Dissertation-Solid Waste Management In East Delhi

Introduction
Appropriate solid waste management of a city is crucial for public
health and aesthetic surroundings. It is essential for a clean look.
Therefore, the removal of any scattered and littered waste is as
important as effective street sweeping and drain cleaning. This also
brings to focus the necessity of synergy in the design, construction
and maintenance of roads, surface (storm water) drains and storage,
collection and transport of solid waste.

Due to its size and multiple activities, different types of solid waste are
generated in Delhi:

Municipal solid waste (from the domestic and commercial sectors

and common areas such as, parks, gardens, street sweepings and
drain silt)

Construction and demolition debris (C&D waste)

Bio-medical waste (waste generated by health-care and veterinary

establishments)

Slaughterhouse waste (organized as well, as un-organized activities)

E-Waste

'Special' waste (small quantities of toxic and hazardous waste

generated by the household and trade sectors)

Industrial waste generated within the city area.

The presence of these different types of waste streams complicates

the solid waste management scenario leading to deficiencies in
planning and management. This is further aggravated by the
unplanned settlements slums and squatter settlements. Apart from
the fundamental issue of service provision and problems of
accessibility, some of these areas undertake unauthorized recycling of
plastics; batteries etc. which may have grave environmental
implications.
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Aims
Clean, Healthy Streets and Neighborhoods.
Benchmarked Improvement in Collection.
Regulated Improvement in Treatment and Disposal.
Disposal in Sanitary Landfill.
Improved Sustainability.

Objectives
To understand and analyze the method of solid waste management
in Delhi.
To study the quantity and characteristics of solid waste in Delhi.
To understand the spatial pattern of waste management.
To trace the problem related to municipal solid waste management
give some suggestions for better management in Delhi.

Research Methodology
The present study is based on primary as well as secondary data.
Primary data was collected through questionnaire and discussions
through emails and personal interview with different people, while
secondary data was collected from the research papers, articles,
internet search e.g. MCD websites, blogs, official environmental
programs and ministries of government of India websites.

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Existing Situation of Municipal Solid Waste

Management in Delhi
The Union Territory of Delhi with a population of around 18 million is
one of the biggest metropolises of the world. One of the major goals of
the Government is to make Delhi a centre of urban excellence; a well
managed; clean and hygienic city. The urban population increases @
3.5% per annum and the per capita waste generated in the city
increases @ 1.3% per year. The Solid Waste generated by the City
contributes the major share towards the environmental problems and
challenges for better urban management; and on account of
tremendous increase in population and increase in per capita income,
generation of domestic waste has increased considerably. It is
estimated that the quantity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) would
reach 17,000 25,000 MT per day by 2021.

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There are three agencies responsible for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
management in Delhi namely the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
(MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and the Delhi
Cantonment Board (DCB). The area covered by MCD is
approximately 1399.26 sq-km.

As per the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules

2000 the collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing
and disposal of MSW is the responsibility of the local bodies. It is also
the obligatory function of MCD to provide receptacles, depots and
places for waste disposal. MCD is helped by various agents in private
sector e.g. private sweepers and garbage collectors employed by
private premises; rag pickers; junk dealers and industries which use
scrap to produce recycled products. MCD uses waste receptacles of
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two types i.e. neighborhood dhalaos and street dustbins of different

designs and sizes.

There are 3 landfill sites namely Bhalswa land fill site, Ghazipur
sanitary land fill site, Okhla sanitary land fill site. Bhalswa Land fill site
commissioned in the year 1994, whereas Ghazipur in 1984 and Okhla
in 1996.

From a distance the mounds of overflowing filth look monstrous and

unless it is dealt with immediately they are set to spread, causing
further environmental and health problems.

Solid Waste Management System:

Urban solid and liquid waste has two principal components. One is the
municipal solid waste (MSW) which includes commercial and
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 Dissertation-Solid Waste Management In East Delhi

residential waste generated in municipal or notified areas in either

solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous waste, e-waste
and including treated bio-medical waste as defined in the MSW Rules,
2000. The other is the liquid waste, that is, sewerage. We would focus
on MSW here.

