using engaging distance and jab- parallelas if along a railroad trackto the drib-
and-block techniquesbalance and footwork; bler (figure 4.5). Always sprint at maximum speed
stick position and grip; stick tracking with timing in order to overtake the dribbler on the goal-line
of the tackle; and patience. The only variation in side. You surely will be beaten if you overcom-
recovery tackling is that the execution requires the mit and run toward the ball carrier or directly at
DR1 to run at maximum speed in an attempt to the ball.
get alongside and parallel to AR1. This approach
89
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
a b
E4049/Anders/Fig.04.05/309317/Offenstein/R1
Preparation E4049/Anders/Fig.04.05/309317/Offenstein/R1Execution
1. Run at maximum speed in order to catch 1. Jab at the ball when it is loose from AR1s
up to the ball carrier stick
2. Run parallel and alongside AR1 2. Continue running parallel to the attacker
3. Put the stick head on the ground, stick in if a jab is not possible
your left hand only 3. Strike the lower half of the ball
4. Eyes are focused on the lower half of the 4. Stay close to attacker
ball
Follow-Through
1. Position yourself on the goal side of AR1
2. Steer the ball away from the dribbler
3. Keep your stick on the ball
4. Look up to pass
Misstep
Your footwork is slow during the recovery run.
Correction
Run at your maximum speed in order to overtake or to get alongside AR1. Run parallel to
the attacker.
Misstep
The dribbler beats you again after you have caught up to her.
Correction
Avoid stepping to the ball or committing your stick to the ball. Patiently run parallel to the
attacker.
90
Tackling
The keys to recovery tackling from the drib- Speed and patience are required for recovery
blers forehand side are speed and body posture. tackling from the dribblers backhand side because
You must run faster than the dribbler to overtake this tackle is the most difficult of all defensive
her, and when you are ahead of the dribbler, efforts. Again you must run to overtake and pass
concentrate on timing when or when not to the dribbler on the goal side so that your body is
tackle. Never tackle while trailing behind the op- even with the ball. You must at least run close and
ponent, which is dangerous to the dribbler and parallel to the left side of AR1 in order to run the
which will certainly cause you to be penalized. ball carrier into an awaiting DR2 teammate, who
Attempting to tackle before you are in position then executes the defensive block tackle. Your
usually results in pushing, tripping, and stick stick is in your left hand only, in a reverse V grip.
obstruction fouls being called on DR1. When As soon as you run even with the ball, lower your
running at maximum speed, your body should body for a possible tackle. If the dribbler keeps
be in a more upright position. Lower your center the ball next to his stick, keep tracking your stick
of gravity while running when you are ready to and time your jab, or block to the lower half of the
tackle. While your stick head is inches from the ball when the ball is no longer on AR1s stick. In
ground, lunge your stick toward the lower half addition to your goal-side positioning and speed
of the ball and control the ball away from the of recovery, a high level of patience will help you
attacker. decide when or when not to tackle.
91
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
92
Tackling
93
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Tackling Drills
A combined score of 36 points or greater additional practice of the tackling skills that you
suggests that you have satisfactorily mastered find most difficult. A score of 28 points or less im-
tackling skills and that you are prepared to move plies insufficient control of various tackling skills.
to step 5. A score in the range of 29 to 35 is con- Review and practice the techniques discussed in
sidered adequate. You can move on to step 5 after step 4 before progressing to step 5.
94
5
STEP
Shooting
Although scoring a goal is most often the result During a game, you will have little time to
of a team effort, field hockey players who can look at your target before shooting, so develop-
finish a successful attack are noteworthy. Experi- ing a visual image of the goal cage will allow you
enced players and coaches know that goal-scoring to shoot without looking up. Remain in a low
players increase the confidence of their teams. position, with your stick head down, as you use
Each hockey position requires specialization skill and imagination to dribble and pass. To take
and a sound tactical understanding of the sport, advantage of scoring opportunities, use swift and
which includes being familiar with the roles of early passing at maximum speed in order to get
attack and defense. The skills of stick work, ball into scoring position in the shooting circle. You
control, and passing, however are common to also must know when to one-touch or two-touch
all good shooters. Attack role 1 techniques and a ball.
tactics deal with similar requirements for shoot- Moving into position without the ballattack
ing, which is merely the act of passing the ball roles 2 and 3 (see step 8)creates a dangerous
behind the defense and toward the opponents attacking unit and develops team combination
goal. A good shooter needs to understand which play that results in scoring chances. No matter
techniques to use. how gifted a scorer you may be, remember to
Shooting is a specialized skill that requires regard yourself as a member of the team. A team
daily practice. Success as a goal scorer depends on that plays together scores together.
several ingredients: basic athletic instincts, includ- The aim of every attack is to score a goal,
ing aggression and creativity; field position and and all players enjoy scoring goals. Players who
awareness; and integration of team play. A goal often play in the attacking third of the field are
scorer must be able to move the ball to get into expected to penetrate and shoot. It is here that
position for an angled shot so that the opposing attack players are charged with the most difficult
goaltender cannot block the shot. The ability to task of allscoring goals. Top scorers can shoot
shoot early and accurately and to follow the shot from all angles, no matter where the ball is in rela-
for rebounds is essential. Because the opposing tion to their feet and stick. To score consistently,
defenders are expected to possess stick work and a player must be able to shoot under actual game
mobility equivalent to attack role 1 players, scor- pressures (e.g., restricted space, limited time,
ers must be proficient in all skills. Quick footwork physical exhaustion, and aggressive opponents).
and balance will help you develop the ability to The keys to good shooting are the release speed
use all types of shots. of the shot, the surprise or deception of the shot,
95
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
and the placement of the shot. The following In the shooting circle, look for deflection
general principles will help you develop into an shots or move into effective positions with
effective scorer: and without the ball.
Take your defensive role seriously. If you Study the opposing goalkeeper for strengths
lose possession, recover quickly within the and weaknesses. For example, check to see
first 10 yards (9 m). You can make a huge whether a goalkeeper who lacks quick
difference by winning the space and getting footwork and agility can be beaten by a
the ball back, which can result in a quality shooters stick skills.
scoring chance. A goal scorer learns how and where to shoot
Sprint to the wideout areas (touch endline) on goal. Learn to create space for your shot by
when the ball is behind you and inside the changing speed and direction in order to force the
25-yard line. Win this position before you defender or goalkeeper to commit. For a shooter
make any other cuts. who doesnt yet have the ball, timing is vital. To
Draw a penalty corner when suitable such become a shooter in this situation, your move
as when you can not get a quality shot or into the shooting space should coincide with the
when you cannot pass to a teammate who arrival of the ball. The defenders will try to force
is in better position to score. you to shoot from a bad positioni.e., from the
Get behind defenders and receive the ball circles edge, which is the greatest distance to
wide of the defenders stick reach. Beat the goal, from narrow anglesand at a hurried
them 1 v 1 when you have an opportunity pace. A successful shooter learns both forehand
in the attack third of the field. and backhand hits, as well as the sweep hit, drag
flick, push, chip, and scoop. She also learns to
Practice receptions and one-touches every
tip or deflect the ball in the direction of the goal
day.
regardless of body position. The shooter must
In the shooting circle, maintain a low-body concentrate on her objective while coping with
and stick-head position. restricted time and space and while being marked
In the shooting circle, always be alert and or unmarked. Most important, an accomplished
aggressive, but controlled. shooter learns when a shot is impossible and
In the shooting circle, make short, angled when to pass to a teammate who is in a better
cuts. scoring position (figure 5.1).
Wideout Wideout
OR
Pass back Pass back
96
Shooting
The higher the level of play, the less time you Experienced shooters develop a sense of
have to execute an accurate shot on goal. A good where the opponents goal is without looking up
shooter can get the ball to the goal quickly using before shooting. Learn to vary your shots depend-
the one- or two-touch method. A shooter values ing on whether the ball is rolling or bouncing by
accuracy because even shots on goal that are developing your footwork and by shortening or
saved by the goalkeeper may provide another eliminating your backswing in order to shoot the
opportunity to score. Because goalkeepers may ball from either the forehand or reverse. Practice
not catch, hold, or cover up the ball, an accurate and repeat shooting until you can shoot accu-
shot can produce a rebound and even a goal. rately with your body weight over either foot. In
Because many goals are scored off rebounds, addition to the passing techniques described in
learn rebound positioning and follow up your step 2, basic shooting skills include the quick hit,
shots. First position your body outside the shoot- redirection or deflection, dive, backhand, chip
ing lane so that you do not get hit by the initial shot, drag flick, and the scoop.
shot. Anticipate where the ball will rebound and To shoot, move to the ball and receive it in a
get in position to collect the rebound by moving ready position with your hands on the stick in
toward the goalkeeper and into the clearing or a shake-hands grip. To receive a pass from your
passing lane. With your hands apart on the stick right, point your left shoulder to the target; for
and ready to touch the ball, move into a ready a pass from your left, point your right shoulder
position before the ball rebounds. Goalkeepers to the target. Keep the head of your stick on the
wear foam kickers and leg guards, so your ready ground. Legs are shoulder-width apart, and your
distance from the goalkeeper is at least 5 yards center of gravity is low and evenly balanced.
(4.5 m) due to the rebound speed. In addition to Keep your eyes focused on the lower half of the
winning rebounds for extra scoring chances, a ball. Be ready to use any shooting technique.
high level of concentration and anticipation will Keep your head down and steady and have an
enable you to press the opposing defenders in image of the goal cage in your mind throughout
their defense zone to make receiving and pass- the shooting action. Finish by transferring your
ing errors. body weight.
Quick Hit
Defenders rarely give you time to prepare to hit hit (figure 5.2) or short-grip technique produces
the ball. Because of the lack of time for making a fast hit rather than a hard hit, one in which
a takeaway swing and a downswing, push shots your hands come together at about the bottom
and flicks are frequently used. But when faced of the grip on the stick handle. The quick, short
with limited time, goal scorers need a more backswing enables you to instantly strike the
powerful shot than the push or flick. The quick ball with pace.
Misstep
You undercut or slice the ball when attempting a quick hit.
Correction
Keep your feet shoulder-width apart and position the ball 9 inches (23 cm) away from but in
line with your front foot. Face of the stick must be flat at the moment of impact.
To execute the quick hit, get in position to Speed up your backswing by using the clip grip
hit the ball by pointing your left shoulder to the to slide your left hand down to your right hand.
goal. Your left foot is in line with the ball, and In the clip grip, both hands are together in a hit
your knees are bent for balance. Keep your feet grip but lower on the stick. Sliding your left hand
12 inches (30.5 cm) apart to keep your balance. 12 inches (30.5 cm) down the stick to meet your
97
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
right hand promotes a quick ball strike. Gripping steady and your eyes on the lower half of the
your stick slightly lower will develop a shorter ball. Do not look up until you see your stick strike
backswing. Forearms accelerate the wrists and the lower half of the ball. Finish with your arms
the head of the stick through the lower half of and stick in line with your target, and return
the ball. Transfer your body weight to the front quickly in order to move toward the goal in a
leg to help generate stick speed. Keep your head ready position.
Preparation
1. Be aware of the goal and the opponent
2. Use short steps and quick footwork
3. Lead shoulder is pointed toward the target
in the goal
4. Front foot is in line with the ball
5. Stay balanced, with your knees flexed
6. Head is down and over the ball
7. Eyes are focused on the ball
8. Weight is transferred on the backswing
9. Make a short, quick backswing using your a
forearms and wrists
Execution
1. Use a clip grip
2. Head remains over the ball
3. Weight transfers to the front leg on the
downswing
4. Align your hands with your wrists before
striking the lower half of the ball
Follow-Through
1. Keep your head down and watch the ball
leave the stick
2. Momentum moves forward through the front
leg
3. Knees remain relaxed and bent
4. Arms and stick finish in line with the tar-
get
5. Return to a ready position
c
98
Shooting
Misstep
The quick hit is choppy.
Correction
Position the ball in your control box near the front foot instead of near the back foot. Follow
through after impact.
Misstep
The quick hit has little power or accuracy.
Correction
Check your grip and make sure your hands are together, not split. Use and coordinate the
forearms and wrists motion on the downswing and during the weight transfer.
99
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Deflection Shot
With a deflection shot, the path of the passed ball angle your stick or to lay it horizontally to deflect
is altered without the shooter actually stopping passes toward the goal. The horizontal stick
or trapping the ball. The shooters objective is to dropped to the ground offers the largest possible
merely touch the ball. Often attack players inside surface area to touch the ball. The deflection
the shooting circle are closely marked by defend- shot can also be executed using a more vertical
ers. This means that shooters need to position stick. Use the head of your stick to jab firmly into
themselves wide in order to expand the cage and the line of the approaching ball. Whether using
execute one-touch shots to deflect the ball into a horizontal or vertical stick, keep your head in
the opponents goal. Sometimes referred to as the line with your stick and the ball. The critical ele-
redirection shot or tip, the deflection is effective ment of this challenging shot is to correctly angle
on hard, fast surfaces. It is used to redirect cen- the left side of the stick so that when the lower
tering passes, free hits into the circle, and wide half of the ball hits your stick, the ball takes a
shots to the wideout areas in the shooting circle new path to the opponents goal. To execute a
(see figure 5.1, page 96). Learning to execute the successful deflection shot, place your stick in-
deflection shot will promote confidence in many side the shooting angles to the goalposts. Do not
goal-scoring situations. swing your stick. Always firmly grip your stick
To execute the deflection shot or tip (figure and guide the ball by establishing the correct stick
5.3), firmly grip your stick using the shake-hands angle with the stick face. Aim for the near post
grip, left hand below the left knee. Artificial turf because your deflection shot has less distance
is a smooth playing surface that allows you to to travel.
Misstep
Ball hits your feet when you try to redirect the ball.
Correction
Your stick and hands are too close to your feet. Extend your arms to place the stick in front
of your feet. Keep your eyes focused on the lower half of the ball to better judge the speed
and distance of the rolling ball. Keep the left hand below the left knee.
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.03/309324/Offenstein/R2
100
Shooting
Misstep
The height of the deflection shot is too low.
Correction
Strike the lower half of the ball with face of open stick, which will deflect the ball upward.
Misstep
You have poor accuracy with your deflection shot.
Correction
Front shoulder and foot point toward the target and your stick is placed at an angle to the
target.
Much practice is needed to execute ac- that requires excellent timing and a great deal
curate deflections on both the forehand and of hand-eye coordination, but it is an effective
reverse. The deflection is a scoring weapon way to score.
Dive Shot
The sight of a shooter diving fully extended in The diving mechanics are similar to those used
order to shoot the ball is one of the most exciting by a base runner in baseball who sprints and dives
and acrobatic scenes in field hockey. Although to reach the base with his hands. The primary
shooting while on your feet is more desirable difference in hockey is that you reach for the ball
because you are better prepared for rebounds, with your stick face correctly angled to deflect the
diving is useful to get to balls that are wide and ball toward the goal. The initial diving movement
out of your reach. The dive shot is always a sur- begins with short, quick running strides or from
prise move to a goalkeeper or to a closely marking a ready position with eyes focused on the rolling
defender because it provides only a fraction of ball. Focus on the lower half of the ball to judge the
a second to react. Players who play regularly on distance and speed of the ball. As with the deflec-
watered artificial surfaces enjoy performing an tion shot, hold your stick firmly in a shake-hands or
advanced form of a deflection called the dive or receiving grip. Judging the ball speed and distance
slide shot (figure 5.4). Most players find the dive from your sticks reach will help you decide when
shot more difficult to execute than any other shot to begin the dive. Coordinate the movement of your
because it requires precise timing as well as cor- legs and upper body to vault toward the space when
rect technique. Sliding your body in a horizontal you can intercept the approaching ball with your
positionleading with your headalong a wa- stick. Move the foot nearest the ball in the direction
tered surface will give you a greater reach to the you will dive. Push off that foot to begin the dive;
ball. The watered artificial surface protects your for example, push off your right foot when diving to
body from injury. Dive shots can be executed on your right. Your opposite leg follows and generates
the forehand or reverse stick and are primarily additional momentum. Extend your arms and cor-
used by a player positioned near the goalposts. rectly angle your stick toward the ball, maintaining
Goal-post positioning is also called wideout play. your hands, stick, eye, and head position to the ball.
The tactic is to widen the goal by taking a posi- Slide on your side along the ground. To deflect the
tion outside the posts so that you can deflect or ball to the goal, angle your stick toward the target
tip a wide shot. and keep your wrists firm.
101
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Execution
1. Step sideways with the foot nearest the
ball
2. Dive toward space to intercept the ball
3. Thrust your opposite leg in the dive direc-
tion, with the side of your body parallel to
ground
4. With firm wrists, extend your arms and
horizontal stick toward the goal b
5. Watch the lower half of the ball and watch
the ball deflect from stick
6. Slide on your side along the ground
Follow-Through
1. Momentum moves forward with contact
2. Jump to your feet
3. Return to a ready position in case of a
rebound
c
Misstep
Your dive shot lacks power and accuracy.
Correction
You mistimed your dive and failed to keep your stick firm as the ball struck your stick. Strike
the ball with the flat surface of your stick.
102
Shooting
Misstep
You get the wind knocked out of you as you hit the ground after diving for the ball.
Correction
You may be so intent on diving to the space to deflect the ball that you forget to cushion your
fall to the ground. Extend your stick and arms forward and downward as you slide on your
side along the ground. This stick and arm movement not only adds momentum to your dive
but it also enables you to cushion the side of your body.
When diving with a reverse stick on the left left hand in a firm reverse grip. To deflect the ball
side, use the same mechanics, but change your upward and forward to the goal, always strike the
grip. To reach as far as possible, grip with only your lower half of the ball with a slightly open stick.
Backhand Shot
Good shooters learn to execute shots despite the side using the left-facing side or edge of the hori-
restrictions of time and space. Sometimes the zontal stick (figure 5.5). To use the edge, the stick
shooter must find a way to strike a ball when a must be positioned horizontally on the ground
defender has a close marking position between with the flat side facing the sky. For a successful
her and the goal. The backhand or low reverse backhand shot that travels accurately along the
shot enables the AR1 shooter to turn either way ground, lower your left hand to place the handle
with her back to the defender. For the backhand of your stick on the ground in order to expose a
shot, the player strikes the ball on the reverse large surface edge to the ball.
Misstep
Your backhand shot lacks power and is unexpectedly lifted.
Correction
Reach for the ball. Strike the ball approximately 26 inches (66 cm) out in front of your right
foot and about 4 inches (10 cm) above the hook of your stick.
To execute the backhand shot, square your tion your horizontal stick along the ground. Using
shoulders to the ball and maintain a low, crouched a short backswing, with the flat side of your stick
position with your weight on the power points of facing up and parallel to the ground, strike the
your feet. Your lead or front right shoulder points lower half of the ball. Keep the edge of your stick
toward your target. To allow for a quicker and shaft approximately 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm)
more controlled shot, bring your hands together from the hook of the stick. Return to a ready posi-
halfway down your stick in order to coordinate the tion for rebounds. When first learning to execute
backswing and the downswing. Keep your eyes the backhand shot, start by striking stationary
focused on the lower half of the ball as you posi- balls while balanced on your left knee.
Misstep
You chop down on the ball and fail to make contact.
Correction
Swing on a gradual angle if you are unable to slide your stick along the ground. Avoid moving
your stick on a sharp angle down toward the ball.
103
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Preparation
1. Be aware of the goal and the opponent
2. Use short, quick footwork
3. Square your shoulders to the ball, which
is rolling away
4. Front shoulder points toward the target
5. Use a shake-hands grip
6. Assume a crouched position
7. Weight is on the power points of your
feet
8. Eyes are focused on the lower half of the a
ball
Execution
1. Turn the stick so that the round side faces E4049/Anders/Fig.05.05a/309330/Offenstein/R2
the ground and so that the hook points
toward the target
2. Position your right foot about 26 inches
(66 cm) behind the ball
3. Bend your knees so that you are in a low
position, with your right quad parallel to
ground
4. Slide your hands together
5. Use a short, low backswing
6. Align your right shoulder with the target
7. Strike the ball 4 inches (10 cm) from the
b
sticks hook
8. Keep your head down at impact
Follow-Through
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.05b/309331/Offenstein/R2
1. Transfer your weight through your right
leg
2. Knees remain relaxed and bent
3. Keep your head down and watch the ball
leave the stick
4. Arms and stick finish low, in line with the
target
5. Return to a ready position
104
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.05c/309332/Offenstein/R2
Shooting
Misstep
The backhand shot is hooked wide of the goal.
Correction
The ball is too close to your body.
Misstep
You slice across the face of the ball.
Correction
Your body weight is on the back left leg instead of on the right front leg at impact.
Chip Shot
Experienced shooters realize that the hit and the trolled a little farther in front of the lead foot. To
quick hit are prerequisites to the powerful aerial hit with an open stick face, turn your stick head
hitthe chip shot. The chip shot (figure 5.6) is slightly clockwise to no more than a 2 oclock po-
an advanced shooting technique used to beat a sition, or to the desired elevation of the intended
low-sliding goalkeeper or to raise the ball toward shot. Slide your hands together on your stick as
the upper part of the goal. By hitting the ball with you begin the backswing. Transfer your weight to
a partially opened stick head from either the the back leg. Keep your eyes focused on the lower
forehand or reverse side, you can loft the ball off half of the ball. Lower your right shoulder and
the ground to various heights and distances. A transfer your weight to your front leg and hip on
chip shot should be used only after you learn to the downswing. While your hands remain behind
control it. Remember, if the ball misses the goal the ball at impact, see your open stick strike the
high and wide, there are no follow-up chances lower half of the ball. The follow-through of your
to score. stick will determine the accuracy of your shot. To
Chip shot execution is similar to the quick hit, hit a chip shot that has maximum backspin for
except that the backswing is shorter and the stick greater distance and elevation, strike the ball and
face is slightly open at contact. The ball is con- the ground behind the ball.
