Donaven Baughman

Research Techniques & Technology

3/9/2017

Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Krueck, N. C., Ahmadia, G. N., Possingham, H.P., Riginos C., Treml, E. A., Mumby, P.J.

(2017). Marine reserve targets to sustain and rebuild unregulated fisheries. PLoS Biology,

15(1), 1-20. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5a2ef11e-

2e9d-490b-8fa1-45a483af65b1%40sessionmgr4009&vid=3&hid=4207

Summary: This article focuses around an attempt to rebuild depleted fisheries along

coastal marine areas. 200 governments around the world are committed to trying to protect up to

20% of national coastal marine areas without having too large of negative impacts on the

communities that depend on unregulated fishing. The research concluded that individual fish

farms should give 30% of larvae to local fishing grounds in order to bring the population of

overfished species back to normal. The article describes the research done to find a method of

trying to bring depleted fisheries back to life.

Evaluation: Posted in 2017, this article is very current and useful regarding currency.

The intended audience of this research is for scholarly readers. Authors of this research study are

from organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund, The University of Queensland, and The

University of Melbourne. There are no biases in this article because it is over a research study.

The intention of the of the article is to provide readers with an option of how to combat
overfishing. This source is important for the research being conducted because it provides an

example of measures being taken to reverse the effects overfishing has had on populations.

Fabricant, F. (2002). Chilean sea bass: more than an identity problem. New York Times, p. F4.

Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A86959339/GIC?

u=klnb_ottawauniv&xid=03a3b5b1

Summary: This source is an article out of the New York Times. The article focuses

around chefs who are no longer serving Chilean Sea Bass in their restaurants because it now

being overfished, as an effort to cut down on the overexploitation of it. It also mentions business

owners who will continue to sell the fish regardless of the depletion of it. The article shows both

sides of the issue of overfishing for Chilean Sea Bass and has some valuable quotations and

statistics.

Evaluation: This article was posted in 2002 so it is relatively new information. The

intended audience could be considered popular because it was published in a popular magazine.

No author credentials are given for the source. There are biases from store and restaurant owners

in this article as to why or why they will not serve the species of fish. The intention of the author

for this source is to inform popular readers about the problem of overfishing and show that some

sea food restaurant owners notice the issue and are taking precautions now. This source is

important for the research being done because it has solid quotations and shows how even

restauraunt owners realize there is an issue of overfishing for commercial fish.

Madin, E.P., Dill, L.M., Ridlon, A. D., Heithaus, M. R., Warner, R. R., (2016). Human activities
 change marine ecosystems by altering predation risk. Global Change Biology, 22(1), 44-

60. Retreived from

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=34c96d51-

96a4-41eb-8942-0ec53d18fa40%40sessionmgr120&vid=8&hid=123

Summary: This article is based on the effects humans have on marine ecosystems, with

overfishing being the main topic. The study synthesizes existing literature to show evidence that

suggests how humans are changing ecosystems. The article also provides a prediction of when

the effects of humans on these ocean ecosystems will lead to irreversible consequences.

Evaluation: The article was published in 2016 making the information current. The

intended audience for this source are scholarly readers. All of the authors of this research study

are from universities in California, Florida, Canada, and Australia. No biases are present in this

source as it is factual. The purpose of this article is to show the effects that humans have on the

sustainability of marine ecosystems. This source is very important for the research being done

because it highlights examples of how overfishing is deteriorating ocean ecosystems.

Nao, T., Mougi, A. (2014). Effects of marine protected areas on overfished fishing stocks with

multiple stable states [Abstract]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 341, 64-70. Retrieved

from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=1871a9ec-

8fce-45bd-bd1c-

cec49ee91e86%40sessionmgr4009&hid=4207&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZz

Y29wZT1zaXRl#AN=93349793&db=aph
 Summary: This article focuses on an effort to recover depleted fisheries through marine

protected areas (MPAs). The study done highlights the effectiveness of the attempt to replenish

depleted fisheries. The article explains how although effort is being made, little or no progress is

being made through this technique. This article shows how even though regulatory actions can be

taken, sometimes it does not work and the effects are irreversible.

Evaluation: The study was posted in 2014 making the information current. The intended

audience is for scholarly readers who are focused on overfishing. The authors are both from

universities. No biases are included in this research. The intention of this source is to show how

that although measures can be and are being taken, sometimes the effects are too large to undo.

This source is important for the research being done because it proves how the effects of

overfishing are large, real, and difficult to reverse.