The garbage generated from various sources consists of different

types of waste. A typical system of solid waste management includes
segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level, waste
collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin, street
sweeping and cleansing of public places, management of the transfer
station or community bin, secondary collection and transport to the
waste disposal site & waste disposal in landfills. Disposal methods
include incineration, plasma gasification, landfill and recycling.
Recycled garbage is used in composting, producing energy like refuse
derived fuel, making animal food, reusing the material in art and craft,
same industry, as a raw material in another industry.

1. Municipal Solid Waste Generation (MSWG):

In Delhi, 5 Municipal Authorities are responsible for Municipal solid
Waste Generation and Management. Total 8360 TPD MSW
generated daily in Delhi.
Generation of MSW is directly related to the population of the area or
city. The Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute
(EPTRI) estimates place MSW generation in Delhi at 4,000 tonnes per
day whereas National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI) study estimates the present solid waste generation in MCD
area of Delhi 6000-7000 tonnes per day. A study carried out by MCD
for estimating the quantity and characteristics of MSW during the year
2005 and it has indicated that Delhi generates about 8567 tonnes of
waste every day. The waste generation in MCD area, NDMC, and Delhi
Cantonment Board area is about 6300 tonnes, 900 tonnes, and 100
tonnes daily respectively (IL& FS Eco smart Report, 2005). According
to CPCB, 2010-11, Delhi is generating highest quantity of municipal
solid waste with 6800 tonnes per day. A study carried out by WTERI
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(Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology, 2012) has estimated that

Delhi generates 11,500 TPD or 4.2 million TPY the highest waste
among union territories.

In Delhi, there has been significant increase in the generation of

municipal solid waste. Data collected on daily quantity of municipal
solid waste generated in Delhi since (1993-2011) indicates that there
has been considerable fluctuation in quantum during this period. The
trend line of MSWG is clearly shows that waste generation is
continuously increasing year by year (Figure 1).

Figure-1: Growth of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in MCD,

Delhi, (1993-2011)

Source: MCD (2012)

Physical Composition of Waste

Several studies have been conducted by different organizations in
Delhi and institutions (IHPH 1982, NEERI 1996, TERI 2002) to
determine the physical and chemical composition of MSW. The Table 1
reflects that biodegradable waste is generated maximum in all the

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three years (1982, 1995, and 2002) but in 1995 and 2002 the
composition was almost unchanged.

Table 1: Physical Composition (as wt. %) of MSW in Delhi

Chemical Composition of Waste

The Table 2 discusses the chemical composition of municipal solid
waste in Delhi.

Table 2: Chemical Composition (as wt. %) of MSW in Delhi

Source: TERI (2002), NEERI (1996), IHPH (1982)

2.Storage and Collection of Municipal Solid

Waste
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The first essential step of Solid Waste Management is storage of

waste. It should normally be stored at the source of waste generating
point until collection for to dispose of but such a habit has not been
developed in Indian cities. In India people throw waste on the streets,
treating streets as receptacle of waste. The collected waste is stored
in dhalaos usually concrete structures varying in size from 4.5 x 3
meters to 13.5 x 9 meters. These can store 4 to 16 tonnes of garbage.
The requirement of dhalaos and dustbins is basically depends upon
the solid waste generation per capita per day. The existing dhalaos
and dustbins are depots that act as transfer stations rather than
serving the people directly due to their locations. Residents do not
deposit the waste directly into dhalaos, due to far distance. In many
areas of Delhi, the system of dhalaos as collection centers of garbage
is not being fully accepted by the people. A number of complaints
have been recorded against the dhalao system, it is because of waste
is not properly collected from dhalaos regularly. The animals are
roaming around dhalaos as a result odour develops in surrounding
areas. Now, MCD replaced old system and by putting trolleys and
smaller bins.

Table 3: Waste Receptacles in MCD Area

Due to lack of municipal receptacles, open sites have also identified in

some areas as local garbage collection points. There are 433 open

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sites which have been selected for local garbage collection within the
MCD jurisdiction.