Preparation
1. Prepare the ball beyond your front foot
2. Head is down and over the ball
3. Knees are bent, with a crouched body
4. Your lead shoulder points toward the
target
5. Begin the backswing with your hands
together
(continued)
105
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Open the stick face 1. Fluidly transfer your weight through your
2. Begin the downswing with your left arm front foot
nearly straight and your right elbow 2. Knees remain relaxed and bent
tucked 3. Keep your head down and watch the ball
3. Transfer your weight to your front leg and leave the stick
hip on the downswing 4. Arms and stick finish in line with the tar-
4. Hands are behind the ball at impact get
5. Strike the lower half of the ball with an
open stick
Misstep
Chip shot is wild and uncontrolled.
Correction
A complete follow-through is necessary for the chip shot. Always finish in line to your target.
Open the stick face before starting the backswing and swing your arms freely and in unison
away from your body. Avoid wrist movement.
Misstep
Your chip shot goes high over the goal.
Correction
Your stick face is open too much. Keep the left facing of the stick in a 1 oclock position at
impact.
106
Shooting
challenging. However, the squeeze shot is a quick 24 inches (61 cm) behind the back foot while your
and illusory means of scoring. Like all raised shots, body weight is on the back foot. Use a clip grip
learn to control the accuracy before you achieve and perform a short backswing. While remaining
power. In order to develop a comfortable feel for on your back foot, begin the downswing by chop-
the proper chop or squeeze shot technique, start ping down on the upper back of the ball. The ball
with a stationary ball. Progress to a walk and then is literally squeezed into the turf. Because your
a jog so that you eventually shoot at goal with hands are well ahead of the ball at impact, there
force and precision. Play the ball approximately is little if any follow-through with the stick.
Preparation
1. Lead shoulder points toward the target
2. Prepare the ball behind your back foot (right
foot with forehand chop shot)
3. Knees are bent, your body crouched, and
your weight on your back foot
a
Execution
1. Slide your hands together and down on the
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.07a/309336/Offenstein/R2
stick (quick-hit grip)
2. Use a short backswing
3. Start the downswing with a closed stick
face
4. Keep your body weight on your back foot
5. Hands should be beyond the ball at impact
6. Strike the upper back of the ball in order to
squeeze it into ground
b
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.07b/309337/Offenstein/R2
Follow-Through
1. Keep your head down and watch the ball
leave the stick
2. Arms and stick finish in a short, abrupt line
toward the target
3. Transfer your weight to your front leg
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.07c/309338/Offenstein/R2
107
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Chop shot does not go into air.
Correction
Swing from above and slightly behind the ball. Your stick head must be closed when you
strike the upper back of the ball and squeeze it into the ground.
Misstep
The ball is raised too low.
Correction
Position ball behind back foot with body weight on back foot at impact.
Misstep
Drag flick shot is too low.
Correction
With bent knees before the release point, slightly open the stick face when the ball rolls to the
end of the label area. Whip the stick and lift the ball upward. The follow-through is high.
108
Shooting
Preparation
1. Know where the target is without looking
2. Knees are bent in a balanced stance with
your right foot forward
3. Use a separated shake-hands grip
4. Ball should be 2 to 3 yards (1.8 to 2.8 m)
out in front, but parallel to, the body
5. Focus on the lower half of the ball
a
Execution
1. Take a short step forward with your left
foot
2. Drop your right shoulder and transfer
your weight forward
3. Take a short cross-behind step with your E4049/Anders/Fig.05.08a/309339/Offenstein/R2
right foot
4. Place the stick label next to the bottom
half of ball
5. Bend your knees, and take a short step
on your left foot
6. Rotate your hips as your left hand pulls
the stick forward and the ball rolls down
along stick label
b
7. Time the lift through the lower half of the
ball when the ball rolls to end of label
8. Adjust the stick angle for the balls
height off the ground
9. Use both of your arms to whip the stick
10. Left hand pulls the stick back while your
right hand moves the stick forward to
throw the ball
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.08b/309340/Offenstein/R2
Follow-Through
1. Generate momentum through the ball
with your hips and shoulders
2. Transfer your weight through your front
leg
3. Finish with the sticks toe up and your
arms extended to target
4. Return to a ready position c
109
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Drop flick shot is inaccurate.
Correction
Point the left shoulder (forehand) to the target, and follow the line of the ball toward the
target with your stick toe.
Misstep
Your shot is too short and lacks power.
Correction
Keep your head over the ball as you generate the lifting action with very bent knees. A
coordinated hip rotation (right to left hip) that is timed with the throw will generate speed.
Keep your body low until the ball leaves your to travel at knee height, keep your hips low dur-
stick. On the follow-through, the right hand ing the rotation and close the stick label at the
controls direction. The speed of the drag flick release. Follow through with the right hand in a
is produced by hip rotation and by throwing or knee-high position. If a high drag flick is desired,
whipping the ball with an open stick blade to left slightly open the stick face at the moment of
stick-blade rotation. This whiplike action imparts release and the path of the stick will determine
rapid side topspin to the ball. If you want the ball the trajectory of the ball.
Preparation
1. Select the target without looking at it
2. Right shoulder and foot are forward
3. Use a separated shake-hands grip
4. Place your right foot alongside and behind
the balls line
5. Head is over the ball
6. Adjust your grip so that your right hand is
lower on the stick
110
Shooting
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Place the stick head under the lower half of 1. Eyes stay focused on the lower half of the
the ball ball
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.09c/309344/Offenstein/R2
2. Dip your left hand to lower the stick han- 2. Arms swing forward and upward to create
dle a high trajectory
E4049/Anders/Fig.05.09b/309343/Offenstein/R2
3. Use your left leg to drive your body weight 3. Finish with the stick face toward the target
forward 4. Return to a ready position
4. Use your right hand to lift the ball toward
the goal
Misstep
Scoop shot is too low.
Correction
Dip your left hand and scoop with your right hand to lob the ball.
Misstep
The scoop shot does not elevate the ball early enough to beat the goalkeeper.
Correction
Position the ball in front of you. Lower the stick handle with your left hand and use your right
hand to lift the stick and ball upward.
111
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
To Increase Difficulty Stick remains still, with your left hand below
your knee.
Increase the number of repetitions.
Keep your head in line with the balls path.
Use a goalkeeper or reduce the size of the
goal. Watch the ball come to the stick when per-
forming one- or two-touch shooting.
Add a defender.
Get ready for the rebound.
Make a banana cut to the right and the inside
to left.
Score Your Success
To Decrease Difficulty
8 to 10 points = 5 points
Increase the size of the goal. 6 or 7 points = 3 points
Permit three-touch shooting. 4 or 5 points = 1 point
Fewer than 4 points = 0 points
Success Check
Your score ___
Your lead shoulder points toward the target.
Use short, quick steps on the power points
of your feet.
112
Shooting
113
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
position at the long hit mark on the right side, and To Decrease Difficulty
passer 3, who is at the long hit mark on the left.
Play without a goalkeeper.
Four attack players take positions anywhere inside
the 25-yard line to the goal. Passer 1 starts play by Permit three-touch shooting.
passing to one of the four attack players. The four
attack players create a scoring opportunity with Success Check
the first ball. When the attack team scores, loses Move away from the defender by using
possession, or fouls, passer 2 sends in a replay short, quick steps on the power points of
ball. When the second ball is finished, a replay ball your feet.
comes from passer 3. Award 2 points for a goal. Receive the ball with one touch.
If the defense fouls in the circle, award the attack
team 1 point for drawing a penalty corner. If the Your lead shoulder points toward the target.
defense fouls outside the shooting circle, award a A pass from a player A teammate in the circle
free hit to the attack team at the spot of the foul. should result in an immediate shot on goal.
The starting attack team stays in the drill for two Select an appropriate shooting technique.
rounds of replay balls before substitutions. Play for Shoot accurately with a quick release.
six minutes on attack and then switch to defense
Get ready for the rebound.
for the next six-minute period. The team with the
most attack points wins the game.
Score Your Success
To Increase Difficulty
Win the game = 5 points
Place three defenders in the circle. Lose the game = 0 points
Permit only one- or two-touch shooting. Your score ___
Play 5 v 3, 6 v 4, etc.
114
Shooting
115
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Shooting Drills
A combined score of 28 points or more indi- more time. If you scored fewer than 21 points, you
cates that you have sufficiently mastered shooting need to rehearse shooting skills. Review all the
skills and that you are prepared to move on to step material in step 5 and practice each drill at least
6. A score in the range of 21 to 27 is considered one more time in order to improve your overall
adequate. Move on to step 6 after you have re- score before moving on to step 6.
viewed and practiced the shooting techniques one
116
6
STEP
Goalkeeping
The goalkeeper needs as much mental, physical, ment for the goalkeeper to remain aggressively
technical, and tactical preparation as the field calm and to make decisions so that she can play
player. A goalkeeper must be able to block or the ball well while under pressure.
save all types of shots, shots that can travel at Goalkeeping requires a player to completely
speeds in excess of 90 miles per hour. At times understand defensive roles. Within the defense,
the goalkeeper has to dive through the air or on the goalkeeper plays a special position with the
the ground. She may even have to stop a one-on- foremost responsibility of protecting the goal. A
one breakaway. To save a shot is only half the job. good goalkeeper must develop the ability to read
The goalkeeper must also clear the ball safely and the game because she is in the best position to
skillfully. Teammates must know that if a deep view the entire defensive plan. She must combine
pass penetrates the defense, the goalkeeper will defense role 1s engage-and-give technique with
clear or control the ball with coordination and sliding stack tackles in order to handle the one-on-
purpose. one breakaway. Understanding defensive roles will
Goalkeeping requires a special type of ath- help her lead her team and protect the goal.
lete. The goalkeeper uses protective, lightweight As the last player who can prevent the ball from
equipment similar to gear worn by ice hockey going into the goal, the goalkeeper must use skills
goaltenders. A goalkeeper in full gear is the only that are different from those used by the field play-
player allowed to use her hands, feet, and body ers. Players younger than 12 years old should not
to play the ball, and she may do so only within specialize in the goalkeeper position but instead
her teams own shooting circle. Comfortable pro- should spend time both in the goal and in the
tective equipment prevents injuries and instills field. Although a team usually designates one or
confidence. Goalkeepers who rely on tremendous two players specifically as goalkeepers, all players
reflexes, outstanding agility, and an enormous should understand goalkeeping skills. Goalkeeping
desire to perform must also be totally protected. techniques include the basic stance (ready posi-
Because goalkeeping equipment can be expen- tion), blocks or saves of ground and aerial shots
sive, a goalkeeper should take good care of it. (which are shot directly at or to the sides of the
The goalkeeper who has excellent physical and goalkeeper), and clearing methods. To clear the
mental qualities inspires confidence in her team. ball, the goalkeeper may use kicking techniques,
Physically, she should develop the ability to use ei- a stick pass, or her glove. (The glove clear is a re-
ther foot, her hands, or the stick to block and clear cent rule interpretation. While on the ground, the
the ball. This requires a high degree of coordina- goalkeeper may use her glove to clear a ball if she
tion. Strength, flexibility, and stamina promote is under pressure from a nearby opponent.)
good balance, solid footwork, and quick reflexes. The aim of every defense is to prevent a goal.
Mentally a goalkeeper should have courage and be Good positioning and timing are essential. Players
reliable and determined. It is a primary require- who often play in the defending third of the field
117
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
are expected to execute defensive roles in order and make the save. A successful goalkeeper will
to prevent attackers from penetrating. It is here learn to anticipate where shots are going to be
that defensive players and the goalkeeper work made and get in position to save them.
together to block the space to the goal. A good goalkeeper uses many specialized goal-
The keys of goalkeeping include the following: keeping techniques. The technique used by the
understanding the roles of defense, positioning goalkeeper depends on three factors: the speed
in the space between the ball and the center of of the shot, the position of the opponent, and the
the goal line, having good balance and footwork, playing surface. The goalkeeper must choose be-
using good save-clear-recovery techniques, and tween the block and clear (a two-touch save) and
maintaining a determined concentration in order the one-time clear that is often used on artificial
to execute goalkeeping skills confidently and surfaces at higher levels of play. The one-time
correctly. Understanding the roles of defense clear, or redirection clear, is a save-and-clear-all-in-
will allow you to control situations and influ- one-touch movement. Since more goals are scored
ence the way AR1 shoots. The goalkeeper works from rebounds off the goalkeeper than from direct
with her teammates to force AR1 to shoot from shots, it is essential that the goalkeeper control
as far away from the goal as possible and from and clear the rebound using one-time techniques
as narrow an angle as possible. Forcing the op- that are accurate and powerful. Goalkeeping tech-
ponent to make mistakes by hurrying her shot niques that require mobility, quick reflexes, and
allows the goalkeeper to handle a weaker shot. balance are for higher skill levels and can only
The goalkeeper who can direct his teammates to be achieved with top physical conditioning and
force a delayed shot will gain more time to posi- proper technical training. Technique development
tion himself properly, narrow the shooting angle, determines success in goaltending.
Goalkeeper Stance
When an opponent has the ball within shooting right hand holds your stick midway down the
distance, assume the balanced goalkeeper stance, shaft, making it an extension of your right arm.
or ready position (figure 6.1). From the ready Keep your head steady and your eyes focused on
position, you will be able to move quickly in any the lower half of the ball.
direction by getting in front of the ball. Balance
is crucial. All skills start from the classic position
of readiness, with a return to the ready position
after the clear. Align the head with the shot in
order to establish balance. Subsequently control
your head position, whether set or moving.
To get in the ready position, square your
shoulders to the ball with your feet approximately
shoulder-width apart. The closer the ball, the less
space there should be between the leg guards.
Keep your head and upper body forward and
steady in front of the ball. Center your weight
forward on the power points of your feet, heels
slightly off the ground. Knees remain bent, back
slightly crouched. Remain relaxed, yet alert. Keep
your chin slightly forward of your knees and
your knees forward of your toes. Both arms are
alongside the body, hands forward of your knees.
The palm of the left hand is open and the pinkie
finger touches the outside of the left knee. Your Figure 6.1 Goalkeepers ready position.
118
Goalkeeping
Ball 4
Ball 3 Ball 5
Ball 2
Ball 6
Ball 1
Ball 7
119
E4049/Anders/fig.6.2/309347/bobr-pulled/r2-alw
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Zone 1
Zone 2 Zone 2
Zone 3 Zone 3
When advancing to play the ball, do so with angles such as zone 3. Always call the name of
a shouted directive such as Mine! In addition your teammate first and then give clear and de-
to reading play, the goalkeeper must be able to cisive directions. Never interfere if a teammate is
organize play by communicating with teammates. tackling or harassing an opponent. Wait in ready
E4049/Anders/fig.6.3/309348/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
Correct and consistent communication can prevent position for the play to develop, then save the shot
shots as well as force shot attempts from narrow or move to a new position.
120
Goalkeeping
121
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
To execute the block save (figure 6.4), position you. When the ball strikes the pads, bend your
your head and body in front of the ball. From the knees over your toes; keep your head over the
ready position, be prepared to give with the shot ball and your chin over your knees. Hold the stick
in the same way that the stick absorbs the impact in your right hand and open the left hand with
of the ball when trapping or receiving. Keep your the palm facing the ball. Maintain a low center of
leg guards together and watch the ball come to gravity so that you can move quickly.
a b c
Misstep
You attempt to make a block save but the ball passes under your legs or rolls past your feet
into the goal.
Correction
Do not jump forward to meet the ball. Position your head and body in front of the ball, with your
feet and pads together. Keep your eyes focused on the ball and let the ball come to you.
Misstep
The ball makes a bad rebound when you make a double-leg block save.
Correction
Position your head and body in front of the ball and let the ball come to you. At the moment
the ball strikes your pads, bend both your knees forward, slightly beyond your toes, to control
the rebound.
122
Goalkeeping
123
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
rect the ball away. Like a field player receiving and with the ball. Turn or angle your shoulders, hips,
controlling a ball in his control box, the goalkeeper and the inside of your kicker to the target. Keep
also has a kicking control box (figure 6.5). Proper your head over your knees and your knees over
balance and contact are promoted when the jab your toes as you firmly kick the ball. Transfer your
clear is executed in the kick box area. body weight through the power point of the jab
To successfully perform the jab kick (figure foot. To maintain your balance, face your palms
6.6), get between the ball and the center of the forward with the pinkie fingers on the outer sides
goal. Assume a ready position with your weight of the knees. Generate momentum through the
balanced and your eyes focused on the ball. As the ball with your head well forward. Follow the ball
ball approaches, keep your head in line with the from your foot with your eyes, and then bring your
ball and kick with the foot that is directly in line legs back together to a ready position.
a b c
Misstep
You have poor rebound power and control when jab clearing.
Correction
Strike the ball in front of the body in the kick control box.
125
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
The ball rises up dangerously when you attempt a jab kick.
Correction
You are reaching your contact foot outside the kick control box, causing you to lean backward.
Let the ball roll into the kick control box and transfer body weight onto the jab foot. Keep
your head forward and both hands near the saving knee.
Crossover Jab Kick contact foot 45 degrees forward, out in front and
alongside the back foots big toe. Squeeze your
When the shot is hit hard, directly at the goalkeep- knees together and keep your head directly over
ers feet, the crossover jab kick (figure 6.7) enables the ball. At contact, watch the ball hit the inside of
the goalkeeper to save-clear the ball parallel to the the foot and then move off the foot. Move through
backline and toward the sideline. The jab action the kick and return to ready position. The cross-
of the crossover is to the side and across the path over jab foot placement consists of no backswing,
of the ball. The mechanics are the same as the only a firm jabbing action through the ball. The
jab kick except for the placement of the foot at timing of the contact foot is crucial for a proper
the contact point. Push the ankle and toes of the rebound that runs parallel to the backline.
a b c
126
Goalkeeping
Misstep
The ball passes between your leg guards.
Correction
Squeeze your knees together as you push the jab foot 45 degrees in front of the noncontact
foot.
Misstep
The ball hits the back foot instead of the intended forward foot.
Correction
Focus on the ball so that you push the contact foot forward early enough to redirect the ball
parallel to the backline. Meet the ball in front of the body at a point across the balls flight
line.
127
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Lunge Save your knee over the ball at contact. Transfer your
body weight onto the saving leg. Both hands and
If a shot travels toward the goal but wide of the arms are in front of your lunge leg. The correct
jab kicking box, the goalkeeper must stretch to hand and arm position ensures that your head
make the save. The lunge save (figure 6.8) is a and chest are forward and near the inside of your
reflex save. The goalkeeper saves the ball from lunge knee. The ball strikes the inside of the sav-
entering the goal by stretching out her leg and ing foot slightly in front of the body. The more
foot. The inside of the lunge foot is placed on a you stretch to make a lunge save, the more your
direct line with the ball and your head must be hips turn toward the side of the field. Coordinated
over your lunge knee. To execute the lunge save, hip and shoulder rotation is necessary for clearing
the goalkeeper must first identify the direction of the ball wide so that you maintain your balance in
the shot and then time the save. From the ready the direction of the clear. Complete the lunge by
position, open the hips, bring both arms in front continuing to move your weight forward. Return
of the leg that is in the balls path to goal, and have to a ready position.
a b c
128
Goalkeeping
Misstep
You attempt to lunge to your right side to save a shot, but the ball glances off your kicker
and into the goal.
Correction
Bring both hands to the inside of your right leg as you transfer your weight onto the power
point of your right foot, which is in line with the ball. Keep your right knee forward of your
toes and your head and chest over your right knee.
Misstep
The ball passes your left lunge leg only inches from your foot.
Correction
While on the power points of your feet, open your hips to the left and push from your right
leg to your left. Land on the power point of your left foot, with both hands to the inside of
your left leg. If you are unable to judge the speed of the ball in time to save it with a lunge,
use a split save to the left.
Split Save
When a fast shot along the ground is too wide for leg behind and beyond the knee while bringing
the lunge save, the goalkeeper must use a reflex your head and opposite arm in front of your sav-
techniquethe split saveto save the shot. Be- ing knee.
fore practicing the split save, thoroughly stretch On a right-side split, the right hand and stick
the groin and hamstring muscles. To execute the are placed behind the right leg in order to extend
split save (figure 6.9), keep your eyes on the ball the reach of the right foot. On the left side, the
while in your set, ready position. From the ready glove-hand extension on the ground from the
position, judge the direction and width of the knee to the foot increases the length of the left leg
shot so that you can make the correct decision to and the height of the pad. Strike the ball with the
lunge or split. Get your head as close to the path inside of the ankle, with your toes turned to the
of the ball as possible. Push from the leg that is sky. Keep your opposite hand and arm extended
further from the ball and fall into a hurdle-seat to the inside of the split leg. Recover to a ready
position with the leg closer to the path of the ball position in one motion. Use both hands and arms
outstretched. The trail leg is tucked behind you to push off the ground. Place the corresponding
in support. At contact with the ground, the hands hand of the extended leg behind your hip and the
remain on the ground, close to either side of the other hand in front of your hip. Continue moving
extended knee while the saving foot points to the your weight forward while pulling the extended
sky. The back of the calf muscle of the extended leg and while pushing up with the tucked leg.
leg is on the ground. After hitting the ground, Snap your legs together as you return to a ready
stretch the corresponding hand of the extended position to play the rebound.
129
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
The ball hits the calf of your extended leg.
Correction
The ball is too close to your body for a split save. Keep your eyes focused on the ball and
instantly judge the direction and width of the shot. Use a stand-up skill such as the lunge
save if the ball is too close for a split save.
Misstep
Your recovery to your feet is slow.
Correction
Continue moving your body weight forward as both arms push hips up and forward. Snap
your legs together as you jump to your feet.