Davidson, L. K., Krawchuk, M. A., Dulvy, N. K. (2016). Why have global shark and ray

landings declined: improved management or overfishing? [Abstract]. Fish & Fisheries,

17(2), 438-458. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=80f6f71f-efb9-

4907-aaf3-

d61a8a935b22%40sessionmgr4009&hid=4207&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZz

Y29wZT1zaXRl#AN=114817237&db=aph

Summary: This article focuses on a study done researching the reason in which shark

and ray landings declined from 2003 to 2013 by almost 20%. The research found that countries

with high human coastal populations or high shark and ray meat exports had the greatest declines
in shark or ray landings. This study concluded that the most reasonable explanation as to why

shark and ray landings have decreased is because of overfishing. Many of these countries had no

regulations on fishing which correlates with why the number of landings is declining because

fishermen are able to take as much as they want without any consequence.

Evaluation: The article was posted in 2016 which means the information is current and

useful. The audience intended to read this article is a scholarly audience. The authors are from

the Earth to Ocean Research Group and the Landscape and Conservation Science Research

Group from Simon Fraser University. There are no biases in this study, the information is factual.

The intention of this source is to inform readers on the declining numbers of large fish like

sharks and rays. This article is important to the research because it shows that overfishing for

large fish such as sharks and rays has depleted the number of landings which means the number

of these fish has decreased as well.

Coll, M., Libralato, S., Tudela, S., Plomera, I., Pranovi, F. (2008). Ecosystem overfishing in the

ocean. PLoS ONE, 3(12), 1-10. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=80f6f71f-efb9-

4907-aaf3-d61a8a935b22%40sessionmgr4009&vid=15&hid=4207

Summary: This study focuses on the depletion of trophic levels in marine ecosystems

due to the removal of prey fish through overfishing. The article also highlights the historical risk

of the effects of overfishing at a global scale. The study concluded the results that total catch per

capita is at least twice of the sustainable level for the ecosystems studied.
 Evaluation: The research was published in December of 2008 which makes the

information current enough to be used in the research. The intended audience of this source is

scholarly readers. The authors who conducted the research and wrote the article are affiliated

with the WWF and universities around the world. No biases are present in this information. The

intention of this source is to show how overfishing is continuing at a rate that is not sustainable.

This source is important for the research being done because it shows examples of the way in

which overfishing is not sustainable and is effecting ocean ecosystems negatively.

Omwoma, S., Owuor, P. O., Ongeri, D.K., Umani, M., Lalah, J. O., Schramm, K.W. (2014).

Declining commercial fish catches in Lake Victoria's Winam Gulf: the importance of

restructuring Kenya's aquaculture programme. Lakes & Reservoirs:Research &

Management, 19(3), 206-210. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=80f6f71f-efb9-

4907-aaf3-d61a8a935b22%40sessionmgr4009&vid=21&hid=4207

Summary: This research study was conducted to understand why between 1995 and

2005, the amount of metric fish caught in the Winam Gulf area of Lake Victoria declined by

around 2500 metric tons. Overfishing is highlighted as one of the main issues causing this

decline of the amount of fish caught. The study explains how lack of socioeconomic factors

makes the sustainability of tons of fish difficult to do.

Evaluation: The study was published in 2014, so the information within it is only 3 years

old. The intended audience of this source is a scholarly audience. Authors of this research study

come from the University of Beijing, Maseno University, the Kenya and Fisheries Research
Institute, the University of Kenya, and the German National Research Centre for Environmental

Health. No biases are present in this study. The intention of this source is to show lack of

knowledge about overfishing has depleted a fishery in Kenya over a decade. This source is

important because it shows that even in lakes, overfishing will deplete a species or destroy an

ecosystem, that these effects are not only happening in oceans but also in other highly fished

areas.

Burgess, M. G., Polasky, S., Tilman, D. (2013). Predicting overfishing and extinction threats in

multispecies fisheries. 110(40), 15943-15948. Retrieved from

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/40/15943.full

Summary: This article is over an experiment done on eight tuna and billfish species to

show that they have produced a method of predicting when a fish species will be threatened by

human harvesting much earlier than has been happening. By having a means of predicting

species that may go extinct, preventative measures are able to be taken before it is too late. The

study highlights how by the time it is noticed that overfishing is depleting a population of fish, it

is too late to be able to take precautionary measures and severe consequences such as a closing

of the fishery is a result.

Evaluation: The information was posted on July 30th, 2013 which makes the information

current and reliable. The intended audience for this article is a scholarly audience. The authors

for this source come from the departments of ecology, evolution, and behavior and applied

economics at the University of Minnesota as well as from the departments of ecology, evolution,

and the Bren School of the Environment ate the University of California. No biases are mention
in this article. The purpose of this source is to show how precautionary measures must be taken

before a fishery is depleted in order to be effective. This information is important for the research

being done because it shows a way of preventing overfishing and shows negative effects of

overfishing.