Figure 2: Number of Receptacles Serving Area and Population

in MCD Zones

3.Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste

The next important step of SWMS is transportation of waste from
collection centre to final disposal site which creates a link between the
collection and disposal of garbage. For this purpose, suitable vehicles
and equipments are required. The waste is collected in the storage
container at individual premises in the community bins and after it is
carried to the processing and disposal sites by using a variety of
vehicles. MCD maintains a large fleet of vehicles for transportation
and secondary collection of MSW from the various waste receptacles
to the disposal sites. In this process, MCD is using various types of
vehicles i.e., mini-trucks and mechanical trucks of different makes Tata
Tipper trucks, Leyland and Shaktiman trucks having 8.6 cu m capacity
directly to the nearest disposal/landfill site. Front-End loaders are also
used for loading the vehicles from the dhalaos/dustbins.

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Figure 3: Zone-Wise Waste Transport Vehicles

Only 60-75 percent (approx.) waste is collected for the transportation

to the disposal sites due to various constraints like non-availability of
sufficient vehicles, frequent breakdown of vehicles etc. Recently, MCD
uses 722 vehicles 585 RRTs, and 137 loaders. In MCD area about 600
auto tippers are also used for primary collection of waste from houses.
Besides, MCD has privatised 8 Zone namely South, Central, City,
Sadar Paharganj, Karol Bagh, West, Rohini and Civil Lines zones under
the Public Private Partnership scheme (PPP), here 305 Big Hydraulic
Vehicle, Short Range Tippers/Dumpers are used for transportation of
waste. The NDMC and DCB operate 85 and 18 trucks, respectively.
There is unequal distribution of waste transportation in all the zones of
MCD. Although the available transport volume is inadequate for the
MCD areas, the vehicles operate in two shifts and usually make one
trips per shift depending upon the distance of the disposal site.
Improper maintenance, haphazard parking of vehicles, time lost
waiting in the queue for fuelling and travelling from one workshop to
another for fuelling and etc. results in delay in transportation. The
situation is further worsened by poor maintenance and proper route
planning and shortage of staff.

The situation is better in NDMC where operational efficiency is 75

percent as compared to 60 percent in MCD.
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4.Disposal of Waste
Presently there are four land filling site in operations, which covers
202 acres of land situated in different zones in different directions, i.e.
Bhalswa, Gazipur Okhla and Narela/Bawana. The Municipal
Corporation of Delhi is responsible for the management of all four
existing landfill sites. The other agencies like Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation (DMRC) and Agricultural Produce Market Committee
(APMC) etc. dispose off their waste on the MCD controlled landfill sites.
The NDMC (New Delhi Municipal Council) and DCB (Delhi Cantonment
Board) have no provision for disposal of its own waste produced.
Hence, MCD permits to these agencies to use its dumping sites by
paying the dumping charges to MCD. These agencies paid for the
disposal of their waste on MCD landfill sites, tipping fee charges which
vary from Rs. 205 to Rs. 235 per refuse collector truck (4 Metric
Tonnes). The three operational landfill sites namely Bhalswa, Gazipur
and Okhla have almost exhausted their capacity but waste dumping is
continuing which leads overflowing and posing negative impacts on
humans health and environment. So, an urgent need to new landfill
site in near future.

Table 4: Landfill Sites Serving MCD Zones

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(Source: MCD)

The given Table 4 reveals the garbage receipt at three sanitary landfill
site in Delhi. Gazipur landfill site is the biggest and oldest site, thats
why the maximum waste deposited on it. Five Zones of MCD namely
Shahdara (S), Shahdara (N), City, Sadar Paharganj, and NDMC deposit
their waste on this landfill site. After that Bhalswa landfill site takes
second position in terms of total waste deposition at landfills. The
given table showing fluctuation in waste deposition at Bhalswa landfill
site in different years and the major cause behind it is sometime Civil
Lines, Karol Bagh, Rohini, Narela, Najafgarh and West Zones deposit
their waste on other landfill site. In 2011-12 some zones like Rohini,
Civil Lines and Najafgarh Zones deposit their waste on Narela/Bawana
new landfill site which is recently start, thats why Bhalswa Landfill site
received less waste in 2011-12. Okhla landfill site receiving waste
from Central, Najafgarh, South and DCB (Delhi Cantonment Board).