Stick Dive for redirecting the shot away from the goal. The
stick is used like a racquet, an extension of the
Balls that are out of reach and wide of the goal- goalkeepers right arm, for blocking and saving
keepers split distance can be intercepted with a wide balls. Situations that may require a stick
lateral stick dive. Although the goalkeepers first dive to the right or a reverse stick dive to the left
choice is to remain on her feet as much as pos- include accurate shots that are wide of your split
siblethis provides mobility for playing second reach, interceptions or breakups of centering
shots and for delivering powerful clearsin some passes through the shooting circle in order to
situations a dive is the goalkeepers only choice prevent shots on goal, or tackles in a one-on-one
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Goalkeeping
situation in order to prevent AR1 from dribbling at your sides as you take a short step with the
around you. foot nearer the ball in the direction you intend to
To execute the stick dive (figure 6.10), start dive. Transfer your body weight to the leg nearer
from a ready position and focus on the ball. Co- the ball, which is fully flexed, and push off both
ordinate the movement of your legs, head, and feet to begin the dive. To generate additional
upper body to vault toward a spot where you can momentum, let your opposite leg and arm follow.
intercept the ball with your extended stick. The Extend your stick, right arm, head, and shoulders
feet and knees face forward and the arms remain into the balls path.
Preparation
1. Assume a ready position between the ball
and the goal
2. Judge the direction and width of the shot
beyond split distance
3. Eyes are focused on the ball
4. Prepare a right-hand stick grip
5. Use a short step with your near foot into the
balls flight path
6. Transfer your weight onto the flexed leg that
a
is nearer the ball
Execution
1. Push off both feet from the power points and
extend your legs
2. Vault toward the spot to intercept ball
3. The side of your body is parallel to the
ground
4. Extend your stick, arm, head, and shoulders
into the balls path
5. Land on the ground on your outer thigh, hip,
ribs, and shoulder
6. Head is between your arms b
7. Maintain a firm right wrist
8. Block or redirect the ball with an angled
stick
Follow-Through
1. Eyes are focused on the lower half of the
ball
2. Momentum is forward throughout contact
with the ball
3. Pull your knees to your chest and jump to
your feet
4. Return to a ready position c
131
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
You slide on your chest when attempting a stick save. You fail to reach the ball with your stick
and you watch it roll into the goal.
Correction
Vault toward the spot where you can intercept the ball with your extended stick. Transfer your
body weight onto the leg that is closer to the ball. Contact the ground on your side, with your
feet, pads, and chest protector all turned to the ball.
Misstep
You are slow to recover to a ready position after a stick save.
Correction
Maintain forward momentum throughout contact with the ball. Lead with your head as you
pull your knees to your chest and then push off your hands and feet. Jump to your feet and
return to a ready position.
When diving to your left, extend both arms it powerfully. Especially on watered, artificial
to the ball, right hand holding the stick with a surfaces, the punch clear is an effective way to
reverse-stick grip. With the reverse-stick dive, intercept or win an unsecured ball.
keep your left glove hand behind your stick and To execute the punch clear (figure 6.11), judge
block the ball with the stick in your right hand or the speed of the rolling ball and advance quickly
in the palm of your left glove. toward the ball in a pretackle position. Slide the
When possible, place your head behind the moment the ball comes loose and is less than
ball with the left palm facing the ball. Contact a body length away. When you are 1 or 2 yards
the ground with your side, not with your chest. (0.9 to 1.8 m) from the ball, fall to the ground on
Keep your right wrist firm and angle your stick the side of the punch leg. If your advance to the
to block or deflect the ball away from the goal. ball requires a hard run, shorten your running
Do not swing the stick. When landing, your outer strides when you are 5 yards (4.5 m) from the
thigh hits the ground first, followed by the hip, rib ball so that you can regain your balance for the
cage, and finally the shoulders. Your head remains upcoming punch. When beginning the slide into
between the arms, eyes focused on the lower half the punch clear, bend the punch leg at the knee.
of the ball as you watch the ball meet your stick. The knee of the rear leg is also bent slightly. The
Immediately move your head and upper body force is absorbed by the arm on the side that is
behind the ball and pull both knees to your chest nearer to the ground and by the punch leg. With
to recover to an upright position. the outside ankle of your punch foot turned to the
ground, strike the ball with the sole of the punch
Punch Clear foot. Rotate in the direction of the punch leg and
A powerful and useful technique that goalkeep- forward to the ball during the slide. During the
ers at all levels must master is the punch clear. rotation, the outer part of the shin of the punch
The punch clear is used for tackling the ball away leg touches the ground first, followed by the hip
from the ball carrier and for sliding to clear a and the side of the trunk, which slide along the
loose ball out of the shooting circle. The sliding turf. For balance, bring the arm opposite the
action is similar to a baseball slide into a base or punch leg up and forward to the ball. The sliding
a slide tackle in soccer that is initiated foot first action of the punch clear should be continuous
on the side of the body. Use of the punch clear is and gradual. Keep your eyes focused on the ball
based on correctly judging distance from the ball. as it leaves the sole of your foot. After punching
Because you leave your feet to challenge for the the ball, continue moving your weight forward,
ball, you are briefly in a poor position to recover keeping your head in line with the cleared ball.
should you miss the punch. While sliding into a Immediately recover to a ready position by using
punch clear, the lower leg and sole of the punch the hand and arm on the punch leg side to push
foot thrust toward the ball and, at contact, clear your hip up from the ground.
132
Goalkeeping
a b c
Misstep
You land hard on your buttocks when attempting a punch clear.
Correction
Rotate your body to the side of the punching leg. Bring the arm opposite the punch leg to
the ball and slide to the ground with both knees flexed. Catch your drop with the arm nearer
the ground.
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Your punch leg slides over the ball.
Correction
Judge the speed of the ball to time your slide and advance 1 or 2 yards (0.9 to 1.8 m) from
the ball. Keep your eyes focused on the ball and strike the ball with the sole of your foot.
134
Goalkeeping
135
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
When you attempt to block an aerial shot above the waist, the ball bounces off your chest
protector and out of your kick control box.
Correction
Round your shoulders and jump back a few inches as the ball arrives in order to absorb its
impact.
To execute the aerial glove save (figure 6.12), head and chest in unison, then extend the left
position yourself in line with the ball in the ready hand to the ball. Block the ball using the palm of
position. Hold your stick about waist high, with the glove or redirect the ball using the heel of the
the right hand halfway down the stick. Keep glove. Watch the ball come off the glove. From
your eyes focused on the ball and determine the the kick control box, clear the ball and return to
direction, speed, height, and width of the aerial a ready position.
shot. With elbows slightly flexed, extend your
a b c
136
Goalkeeping
Misstep
When you attempt to block a high-lofted ball, the ball goes over your head and into the
goal.
Correction
Face the ball and judge its flight path. Move toward the oncoming ball or drop step back
toward the goal line as you prepare to jump. Wait until the last possible moment, then leap
up and block or redirect the ball while at the highest point of your jump.
Misstep
The aerial shot tips off the fingers of the glove hand and flies into the goal.
Correction
Keep your eyes focused on the ball and watch it onto the upper palm area of the glove. Guide
the ball down to your kick control box and then clear it.
Preparation
1. Face the oncoming ball
2. Assume a ready position, elbows flexed, with
your left palm forward
3. Keep your head steady and focus on the ball
to determine the balls direction
4. Lower your center of gravity by flexing both
knees
5. Keep your chest protector square to the
ball
a (continued)
137
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
(continued)
b c
Execution Follow-Through
1. Push from both feet and thrust your chest 1. Pull your knees to your chest
into the balls path 2. Keep your eyes focused on the ball
2. Extend your left leg 3. Land on your right back side of your
3. Extend your stick toward the ball and keep tucked body
the left glove at your chest 4. Remain tucked and roll from your back
E4049/Anders/Fig.06.13b/309373/Offenstein/R2
4. Pull your right leg up toward the ball 5. Place your hands on the ground to push
5. Watch the ball strike the stick face up
6. Extend your left glove hand toward your 6. Jump to your feet
right hand 7. Return to a ready position
Misstep
The ball slips past your stick and glove hand when you attempt to save a shot at medium
height close to your right side.
Correction
Put your glove and stick hands close together behind the ball, thumbs and forefingers almost
touching, and save the ball with the palm of your glove hand. Keep your eyes focused on the
ball. Watch the ball into your glove and then out of your glove.
Misstep
You land on the front of your chest protector and fail to save the high aerial shot outside
your right shoulder.
Correction
As you jump toward the ball, keep the front of your chest perpendicular to the balls path
and bring your left hand to the middle of your chest. As you extend your right arm and stick
to the ball, tuck your knees to your chest so that you can rotate and land on the back side
of your right thigh, hip, and shoulder blade.
Drop Kick and Punt Kick ball directly out of the air. The drop kick, or half
Two common kicking techniques that the goal- volley, is a useful alternative to the punt because it
keeper can use after blocking an aerial ball are the requires less space and time to execute. Although
drop kick and punt kick. The kicking mechanics less accurate than a jab kick, the drop kick can
are nearly identical, but rarely does the goalkeep- result in a powerful clear along the ground or
er have time to execute the more difficult punt, through the air. The goalkeeper kicks the ball just
which requires more space to safely volley the as it hits the ground.
138
Goalkeeping
To execute the drop kick, stand erect and face For a low clear, strike the lower half of the ball
your target. Block the aerial ball with your hand with the ankle between knee and waist height.
or stick and anticipate where the ball will drop in For a high clear (figure 6.14), lean back and use
your kick control box. Move to that spot and step the instep of the kicking foot to strike the bottom
forward with the nonkicking foot. Keep your head of the ball. With your hips and shoulders square
steady. Draw back your flexed kicking leg. The to the target, use a complete follow-through mo-
instant the ball hits the ground, fully extend your tion of the kicking leg. The high clear must be
kicking leg to strike the ball below knee height kicked high over the heads of all players in order
with the instep (shoe laces) of your kicking foot. to eliminate the possibility of danger.
Misstep
Your drop kick is inaccurate.
Correction
Step toward the target with your nonkicking foot. Square your shoulders and hips to the
target. Strike the ball with the full instep of your kicking foot.
To execute the punt kick (figure 6.15), face your the ball high into the air and follow through. Keep
target and guide the dropped ball from the palm your shoulders and hips square to the target and
of your glove that is opposite your kicking foot. strike the lower half of the ball with the instep of
Extend your glove hand forward so that the ball your punting foot. Your punt foot must be firmly
is approximately at waist level. Keep your head extended at the moment of contact with the ball.
steady and watch the ball. Step forward with your Proper foot and knee position are essential for
nonkicking foot (left foot if you are punting with controlling the height of the punt.
your right foot) as you drop the ball, then punt
139
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
Your punt kick lacks height and distance.
Correction
Lack of height and distance are usually due to insufficient follow-through of the kicking
motion. Keep your foot firmly positioned and kick through the point of contact with the ball.
Your kicking foot should swing upward to waist level or higher.
Misstep
Your kick clears generally lack power.
Correction
Complete your follow-through, and keep your head over the ball, foot, and knee.
Goalkeeping Specialties
Although it can be learned only through experi- One-on-One Breakaway
ence, the ability to read the game is one of the
most important aspects of the goalkeepers de- Because talented attackers now often play on fast,
velopment. The goalkeeper is in the defensive artificial turf surfaces, the one-on-one breakaway
spotlight in three special situations: one-on-one against the goalkeeper is a frequent occurrence
breakaways, penalty strokes, and penalty corners. in todays game. If AR1 breaks away from other
Performing well in these situations is critical if the field players and moves dangerously toward the
team is going to win. shooting circle, the goalkeeper has no choice but
140
Goalkeeping
to confront the ball carrier. As the last line of de- your preferred right side, the attackers reverse
fense, your one-on-one mission is to either delay stick side, your judgment is crucial in timing your
play until help arrives or to block or tackle the ball tackle from your DR1 position. Refuse to allow
to prevent an easy score. To be successful, it is the ball to get around you as you maintain a play-
crucial to master the engage and give before using ing distance that will allow you to block a shot or
stick dives to tackle the ball or before attempting tackle a loose ball. Let AR1 make the mistakes,
a more advanced one-on-one goalkeeping block such as poor dribbling, rather than committing
tacklethe double-leg stack. to an early slide or dive. Stay on your feet as AR1
The double-leg stack is an advanced skill in starts to dodge or pull the ball beyond the line of
which the goalkeeper decides whether to remain your head and shoulders.
on her feet to block space and delay play or to If you have engaged using short, quick foot-
slide and smother the ball to prevent a shot. The work within the proper playing distance, you are
aim of the double-leg stack is to tackle the AR1 in a position to time a dive tackle with your stick
player by using the pads to block shots at goal. when AR1 loses control of a ball pulled to your
In one-on-one encounters with AR1, the basic right side. Always slide on your right side with
standing goalkeeper block save (figure 6.4, page your stick thrust toward the ball. If the attacker
122) is a not an effective way to stop or prevent a insists on dragging the ball to your left, stay on
shot. When the goalkeeper is the nearest defender your feet and maintain your playing distance in
to AR1 and AR1 is about to enter the shooting order to prevent AR1 from going around you. By
circle in zone 1, the goalkeeper gets in position to keeping the ball in line with your right shoulder
tackle the ball in the confrontation area in order and by maintaining a pressure distance from the
to prevent a scoring opportunity. ball, you are in a good position to time a reverse-
When playing one-on-one defense, the goal- stick tackle of a loose dribble or to time a double-
keeper quickly advances from the 7-yard (6.4 m) leg stack (figure 6.16) on a shot attempt. When
area to the confrontation area (11 to 16 yards, or using stick dives to tackle or a double-leg stack
10 to 14.5 m, from the goal line), moving confi- to block, try to slide through the ball and through
dently with determination to take the ball off the AR1s stick in order to tackle and clear the ball
attacker. If the goalkeeper is caught standing still at the same time. If you allow AR1 to get around
when AR1 enters the circle, the goalkeeper must you, you will lose the one-on-one confrontation.
pounce on the ball the instant AR1 attempts to If you can force AR1 wide and into zone 2 or 3
move the ball laterally. Although AR1 players are while maintaining a position between the ball
more mobile on artificial surfaces, it is essential and the center of the goal line, you will delay the
to close down space by keeping your body be- opponents attack. You can be satisfied with a
tween the center of the goal line and the ball. job well done.
The goalkeeper should pay attention to the balls To execute the double-leg stack slide (figure
line and not to AR1s body. Close down space by 6.16), you must be close enough to the ball to slide
running fast to establish the goalkeepers pressure into it before the shooter can shoot at the goal.
distance. A goalkeeper who charges out of control A goalkeeping tackle such as the stack should be
or who is uncertain is easily beaten. There is no executed from 4 yards (3.5 m) or closer, depend-
room in a one-on-one situation for hesitation! ing on your ability to establish a playing distance
Move toward AR1 so that you reach the top to pressure the ball. Move toward AR1 within the
of the circle at the same moment as the ball. confrontation area and arrive at the top of the
You must engage and push back to establish a circle at the same time as the ball. Do not hesitate
pressure distance of 4 yards (3.5 m) or less in moving toward the ball. Step forward during the
the confrontation area in zone 1. Never push or shooters takeaway swing and initiate the stack
give back into the V-space area because you will slide when the shooter begins his downswing.
give AR1 a high-percentage shot. During the fast, Position yourself so that you can time your slide
engaging run into breakdown footwork, move into the ball with your pads stacked on top of each
a little to your left to allow AR1 to drag the ball other, creating a wall. The center of the pads face
to your stick side. As you force AR1 to move to the attackers stick and the ball as your head and
141
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
chest remain in line with the ball in a 12 oclock at the moment of contact. The glove hand guards
positionchin on top of your left knee. During the space above the left leg at the moment of
the slide, the outside of your slightly bent right contact. Eyes remain focused on the lower half of
leg hits the ground first. The bent left leg, with the ball. During the recovery to a ready position,
the pad also turned to the ball, falls on top of the bring your head and left hand to the front of your
right leg. The right arm and stick are behind the body or to your leg guards, toward the ball, and
upper body and they push up through the slide push up to your feet.
Preparation Execution
1. Engage and give from 7 yards (6.4 m) to 1. Take a short step forward to the ball on AR1s
the confrontation area backswing
2. Stay between the ball and the center of 2. Start your slide on the downswing
the goal line 3. Bend your right leg and place your stick hand
3. Establish a pressure distance of 4 yards on the ground near your right hip
(3.5 m) or less from the ball 4. Slide on the right outer thigh and buttocks
4. Maintain a ready position while moving 5. Keep your left hand at left knee
your feet
6. Place your bent left leg on top of your right
5. Hold your head steady, in line with the leg
ball
7. Head and chest are forward at 12 oclock
8. Make contact with the ball on the center of
the pads
Follow-Through
1. Keep your eyes focused on the ball
2. Head is forward, with your left hand placed in front of
the pads
3. Push up from the ground with your stick hand
4. Return to a ready position
142
Goalkeeping
Misstep
AR1 drags the ball around you as you attempt a double-leg stack slide.
Correction
You are going down into a double-leg stack too early. Focus on the ball and get in position 4
yards (3.5 m) or less from the ball. Step forward to the ball during the shooters backswing.
Time your downward slide with the downswing of the shooters stick.
Misstep
You attempt a double-leg stack tackle and miss the ball, instead sliding into AR1. The umpire
awards a penalty corner to your opponent.
Correction
Move toward AR1 and reach the top of the circle when the ball does. Position yourself as
DR1 in order to tackle the ball and prevent a shot. Keep your pads turned to the ball and
keep your head in line with the ball. Time your slide into the ball for the moment when the
ball is being hit.
Penalty Stroke
The goalkeeper is the only defender who can for a penalty stroke. Also, the umpire will award
defend against an awarded penalty stroke. When a penalty stroke for any continuous early running
the defending team commits an unintentional off the backline by the defenders positioned at
or intentional foul in the circle that prevents the penalty corners. Many tournament structures pro-
probable scoring of a goal, the umpire will whistle vide for a penalty-stroke competition to determine
143
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
a winner if overtime play does not determine a depends on your ability to defend the first shot
winner. As the goalkeeper, be prepared for a one- on goal. Decide early which of the three styles
on-one push or flick from 7 yards (6.4 m) out. It will be successful: the stand-up set position, the
is crucial to watch the ball in order to determine lie-down position, or the pressure, or fly, position.
the balls direction and then to commit yourself The stand-up ready position (figure 6.4, page 122)
100 percent to making the save. is used at all levels of play because of the mobil-
To defend against the penalty stroke, stand ity it provides if the point of attack changes or if
on the center of the goal line in ready position. the goalkeeper needs to reposition herself after a
A lower center of gravity will allow easier and rebound. At higher levels of playin which shoot-
swifter movement up than the downward move- ers are very skilled and can strike hard, accurate
ment with a higher center of gravity does. The shots at the 18-inch backboarda down position
rules do not permit you to leave the line or to is used to stop direct hits from the top of the circle.
move your feet until the ball has been played. If you are a fast and agile goalkeeper, use the pres-
With your heels over the front portion of the goal sure position to run at a shooter who favors a flick
line, move your body weight forward. Learn to shot or to surprise the attacker by running at her
react to the direction of the ball while keeping and stack sliding (figure 6.16, page 142) into the
your eyes focused on the ball. Though your legs shot. The two methods of lying down include the
are longer than your arms, your arms and hands body drop and the knee slide on watered artificial
are quicker than your legs. Whether the penalty surfaces. They differ only in the preparation phase.
shot is rolled along the ground or is shot into the Both methods are simple to execute; remember,
air to your left or right side, be prepared to vault however, that your subsequent mobility is limited.
or dive in order to put your head and chest into With any method, the goalkeeper must read the
the balls path so that you can save the shot with attack play and only use the down technique if
your hands. Remain relaxed and confident; the the hitter is committed to the shot.
attacker feels more pressure to complete the score To execute the body drop, start behind the
than you do to stop the shot. To practice saving goal line with your left foot forward. Step out on
penalty strokes, use a gymnastic crash pad to the field with your right foot, followed by your
absorb your landing. Train to save shots in front left. Between the 2- and 3-yard lines, center your
of the goal. With focus and self-discipline, you will body weight as you place your right leg slightly
stop a high percentage of shots in the goalkeeper behind your left. You are now prepared to drop
save area and, on occasion, stop the quality stroke to your right side.
outside your save area. The knee slide uses the same footwork prepa-
ration from the goal linei.e., right-left-slide on
Penalty Corner your right knee. You must watch to see whether
the hitter is truly committed to the shot. Quickly
The goalkeepers role in the defense of a penalty position yourself on both feet in a stand-up ready
corner is perhaps the most important. The success position if the ball is passed or lifted.
of your teams five-player penalty corner squad
144
Goalkeeping
Each of the drills described in step 6 can be values assigned for each drill to help chart your
modified for practicing aerial saves as well as for progress. Total your points to assess your goal-
saving and clearing ground balls. Use the point keeping development.
One-on-One Drills
A combined score of 28 points or more in- step 7 after you review and practice each of the
dicates that you are competently performing goalkeeping techniques one more time. If you
fundamental goalkeeping skills and that you scored fewer than 21 points, practice the goal-
are prepared to move on to step 7. A total score keeping skills several more times before moving
of 21 to 27 is considered adequate. Move on to on to step 7.
145
7
STEP
Field hockey is a fast and exciting team game that at the right moment is primary. The attack or
requires players to solve problems. Attacking play- defense role 1 player is responsible for making
ers work to create and use space, and defending good decisions at the start of her teams attack
players work to block and control space. Although or her teams defense.
hockey is a team sport, every game includes a se- All players must be able to both defend and
ries of one-against-one battles in which players try attack. In field hockey, the player with the ball
to either maintain possession of the ball or gain is the attack role 1 player (AR1). The opponent
it. To win these one-against-one encounters, you nearest that attacker is the defense role 1 player
must understand and execute attack and defense (DR1). Your success in the first roles of attack and
role 1 tactics. These tactics are your decisions or defense depends in part on your ability to choose
plans to win confrontations. Players with a thor- the best option for solving game situations. As the
ough understanding of role 1 responsibilities, who leader of the attack and defense, the role 1 player
can also execute those responsibilities well, create must make good decisions. Good decisions are
a team that thinks and plays together. based on useful guidelines and responsibilities
Because each player will spend nearly a third and lead to better skill performance. Attention
of a 70-minute game in one-on-one confronta- to the location of the ball and to the positions of
tions near the ball, the players ability to make teammates and opponents helps a player make
good decisions and to use the correct technique decisions with or without the ball.