Sissenwine, M. M., Mace, P. M., Lassen, H. J. (2014). Preventing overfishing: evolving

approaches and emerging challenges. Journal of Marine Science, 71(2), 153-156.

Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/71/2/153/791087/Preventing-

overfishing-evolving-approaches-and

Summary: This source revolves around fishery management to regulate overfishing. The

article explains ways in which overfishing happens, and ways in which to evolve precautionary

measures to keep it from happening. The article mentions ways in which not having flexibility

when trying to prevent overfishing may negatively affect the cause as well.

Evaluation: This article was published in 2014 making the information current. The

intended audience is for scholarly readers. Author authority or credentials and affiliations are not

given. No biases are present in this information. The intention of this source is to inform

scholarly readers of ways in which overfishing is being monitored. This source is important

because it talks about ways in which overfishing is being combatted against and what works and

what does not work.

Zhou, S., Smith, A. D., Knudsen, E. E. (2015). Ending overfishing while catching more fish.
 Fish & Fisheries, 16(4), 716-722. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=80f6f71f-efb9-

4907-aaf3-d61a8a935b22%40sessionmgr4009&vid=24&hid=4207

Summary: This article focuses on the overfishing of specific target fish, and the option

to cut down on the depletion of these populations by starting to fish for other less-targeted fish.

This article offers an option for another way to reduce the effects of overfishing on specific

populations and highlights the issue of selective fishing which is the fact that it is removing

target fish from oceans at such high rates. The source talks about both sides od overfishing; the

side that is depleting fisheries for certain species, and also the side of a way to cut down on the

removal of these target fish from marine environments.

Evaluation: The article was posted in December of 2015, so the information is less than

two years old. The intended audience of the source is a scholarly group of readers. The authors

are affiliated with the Sustainable Fisheries Foundation and CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric

Research and Wealth from Oceans Flagship. No biases are mentioned in this article. The

intention of this article is to highlight the removal of target fish species and show ways to combat

this by fishing for less targeted species.

Ellingsen, K. E., Anderson, M. J., Shackell, N. L., Tveraa, T., Yoccoz, N. G., Frank, K.T.

(2015). The role of a dominant predator in shaping biodiversity over space and time in a

marine ecosystem. Journal of Animal Ecology, 84(5), 1242-1252. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=80f6f71f-efb9-

4907-aaf3-d61a8a935b22%40sessionmgr4009&vid=27&hid=4207
 Summary: This article focuses on the effects of the removal of predator fish from marine

ecosystems through overfishing. The study specifically revolves around Atlantic cod, one of the

most sought after large commercial fish, also a predator fish. The study concluded that the

removal of predator fish from the ocean through intensive harvesting and overfishing such as

Atlantic Cod have large impacts on biodiversity including less variability and more homogeneity,

which will eventually cause the ecosystem to collapse.

Evaluation: This source was published in 2015 which means the information is current.

The intended audience is scholarly readers. The authors are from the Norwegian Institute for

Nature Research, the New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Dartmouth, and the Arctic

University of Norway. No biases are included in this article. The intention of this source is to

note the importance of a predator fish for marine ecosystems biodiversity and what the effects of

not having one are. This source is important because it gives a very solid talking point of what

happens when just one piece of a marine ecosystem is removed.

Pinsky, M. L., Palumbi, S. R. (2014). Meta-analysis reveals lower genetic diversity in overfished

populations. Molecular Ecology, 23(1), 29-39. Retrieved from

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=d38c76b9-

d2ee-46e6-aa8a-

40ce5a769bf5%40sessionmgr101&hid=123&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY2

9wZT1zaXRl#AN=93350624&db=aph

Summary: This study is based on the allele frequency, or the amount of genetic

difference, in overfished environments. This study is important because it shows the exact effects
of overfishing on the diversity of marine environments. The article highlights the negative effects

of overfishing on allele frequencies such as evolutionary potential and sustainability of the

ecosystem as a whole.

Evaluation: This publication was posted in 2014 which means the information within it

is current. The intended audience is scholarly readers. The authors come from Princeton,

Rutgers, and Stanford University. No biases are mention is this information. The intention of the

authors for this source is to inform readers on the effects of overfishing on allele frequencies in

ocean ecosystems. This source is important because it gives specific data about allele frequencies

and genetic variability in areas that are frequently overfished which fits directly into the topic of

the research being conducted.