Table 5: Garbage Receipt at Sanitary Landfill Sites (Bhalswa,

Gazipur and Okhla)

2002-03 to 2011-12

5.Composting of the Municipal Solid Waste

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 Dissertation-Solid Waste Management In East Delhi

In Delhi a huge amount of biodegradable waste generated, providing a

great potential for composting. Therefore, Delhi Government has
started composting. The compost is utilized as organic fertilizer for
agricultural purposes and the cost for every tone is 2000 to 2300 Rs.
The first composting plant was set up at Okhla in 1980. It was semi
mechanized plant of 150 tonnes per day capacity for composting the
waste. Later this plant was expanded with its some additional capacity
in 1985. However, this plant was not in an operational condition during
1991-1995 due to low quantity of waste material and higher
operational cost. In May 2007 IL&FS Company signed a concession
agreement with the municipal corporation of Delhi to rehabilitate the
Okhla compost plant with carbon support. The project applies a multi-
treatment of municipal waste to avoid possible pollution. It involves
the mechanical sorting and composting of organic waste. The
materials like metals, plastics and paper are recycled. The residual
organic waste is treated using the composting process. This plant
converts 73,000 tonnes of MSW into compost every year. This is
equivalent to 200 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day.

New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) also set up a compost plant with
a capacity is 200 tonnes per day. This plant is currently not functioning
to its full capacity. The main causes behind the low capacity were: (I)
poor quality of waste (II) old machinery (III) unskilled workers and (IV)
poor quality of final product. The garbage generated by horticulture
activities is taken to compost plant and used for various purposes in
NDMC operated areas. About 30 percent of the garbage of NDMC area
is horticulture waste, which is voluminous but not weighty. The
garbage generated by horticulture activities is taken for composting
and this horticulture waste is processed into manure by scientific
methods.

The third composting plant was setup in Bhalswa with the private
sector named Exnora Private Limited Company. It is the joint venture
between MCD and EPLC. The Bhalswa composting plant was
established in 1999. The capacity of this composting plant is 500
tonnes per day, but it is working below than the full capacity.
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The fourth plant was established in Tikri Khurd at Narela Zone (APMC)
in 2001, by Spiral Services to process 125 TPD of green waste of APMC
fruit and vegetable market in Delhi. However, the plant is running
below than the full capacity due to lack of sufficient financial and
technical assistance, the plant also facing lack of proper infrastructure
to handle 125 TPD of waste.

Recently MCD has installed a compost plant at Narela-Bawana with a

capacity of 400 TPD and it is working since January 2012. The
Compost facility process 400 TPD MSW, i.e. 150 TPD from incoming
solid waste, 150 TPD from MRF, and 100 TPD from screening section.
The compost facility have margined of design of about 20 percent for
handling situations of increased garbage during special days of
importance such as festivals, public holidays etc.

Table 6: Existing Composting Plant in Delhi

6.Incineration
Waste to energy facility may generate steam, electricity, super-heated
water or a combination of these. Incineration is good alternative for
waste processing that is being used in India. The Government of Delhi
also gave permission for 3 new plants for conversion of solid waste
into power:

Timarpur-Okhla Waste to Energy Plant: In 1987, the Ministry of

Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) commissioned the Timarpur
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Refuse Incineration-cum-Power Generation Station at a capital cost of

Rs. 20 crores (US$ 4.4 million). Built by Volund Miljotecknik Ltd. of
Denmark, the plant was designed to incinerate 300 tonnes of
municipal solid waste (MSW) per day to generate 3.75 MW of
electricity. The plant ran for 21 days of trial operations before shutting
down due to the poor quality of incoming waste. In November 2007,
the CDM Executive Board registered a project by the Timarpur-Okhla
Waste Management Company to build two facilities to handle 2050
tonnes per day of municipal waste or about a quarter of Delhis total.

Ghazipur WTE Plant: The Ghazipur project process 1,300 tonnes per
day of municipal waste generated in the Trans-Yamuna area. The
waste is collected to produce green electricity.