146
Leading the Attack and Defense
Misstep
You lose the ball when attempting to change the point of attack.
Correction
Use sudden change of direction or a drop step to create space between you and DR1. Avoid
changing the point of attack without first creating space from which you can pass.
Cut the Ball Into Free Quickly cut or diagonal dribble the ball away
from the nearest opponent and into free space.
Space
This action will create space and time. Cutting
You become a better field hockey player simply the ball on short angles will change the point of
by creating space for yourself and for your team- attack and usually will make the opponent move
mates. The more space there is between the AR1 laterally after the ball, opening up through spaces
player and the DR1 opponent, the more time AR1 to the opponents goal.
will have to pass and to lead the teams attack.
Misstep
DR1 steals the ball away from you.
Correction
Keep the ball next to your stick as you look to pass. When pressured (DR1 within 5 yards,
or 4.5 m), immediately cut the ball to free space or change your speed in order to separate
from DR1.
Go One-on-One With the be creative when using body fakes and change-
of-pace movements with the ball.
Role 1 Defender
Go one-on-one only in areas in which the
Forcing DR1 to either commit to tackling the ball potential to create a scoring opportunity far out-
or to holding or withdrawing to delay penetration weighs the risk of losing the ball, which would
is commonly referred to as going one-on-one, provide the opponent an immediate scoring
or as taking on a defender. Your objective is chance. The best area to use your dribbling skills
to keep possession of the ball as you attempt to take on DR1 is in the attacking third of the
to move DR1 and to get the ball behind her. If field. In this area, AR1 uses the dribble to break
you force DR1 to make a poor decision, you will down defenses outside the circle in zones 1 and
have created a dangerous attack penetration or a 3 (figure 6.3, page 120) and inside the circle in
numbers-up situation (more attack players than zone 3. Losing possession in this area is not as
defenders), which may lead to a scoring oppor- critical as losing possession in your defensive half
tunity. Attempt to make the opponent commit by of the field. Think of safety first in your defensive
cutting the ball forward and diagonally, outside of half of the field, and avoid dribbling to take on
DR1s stick reach. To mislead or unbalance DR1, your opponent.
147
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
When cornered or outnumbered by the oppo- to examine your options. A free hit taken quickly
nent in a tight space, keep possession of the ball can also catch your opponent unorganized, giving
by drawing a foul, which will then produce a free your team an advantage.
hit. A free hit will allow you more time and space
Misstep
You hesitate when going one-on-one against DR1.
Correction
Be decisive in forcing a commitment from the nearest defender. Diagonally dribble the ball
with speed and control away from DR1s stick reach.
Penetrate Using the him on your backside and penetrate using the
shortest line to the goal. You should never have
Shortest Line to Goal
to beat the same defender twice on your path to
Once you have successfully beaten a defender in the goal.
the dangerous space (space behind DR1), keep
Misstep
The defender you just beat has recovered to the goal side to again block the dangerous
space to goal.
Correction
After beating a defender, run at maximum speed and take the shortest route to the goal. Keep
the defender behind you by positioning the ball and your body to keep the forward space.
148
Leading the Attack and Defense
149
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
150
Leading the Attack and Defense
and push-back footwork to maintain balance and the ball. As a general rule, when AR1 is control-
body control. The less space you permit AR1 to ling the ball on her stick, DR1 must control her
receive and control the ball, the less time she own engaging movement, defensive stance, and
will have to make attack decisions and to play playing distance.
Misstep
AR1 passes a killer pass into the dangerous space behind you.
Correction
Engage to a closer distance from the ball to deny through and diagonal forward passes.
Apply immediate pressure on the ball in order to force the attacker to pass square or back
to a supporting teammate.
Take a Defensive Stance Move to within stick reach of the ball if AR1
relies on a high degree of ball-control skill
For the defensive stance, partly crouch with flexed rather than on speed and quickness. Posi-
knees and keep a low center of gravity (figure 1.8, tion yourself to deny AR1 adequate time
page 18). Feet are staggered, with the lead foot and space to use her ball-control skills to
slightly forward. Feet are a comfortable distance beat you.
apart. Balance on the power points of your feet.
Area of the field. The closer the ball is to
Both hands grip your stick, with the left hand
your goal, the closer you must be to defend.
away from your body and left knee. The head of
An opponent within scoring range of your
your stick is low or on the ground to prevent the
goal must be denied the opportunity to
ball from hitting your feet or from going through
shoot, dribble, or pass the ball forward.
to the goal you are defending. From this position
you can instantly change direction in response to Position of the opponent in relation to the
AR1s movements. ball. Be aware of the position of your oppo-
nents as you engage playing distance from
the ball. If AR1 has unmarked teammates
Determine Playing
in the immediate area who can support the
Distance attack, keep those players in front of you
DR1s playing distance is the distance from which and maintain more playing space from the
purposeful pressure can be applied to the ball. ball until your team has enough defenders
At what distance should you begin to pressure to mark up each of their attackers.
the AR1 player? Base your decision on these Position of your teammates in relation to
factors: the ball. Be aware of the positions of your
nearest teammates (DR2) as you engage
AR1s ability. Evaluate AR1s speed and
your playing distance from the ball. Pres-
ability to control the ball. Give more space
suring the ball, while getting help from
if AR1 has great speed and quickness. This
your teammates to win back the ball is the
will prevent AR1 from merely pushing the
essence of team defense.
ball forward and outracing you to the ball.
Misstep
AR1 successfully passes the ball forward into free space.
Correction
Check your playing distance and position yourself closer to AR1 in order to deny AR1 space
to dribble forward.
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
You overcommit in an effort to tackle the ball and are beaten on the dribble.
Correction
In a one-on-one confrontation, your first priority is to prevent penetration. Gaining possession
is your second priority. Force or railroad the ball toward limited space or toward a teammate.
Challenge for the ball when a teammate is covering the space immediately behind you or
when you are sure that you can execute a successful tackle.
Misstep
AR1 pushes the ball forward and outraces you to the ball.
Correction
Give more space if AR1 has great speed and quickness.
152
Leading the Attack and Defense
not the attacker. A passer starts with the ball and Success Check
serves it to AR1. DR1 defends and plays 1 v 1. The
Position yourself between the ball and the
attacker earns 5 points for crossing the line and
goal.
scoring a goal. The defender earns 1 point every
time AR1 uses the passers. Play for three minutes Establish a playing distance from the ball.
and total your score. The player with the highest Maintain stick control and body balance.
point total wins. Use appropriate tackles.
To Increase Difficulty Use speed in role transition.
Increase the amount of playing time.
Score Your Success
Add another player to each team.
Win game = 5 points
Increase the size of the playing area.
Lose game = 1 point
To Decrease Difficulty
Your score ___
Reduce the amount of playing time.
Decrease the size of the playing area.
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
154
Leading the Attack and Defense
A combined score of 34 points or more indi- than 28 points, you have work to do before moving
cates that you have sufficiently mastered the tactics on to the next step. Review all the material and
of attack role 1 and defense role 1. A total score perform all the drills at least one more time. The
in the range of 28 to 33 is considered adequate. additional practice will boost your confidence and
Review and practice AR1 and DR1 once again performance, preparing you for steps 8 and 9, sup-
before moving on to step 8. If you scored fewer port of the lead attacker and lead defender.
155
8
STEP
Supporting the
Lead Attacker
Although each player must be able to execute the depth from the ball than AR2 creates and uses
role 1 techniques and tactics discussed in step 7, and to support AR2 and the ball. Proper support
the team will not be successful unless all players movement from AR2 and AR3 will unbalance the
are thinking and working together to achieve the opponents defense and will allow your team to
same objective. Field hockey demands a high level create passing combinations to maintain posses-
of technical and tactical interaction among play- sion of the ball, to penetrate the defense, and to
ers. During a 70-minute game, each player will be score goals.
without the ball for about 65 minutes. Most of this The attack players who do not have the ball
time is devoted to supporting the role 1 player. are responsible for making decisions that will
About 33 minutes of this time is used in support allow their team to continue attacking. To be a
of the lead attackerAR1. A team that has a thor- successful problem solver, you must know where
ough understanding of attack-support responsi- the ball is, where your teammates are, and the
bilitiesattack role 2 and attack role 3and that where the opponent is. Understanding attack roles
can execute those responsibilities well will be a 2 and 3 will give you a greater opportunity for
team that thinks and attacks together. increased contact with the ball and for involved
To effectively play without the ball requires that decision making with teammatesa formula for
attacking players react intelligently in transitional successful team play.
play to find space. Immediately running into open All field players must be able to attack when
spaces allows passes, dribbles, and finishing tech- they have the ball. Team attack tactics create
niques to be used in a potent team attack. Because time and space, provide attacking players with
attack role 2 (AR2) players, or helpers, are within an assortment of possibilities, trigger an advan-
15 yards (13.8 m) of AR1 (considered one pass tage in numbers during attack situations, and, of
away), their primary responsibility is to support course, increase the number of scoring opportuni-
the leader of the attack by using movement and ties. Understanding the relationship of time and
combination play. The assistant helpers of the space on the hockey field is crucial to executing
attack are the attack role 3 (AR3) players who are a teams attack. The more space available to you,
two or more passes, or more than 30 yards (27.5 the more time you will have to receive, control,
m), away from the ball. The responsibility of AR3 pass, or shoot the ball. For a team to be success-
is to create and use spaces of greater width and ful, the ball must move from player to player.
156
Supporting the Lead Attacker
Attack roles 2 and 3 provide the tactical means session is more easily maintained. Advantage
for the ball to move from player to player during space is forward space between the ball and the
a team attack. opponent who is trying to block penetration to
The tactical responsibilities of attack roles goal. Dangerous space is behind the opponent,
2 and 3 are to move to create space and then between her and the goal line. Dangerous space
to use this space to support the player with the is the best area for attack tactics because of the
ball. AR2 and AR3 must create and use three penetration and scoring opportunities it holds.
types of spacepossession space, advantage AR2 and AR3 players must move to create a path
space, and dangerous space. Possession space for the ball or for other teammates into one of
is alongside and behind the ball, where ball pos- these three spaces.
157
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
covered in a limited time to effectively move from defense or from defense to offense. The presence
attack role 2 to defense role 1. of AR2 players in this area provides a series of op-
When moving into a support angle in front of tions that can change the direction and speed of
the ball, always try to win a space into which the team attack play. The key to AR2 play is frequent
ball can be passed to your stick and away from the angled movement into dangerous spaces where
defenders stick reach. When providing angles of you can receive the ball.
support in space behind the ball, position yourself In the defensive area, the threat from the op-
on the goal side of AR1 in case AR1 loses the ball. position determines the distance of AR2 support.
This positioning is especially important when you If there is little chance of immediate pressure, use
are close to your own defensive goal because a wide-angled support position. AR1 then has the
a safety pass is assured, defense can be used opportunity to switch play in the opposite direc-
quickly if required, more passing possibilities are tion by passing the ball to AR2, who is angled in
available, and AR2s vision of the field is improved the space behind the ball and has time to change
because she has more time and space. the point of attack to the opposite side of the field
Generally AR2 helpers are one pass away to create two attack advantagesopen space
from the ball. The distance of AR2 is often deter- and numbers-up. Without AR2s correct distance
mined by where the ball is (figure 8.1) and by the and angle of support, a cross-field pass in the
opponents position near the ball. Usually, when defensive area of the field could prove costly if
the opposition is applying immediate pressure, intercepted.
AR2 must move closer to AR1 in order to provide AR2 players must find a balance between
a quick and easy pass and thereby maintain ball being too close or too far away from the ball, re-
possession. In the attacking third of the field, ferred to as spacing. If you are too close, crowded
AR2s distance from the ball is 5 to 10 yards (4.5 space can restrict the amount of time available to
to 9 m) because of the restrictions of space and execute a skill should you receive the ball. When
time. In this area of the field, you must offer im- you are rushed to receive, control, and pass, you
mediate help to AR1. are likely to lose possession of the ball. If you
Because there is more space available in the are too far away, AR1s pass can be intercepted.
midfield, the distance of AR2 support is 10 to 15 The opponent might also reorganize quickly as
yards (9 to 13.8 m). This area is often referred to the pass travels a greater distance away from the
as the building or transitional area from offense to space alongside and behind AR1. AR2 has an im-
Zone 1
158
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Supporting the Lead Attacker
mediate defensive duty if AR1 loses the ball. If you Combination Play:
are too far away from the ball when possession
Two-on-One
is lost, you must cover more ground if your role
switches to DR1. The purpose of team attack is to create a num-
The ability to move and then receive the ball bers-up situations. The most fundamental AR2
at the right momentcommonly referred to as attack tactic with AR1 is creating combination
cutting or leading to the ballis an integral playi.e., two attackers versus one defender, or
part of teamwork. Players without the ball must a two-on-one. Combination play uses the give-
know where to cut, when to cut, and how to break and-gothe wall passbetween AR1 and AR2
away from a marking defender. Key elements of to penetrate into the dangerous space behind
cutting include making eye contact with AR1 and DR1. In hockey, the give-and-go pass from AR2
AR2 players, pointing the stick head in a direction to AR1 can be executed with a one-touch pass,
where you want the ball, positioning your stick commonly referred to as a wall pass. The point of
near to or on the ground when the ball is in your the give-and-go (figure 8.2) is for AR1 to become
area, and calling out verbal information. Calling a threat by forcing DR1 to step forward to tackle
out helpful information to AR1 is as important the ball. As soon as the defender commits, AR1
as the execution of technical skills. Communica- passes the ball to a nearby AR2 teammate and
tion must be brief, loud, and to the point. Verbal sprints into the space behind the defender to col-
directives such as With you, Left, Right, lect a return pass. For the give-and-go to work,
Time, Here, I have you covered, Through, both AR1 and AR2 must fulfill their responsibili-
or Now, said quickly and loudly during play, will ties. Precise execution, correct timing of the pass
make AR1s confident that AR2 is ready to play and run, and an understanding of the basic tactics
the ball. Players who communicate effectively will are essential for combination-play success.
think and attack together.
Misstep
In preparing to set up the give-and-go, you fail to make DR1 commit before passing to
AR2.
Correction
Dribble diagonally outside of the defenders lead foot. As DR1 steps forward to tackle the
ball, pass to AR2.
Misstep
You pass the ball to a supporting AR2 player but she cannot execute the give-and-go.
Correction
AR2 must be 5 yards (4.5 m) away or closer, to the side of DR1. Support from a distance of
more than 5 yards away will give DR1 time to adjust his position to intercept a give-and-go
pass. Sprint forward after passing the ball to AR2.
To execute the give-and-go in a two-on-one with a lead foot behind your angled stick. Redi-
situation, position yourself 5 yards (4.5 m) to rect the pass from AR1 by executing a one-touch
the side of DR1, at a 45-degree angle from AR1. pass into the space behind DR1. Immediately
Place your stick horizontally on the ground; this sprint forward to support AR1 after passing the
is the wall. Your stick will redirect the ball along ball since another give-and-go combination could
the ground. Use an open stance and face AR1 develop.
159
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
AR1
DR1
AR2
AR1 AR2
1. Face DR1 and recognize dangerous space 1. Move 5 yards (4.5 m) to the side of DR1
2. Force DR1 to commit by cut dribbling outside 2. Recognize dangerous space
DR1s lead foot 3. Watch the ball, ready to receive it
3. Release the pass using the push-pass tech- 4. Maintain an open passing lane to AR1
E4049/Anders/fig.8.2/309410/bobr-pulled/r2-alw
nique
5. Extend a firm and angled stick to receive the
4. Pass to AR2s stick ball
5. Sprint forward and receive a wall pass from 6. Head and right foot are behind the line of
AR2 in the space behind DR1 the pass
6. Advance toward the goal 7. Strike the ball with the flat side of the stick
8. Wall pass the ball into the space behind
DR1
9. Sprint forward to support on angle
10. Look for another give-and-go opportunity
Misstep
The wall pass you send to AR1 redirects off your stick behind AR1s sprinting feet.
Correction
Keep your stick firm and angle the left face so that the ball rebounds forward into dangerous
space.
Misstep
An opponent blocks the passing lane between you and the ball.
Correction
Position yourself at a wide angle from the ball to create an open passing lane. Never get
behind the defender or move to a narrow angle; the defender will be able to intercept the
pass. Do not fill the passing lane too early.
160
Supporting the Lead Attacker
161
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
162
Supporting the Lead Attacker
163
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
164
Supporting the Lead Attacker
Depth in attack establishes a minimum of one restricted vision of where you are providing deep
or two AR3 players ahead of the ball and one or or wide support, and you have limited vision of
two AR3 players behind the ball. The function of the field. A position directly alongside AR2 also
the AR3 player behind the ball is to provide depth limits attack effectiveness because of the lack
in the attack and to do what AR1 cantpass the of spacing between teammates and the ball. A
ball forward. The front-running AR3 players spear- long-distance pass made from AR1 to you has a
head the attack, playing as deep targets who are greater chance of being intercepted by a covering
ready to move into AR2 or AR1 positions. opponent. A rule for all attack players is to never
Maintaining width during an attack forces the stand where you want the ball! Providing correct
defending team to cover a larger field area, which angles of width and depth will help you recover
can create gaps within its defense. To provide into a defensive role if your team loses posses-
width, AR3 players position themselves both on sion of the ball.
the side of the field nearer the ball and, to some When moving into a support angle in front of
extent, on the opposite side of the field, which is the ball, always try to win the ball-side position in
the weak side or far side. Usually one or more AR3 the passing lane so that AR1 can easily see that
players provide width on each side of the field. you are ready to receive the ball. When providing
AR3 players should position themselves to angles of support behind the ball, position your-
form angles from the nearest AR2 player, the op- self on the goal side of AR1 and on a 45-degree
ponent, and AR1. The angle varies, depending angle to AR2 teammates in case AR1 loses the
on the position of the opposition and teammates. ball. This positioning is especially important when
The wider the angle of support, the more dif- you are close to your own defensive goal for sev-
ficult it becomes for DR3 (see step 9) to defend eral reasons: because a safety pass will change
the space. Narrow support angles allow DR3 to the point of attack, defense can be used quickly if
intercept long, direct passes. A position directly required, more passing possibilities are available,
behind AR2 creates no advantage because the and AR3s vision of the field is improved because
amount of space is severely reduced. AR1 has there is more time and space.
Misstep
AR1 cannot see you, which restricts the use of space and which limits her passing options.
Correction
Avoid positioning yourself directly behind or directly alongside AR2, because your position
will reduce the number and size of the passing lanes available for AR1. Form wide, 45-degree
angles from AR2 players to increase the depth and width of the space.
As a general rule, there should be no more than gerous space behind the ball line to a ball-side
50 to 60 yards (45.5 to 55 m) between the last position or to a position to deny the pass to the
player behind the ball and the deepest AR3 player other side of the field. Often AR3 players find
in front of the ball. Because the hockey field is 60 themselves far away from the area where posses-
yards wide, AR3 players providing width should sion was lost. For successful team defense, AR3
have 35 to 50 yards (32 to 45.5 m) between each must sprint to recover into a defensive role.
other. Generally, AR3 helpers are two passes away Although talking is an important part of ef-
from the ball, or approximately 30 yards (27.5 m) fective AR2 support, AR3s communication is
away. Depending on the oppositions positioning, less important because she is further from the
AR3 attempts to secure positions 7 to 10 yards ball. Nevertheless, communication between two
(6.4 to 9 m) away from the nearest defender attackers who understand each others plans and
(DR3), behind or to the side of DR3. who respond together remains an important part
AR3 has an immediate defensive duty if AR1 of attack tactics. You are working in spaces that
loses the ball. It is crucial to drop back into dan- are far from the ball, so calling for the ball would
165
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
not be effective because defenders would have AR3 Runs: Create and
time to organize. AR3 players must communicate
Use Space
by calling whenever AR1 has her head down or
whenever AR2 and other AR3 players are not Various types of runs can create space for AR3
aware of their presence. Nonverbal body language to use. If AR3 moves and the opponent moves
makes up 70 percent of human communication. with her, space is created for another AR3 as
AR3 communicates her intentions not just by well as for AR2. If AR3 moves and the opponent
words but by gestures, head position, eye contact, does not move with her, space can be used for
ball position, stick position, posture, and even by an immediate pass to AR3. Space can be created
the direction she faces. These same elements can through the combined movements of two or more
be used to deceive opponents. attack players.
Effective AR3 communication with AR2 and The diagonal run (figure 8.3) is a tremendously
AR1 will help you penetrate with the ball. Pen- effective way for role 3 attackers to penetrate
etration happens only by using width and depth through the opponents defense in the attack-
during an attack. AR3s responsibility is to arrive ing third of the field. Begin your run from the
in a space at the same moment as the ball. If you outside of the field and travel toward the center
arrive before the ball, you will quickly be marked of the defense, running diagonally through the
by the defense. If the ball arrives before you do, it defense; or begin from the central area and move
will likely be picked up by a cover defender or be toward the outside of the field. In either scenario,
allowed to roll over the backline, which will result diagonal runs penetrate the dangerous space
in a 16-yard defense hit. A team can penetrate and force the opposition to mark you, possibly
successfully by using short, sharp cuts before cut- drawing defenders into bad defensive positions.
ting or leading to receive the long through pass. A diagonal run may also clear the area of defend-
Fake or dummy lateral movements by AR3 tend ers, allowing AR2 or AR1 to move forward into
to drag defenders out of position, which allows open space. Should you receive the ball while
the ball to be passed through into space. moving diagonally through the defense, from the
DR3
AR3
DR1 DR2
AR1 AR2
166
Supporting the Lead Attacker
outside to the center, you will be in an excellent Effective to either create or use space, the overlap
position to penetrate and shoot. A diagonal run run is most effective to the outsides of the field
from midfield (two-dimensional cutting) out to to increase attack width. Decide at what moment
the side is used to create space. A long diagonal to make the overlap run by determining the de-
run will help an attacker occupy many areas in a fensive position ahead of the ball. Accelerate to
short amount of time, causing confusion in both move ahead of the ball and communicate with
zone defenses and man-to-man defenses. AR1 when to hold the ball to take on the DR1
Space in the middle of the field can be cre- player and when to pass the ball forward to force
ated with a split diagonal run (figure 8.4). A split a two-on-one.
diagonal run involves two AR3 players moving in Checking runs (figure 8.7) are short, sudden
opposite directions from the middle of the field bursts of speed that are designed to make the
to the outsides so that space is created between defender think that you are moving into the
the central defenders. This space is then used by space behind her. Bluff a run forward, past the
AR2 attackers or by AR1 moving forward from defender, then suddenly check back toward the
deep positions. ball or to the space away from the nearest de-
A run that is made behind a defender is re- fender. Use the checking run to create distance
ferred to as a blind-side run or a backdoor cut. between you and the opponent marking you,
The opponent cannot defend the run of AR3 if which often develops in the attacking area of
he cannot see him. A blind-side run (figure 8.5) the field. Because defenders attempt to maintain
can create space by forcing the covering defender a goal-side position when marking or covering,
across the field, when opens up the area behind the distance between you and the defender
DR1. The blind-side run from the middle of the increases when you suddenly stop and check
field to the outside wing areas often stretches the back toward the ball. The checking run lets
width of the opponents defense. you take advantage of the separation space to
A run from behind AR1 to the outside of the receive the ball.
ball is referred to as an overlap run (figure 8.6).
DR3
DR3
AR3 AR3
DR2
DR1
AR2
AR1
Figure 8.4 Split diagonal run.
167
DR3
AR3
DR1
DR2
AR2
AR1
Figure 8.5 Blind-side run.
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DR2
DR1
AR2
AR1
AR3
168
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Supporting the Lead Attacker
Misstep
Through passes are always intercepted by the opponent.
Correction
You have arrived too E4049/Anders/fig.8.7/309421/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
early. Time your run or checking run to receive the through ball at the
same moment that the ball arrives.
Because of limited space and because of the AR3 players must be ready to score. AR3 pre-
pressure of the opponent in the attacking area, pares to receive the ball from cross passes directed
two-dimensional cuts and combination move- to the wideouts and to the middle of the shooting
ments with other attack players can break circle. With cross passes, it is important to concern
down a defense. AR3 must decide whether to yourself with the angle and timing of the run and
use space by moving to the ball or whether to with the shot on goal. When receiving a crossed
create space by taking defenders away. While ball, move into the line of the ball rather than at-
watching her AR2 teammates, AR3 must con- tempt to move across it. If the angle is correct, it will
centrate on their next move and react quickly be easier to time your run. Because of the precise
to it. Sharp, accurate movement and combina- timing needed to strike the ball, it is difficult to
tion play, which include one- and two-touch make contact while running across the path of the
passing, will produce scoring opportunities. ball. Timing your run correctly is crucial. The run
Keep the ball in your view while you attempt should be made late but fast. Defenders will be able
to lure defenders into bad defensive positions. to quickly reorganize their marking assignments if
When using space in the attack areas, you must you move too early and then have to wait for the
move at the right moment, whether unmarked ball to arrive. Scoring in the circle involves redirect-
or marked. Keep as wide a view of the field ing the ball to goal. Keep your stick still and at the
as possible. correct angle while timing your run to the pass.
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
You have difficulty getting the ball when it is crossed into the attack area.
Correction
Concentrate on the line you move along to receive the ball. Time your move toward the line
of the passed ball. Keep your stick still and correctly angled in order to redirect the pass to
your target.
When the ball is in the midfield, all attackers by the opponent can be devastating. When your
must coordinate their efforts to control this area. team loses possession, immediately determine
A patient but quick attack creates penetration op- which defensive role you should assume. You
portunities. For the AR3 player, constructive runs must be able to adjust in order to regain pos-
ahead of the ball are useful for creating space. session or to break down the opponents coun-
Diagonal runs in front of the opponent disrupt terattack. The AR3 player who can effectively
and stretch man-to-man and zone defenses. move from attack to defense to anticipate the
Blind-side runs are similar to diagonal runs in the opponents most obvious attacking alternatives
midfield, except that the blind-side run has less will often create the all-important goal-scoring
depth. Overlapping runs can be used to attack opportunity.
from the midfield into the attacking area. When her team wins possession of the ball,
When the ball is in the defensive area of the AR3s responsibility is to immediately provide
field, maintaining possession is important. Play- forward depth or lateral width for the counterat-
ing the ball safely to the outside of the field helps tack, such as for the fast break. A crucial part of
a team keep possession of the ball. AR3 players AR3s transition game is the readiness to move
must attack the opposition with combined runs smoothly into AR2 support or to receive the ball
in order to create and use space. Usually your and become the new AR1. The ability to inter-
combined runs are made behind the oppositions change attack roles as the ball travels is crucial
defenders. for successful team attack. Ball movement from
player to player will result in longer periods of
AR3 Transitional Play ball possession, penetration into dangerous
space, and scoring opportunitiesthe ultimate
Even the best attacking situations can break goal of team attack play.
down. When you have a numbers-up attack
situation that breaks down, the counterattack
Misstep
The role 3 attack player fails to adjust her position in response to the movement of the ball.
Correction
An attack player who is 30 yards (27.5 m) or more from the ball finds herself in a state of
constant transition. As the ball is played from one area of the field to another, evaluate AR2s
movement and adjust your position to provide passing options in the area away from the
ball.
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Supporting the Lead Attacker
171
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Reduce the size of the playing field to 50 by AR3 creates and uses space by executing
40 yards (45.5 by 36.5 m). blind-side, diagonal, split-diagonal, and
Limit players to two touches. overlap runs.
Maintain clear passing lanes to the ball.
To Decrease Difficulty
Adjust your position in response to the move-
Reduce the amount of playing time. ment of the ball and AR2.
Increase the size of the playing area.
Attack team has eight players. Score Your Success
12 points or more in 7 minutes = 5 points
Success Check
9 to 11 points in 7 minutes = 3 points
Make immediate, smooth transitions to all 6 to 8 points in 7 minutes = 1 point
attack roles.
Your score ___
172
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Supporting the Lead Attacker
173
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
A combined score of 32 points or more in- 9. If you scored fewer than 26 points, you have
dicates that you have sufficiently mastered the work to do before moving on to the next step.
tactical responsibilities of attack role 2 and attack Review all the material again and perform all
role 3. You are now prepared to move on to step the drills at least one more time to improve your
9. A score in the range of 26 to 31 is considered teams scores. The additional practice will boost
adequate. Review and practice AR2 and AR3 tacti- your confidence and performance, preparing you
cal movements again before moving on to step for steps 9 and 10.
174
174
9
STEP
Supporting the
Lead Defender
While each player must be able to execute the nearest opponent or by controlling space near the
defense role 1 techniques and tactics discussed ball. The assistant helpers of the defense are the
in step 7, the team will not be successful unless defense role 3 (DR3) players. DR3 is responsible
all players think and work together to achieve for covering and controlling dangerous spaces of
the same defensive objective. To effectively play greater width and depth from the ball than what
team defense, players must work together to deny DR2 covers. DR3 marks and covers AR2 near
opponents the space and time necessary for scor- the ball and marks and covers AR3 two passes
ing goals. Every player, including the goalkeeper, or more30 yards (27.5 m) or morefrom the
needs to understand each defensive role in order to ball. When DR1 has support from DR2 and DR3,
successfully execute the tactics and skills of team he can use defensive tactics to block penetration,
defense. A thorough understanding, and subse- prevent goals, and win back the ball.
quent execution, of off-ball defensive responsibili- In field hockey, play is always changing, which
tiesdefense role 2 and defense role 3helps a presents numerous decision-making situations.
field hockey team think and defend together. Defenders not only must be physically fit and de-
Players must be able to evaluate and organize termined, but they also must make good decisions
transitional flow from one defensive role to an- about when to challenge for the ball and where
other. Drop, evaluate, communicate, and antici- to get in position for best coverage and defensive
pate (DECA) is the defensive motto to remember balance. The defenders away from the ball are
when supporting the lead defender. Effective responsible for executing good decisions for the
role-to-role transition, crucial for potent team organization of their teams defense. Improve
defense, requires immediate calculated pressure. your decision making by learning to organize and
A player must know when to drop back to cover evaluate what is most important to defendthe
the immediate dangerous space, as well as the ball, the opponent, or the space. To be a suc-
opponents in that space, and to provide balance to cessful problem solver within team defense,
protect the dangerous field space 30 yards (27.5 stay aware of the big threeball, opponent, and
m) or more from the ball. Because defense role 2 teammatesdiscussed in step 8. Using the cor-
(DR2) players, or helpers, are nearest DR1, their rect defensive skill at the right moment is critical
prime responsibility is to help DR1 by marking the for organized and aggressive team play that will
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
win back the ball. Defending away from the ball positions in the direction of the ball in order to
requires discipline, intelligence, and anticipation. provide balance. Defensive balance protects the
Every player should understand each defensive open space on the side of the field opposite the
role. Doing so will lead to good decisions during ball. As with attack play, understanding the rela-
team defense. tionship of time and space on the field is crucial
Defense roles 2 and 3 facilitate cooperation for good team defense. The less space you make
among players. A team that is able to blend all available to attackers, the less time they will have
three defensive roles will be able to influence to receive, control, pass, or shoot. A great deal of
how the opponent plays, reduce the oppositions organization is necessary to get into position and
scoring opportunities, and increase its chances to effectively communicate with teammates so
to win the ball back. By learning defense roles 2 that you can mark the opponent, restrict space,
and 3, you will learn to intercept passes, interrupt and cover the dangerous space. Defense roles
opponents when they change positions, prevent 2 and 3 provide the tactical organization to win
give-and-go attacks by covering space, and shift back the ball.
176
176
Supporting the Lead Defender
When defending passing lanes in front of the In the attack area, the threat from the op-
ball, read the pressure on the ball. If effective pres- ponent determines the distance of DR2 help. If
sure is present within 5 yards (4.5 m) of AR1, try there is little chance of immediate pressure, use
to win the ball-side position in the passing lane a wide-angled position. Without DR2s correct
against AR2. If DR1 is more than 5 yards from the distance and angle of support, an unsuccessful
ball, choose a marking angle on AR2s side or on tackle by DR1 could prove costly. A long outlet
the side of the goal. Read the quality of pressure pass by the opponent could result in a dangerous
and play the space to AR2. numbers-up fast break.
Generally DR2 helpers are one pass away from The ability of players to position themselves
the ball. The distance of DR2 from DR1 is often correctly and to intercept the ball at the right
determined by where the ball is on the field (figure moment is integral to defensive teamwork. DR2
9.1), by the quality of DR1 pressure on the ball, players who are one pass away from the ball must
and by the opponents position near the ball. Usu- keep their stick heads near or on the ground and
ally when DR1 is applying effective, immediate give verbal information about defensive decisions.
pressure, DR2 must move closer to AR2 in order Call out helpful information to assist DR1 if DR1
to control the space and size of passing lanes near gets beaten. DR2s communication must be brief,
the ball. In the defensive area of the field, DR2s loud, and to the point. Verbal directives such as
distance from the ball is 2 to 3 yards (1.8 to 2.3 Drop, Left, Right, Go, Stay, Hold,
m) because of space and time restrictions. In this Step up, Switch, delivered quickly and loudly
area, you must immediately help DR1 in tight-de- during play, will build DR1s confidence and DR2s
fense situations. Opponents must be denied time readiness to play the ball. Step up means that
and space in the shooting circle, especially in the DR2 should move closer to the ball to deny a pass
vital scoring zones in the front and center. to AR2 or that DR2 should assume the DR1 role.
The midfield area is often referred to as the Stay means to mark, while Hold means to
transition area from defense to offense and from hold the space. Occasionally DR2 players must
offense to defense. The correct positioning of DR2 communicate to other DR2 players when switch-
players in this area provides immediate organiza- ing while marking AR2 around the ball. DR2 play-
tion and control around the ball and can change ers who communicate effectively will help their
the direction and speed of team defensive play. teammates transition from role to role.
Defense Area
-Restrict space and time
-Highly organized and disciplined
-Tight marking of AR2
-Cover while marking AR3
-Force shots from wide angles to the goal
Midfield Area
-Build-up of defense organization
-Speed in transition
-Adopt defense roles
-Interchange roles immediately
-Control of speed and direction
Attacking Area
-Mix of marking and covering
-Pressure AR1
-Delay opponents attack clears
-Position to intercept outlet passes
-Main concern is covering space
177
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Misstep
AR1 beats DR1 with the dribble, and the DR2 player fails to get in proper position to cover.
Correction
Tell DR1 to delay her tackle and to force AR1s dribble in another direction so that you have
time to get in position at a 45-degree angle from DR1 in order to stop AR1 from moving into
the immediate dangerous space.
Misstep
DR2 near the point of attack does not have enough time to recover to a position on the goal
side of the ball.
Correction
Tell DR1 to drop and delay until DR2 can recover to help.
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Supporting the Lead Defender
Control Immediate Space tion by keeping track of the opponent, the ball,
and your teammates. From a goal-side position
Everyone defends. When a team does not have (figure 9.2), you will be able to keep the ball and
the ball, all defenders assume a defensive role to the opponent you are marking in view while you
stop penetration, deny space, and regain the ball. provide cover and balance for your teammates.
To control space near the ball, drop back into the Be aware of your goal, and keep the ball and op-
space closer to your goal and slide toward the ball ponent in front of you. Determine the space and
to help DR1. time you needi.e., how far to drop and at what
When DR1 applies pressure, defenders away angle to slide. DR2 players move to a position on
from the ball drop back or recover to a position the ball side of the opponent (figure 9.3) to reduce
closer to the ball and goal. To recover is to move the space available to AR2 players near the ball.
to a defensive position between the ball and the Defenders away from the ball should slide toward
goal, in the dangerous space being defended. the center of the field as they recover. Coordinat-
Dropping or falling back on defense buys time ing the recovery to the ball side of the goal is a
to recover and organize your teams defensive team discipline that is necessary for controlling
strategy for winning back the ball. Always move space.
quickly along the shortest possible route to protect Help DR1 by reading pressure and by covering
the area in front of the goal. Evaluate the situa- to control space. To play team defense well, DR2
AR1 AR2
DR2
AR3 DR3
AR1
Passing lane
DR1
AR2
AR2 DR2
E4049/Anders/fig.9.2/309426/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
DR2
DR2
AR2
Figure 9.3 Ball-side position.
179
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
players help DR1 by controlling the space around ball is near the sidelines, mark in a ball-side posi-
the ball. While DR1 pressures, DR2 players fall tion. Defenders must mark in front of the attackers
back and organize to defend the opponent who is when the ball is near the center of the field.
one pass away from the ball. Effective, immediate Marking the opponent while controlling space
pressure may force AR1 to slow down and to play is essential for preventing goals. Most goals are
into the defense, where passes are limited. Drop scored from the open center space or from zone
back so that immediate cover defense can be set 1 (figure 6.3, page 120) in front of the goal. Role
up before DR1 tackles the ball or forces it in a 2 defenders mark and control space in the most
direction the attacker does not want. Covering is dangerous shooting areas. While defending the
defending space behind and beside a teammate. space behind the defense, you must limit the
If DR1 cannot cleanly tackle to gain possession, number of receiving choices available to AR2. If
she should delay or force the attacker to pass you tightly mark AR2, you force AR1 to attempt
backward in order to give DR2 players time to a longer pass, which forces errors and opportuni-
drop back and slide toward the ball so that they ties to intercept the ball. If you position yourself
can provide help near the ball. DR2 players help on the ball side of the passing lanes, in order to
control space by blocking the forward space avail- control diagonal-forward and through passes,
able to AR2 players. When controlling space, DR2 you force AR1 to lift an aerial ball or to pass the
must pay close attention to other teammates, ball square or back to a supporting AR2 team-
the ball, and the opponent. Be aware of risks mate. As discussed in step 2, aerial passes are
and priorities that affect team depth, control of time-consuming and easier to defend. Also, flat
space, and position balance. Keep the ball and cross-field passes and back passes toward the
opponent in front of you so that you can intercept opponents goal allow your defense more time
an opponents pass into the space behind DR1. to mark players and to control space.
The farther you are from the ball, the deeper your Force the opponent away from center. Since
position must be in order to see the opponent and a small, congested area is easier to defend than
the ball, which will enable your team to control a large space, force the ball wide in order to limit
and block the space behind you. the opponents passing options and to delay direct
penetration to the goal. Work hard to keep the
Mark and Cover ball near the side of the field, which will minimize
defensive adjustments. By restricting space, you
Defense role 2 players are responsible for marking prevent the opponent from making fast cross-field
the opponent who is near or one pass away from passes that stretch the defense. By limiting space
the ball. All DR2 players have either a marking and by forcing the opponent away from the center
assignment or a covering-space obligation in ev- area, a defense can eventually gain control of the
ery area of the field (figure 9.1, page 177), unless most dangerous scoring area.
there is no cover player. A cover player defends Cover to provide depth to your teams defense.
the space behind marking teammates. To suc- The principle of cover-defense play is based on
cessfully mark, get in position to block a passing the team skill of defensive depth. One or more
lane to the AR2 player. While marking, DR2 must DR2 teammates should provide cover or depth
prevent a pass through that space and she must for DR1, who pressures the attacker with the
be ready to challenge AR1 if AR1 beats DR1 with ball. Defensive depth is a way of countering
the dribble. DR2 must be prepared to use a double attack overloads. DR2 players away from the
team defense with DR1. How tight you mark ball should stagger their positions and maintain
depends on AR2s direction, speed, and skill, as 45-degree angles from one another so that suf-
well as on her proximity to the goal and the ball, ficient time and space are available to move and
and on the need to cover for nearby defenders. play the ball on the forehand side if the ball is
Marking is generally tighter when the defender is passed forward. Defensive depth provides cover
near the ball or the goal, when AR2 is slow and for your teammates and reduces the open space
unskilled, and when AR1 is turned while DR1 is between teammates. Too much depth will allow
putting excellent pressure on the ball. When the the opponent to play closer to your goal.
180
Supporting the Lead Defender
Misstep
DR2 moves into position directly behind DR1 and fails to prevent AR1s pass through the
space beside DR1.
Correction
Move into position on an angle from the ball, in the space behind and to the side of DR1.
Misstep
DR2 is too far from DR1 to provide help.
Correction
When determining the proper distance from which to help, consider the ability of DR1, the
area of the field, and the location of the AR2 player you need to mark.
181
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
182
Supporting the Lead Defender
183
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
184
Supporting the Lead Defender
Misstep
DR3 is too close to DR2, and as a result, the team is vulnerable to a long cross-field pass
into the dangerous space.
Correction
Stay compact, with teammates on AR3s ball side, in order to reduce the number and size of
the passing lanes. When the ball is played 30 yards (27.5 m) or more into open space, you will
have sufficient time to recover while the ball is rolling, provided that you are not too close to
DR2, and you can therefore sprint into your recovery.
185
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
The number of DR3 helpers away from the ball alongside DR2 lacks depth between teammates
is significant. As a guideline, the passing lanes and the ball. Without depth, AR1 has a greater
to AR3 must be covered when AR3 players are chance of completing a penetrating pass to AR3.
moving to create dangerous passing options for Too much depth by DR3 players allows the opposi-
diagonal and through passes. Because your goal- tion to move into the space near the goal.
keeper is the last line of defense, a limited number When defending passing lanes in front of the
of DR3 players are needed to provide depth and ball, win the ball-side position in AR3s passing
width coverage away from the ball. lane. When you are defending passing lanes behind
Read the pressure on the ball. Step up to block the ball, get in position on the goal side of AR3 in
passing lanes if pressure is being applied and if case DR2 gets beaten. This positioning is especially
DR2 has met his responsibilities. DR3 players important close to your defensive goal because
should position themselves to form narrow angles interchanging defensive roles can be done quickly,
from the DR2 players and the ball, which will al- if required, because a limited range of passing pos-
low them to intercept long, direct passes. Angles sibilities is available to the opponent, and because
vary according to the positions of the opposition AR3s vision of the field is decreased with less time
and teammates. The narrower the angle of sup- and space. Positioning on correct angles in relation
port, the easier it is for the DR3 player to defend to the ball, the opponent, and your teammates
the space. Taking a position directly behind DR2 provides a greater chance to intercept the pass.
creates a disadvantage because it increases the Maintaining correct angles of width and depth will
amount of dangerous space and because the DR3 also enhance your transition into an attack role if
has limited vision of the field. A position directly you gain possession of the ball.
Misstep
The DR3 player fails to adjust his position in response to the balls movement.
Correction
When playing away from the ball on defense, positioning must constantly change. As the ball
is played from one area of the field to another, adjust your position to control passing-lane
options to AR3 in the area away from the ball.