The Narela-Bawana waste to energy plant: 4000 TPD of

municipal solid waste will be treated in two phases; Phase-I which will
process 1000 TPD of waste will compose of a Material Recovery
Facility (MRF) to reclaim metals and recyclables, and sort out organic
and combustible material for composting and RDF facilities. Phase-II
will compose of a power plant based on Mass-burn technology, which
will process 3000 TPD of waste. It is claimed that a total of approx. 12,
86,260 tonnes of solid waste shall be disposed off in this facility up to
closure of the facility that has been planned for 25 years.

These three wastes to energy plants have to be established for the

better management of municipal solid waste. These three plants aim
to incinerate some 8,000 tonnes of municipal waste the city generates
daily and produce 62.2 MW of electricity; Delhi consumes around
4,800 MW of electricity every day. Its like killing two birds with one
stone. We will get a clean city and additional power (Down to Earth,
April 16-30, 2012). But the main problem is financial assistance.

Problems Related To Solid Waste

Management In Delhi
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 Dissertation-Solid Waste Management In East Delhi

Lack of Knowledge of the Local Bodies.

Non-availability of suitable Land for Solid Waste Disposal in
Environmental Friendly Manner.
Lack of Public Awareness.
Piecemeal Approach for Handling of Solid Waste
Lack of dhalaos and litter bins in the city;
There is no any standard for fixing the dhalaos and dustbins;
Unequal distribution of waste receptacles in each and every zone of
MCD;
Bins and dhalaos are not cleared regularly;
Lack of proper maintenance of dhalaos, dustbins and waste storage
points;
No any provision for door to door collection of waste in most of areas;
Lack of coordination on MCD staff;
Lack of financial resources;
Number of regular operators is much lesser than required. Most of
the equirement is fulfil by temporary staff personnel;
Transport vehicles are not covered which is against the guidelines
given by the Supreme Court;
Vehicles are poorly maintained. It is because of an inadequate
workshop facilities and maintenance procedures. This problem has
leads to frequent breakdown and trucks used, are out of service for
long periods;
The three operational landfill sites namely Bhalswa, Gazipur and
Okhla have almost exhausted their capacity but waste dumping is
continuing which leads overflowing and posing negative impacts on
humans health and environment;
The composting and incineration plants are currently not
functioning to its full capacity. The main causes behind the low
capacity were: (I) poor quality of waste (II) old machinery (III)
unskilled workers and (IV) poor quality of final product.

Municipal Solid Waste Management In

Ghazipur City- A Case Study
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 Dissertation-Solid Waste Management In East Delhi

The most exhibited consequence of the population explosion is seen in

the form of solid waste disposal problems. It is due to lack of proper
evaluation of waste, its disposal sites, planning, policy making and
enforcement of legislation. Solid waste of Municipal Corporation is
diversified in nature and highly dependent on the type of area from
where it has collected.

The Ghazipur city is situated at the bank of river Ganga. It is an under

developed district of Uttar Pradesh State and lying on both banks of
River Ganga between 250 19` North and 830 4` and 830 58` east with
an area of about 3384 km2. Climate of the Ghazipur is monsoonal,
characterized by long and hot dry summer (March-June) Warm and
Humid monsoon (July-October) and cold and dry winter (Nov-Feb.)
seasons. As per record of the municipal corporation of Ghazipur city;
population of Ghazipur city was around 75000-80000 thousand in Year
2004. The average quantity of solid waste generated in Ghazipur city
is 205 gm/capita/day, the daily disposal of the refuse was approx. 15-
16 tons in year 2004. From previous time mode of disposal of
municipal solid waste is still un-estimated way and in mixed form.

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The collected data revealed that the highest proportion of the refuse
caused by food and garden wastes, second highest was fine earth and
ash while the third highest was paper waste.