186
Supporting the Lead Defender
AR1
DR1
DR2
AR2
DR3
AR3
dition to DR2s directives, a DR3 in cover position To be successful, DR3 must drop to the ball-side
says, Go, when she wants DR2 to take the space and goal-side positions in order to cover passing
because cover or marking is being provided by lanes to AR3 in the dangerous space. Cover de-
DR3. Use effective communication to deny width fenders such as DR3 are concerned with keeping
and depth. DR3 can coordinate E4049/Anders/fig.9.4/309428/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
team play to block their defensive team compact (i.e., blocking the
areas and discourage the opponents ball move- dangerous central space) and avoiding being lured
ment. Successful team defense depends on DR3s to outside or weak-side space. From here you will
ability to perform the following responsibilities: be able to read the situation and provide cover for
your teammates while reducing space available
Protect Dangerous Space to AR3 players away from the ball. Recovering
to protect dangerous space provides balance in
The chief responsibility of all DR3 players is to handling the possible threat against DR2 and
protect the dangerous space, which in turn helps DR1. DR3s decision to cover dangerous space
DR2. It is your assignment to assess the situation is based on knowing the position of the ball and
while DR1 and DR2 are closing down the point of the goal, the quality of DR1 pressure on the ball,
attack and to protect the depth and width space where DR2 teammates are providing help, and
that is 30 yards (27.5 m) or more from the ball. where the opponent is positioned.
Misstep
AR3 receives through passes to the dangerous space.
Correction
Protect the dangerous space. Get in position diagonally behind DR2, along a line of balance
extending toward the far goalpost. From here, you will be able to keep the opponent and
the ball in view and to also intercept a penetrating ball. Remember that the line of balance
changes with the movement of the ball.
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Mark and Cover AR3 and for what purpose. The most dangerous runs
Runs use space, such as a run from the wings to the
middle of the field. While keeping AR3 and the
Because AR3 is farthest from the ball, she does ball in view, DR3 must remain on either AR3s
not pose an immediate threat. DR3 can support goal side or ball side while remaining aware of
DR2 and DR1 as they attempt to win the ball. the goals position. The least dangerous AR3 runs
But it remains crucial that you see and cover AR3 create space from the middle out to the wing ar-
runs while you protect the dangerous space. Ball eas. Should AR3 receive a pass, you would have
watching is a frequent mistake that DR3 players sufficient time to adjust and engage because of
make, which can prove costly in the defensive the greater distance that the ball has to travel. If
area (figure 9.1, page 177) of the field. AR3 play- AR3 plays the ball directly from AR1, attempt to
ers make runs for only two reasonsto create intercept the pass, prevent AR3 from turning and
space and to use space. DR3 players have to de- changing the point of attack, delay penetration to
termine quickly what type of run is being made the center of the field, or tackle.
Misstep
AR3 beats you to a long diagonal ball.
Correction
Read the pressure from DR1 and DR2 and concentrate on your angle as you cover the
passing lane to AR3. Get on AR3s ball side so that you are nearer to the ball than AR3 and
can therefore intercept it. Time your move to the line of the passed ball. Keep your stick and
body in a ready position.
188
Supporting the Lead Defender
AR3
AR3 DR3
Attack AR3
DR3
DR3
GK
Defense
AR2
DR2
AR2 AR2 DR2
GK DR2
DR3
AR2
AR3 DR2
DR2
DR1
AR1
AR2
DR1 DR2
1. Position yourself goal side, close to AR1 1. Protect space near DR1
2. Call out, Ball 2. Read the pressure, and position yourself
3. Establish a defensive posture with your at the proper angle and distance to DR1
E4049/Anders/fig.9.5/309429/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
lead foot 3. Mark AR2 near the ball
4. Right shoulder is aligned with the ball 4. Keep the ball and opponent in view, with
5. Maintain balance and stick control your feet facing the attack backline
6. Focus on the ball 5. Intercept any ball passed into the space
behind DR1
7. Slow down and direct AR1s dribble or
pass 6. Assume the DR1 role if the ball is passed
to the AR2 that you are marking
8. Challenge for the ball with help from
DR2 7. Drop back and evaluate when DR1 is
beaten on a dribble
9. Win the ball
8. Win the ball using communication from
10. Start a counterattack
DR2 and DR3
9. Start a counterattack
DR3
1. Protect the space diagonally behind DR2
2. Position yourself along a line of balance that extends toward the far goalpost
3. Keep the ball and opponents in view
4. Move along the line of balance in response to the balls movement and AR3s runs
5. Intercept any passes sent into the space behind DR2
6. Win the ball
7. Start a counterattack
189
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
5 yards
40 yards
3 1
30 yards
4
15 yards 2
GK
190
Supporting the Lead Defender
191
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
points for each interception and clear that result Limit the attack team to three touches or
from correct cover and balance play and 1 point fewer.
for each successful tackle and clear of the ball. The
attack team scores 1 point for each goal and for a Success Check
successful point-of-attack change through zone
Apply pressure at the point of attack.
1 inside the 25-yard line. Play for 10 minutes and
keep track of points. Cover and prevent penetration via the pass or
dribble to zone 1 inside the 25-yard line.
To Increase Difficulty
Immediately transition from DR3 to defense
Increase the amount of playing time. and attack roles.
Allow the distributor to join the attack. Balance on the side of the field opposite the
Place a 3-yard target on the 50-yard line on ball.
the right side of the field. To score, the defen- Start a counterattack.
sive team must put the ball into the target.
Score Your Success
To Decrease Difficulty
Winning team = 5 points
Reduce the amount of playing time.
Losing team = 2 points
Decrease the width of the playing area.
Your score ___
192
Supporting the Lead Defender
A combined score of 38 points or more in- moving on to step 10. If you had fewer than 30
dicates that you have sufficiently mastered the points, you have work to do before moving on
tactical responsibilities of defense roles 2 and to the next step. Review all the material again
3 as described in step 9. You are now prepared and perform all the drills at least one more time
to move on to step 10, Organizing the Teams to improve your teams defensive performance
System of Play. A score in the range of 30 to scores. The additional practice will boost your
37 is considered adequate. Review and practice confidence and performance, preparing you for
DR2 and DR3 tactical movements again before step 10.
193
10
STEP
Organizing the
Teams System
of Play
The final phase of field hockey tactics is the uni- play they are capable of playing during certain
fied organization of all 11 players on the field. playing conditions, and the opponents players
Commonly referred to as a system of play, team and style, but the choice of the system depends
organization is based on the style of play that your primarily on the unique talents and abilities of
team is capable of performing. The tactics of the a teams players.
attack and defense roles that you have learned The shape of a system reveals how a team
thus far are universal to all systems, differing only wants to attack and defend. For example, the for-
in individual and team abilities and in the tactical mation of the forward positions may resemble a
objective of the opponent. The system of play is backward or forward arrowhead. A forward arrow-
only a frame that offers your team an unlimited head may indicate a center forward who wants
variety of tactics. to provide attack depth as soon as her team wins
Several distinct systems of play have been possession. A backward arrowhead may show a
used at all levels and within various entities of center forward who has breakaway speed and
field hockey competition. Many teams play with counterattack passing skills that allow her to start
two or three forwards; others play with four for- and join attacks from behind. A diamond shape
wards. Occasionally, one forward spearheads the in the midfield creates natural angles of support
attack. On defense most teams engage a full-time to the forwards and the back positions.
cover defender, commonly called a sweeper. But The system of play defines each players posi-
some teams play without a true sweeper in a tional responsibility within the team. For example,
three- or four-back alignment. Some teams play a four players may be aligned as backs but have
man-to-man defense; others play a zone defense, significantly separate expectations. One might
while others play a combination of both, referred be strictly a defensive back whose sole task is to
to as a match-up zone. None of these systems mark the opponents dangerous and speedy wing
are better than the others, and all are effective forward, whereas another might be an attacking
if played correctly, i.e., with an understanding back who creates scoring chances for teammates.
of attack and defense roles and of incorporating For good teamwork, each player must understand
position responsibilities based on player abili- his positional responsibility. An expectation that
ties. Teams use different systems partly because is a constant in all systems of play is the ability to
of their field hockey philosophy, the style of transition into all attack and defense roles.
194
Organizing the Teams System of Play
A system of play is a plan that gives your team understand your teams style of play and your
an advantage. Advantages allow your team to ex- positional responsibilities. Remember, all that
ploit an opposing teams weaknesses, capitalize the team formation or system of play can do is
on your own strength, counter the opponents give a general direction for your team based on
strength, or cover a weakness in your team. your teams ability to execute various attack and
Before adopting a system of play, you should defense roles.
Style of Play
Two teams competing against each other may use To have success, your level of physical ability
essentially identical systems of play. Yet there may must meet the demands of the game. Physical
be major differences in the styles they use. Tactics gifts that you and your teammates possess will
performed from team to team and in different influence your teams style of play. Players who
stages of the game can be translated through dif- are fast, skilled, and fit will obviously use a style
ferent manners or styles. Teams develop different that is different from what players who are slow
styles of play based on the mental and physical but skilled will use. Since inadequate physical
abilities of the players, the tradition of the team, preparation is a limiting factor in acquiring hockey
the coachs philosophy, and the environments in skills, it also will be a factor in how your team is
which some games are played. For example, the organized.
Canadians have played a hit-and-rush style; the Tradition. The duplication of certain hockey
Germans have played a structured and methodi- skills from player to player or from last years
cal man-to-man style; the British have played a team to this years team often leads to the hand-
highly aggressive style with one-on-one toughness ing down of a tradition of play. Because tradition
and speed; the Americans work hard for physical helps expose specific traits and because it pro-
dominance; the Australians and Koreans have vides constant inspiration and wisdom, you and
played a fast, wide-open attacking style using your teammates can work toward common goals.
direct passes across wide spaces; and the Dutch Teams that exhibit strong traditions demonstrate
have played an aggressive but controlled game a strong interest and commitment to field hockey,
full of varied tempo, rhythm changes, and cleverly a desire to succeed, and a willingness to put in
designed tactics. Many South American teams, great amounts of time and effort to win. Tradi-
notably those from Argentina, are characterized tion is built on the expectation of success. Often
by their ability to counterattack, short passes, expectation of success determines the effort that
and dazzling stick handling. As with India and you and your team give to preparing your mental
Pakistan, their style is rich in techniques and full and physical skills. If you expect to be skillful and
of magical ball-handling abilities. Common factors dangerous on attack, then you most likely will be.
that influence style of play are listed here. If you expect not to recover when your teammate
Mental and physical abilities. Your mental and loses possession of the ball, then you most likely
physical abilities will shape your style of hockey, wont. Your teams tradition of play is another
and they are vital to the teams style and system of factor that influences the style and subsequently
play. The importance of a teams attitude toward the system of play.
the game and its surroundings is well represented Coachs philosophy. Two teams can be ar-
by the fact that a team can use the same players ranged in the same way in the back positions,
and the same system during home and away midfield positions, and forward positions and
games, yet achieve vastly different results. Mental yet play different game styles. A reason for this
abilities consist of courage, will power, confidence, difference, apart from the players abilities, can
perseverance, and disciplineessentially those be the instruction given by the coach. Based on a
emotions that drive or motivate performance. philosophy, the coachs instructions to her players
Strong and determined mental tools are neces- are designed to get a reaction or a performance.
sary for acquiring and using competitive hockey Instructions that produce desired responses are
skills. based on how the coach gives instructions, not so
195
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
much on what he or she says. To use philosophy competition. On a cold, hard, icy surface, small
with athletes is to reveal your beliefs and how players can keep their footing better than taller
you stand for these beliefs. The philosophy of a players because they have a lower center of grav-
coach provides guidance and direction and helps ity; players who are not physically fit can struggle
to interpret the events that surround the team; it on a humid afternoon; and on muddy grass fields,
also helps to formulate training rules, discipline strength is required. On watered artificial surfac-
and conduct, a competitive outlook, and team es, technical skill and speed are essential. While
goals and objectives. The style that you and your good coaches prepare to use specific tactics to
teammates play will reflect the coachs philosophy counter the strengths and weaknesses of the op-
and system of play. position, knowing the type of competition is also
Environment. All team formations should an important factor. A tie may be good enough in
be flexible so that teams can adjust to weather a scrimmage but not in a tournament semifinal
and field conditions, opponents, and the type of in which only the winner advances.
196
Organizing the Teams System of Play
and forwards during a counterattack. The right The outside midfielders must have quickness
back must have composure and be skilled at in- and speed, along with endurance, because they
tercepting and passing, particularly at making the cover and control the most space (the space
through pass that runs parallel to the right sideline between the 25-yard lines). They must have
and at making the long centering pass from the excellent vision and they must be very skilled
right side of the field to the left. at controlling the ball when building the attack
The center backs main responsibilities are to play. In addition to being good combination-style
tightly mark the opposing center forward and to passers with the ability to think quickly and to
demonstrate good tackling skills. To stay close to locate the best pass to give, outside midfielders
a particular opponent throughout a 70-minute must have an instinct to score. They usually set
match, a center back must be very fit. Center up successful attacks by threading intelligent
backs need to be physically strong and mentally passes through the opponents defense. Equally
tough in order to concentrate on marking tightly. important is their ability to fulfill the responsi-
Other skills needed to effectively play center back bilities of all three defense roles, particularly of
include the abilities to pass and to intercept the marking.
opponents passes, to assist in free hits out of the The center midfielder marks the opposing cen-
defensive area, and to take or assist free hits in ter midfielder in the attack and midfield region of
the midfield and attack areas. the field, assists in marking the inside forwards
The left back provides balance and cover when in the defensive region, provides an AR2 link be-
the ball is on the opposite side of the field, takes tween backs and forwards, assists the center back
most left-sideline hits, assists or takes deep defen- in controlling the midfield, supports forwards
sive hits, and communicates attack and defense and provides depth to the attack in order to allow
roles with the left midfielder, center back, left the point of attack to change quickly or to allow
wing, and sweeper. It is important that the left dangerous penetration, and provides a passing
back have good foot speed because her main as- option out of the defense. The center midfielder
signment is to mark the opposing right outside is a total field hockey player who possesses cre-
forward, who is usually a fast sprinter. The left ative and imaginative attack play and determined
back must be able to mark tightly and to tackle defense skills that keep the opponents attacks
the ball with strength in order to prevent right- to one side of the field. This player needs to see
side attacks. When the left back wins the ball, she all options and must be able to choose the best
must be able to pass the ball and especially to hit option while under pressure, and she must do so
passes accurately from the left side of the field to with composure. These players must be tactically
the center and right side of the field. sound with great leadership abilities and have the
same abilities as the outside midfielders. A good
Midfielders center midfielder has an exceptional ability to
receive and control passes that come at her from
Midfielders provide a link between backs and all sides and to pass accurately to teammates in
forwards; mark opposing midfielders in attack, AR2 and AR3 roles. It is the busiest position in
midfield, and defensive regions of the field; get terms of processing visual information.
in position to control space in the midfield in or-
der to limit the opponents passing options; help
teammates with marking assignments; take mid-
Forwards
field free hits and assist on free hits outside of the Forwards create and finish goal-scoring opportu-
defensive zone; tackle, mark, and cover; attack nities, combine with nearby teammates to build
and finish the attack; communicate attack and attacks, create depth and width for ball penetra-
defense roles with nearby teammates; and assist tion and for stretching the opponents defense,
in set pieces of the attack and in defense penalty use space created by others, get in front of mid-
corners. To effectively play any midfield position, fielders, play defense roles in all three regions of
players must be able to execute transitional play the field, and assist in set pieces of attack and
in all the attack and defense roles. defense penalty corners.
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
The center forward needs physical and mental The left and right outside forwards, the wing
strengthand she must be a risk takerto play forwards, must use speed and quickness with the
in a tight or crowded space so that she can get one-on-one dribble in order to spot and play the
to the ball first. It is vital that the center forward space behind the opponent. Also, wing forwards
be able to score goals with a quick release and need to be able to hit hard, accurate centering
be able to anticipate centering passes. Swiftness, passes and to be a threat to score goals. In ad-
good close-ball control, and one-on-one skills with dition to executing all attack roles, they must
and without the ball are requirements that enable execute all three defense roles while covering
center forwards to move into space near the goal. and marking the opponents corresponding side
On defense, the center forward should cover the backs.
attack moves of the opponents center back.
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Organizing the Teams System of Play
certain recurrent patterns. For example, one team no opponent between the ball and the goal. Speed
may play possession hockey, controlling the ball of execution is the key to fast break success against
for long periods, while the opponent occasionally retreating defenses or pressure defenses.
initiates quick counterattacks, or fast breaks. De- Possession attack uses frequent square and
spite the possession teams apparent dominance, back passes to build up the team attack. To play
the score may be close or the fastbreaking team this style within a system, your team must have
may win. Fast breaks into the dangerous space excellent support help, movement, communica-
behind the opponent usually start from a turnover tion, and one- and two-touch passing skills. An
at midfield or from a poorly placed clear to the effective means of attack, the possession style can
center of the field by the goalkeeper. The space be used to protect a scoring lead or to draw out
behind the defense is used by making through a team that retreats and sets up its defense near
passes into it or by fast dribbling into it if there is the defensive 25-yard (23-meter) area.
RW
RB
RM
CM
CF CB GK
S
LM
LB
LW
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
needed by the forwards in the 3-3-3-1 system. The penetrates the circle, to join the attack when
three forwards are organized with two outside coverage is assumed by a teammate, and to be a
players, or wings, and the inside center forward. willing participant in all special situations makes
The forwards are free to run anywhere to create the sweeper highly important in the 3-3-3-1 sys-
width and depth in order to produce disorder in tem. The 3-3-3-1 system, or any system using a
defenses that play zone, man-to-man, or match- sweeper, such as a 4-2-3-1 or 5-3-2, requires an
up zone. agile, explosive goalkeeper who can support the
In a three-player forward line, the diagonal run sweeper and read the play. It is essential that the
is the most effective attack run. Many one-on-one goalkeeper be an excellent defender against the
breakaways can occur when an opponent fails to penalty corner.
effectively interchange defense roles, resulting in
drawing penalty corners and goals. On defense,
3-3-4 System
the three forwards look to mark or cover the pass-
ing lanes to the opposing backs and sweeper and In the 3-3-4 system (figure 10.2), players are
to back tackle for double-teaming defense. spread out over the field to provide balance
The three midfielders must be very fit and between attack and defense. This system is usu-
must be able to execute tactical and technical ally suited for teams with young, inexperienced
skills. Close man-to-man marking is generally tactical players or for a team that does not have
employed by the two outside midfielders, mak- a bona fide sweeper. The forwards, midfielders,
ing it extremely difficult for the oppositions cor- and backs are in place to play the ball to the out-
responding forwards and midfielders to receive side of the field. Although this system of balance
the ball and to break away into open space. The may initially lose some of its flexibility in order to
side midfielders support the forwards on attack vary game tactics, it can become a more adapt-
and provide a line of defense in front of the backs. able formation as the team improves its tactical
The center midfielder has the freedom to move understanding and technical skill.
laterally or even to overlap on attack, which can The three forwards occupy the front of the at-
create more space for an attack. The defensive tack and have responsibilities similar to those of
marking scheme is generally a zone or a match-up 3-3-3-1 forwards. Speed is an asset for the wing
zone. It is crucial for all midfielders to transition forwards, and finishing skills are a must for the
well both when attacking and defending. inside center forward.
The backs usually mark opponents closely in The center midfielder is an important player
the midfield and defensive regions of the field in in the 3-3-4 system and must be a total player.
order to prevent the oppositions forwards from He must be able to read the game so that creative
receiving the ball and penetrating to goal. The play making is swift and effective. Good passing
center back is more effective in a man-to-man and dribbling skills are required, along with an
marking of the oppositions most dangerous ability to penetrate and finish. On defense, the
inside forward but can also be effective using center midfielder must be a strong ball tackler
a match-up zone in the attack half of the field. because the outside midfielders cover and posi-
Backs must be very disciplined and have strong tion off the center midfielders movement.
tackling skills. The four backs align themselves to mark the
The sweeper is a fast evaluator of the play opposing teams forwards and the most danger-
and often receives the ball with space and time ous attack-oriented midfielder. The inside backs
to set up attack play. Because the sweeper is not have responsibilities similar to those of the
assigned to mark a specific opponent, a good sweeper and center back in the 3-3-3-1 system,
sweeper can make the 3-3-3-1 system very ef- working together so that one marks the center
fective if she can provide leadership and cover forward and the other provides cover. The outside
for the other three backs. The sweeper is a vital backs usually match up against the opponents
position for any system that employs a designated outside forwards or side midfielders and they
cover player. The ability to field loose balls, to provide cover and balance. The 3-3-4 system re-
make a final one-on-one tackle before an attacker quires that the backs and midfielders contribute
200
Organizing the Teams System of Play
RW
RB
RM
CM RIB
CF GK
LIB
LM
LB
LW
to their teams attack by using overlapping runs the system. It is common to see teams switch for-
from behind. mation during the gamefor example, by having
Alignments such as 2-4-4 (figure 10.3) or 2-5-3 one of their backs play in front of the other backs
(figure 10.4) are created from the 3-3-4 in order instead of behind the backs that are in man-to-
to provide a greater emphasis on player mobility man or match-up zone defenses. Or the four backs
and on the interchanging of positions. The trend play 6/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
E4049/Anders/fig.10.2/30948 zone defense flat across the field and move
in field hockey is to load the midfield area in order into a match-up zone below the 30-yard area.
to cover space and press better. Backs start attack The use of four or five midfielders in the mid-
play and join attack play with the midfielders in field also provides greater tactical assignments.
order to use attack space better. At the highest On defense, double teaming with DR1 and press-
level of competition, alignments favor four backs ing coverage are possible in both zone and man-
because of the tactical flexibility available within to-man defenses. Often the outside midfielders
RM
RB
RW
RCM
RIB
GK
LCM LIB
LW
LM LB
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Field Hockey: Steps to Success
RM
RW RB
RCM
CM CB GK
LCM
LW LB
LM
become forwards in the attack third of the field. No matter what formation your team uses, the
The inside midfielders can change the shape of roles of attack and defense, discussed in steps 7,
their positioning from flat to triangle or diamond, 8, and 9, are critical to understanding and execut-
giving emphasis to attack or defense counters. ing hockey.
E4049/Anders/fig.10.4/309488/bobr-draw/r2-alw
202
Organizing the Teams System of Play
GK
Figure 10.5 Areas of the shooting circle that are difficult to defend.
and master a style of defense as well as have an to move into the balls line before the ball is shot
organized penalty corner defense system that at goal. Concentrate and stand in a balanced,
can be practiced. ready position at the time of the shot. Your eyes
Three styles of goalkeeping are used in defense are focused on the ball so that you can quickly
of the penalty corner: the upright style, the lying respond to the speed and direction of the shot.
E4049/Anders/fig.10.5/309489/bobr-pulled-redraw/r2-alw
position, and the running slide. A teams decision to use one or two post play-
ers will depend on the goalkeepers abilities. If two
Upright Style post players can defend the shot near the goalpost,
The upright style is the most effective position. then the goalkeeper can defend the shot between
It reinforces goalkeeping techniques previously the post players. If only one post player is used
learned and should be practiced before other (figure 10.6), then the goalkeeper is responsible
styles. Goalkeeping while standing in ready posi- for the rest, or three-fourths, of the goal.
tion requires the ultimate in skill and reaction, and The remaining defenders include a flyer, who
this style is used as basic training on all playing is the first runner off the goal line. The flyer lines
surfaces and with players of varying abilities. up to the goalkeepers left side when the shot is
To execute the upright position, quickly ad- taken from the right side of the circle. The flyers
vance 3 to 5 yards (about 3 to 5 meters) from assignment is to pressure the initial shot. The
the goal line. The distance will vary for each right cover player takes a position outside the
goalkeeper because of her size and reaction time. left post and runs from the goal line, even with
Coordinate your reaction time with your position the goalpost, to cover the flyer. The right covers
away from the goal line. Use breakdown footwork assignment is to cover the flyers right side and
LC RC
GK
Figure 10.6 Defending the goal during a penalty corner, with one post player and the goalkeeper in upright position.
203
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
to pick up any rebounds or lay-off passes to the to clear balls that bounce off the goalkeepers
right. When one post player is used, a left cover pads or hand. She must also cover the space in
player covers the flyers left side and breaks up front and to the left of the goal in the shooting
play behind the flyer. circle. The right post player comes out and cov-
ers the area to the goalkeepers right side. She
Lying Position clears saved shots away to her extreme right and
The lying position is sometimes referred to as defends attackers who run into the penalty-spot
logging and can be a dangerous style if the area. A fifth defender, a runner, covers the flyers
goalkeeper is not fully protected. The lying style left or right side.
is effective if the goalkeeper has poor reaction
time and skill when defending the initial shot Running Slide
from an upright position. The objective is to block The running slide (figure 10.8) is used occasionally
horizontal space along the ground because the at the most advanced levels of play as a variation
initial shot, if struck with a backswing, can score of the lying position. It is meant to surprise the
only if the ball is hit 18 inches (45.72 cm) or lower attackers. It is the least used method of goal-
over the goal line. keeping because it leaves the right and left sides
To execute the lying position, move 2 or 3 vulnerable to passes.
yards (about 2 or 3 meters) from the goal line. To execute the running slide, run as fast as pos-
Rest your body weight on the right foot and on the sible from the goal line toward the ball and then
inside of the left foot. Lean to your right. Drop to slide down and smother the ball as it is hit. Use
the ground on your right side as the ball is struck the double-leg slide (stack) to create a large barrier
in order to create a wide barrier with your body. with your body between the goal line and the ball.
Bend at the waist, and support your weight on It is crucial to keep your eyes focused on the ball
your right hand and stick or on your stick and in order to time your slide correctly, because the
elbow, and raise your left glove hand. Keep your slide tackle requires perfect timing.
head in line with the ball. Shots to your right are Defensive assignments for the remaining
saved using both the glove and stick together. defenders are similar in principle to the lying
Shots to your legs are saved with the feet, but your goalkeepers assignment. Because the goalkeeper
glove and head move to the ball. In the lying posi- becomes the flyer, a right cover player defends
tion, you will have more difficulty stopping shots space to the goalkeepers right side and a left cover
above your waist, legs, and extended stick. player positions herself to cover the goalkeepers
Except for the flyer, the penalty corner as- left side. Usually two post players remain near the
signments of the other defenders change when goal line to protect the space in front of the goal.
the goalkeeper uses the lying position (figure When a goalkeeper masters an effective style
10.7). The left post player comes out level with for defending the penalty corner, your team will
or slightly behind the goalkeepers feet in order enjoy challenge of protecting your goal.
LC
RC
P
Figure 10.7 Defending the goal during a penalty corner, goalkeeper in lying position.
204
Organizing the Teams System of Play
GK
LC RC
P P
Figure 10.8 Defending the goal during a penalty corner, goalkeeper using the running slide.
205
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
field in order to shoot at your goal. You and your Success Check
teammates work together, using all three defense
Apply pressure at the point of the attack.
roles, to prevent shots, gain possession of the ball,
or both. Award your team 1 point each time you win Pressure, mark, and cover, and balance on
ball possession. The attacking team earns 1 point defense.
for each shot on your goal. After a shot on goal, Protect the center of the field.
or when your team tackles the ball or intercepts a Cover and prevent penetration via the pass or
pass, immediately return the ball to the opposing dribble to zone 1 (figure 6.3, page 120) inside
sweeper or back for a 16-yard defensive hit. Repeat the 25-yard line.
20 times at game speed.
Immediately transition into appropriate de-
To Increase Difficulty fense roles.
Increase the number of repetitions. Organize cover and balance on the side of the
field opposite the ball.
Require the defending team to play with only
eight field players. Start a counterattack.
206
Organizing the Teams System of Play
yards (55 m) wide; therefore, the field is 12 squares Next, roll the dice to determine the number of
wide. The length of the hockey field (100 yards long, spaces AR2 or AR3 can move. The outcome of this
or 91.5 m) is represented by 20 squares. roll is determined by the following chart:
Two or more players can play. Divide the players
2 to 4 = may move six squares or less
into two teams and place 11 game pieces on the
field as you would to start a real game. If you use a 5 to 7 = may move four squares or less
paper game field, write each players position in a 8 to 10 = may move three squares or less
square on the paper. For example, LB, CB, and RB 11 or 12 = may move five squares or less
stand for left back, center back, and right back in
a three-back system. On a cloth field, use magnets After the attack team makes a move, the de-
to mark player positions. fense rolls and moves its players according to the
The basic game rules are as follows: following chart:
1. Only one player or piece may occupy a 2 to 4 = may move six squares or less
square. 5 to 7 = may move four squares or less
2. You may not move the ball or players 8 to 10 = may move three squares or less
through a square space that is occupied by 11 or 12 = may move five squares or less
an opponent.
On a turnover (initial roll of 3, 5, or 7), the de-
3. You may move players diagonally, square, fending team rolls the dice to determine how many
forward, and back. defenders may recover:
4. A player from each team rolls the dice to
2 or 3 = one recovers
determine which team will start the game
with the ball. The team who rolls the higher 4 to 6 = two recover
number begins the game with a roll of the 7 to 9 = three recover
dice. 10 to 12 = four recover
5. The team with the ball continues rolling un-
The defense keeps throwing the dice until all
til they lose the ball or until a score occurs.
defenders recover.
If a score occurs, the team that is scored on
If the ball enters the circle, the goalkeeper rolls
restarts the game at the 50-yard line.
one die:
AR1 rolls the dice. The outcome of AR1s turn
1, 3, or 6 = score
is determined by the following chart:
4 = goalkeeper saves; roll the dice again
2 = Ball over your attacking backline; 16-yard
2 or 5 = 16-yard hit by defending team
hit for the defense
3 = Defense intercepts; executes two passes Play for 15 minutes. The team with the most
goals wins.
4 = AR1 sets up a give-and-go plus one pass
5 = Lose ball; opponent wins possession at this To Increase Difficulty
spot on the field Increase the length of the game.
6 = AR1 dribbles laterally one square and for- After each roll of the dice, a decision must be
ward two squares made in three seconds or less.
7 = Opponent intercepts and makes one pass
To Decrease Difficulty
8 = AR1 dribbles two squares and passes
Reduce the length of the game.
9 = AR1 passes plus one more pass
Permit five seconds for a decision to be
10 = AR1 passes
made.
11 = AR1 passes and dribbles two squares
12 = AR1 beats DR1 with a pass and then an-
other pass
207
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
Your total score will depend on how many how your team wants to play tactically and then
formations your team rehearses in the drills. The rehearse the formation until the movements
team should average at least 3 points per drill and become natural. Develop into a team that thinks
per formation of play. Scoring less than 3 points and executes together.
indicates that more practice is needed. Decide
208
11
STEP
Functional Training
The demands of fitness vary from sport to sport. tion of each joint without restriction) enable play-
Preparing the body to meet the demands of ers, including goalkeepers, to maintain balance,
field hockey should be a shared responsibility which is crucial for executing technical skills. A
between the athlete and the coach. Exercise, prerequisite for proper hockey technique is cor-
nutrition (including water), and rest must be rect and constant foot-to-ball distance combined
monitored and maintained in order to achieve with coordinated stick handling, good hand-eye
a fitness level that is sufficient for successful coordination, and agile foot movement. No mat-
performance. This step focuses on a dynamic ter what the players position on the field, a field
field hockey warm-up and fitness program that hockey player must squat with a low center of
is designed to prepare and train the player for gravity and then move and control that low center
the physical demands of hockey. of gravity, as with lunging and power footwork.
A field player may be required to run more To effectively perform hockey movements, the
than 5 miles in a typical 70-minute game. Hockey player must maintain balance (the ability to as-
running includes changing direction sharply, sume or maintain any body position with control
sprinting, jogging, walking, running backward as and stability), making interrelated groups of
well as forward, and power-step footwork that is muscles and joints work in unison. Each player
similar to the shuffle and acceleration patterns must learn to control his or her own body weight
used in tennis at various distances and speeds. and center of gravity in the various activities that
These movements require endurance and ex- field hockey requires.
plosiveness and, therefore, both the aerobic and Good physical conditioning for hockey empha-
anaerobic energy systems need to be stressed sizes core-strength of the key joints and stabiliz-
during practices. Field hockey players who use ing muscles in the hips, legs, and knees; torso
functional training for their warm-ups and fitness (abdominals and lower back); and scapula of the
training will increase strength, speed, power, and posterior shoulder. The aim is to use exercises
endurance. that train the muscles in the same way that they
Sport-specific activities for field hockey involve are used in the sport of field hockey. Ultimately,
coordinated, multijoint movements and torso training for speed and power, and improving the
training that are designed to improve speed, endurance of both, will lead to improved field
strength, and power. Agility, which is the ability to hockey performance.
change the position of the body or any of its parts Field hockey is a speed and power sport in
rapidly while remaining in control, is critical for which the best players are the ones who can
successful field hockey performance. Controlling move the most proficiently and explosively for
the speed of power movements (the product of more than 70 minutes. To play at your potential
force and velocity) and being flexible (the ability is the mark of a successful field hockey player
to move normally through the full range of mo- and, eventually, a successful hockey team. Play-
209
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
ers who develop quick and strong execution of balance is the most fundamental trait of the best
fundamental hockey skills exemplify the splendor hockey players who have developed speed, coor-
of team play. dination, and power. Balance is achieved through
Although field hockey is a team game, indi- a purposeful warm-up and through functional
vidual execution of the fundamental hockey skills fitness training that builds strength in the core
is critical to a teams success. Regardless of a stabilizing muscles and that develops speed,
players skill level, balance is the foundation for power, and endurance through anaerobic and
the performance of hockey techniques. Superior aerobic exercises.
Dynamic Warm-up
Effective field hockey performance requires play- flow to muscles, before performing dynamic
ers to warm up in preparation for the physical stretching exercises.
demands of field hockey. Before every practice or The two components of the dynamic warm-up
game, perform a series of sport-specific warm-up are the five-minute, sport-specific warm-up and
activities. Exercise that is designed to warm up the the ballistic and functional-flexibility exercises.
body by using movements that will be used during The five-minute, sport-specific warm-up of
the game is referred to as a dynamic warm-up. hockey techniques includes cadence-style running
Dynamic warm-up exercises are designed and basic movements. Ballistic and functional-
to stimulate the nervous system by increasing flexibility exercises progress from a slow to a fast
heart rate and blood flow, which in turn elevates tempo. Generally this component lasts 10 to 15
muscle temperature and helps prevent muscle minutes.
and joint injuries during the practice or game. Remember, your goal is to warm up your mus-
A warm muscle contracts more forcefully and cles using the same movements that you will use
relaxes more quickly. Warm-up exercises also during the practice or game. This step provides
improve muscular contraction, response time, a few dynamic warm-up routines that you can
and flexibility. use or modify to build and maintain the physical
The joints active range of motion (ROM) dur- demands of field hockey movements.
ing movement is known as functional flexibility.
Training functional flexibility benefits the field Five-Minute
hockey player because body control is reinforced
throughout the ROM. Stabilizing and balancing
Sport-Specific Warm-up
the body while moving at the required speed is Choose one or more hockey skills, such as drib-
crucial for executing technical hockey skills. With bling with a ball or passing and receiving with
any functional movement, the body will only al- a teammate while jogging, to increase blood
low ROM that it can control. In contrast, static flow to the muscles and to raise the overall body
flexibility is the passive ROM of a joint without temperature. Here are some examples of passing
movement. Experts have learned that static and receiving warm-up routines. Use one of these
stretching that is performed before a game can five-minute sport-specific routines as the first
reduce a players explosive power, which field component of the dynamic warm-up or create
hockey demands. In other words, static stretching one of your own.
may inhibit explosive performance, and therefore Routine 1. Partners start 7 yards (6.4 m) apart
it is most effective after a game, during the cool- and push and receive the ball. Emphasize proper
down or after the workout. push passing and receiving techniques. Compete
The length of the dynamic warm-up varies for with other pairs of teammates to see which pair
each individual, but 15 to 20 minutes is generally can complete 15 (or any chosen number) push
enough time to elevate muscle temperature. A and receiving passes first. The pair who stops the
good indication that the muscle temperature is 15th pass on their stick first wins the contest.
elevated is sweat. It is important to elevate your Pairs of players then compete with pushing, re-
heart rate from the resting rate, increasing blood verse pushing, and quick hits at distances of 15
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Functional Training
yards (13.8 m). Next, at a distance of 25 yards rebound off the stick by focusing on receiving
(23 m), pairs of hockey players hit and receive the ball with your head and shoulders over the
passes. ball. Keep your stick in a vertical position out in
Routine 2. Divide team into shuttle groups of front of your right foot, and maintain relaxed, soft
five players per group. Two players stand in a line hands. With your eyes focused on the ball, follow
25 yards away, facing the remaining three players the balls path in order to keep the ball close to
in the other line. Each group has one hockey ball. your stick.
For five minutes, players execute skills, with the
specific technique changing every 30 seconds. Ballistic Exercises and
For example:
Functional Flexibility
1. Player 1 starts with the ball. She pushes
Ballistic activity and functional-flexibility exer-
the ball 2 to 5 yards (1.8 to 4.5 m) out
cises that progress from a slow speed to a fast
and accelerates to regain the ball on her
speed make up the second part of the dynamic
stick, then push passes to player 2 in the
warm-up. Ballistic exercises consist of dynamic,
opposite line. Player 1 runs to the rear of
quick movements of the lower body. The following
player 2s line as player 2 receives the ball
are two examples of ballistic exercises:
and repeats. As they wait their turn, play-
ers 3, 4, and 5 stay in constant motion by 1. Straight leg swings across the front of your
jogging, skipping, or hopping in place. body, 10 repetitions with each leg. Face a
2. For the next 30 seconds, players move from wall, fence, or goal cage and place your
accelerated push passes to small lifts of the hands on the object to help you balance.
ball off the ground while running forward, Swing your leg in front and across your
followed by a push pass to the teammate body while balancing on the opposite leg.
waiting in the opposite line. 2. Leg swings forward and back, 10 repeti-
3. For the third 30 seconds, players sharply tions with each leg. Turn one side of your
change direction with the ball, moving to body toward a wall or fence. Place the hand
the left and to the right, followed by a push of the arm nearer the wall on the wall for
pass to a teammate who is waiting in the balance. Maintain balance and control of
opposite line. your torso without bending at the waist or
moving your head. Swing the leg nearer the
4. For the next 30 seconds, players sharply
wall forward and back while balancing on
change direction with the ball, moving to
your support leg.
the right and to the left, followed by a push
pass to a teammate who is waiting in the Ballistic exercises improve explosive move-
opposite line. ments and the speed of hockey skills. Because
5. For the next 30 seconds, players push the field hockey demands intense explosive and re-
ball out and away from the body while active movements for passing and receiving, ball
turning the lead shoulder and hitting the control and dribbling, and tackling, it is important
ball to the shuttle teammate. to do ballistic exercises.
Here is a sample routine of functional-flex-
6. For the next 30 seconds, players execute
ibility exercises that can be used to complete the
fakes and hits.
dynamic warm-up.
7. For the next 30 seconds, players run right Perform slow-tempo functional-flexibility ex-
and then left with the ball on the stick and ercises while standing or while walking forward
then make a hit pass. and back over a distance of 10 yards (9 m). Follow
8. For the next 30 seconds, players run left this sequence:
and then right with the ball on the stick
1. Golfer pick up. Walk forward. Bend from
and then make a hit pass.
the waist and reach down with one arm to
Continue creating your own patterns. Play for pick up something or to touch the ground.
five minutes. Try to receive every ball without a Alternate the reach arm and support leg.
211
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
2. Knee up. Pull one knee to your chest and 3. March forward and backward with your
then the other. knee up and with open hip flexors. Rotate
3. Foot back. Grab the instep of your foot and the bent knee up and out.
pull the leg back under your hip. Point your 4. Power skips forward and backward. Skip
knee downward. Switch to other foot. as high and far as possible.
4. Leg cradle. Walk forward. Lift your foot 5. Backward run. Stretch heels up in rear.
off the ground. Grab the foot in front of 6. Quick carioca forward and backward.
your body and pull it up to your stomach, 7. Accent carioca forward and backward. Lift
keeping your bent knee in a hurdle-seat knees to waist height.
position.
8. High knees. Run in place for three seconds
5. Sumos, down and up. Assume a wide with high knees, and push forward into a
crouch-like stance, like a sumo wrestler, quick sprint start. Do two sprint starts while
with buttocks at knee level. Place your running forward and then return.
hands on your right ankle, then move them
to your left ankle in a right-center-left mo- 9. Power slide steps. Turn the side of your
tion. body to the finish line. Assume a defensive
position and slide laterally. Do not allow
6. Stand up. Walk forward and backward, your feet to come together.
reaching both arms toward the right ankle,
left ankle, out in front of the feet, then 10. Quick start and turn to each side. Turn your
down close in front of the feet. back to the finish line. Run in place with
high knees, then turn to your right 180
7. Inchworm. While standing, reach down and degrees and sprint. Turn left on return.
place hands on the ground in front of your
feet. Walk your hands out until you are in The warm-up is complete and your body is
an extended push-up position. Then keep now prepared for the practice or game. At the
your hands in place and walk your feet to end of each practice session or after a game, do
your hands. a warm-down. A warm-down consists of exer-
cises that allow your bodily functions and heart
8. Spiderman. Place your hands on the ground
rate to return to resting levels. Jog or walk, and
in front of your feet. Walk your opposite leg
then perform static stretching exercises for each
and arm forward like a spider.
major muscle group. Pay attention to the lower-
9. Dog in the bush. Place your hands on the back muscles when doing static stretches. Use a
ground and walk forward on your feet and stretch strap to help maintain correct form and
hands like a dog. Alternate lifting your legs range of motion. Static stretching after a game
like a dog using a bush or fire hydrant. or after a strenuous practice session will help
10. Curtsey. Bow or bob over front knee and prevent muscle soreness. Stretch each major
twist. muscle group for 30 seconds and repeat if neces-
11. Back reach over leg. Right hand reaches sary. Focus on the glutes, hamstrings, quadriceps,
back to grab left foot. Pull left leg toward groin, calves, and Achilles tendons. Here are some
lower back. Switch to right-leg reach. examples of static stretches:
Perform quick-tempo functional-flexibility ex- 1. Hurdle seats (quadriceps). Sit with a one
ercises by briskly skipping or jogging a distance leg straight forward. Bring the foot of the
of 15 to 20 yards (13.8 to 18.2 m), then back, for other leg into the middle of your body as
each exercise. Follow this sequence: far as is comfortable. Turn or twist your
shoulders to the side of the bent leg and
1. Straight-leg march (like a Russian soldier) reach your hands behind your hip. Stretch
with opposite hand to foot forward. Jog the quadriceps, keeping the outside of the
backward. hurdle leg against the ground.
2. Open-hip skip forward and backward. Pull 2. Seated hamstring (hamstrings, lower back,
knee up and outside of hip. calves). Sit on the ground and spread your
212
Functional Training
legs as far as is comfortable. With your to a position perpendicular to the turf, and
arms outstretched, reach toward your left then lower it to your right hand.
foot, toward your right foot, and then for- 6. IT band stretch (iliotibial band, glutes).
ward, keeping your head and shoulders From the butterfly position, maintain the
up. position of your right leg but place your
3. Butterfly (groin). In a seated position, bring left leg behind your body. Try placing your
both feet to the middle of your body as far chest on top of your right knee. Repeat to
as comfortable. Hold both feet with both your left knee.
hands, and pull your chest to your feet. 7. Three-point lunge (hamstrings, hip flexors,
4. Lateral groin stretch (groin, hamstrings). glutes). Kneel with your left knee on the
Squat over your right leg. You may keep turf, lower left leg behind your body. Place
the right heel flat or balance on your toes. your right leg in front of your body, with
Facing forward, extend your left leg later- your foot flat on the turf and your knee at
ally, resting your foot on your heel. Lean 90 degrees. For position 1, keep your upper
your upper body forward or to the left and body in an upright position while pushing
point your left foot upward. forward. For position 2, turn to the left and
5. Lying lower back (lower back). Lie on your lower your right elbow toward the turf, to
back, with your arms outstretched at 90 the inside of your right leg. For position 3,
degrees to the sides of your body. Raise grab your left foot with your right hand.
your left leg (which may be straight or bent) Pull it to your buttocks and lean forward.