The Ghazipur landfill area is one of the biggest and oldest landfill
areas of Delhi. The municipal solid waste is indiscriminately disposed
here since last 30 years and the landfill area has become mountain of
waste. Landfill mining is process of recovering valuable recyclable
materials, which have previously been landfilled. This landfill area is
being converted into waste to energy plant, where garbage will be
mined to convert into refuse derive fuel (RDF) to be used for energy
generation and the ten acre of landfill area is given to Gas Authority of
India (GAI) for mining methane and other gases to be used as fuel.
The field experiment was also done by few specialists in order to
estimate methane and nitrous oxide emission from landfill areas of
Ghazipur and the range of methane emission flux was 18 mg/m2/h
lowest in winter sample and highest 264 mg/m2/h in summer sample.
The range of nitrous oxide emission was estimated as 230-1730
g/m2/h, if the extraction rate and calorific value of emitted gas is
large enough then it could be utilised to generate electricity.

As almost all operational landfill areas is Delhi is overflowing with

garbage and became garbage mountain thus for its sustainable
management it is essential to reclaim it. Landfill mining and
reclamation (LFMR) is one of the recently used process for excavating
and processing of landfill resources.

Thus, the process of landfill mining has been initiated in Ghazipur

landfill area of Delhi. With the support of the Planning Commission,
this landfill area is being converted into waste to energy plant by East
Delhi Waste Processing Corporation (EDWPCL), where garbage will be
mined to convert into refuse derive fuel (RDF) and ten acres of land
will be utilise by Gas Authority of India (GAI) for mining methane and
other gases.

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Conclusion
It was observed that Ghazipur city is releasing about 6-10 tones of
organic waste daily, which causes the health problem to the workers.
It may be a source of manure on proper composting either by
microbial composting or vermin-composting. In this situation it is
necessary to use small community containers with revolving axis to
maximize the waste recovery and to avoid the double handling and
health risk. Use of small vehicles for collection is more suitable to
ensure the proper collection, the pedal tricycles may be used as
alternative for it. Annual report of the addition of the wastes due to
increasing population and the strategies for collection of wastes shall
have to be formulated. The implementation of these recommendations
would result in solving the municipal solid waste problem of Ghazipur
city.

The Municipal solid waste has dumped unscientifically in unsecure

landfill areas in almost all the big cities in India. These closed or
operational landfills are contributing in greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission thus on global warming. There is estimate that waste sector
contributes approximately 5% to global greenhouse gases emission.
There is need to initiate mitigation of GHG emission from landfill areas.
Beside that there is scarcity of land in Indian cities to be used as
landfills. Thus, mining of valuable resources from old or operational
landfill is one of the steps to recycle MSW and also mitigate GHG
emission. The present study shows that there is GHG emission from
Ghazipur landfill area, which can be trapped and utilised. The various
agencies in Delhi has already started excavation and processing of
resources, which could be used for making RDF/ green electricity and
collected methane as biofuel.

Recommendations
The municipalities have to work more effectively by increasing the
capacity of waste treated & collected on daily basis by
strengthening the partnerships with PPP projects.
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The Private waste management companies should be given tax

evasions and relaxations on loans on investments made for
business operations to increase the entrepreneurial initiatives.
Working with the informal sector would increase the efficiency and
coverage of the waste management process across the initiatives.
Reducing the amount of garbage tipped in the landfills should be
regulated by checking that the waste has been strictly passed
through segregation and treatment process to reduce the carbon
foot print and Pollution of the environment.
As the society is susceptible to throw the garbage anywhere
unthinkably many public dustbins should be placed at 10 mtrs
distance, educating the citizens about the civic sense and hygiene
is important. Most importantly public areas like vegetable and meat
markets.
Collection of garbage from source and segregation of garbage from
source so that the quality of garbage procured for recycling is good.
As the waste gets more contaminated or decomposed for days the
treatment of the garbage for recycling gets ineffective and difficult.
The municipalities should give licenses to the private players in
waste management, if contractual system is in place that will give
more autonomy to the players and also flourish the garbage
collection service.
For a successful PPP competition, transparency and accountability
are necessary which must be encouraged by municipalities.
For waste management to work well, the city needs to address
underlying issues relating to management structures, contracting
procedures, labour practices, accounting, cost recovery and
corruption.
It is assumed that more than 50% of people who get their garbage
collected from somebody are willing to pay for the service.

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