213
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
substitute a field hockey stick for the medicine 15. Balance on your left foot. Hold the ball and
ball.) Perform 8 to 10 repetitions of each exercise, twist. Repeat on your right foot.
or do each exercise for 10 seconds. Comfortably 16. Balance on one foot. Touch the ball to the
hold the ball out away from the body between ground in front of your body and to the
your hip and chest height to begin each of the ground on both sides of your body.
following movements:
17. Balance on one foot and squat. Extend the
1. Twist from side to side while watching the ball straight out.
medicine ball.
2. Dynamic twisting. Hip Flexors and Claws
3. Balance on your right foot and twist from Routine
side to side. Repeat while balancing on your The hip-flexor exercises in this section will de-
left foot. velop and stretch the torso muscles that help
4. Bring the ball down toward your left ankle with stabilization, lateral flexion, and rotation as
and then up over your right shoulder. you perform hockey skills. The routine takes six
Reverse, bringing the ball down toward minutes.
your right ankle and then up over your left
1. While standing, walking, or jogging, drive
shoulder.
or pull your knee to your chest and drive
5. Lower the ball to between your feet and the bent knee down to the ground. Flex
then raise it over your head. your foot in a claw-like position, lightly
6. Move the ball making a hitting motion. touching the ground before bringing the
Take the ball back to the outside of the right opposite knee up and down to repeat. Do
hip and pull with the left side of the body 25 repetitions with each leg.
(left shoulder and left hip) to bring the ball 2. Hip lift. Lie on your back with your feet and
through on a downswing. shoulders on the ground and bend your
7. Balance on your left foot and lower a hand knees to 90 degrees (up a bridge position).
to touch the ball on the ground. Repeat on Lift your hips up and down on one leg at
your right foot. a time. Do 10 hip lifts on each leg from a
bridge position.
8. In a down-and-up motion, pull the ball
behind your right thigh and then over your 3. The Cook stretch (named after physical
left shoulder. Keep your feet shoulder- therapist Gray Cook) will teach you to distin-
width apart while balancing on your power guish between hip extension and back ex-
points. Repeat to the other side, pulling the tension so that you properly use the gluteus
ball behind your left thigh and over your and hamstrings as hip extensors. Most field
right shoulder. hockey players need to improve their range
of motion in their hip joints so that they can
9. Move the ball from hip to hip.
maximize their performance during explo-
10. Repeat the hitting motion as in 6. sive hockey skills. The hip extensors are used
11. Balance on your left foot and touch the not only in many field hockey techniques,
ground with the ball. Do three repetitions. such as in hitting and tackling, but also in
Repeat on the right foot. change-of-direction running. Tight hip flex-
ors will limit hip extension and contribute
12. Perform a wood-chopping motion with the
to lower back pain when you handle the ball
ball to three levels: both sides at waist level,
with the stick. To perform the stretch, lie on
knee level, then ground level.
your back with your feet flat on the ground.
13. Move the ball in a big figure-8 motion. Place a tennis ball on your ribs and pull one
14. Touch the ball on the ground, and then knee to your chest and hold the ball in place.
bring the ball off the ground using a vertical From this position, push down through the
jump. foot that is still on the ground and extend the
214
Functional Training
hip while keeping the ball tight against the body for two sets of 10 repetitions. Use
ribs with the other leg. Do eight repetitions your central stabilizing muscles to main-
with each leg. tain balance and control of your body and
4. Without the tennis ball, do eight repetitions the weighted ball. Repeat, circling the ball
of the straight-leg Cook stretch with each counterclockwise.
leg. Keep the raised leg straight and the 3. Stand with feet shoulder-width apart and
other foot flat on the ground. grip the rope of the medicine ball, holding
it in front of your body. Keep your arms
Roped Medicine Ball relatively straight and begin moving your
Routine arms in a figure-8 motion.
4. Sit on the ground with your legs straight
Some medicine balls come with a sturdy rope
out. Grip the roped medicine ball as in the
attached. The roped medicine ball is used for
previous exercises. Swing the roped medi-
dynamic training exercises of varying degrees of
cine ball so that the ball strikes the ground
difficulty. Roped medicine ball routines are meant
on either side of your hips. Keep your
for collegiate and more experienced players. The
hands and arms away from your body.
attached rope allows the field hockey player to
train for explosive rotational movements, which 5. Sit on the ground with your legs straight out
are used to strike the ball. The roped medicine ball and securely grip the rope of the medicine
must be used properly to prevent injury. Follow ball, with your right hand below your left.
these guidelines when using a medicine ball: Strike the ball on the ground toward the
outside of the right foot. Immediately swing
Use only against hard, smooth surfaces. the ball diagonally up and behind your left
Never add air to the roped medicine ball; shoulder to hit the ball on the ground. Re-
the manufacturer determines the balls peat in the opposite direction (outside the
weight and volume. left foot and behind the right shoulder).
Young people should use medicine balls 6. Stand with your back 12 inches (30.5 cm)
only with adult supervision. in front of a solid wall. Hold the ball with a
secure rope grip. Maintain a slight bend in
Progress through the routine of core exercises
your knees and keep your hips against the
at your own pace. Stand with your feet shoulder-
wall. Use your shoulder-width stance and
width apart, and hold the rope of the medicine
a steady head to maintain balance on the
ball in both hands, right hand below the left. Do
power points of your feet. Start by force-
two sets of 10 repetitions for each exercise.
fully extending your arms to the left and
1. Circle the ball above your head like a helicop- then to the right as if you were swinging
ter blade. Use the central stabilizing muscles a baseball bat. Keep the rope under ten-
of the shoulders, abdominals, and lower sion and accelerate the roped medicine
back and the surface back muscles, com- ball away from your body and toward the
monly called the lats (latissimus dorsi), a wall. Target your core stabilizing muscles
large muscle of the back that draws the arm by keeping your shoulders and hips close
down and back and that rotates the arm. to the wall at all times. When the ball re-
Be sure to keep your feet on the ground to bounds, swing your arms and rotate at the
generate rotational force with the body and hips in the opposite direction in order to
not with the hands. Complete the helicopter accelerate the ball across the front of your
exercise by rotating the roped medicine ball body so that it strikes the wall on the op-
clockwise and then counterclockwise. posite side.
2. Grip the rope portion of the roped medicine 7. Set up as in the previous exercise. While
ball, hands out in front and away from your twisting through your bodys midsection,
body. Maintain a shoulder-width stance and bring the ball down toward the opposite
circle the ball clockwise in front of your leg. Reach down until the ball touches the
215
Field Hockey: Steps to Success
ground on the outside of your foot. Reverse body. Keep your head steady and your torso
the diagonal movement and bring the ball upright. Repeat on the backhand side, with
back to the starting position. Switch the your right side facing the target.
roped medicine ball to the other side of
your body and repeat. Plyometric Routine
8. This exercise is similar to the previous ex- Whether you are dribbling the hockey ball, chang-
ercise except that you stand in a low squat ing direction or speed while dribbling, passing
with your buttocks a few inches above the the ball while moving, or challenging for the ball
bend in your knees. From this squatting by tackling, you will need a great deal of body
position, maintain balance on your power coordination. All field hockey skills require good
points and keep a shoulder-width stance hand-eye and foot coordination and balance for
during the exercise. The roped medicine correct technical performance.
ball should hit the wall at knee height or Jump rope activities improve agility, and plyo-
lower. metric exercisesexercises that enable a muscle
9. Set up in the same position as in the previ- to reach maximum strength in as short a time
ous exercise, but move the roped medicine as possiblecan increase much-needed power.
ball diagonally from outside the foot on the Plyometric training consists of jumps, hops,
wall to over the opposite shoulder on the leaps, bounds, and skips performed with great
wall. Maintain a steady head and balance. speed and intensity over a planned progression.
Repeat to the other side of your body. Be sure to protect your legs by jumping on a soft
surface.
10. Stand 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) in front
Jump rope activities will improve agility and
of a solid wall. Keep your torso erect and
aerobic capacity. The proper technical use of a
knees slightly bent, standing in a balanced
jump rope will allow you to train efficiently while
shoulder-width stance on the power points
developing coordination and balance. A variety of
of your feet. Secure your hold on the roped
skips, jumps, hops, and runs should be performed
medicine ball by inserting your left wrist
on the power points of the feet. Grip the jump
through the rope handle and then grasping
rope handles as you would when you shake hands
the rope with the left hand. Use the right
with someone. Keep your hands slightly forward
hand to grasp the rope below the left hand
at hip level and turn the rope with your wrists.
using a hockey stick grip. Swing the roped
Depending on your level of conditioning, you can
medicine ball so that the ball strikes the
increase or decrease your pace for the following
wall directly over your head. As the ball
rope-jumping exercises:
rebounds, forcefully swing your arms down
so that the ball goes between your feet. 1. Two-foot hop: Jump over the rope with both
For safety purposes, keep the rope under feet for a total of 50 hops.
tension during the exercise. 2. Right-foot hop: Jump over the rope with the
11. Grip the roped medicine ball with your right foot only for 25 hops.
left hand at the end of the rope and your 3. Left-foot hop: Jump over the rope with the
right hand below the left, touching your left foot only for 25 hops.
left hand. Balance with your feet shoulder- 4. Jog step: Jog for 50 rope turns under the
width apart and your knees bent. Turn the feet.
left side of your body to your target as you
5. Skiers hop: Jump side to side using two-
start the hitting motion. Keep your left arm
foot bunny hops for 50 hops.
straight as you make your backswing in the
direction of the right hip. Generate force 6. One-leg skiers: Jump side to side using a
with the left hip and shoulder as you start one-foot hop for 25 hops on each foot.
the downswing, bringing your arms down 7. Boxers: Jump with both feet, crossing your
and through in the direction of the left hip. feet front and back, for 50 jumps. For ex-
Keep your arms and hands away from your ample, land with your left foot in front of
216
Functional Training
the right, and then reverse it on the next Jump diagonally forward across the line
jump and landing. and immediately back to your starting spot.
8. Double jumps (pepper): Pull your knees up Repeat the pattern 10 times. Switch to the
high in front, keeping your feet under your other side of the line and jump 10 times
hips on each jump. Whip the rope around diagonally forward and back.
twice (rapid fire) under your feet before you 6. One-foot forward and back jump: Stand
land on your power points and jump again. on one foot behind a line. Jump 12 inches
Do three consecutive double jumps. across the line and back. Repeat the for-
ward and back jumps on one foot for 10
To perform plyometric exercises, use a bound-
repetitions. Switch to the other foot for 10
ary line on the field or place a cone on the ground
jumps.
to mark an area or obstacle to jump, hop, skip, or
bound up and over. As you become more experi- 7. One-foot lateral jump: Stand on one foot,
enced with plyometric exercises, the natural pro- 12 inches away from a line. Jump laterally
gression is to intensify your workout by increasing over the line and back for 10 repetitions.
the size of the obstacle or cone and to perform the Repeat on the other foot.
exercise under the pressure of time. Use the follow- 8. One-foot jump turn: Stand on one foot.
ing plyometric exercises as a basic routine: Jump forward 12 inches over a line and
turn halfway around to face the starting
1. Two-foot vertical jump: Jump straight up as
area when you land. Immediately jump
high as you can six times. Be sure to land
back over the line and turn. Repeat for 10
in balance on the power points of your
repetitions. Switch to your other foot and
feet, with your knees slightly bent and feet
repeat.
shoulder-width apart.
9. Tuck jump: Stand with your feet shoulder-
2. One-foot vertical jump: On one foot, jump
width apart and your body vertical. Do
up as high as you can five times. Switch to
not bend at the hips as you jump and
the other foot and repeat.
bring your knees to your chest. Grasp
3. Two-foot forward and back jump: Using your knees with your hands before your
both feet, jump forward and back across a feet return to the ground. Land in a ver-
line 10 times. tical position without bending forward.
4. Two-foot lateral jump: Turn one side of your Immediately repeat the jump for six
body toward a line. Stand 12 inches on the repetitions.
side of the line. Jump laterally across the 10. One-leg tuck jump: Do another tuck jump,
line and back for 10 repetitions. but raise only one knee to your chest. Do
5. Two-foot diagonal lateral jump: Stand be- four one-leg tuck jumps with your left leg
side a line with feet shoulder-width apart. and four repetitions with your right leg.
Success Summary
of Functional Training
Because field hockey requires good endurance and make bad decisions. Successful performance
and strength, a player must warm up the body; depends on physical preparation and technical
properly condition the body by doing the ap- perfection. Whenever possible, include a ball and
propriate amounts of sport-specific exercise, by stick in warm-up exercises to incorporate skill
eating well, and by resting; and perform a suitable training. Inadequate warm-ups and warm-downs
warm-down. Remember, a poorly conditioned will limit performance. Take care of your body and
athlete will perform skills poorly, lack confidence, enjoy creating routines for success.
217
217
Glossary
advantage passA forward pass in which a player maintains chip shotA powerful aerial shot, often used to shoot the ball
possession of the ball. into the upper part of the goal. The wrists are slightly open on
advantage spaceThe forward space between the ball and the the downswing and at impact.
opponent in which the defense can block the offenses move- chop shot (squeeze shot)A raised shot executed from behind
ment toward the goal. the back foot by using the stick to contact the upper back of the
angle, narrowing theWhen the goalkeeper moves nearer to ball, which presses the ball into the ground.
the ball in order to reduce passing or shooting space near the clip hitThe act of quickly hitting the ball while power dribbling
goal. by allowing the left hand to slide down the stick to join the right
assistant helperAnother term for role 3 players. hand (choke-up grip).
backhandManeuvering the stick in order to execute skills on close downWhen a player reduces the space between herself
the left side of the body. and an opponent who has (or does not have) the ball.
balance in defenseDefensive position that provides depth and controlling spacePositioning by defenders that restricts space
support; defenders nearest the ball mark opponents while team- and thereby forces opponents to slow their attack to a prede-
mates on the side of the field opposite the ball cover dangerous termined area.
space behind the defense. control boxArea in front of a player that is defined by that
ball checkA ball-control technique used to momentarily stop players hand reach from a squat position and shoulder-width
or control the ball so that a change of direction and speed may distance, where ball control and other AR1 skills can best be
occur. executed.
ball controlKeeping the ball within good-contact distance and counterattackA transitional attack (fast-break) tactic that creates
preventing it from rolling beyond a balanced reach. See control a numbers-up situation.
box. counterdefenseA transitional defense tactic that is used to
ball-side positioningRefers to a defender who is positioned on defend against a numbers-up counterattack.
the side of the opponent that is closest to the ball. coverDefensive support; as a defender challenges an opponent,
blind-side runA method of off-ball running that is made outside she should be supported by a teammate who is located behind
of the opponents vision and behind a defender in order to use her in the event that the challenging defender is beaten.
or create space. cut the ballRunning diagonally forward while dribbling the
blocking spaceDefender gets in position to intercept the ball ball.
or to take away the opponents chance for a forward pass or dangerous spaceThe space between the ball and the goal you
dribble. are defending.
block tackle (open-stick tackle)A defensive skill used to steal DECAAcronym for the defense organization of Drop, Evaluate,
the ball from AR1 by extending both arms out in front of the Communicate, and Anticipate.
body and placing the stick horizontally on the ground in the defender, committing theWhile with or without the ball, at-
path of the ball. tracting the attention of a defender by moving him or her from
breakdown stepsShort, intense, running footwork intended to occupied space.
bring the body into a balanced position after the player takes defense stanceA balanced, ready position assumed by a
longer sprint strides. defender in which the stick head is close to the ground and a
centeringThe act of passing a cross ball from the wing into the lead foot is established so that a skill or a change of direction
middle of the field of play. is possible.
channelingA defensive act (railroad running or forcing) used dive shot (sliding shot)Deflection shot taken while sliding
to force AR1 in the direction that the defensive team wants along the ground.
her to go so that a tackle attempt can be made by a defensive double-leg stackAn advanced goalkeeping technique used
teammate. when close to the ball in order to slide and smother a shot on
checking runMovement used by attackers to put more distance goal. See also stack slide.
between the defender and the ball. Attack player runs toward drag flickA powerful flick shot taken from the back foot in which
the goal-side defender, then suddenly stops and cuts back to- the ball starts on the stick shaft and the player coordinates foot
ward the ball. speed with the whip action of the stick.
218
Glossary
dropkick clearA half-volley kicking technique used by the receiving boxA visualized area or space where an attack player
goalkeeper after successfully blocking an aerial shot with the traps the ball using proper breakdown footwork to achieve body
glove hand. balance and ball control.
drop step (attack and defense)An individual ball-control tech- scanningObserving ones immediate area, while in possession
nique for AR1 that creates space away from DR1 from a forward of the ball, so that decisions of when to pass, move, or change
to back direction. A defensive player uses a drop step when he direction can be made. Types of scanning include distance,
or she is beaten on the lead-foot side. peripheral, and photo.
dynamic warm-upExercises that employ movements that are shaftThe area of the hockey stick between the handle and the
similar to movements used in a game. stick head.
engaging distanceThe approach distance needed to set up for shake-hands gripThe basic hockey grip from which all other
DR1 pressuring skills. grips originate. The forefinger and thumb of both hands form
flickA push stroke that raises the ball off the ground to various a V so that a straight line from the tip of the V runs down and
heights at various speeds. bisects the middle line of the handle and toe; sometimes called
the split grip or receiving grip.
forehandThe maneuvering of stick skills on the right side of
the body. skeleton playA method of coaching that allows players to ex-
ecute skills and movements without opposition.
functional flexibilityA joints active range of motion.
slide (shuffle)Defensive footwork used to maintain a balanced
goal-side positionNearer to the goal; position between the goal
defensive stance while moving sideways.
being defended and the opposing player being marked.
split anglesTerm used to describe goalkeeper positioning;
instep kickA goalkeeping technique in which the midline side of
goalkeeper is positioned in the center of the space between the
the foot, from the big toe to the ankle, is used to kick the ball.
ball and the goal.
jab tackleA defense technique that provides a greater reach
square passA lateral pass across the field.
with the left hand and an easier shift into other tackles; utilizes
a panhandle grip with the left hand. Execution resembles a push stack slideA one-on-one goalkeeping technique executed from
or poke action with the stick, which is driven by the legs from pressure distance. The double-leg stack is used in order to slide
a balanced-stride position. on the ground into the ball to block a shot on goal by AR1.
killer passA pass that penetrates through and behind an op- static flexibilityA joints passive range of motion without
ponent. movement.
lead footIn a staggered stance, the foot that is slightly forward of step upA defensive communication that is used to encourage
the back foot. Establishing a lead foot enables easier backward a teammate to move closer to the ball and the opponent while
movement while maintaining balance and agility. positioning herself in the passing lane.
lifted dribbleA small lift of the ball over a defenders stick that sweep hitA passing technique of striking the ball with the stick
is low on the ground. shaft instead of the curved stick head.
line of recoveryThe path the defender takes when running tacticsA strategy or plan.
toward his or her goal in order to establish a position on the transitionPlayers moving from role to role in both attacking
goal side of the ball. and defensive play.
man-to-man defenseDefensive system in which each player is trappingThe action of controlling, stopping, or receiving the
responsible for marking a particular opponent. ball.
markingTight defensive coverage of an opponent that blocks triple threatAR1 ball position in which the ball is on the stick
the direct passing lanes to the AR2 players. and to the right side of the body, near the right foot, ready for
match-up zone defenseDefensive scheme of playing man- a shot, pass, or dribble.
to-man defense when an opponent enters a players zone of two-touch passingType of passing in which the receiving player
defensive responsibility. (AR1) controls the ball with her first touch and passes to a team-
open field dribbleThe act of tapping the ball ahead when in mate on her second touch.
possession of the ball in the open field and of moving or breaking wall passCombination passing (give-and-go) with a teammate
away over a short distance so that the player can scan the field. in which one players stick serves as a wall to block and redirect
point of attackThe center of attack where the ball is located. the path of the ball. A player usually runs forward to receive a
return wall pass around an opponent.
possession passA low-risk pass that maintains control of the
ball. width in attackTactic of using the width of the field in order to
attempt to draw defending players away from central positions.
possession spaceSpace where ball control is maintained in
The objective is to create space for scoring opportunities in the
order to make dangerous space more vulnerable (via a lateral
most dangerous space (attacking zones).
or back pass).
zone 1Center area in the defensive circle from the goal out to
power dribbleDribbling technique used to maintain possession
the 25-yard line.
of the ball in tight, crowded space. The ball is kept close to the
stick at all times. zone 2Diagonal areas on both the right and left of zone 1.
power pointsThe balls of the feet. zone 3Area 5 meters (about 5 1/2 yards) from the backline on
both sides of the goal cage.
quick hitA striking technique using a short grip and small
take-back swing. zone defenseSystem of play in which each player is responsible
for defending a certain area of the field when the ball or the
rebound clearA goalkeeping technique in which a shot is saved
opponent, or both, enter that area.
and cleared with one touch of the foot.
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About the Authors
Sue Myers has 35 years of experience coaching and teaching field hockey internationally and na-
tionally. She is currently an assistant field hockey coach at Old Dominion University. Sue was on the
U.S. national team from 1972 to 1979 and played on the very first U.S. World Cup team in 1975.
Myers was a player on and cofounder of the Red Rose Field Hockey Club based in southeastern
Pennsylvania from 1975 to 1985. With the club, she won five national team championships coach-
ing alongside Anders.
In her free time, Myers enjoys gardening, reading, and playing golf. She resides in Virginia Beach,
Virginia.
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