EDISI GURU

, NILAM
PUBLICATION
SON. BHO. (91981H)
1- JIRIM / MATTER
Teori Zarah Jirim / Particle Theory of Matter
- Menyatakan teori zarah jirim
To state the particle theory of matter
- Membezakan dan melukis tigajenis zarahjirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul :1
To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
- Menghuraikan aktiviti makrnal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan
bahawa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is
made up of tiny and discrete particles)

Teori Kinetik Jirim / Kinetic Theory of Matter

- Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim
To state the kinetic theory of matter
- Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga
To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change
- Menghubungkaitkan perubahan haba dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
To relate the change in heat to the change in kinetic energy of particles

= STRUKTURATOM / THE STRUCTURE

OF ATOMS
Sejarah Perkembangan Model Atom / History of Atomic Models Development
- Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron,
proton, nukleus, neutron dan petala
To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,
nucleus, neutron and shell
II
Zarah-zarah Subatom / Subatomic Particles
- Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif
dan kedudukan
To compare and contrast subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass and
location
- Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom
To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
- Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
To write the symbol of elements with proton number ami nucleon number

Isotop / Isotope
- Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes

Susunan Elektron / Electron Arrangement

- Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3
To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the J st, 2nd and 3rd shell
- Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya
menyatakan bilangan elektron valens I

To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or num~er of electrons and state the number of valence
electron

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 1
Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

Teort Zarah Jjrim I The Particle Theory of Motter

1 Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom IOn dan molekuI .
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are atoms ions and molecules
2 Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian. / Matter can be classified as element or compound.
3 Lengkapkan yang berikut: / Complete the following:

Unsur I Element Sebatlan I Compound

Bahan yang terdiri daripada __ s_a_tu
__ jenis atom sahaja. Bahan yang terdiri daripada __ ~du:...:a.:....-_atau__ I~eb:...:ih
__ unsur
berbeza yang terlkat sacara klmla.
A substance made from only one type of atom.
A substance made from tw_o__ Or m_o_re
__ different
elements which are bonded together.

Jenls zarah I Types of particles Jenls zarah I Types of particles

Atom I Atom Molekull Molecule Molekull Molecule Ion lion

Zarah neutral yang paling kecil Zarah neutral terdiri daripada Zarah neutral terdiri daripada Zarah bercas positif atau negatif
bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya atom-atom bukan logam serupa atom-atom bukan logam berlainan terbentuk dari logam dan bukan
logam tulen, gas adi dan terikat secara ikatan kovalen. terikat secara ikatan kovalen. logam terikat secara ikatan ion.
beberapa unsur bukan logam A neutral particle consists of similar A neutral particle consists of different Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang
seperti karbon dan silikon). non-metal atoms which are covalently- non-metal atoms which are covalently- berlawanan cas membentuk
The smallest neutral particle of an bonded. bonded. ikatan ion.
element (Normally pure metals, Positively or negatively charged
noble gases and a few non-metal CONTOH I EXAMPLE CONTOH I EXAMPLE particles, which are formed from metal
elements such as carbon and Gas oksigen, O2 Gas karbon dioksida, CO2 atom and non-metal atom respectively.
silicon). Oxygen gas, O2 Carbon dioxide gas, CO2 The force of attraction between the two
oppositely charged ions forms an ionic
CONTOH I EXAMPLE bond.
Logam natrium, Na
Sodium metal, Na CONTOH I EXAMPLE

Natrium klorida, NaCI

Sodium chloride, NaCI
Gas hidrogen, H2
Hydrogen gas, H2

Gas Neon, Ne
Neon gas, Ne
Kalsium oksida, CaD
Calcium oxide, CaO

Unsur boleh dikenaI pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada JaduaI Berkala Unsur.
Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table of Elements.
Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).

- 2 Ni/am Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom The Structure of Atoms

4 Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:

Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Bahan Jenls zarah Bahan Jenls zarah Bahan Jenls zarah

Substances Type of particle Substances Typa of particle Substances Type of particle

Gas hidrogen (H2) Molekul Sulfur dioksida (S02) Molekul Tetraklorometana (CCI.) Molekul
Hydrogen gas (H,) Molecule Sulphur dioxide (SO,) Molecule Tetrachloromethane (CCI.) Molecule

Kuprum(lI) sulfat
(CuSO.) Ion Ferum (Fe) Atom Zink klorida (ZnCI2) Ion
Copper(I/) sulphate Ion Iron (Fe) Atom Zink chloride (ZnCI,) Ion
(CuSO.)

Argon (Ar) Atom Karbon (C) Atom Hidrogen peroksida (H202) Molekul
Argon (Ar) Atom Carbon (C) Atom Hydrogen peroxide (H,O,) Molecule

5 Resapan / Diffusion
(a) Jirirn terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalarn gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah
berjauhan antara satu sarna lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rap at dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya
disusun dengan sangat padat dan teratur.
The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart from each
other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed and in orderly manner.
(b) Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah sesuatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.
(c) Resapan berlaku dalarn pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkanjadual berikut:
Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:

Resapan dalam gas Resapan dalam cecalr Resapan dalam papaJal

Diffusion In a gas Diffusion In a liquid Diffusion In a solid

Air r>. q..

' ..
Agar-agar -r-
Selepas Water
.'. '".
.0 t.
.::.'.
beberapa Gel

t~ri@l:~~~~-
Beberapa titis Selepas
Eksparimen minit
sehari
Experiment
cecair bromin
A few drops of
_
Afterafew
Kuprum(II)
After a day
I . ",' :.
'0
bromine IiqU~ minutes sulfat ""
Kalium manganat(VII) Copper(lI) "'-
.'.
~ == Potassium manganate(VlI) sulphate

Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak Warna ungu pepejal kalium Warna biru kuprum(lI) sulfat, CuSO.
dengan c:E'lPI:i~ memenuhi manganat(VII), KMnO. merebak merebak ~I:i.n..!;!.a.~.P.E'lr.I1:l.h..a..n.
di dalam

Pemerhatlan kedua-dua balang gas. dengan pE'lr.II:i~I:i~ di dalam air. agar-agar.

Observation The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br, The purple colour of solid potassium The blue colour of copper(I/) sulphate,

spreads ...'a.~L throughout the two manganate(VI/), KMnO. spreads CuSO. spreads :-:.e.'Y..!;,II?w.!y. thropghout

jars. ..........s.''?~/r.. throughout the water. the gel.

Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada Kuprum(lI) sulfat, CuSO. terdiri daripada
daripada rT1.().1~~.~I . ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII) . .. "i,().n. kuprum(ll) dan .i.().n.
..

Bromine vapour, Br, and air are made up of .........1.?~.~.i.?~ ini meresap sulfat. Ic:>~~ic:>~ ini meresap
molecules ......p~r.II:I~I:I~ antara ruang dengan sangat P.e.r.I.a..h..Cl.n.antara
....~,().I.~.~.~.I bromin meresap ...........
rl:ipl:it zarah air yang berbentuk ruang .P.I:i~l:it zarah agar-agar
Penerangan
......P..Cl.n.~Cl..~
melalui ruang b.E'l~I:Ir. . cecair. yang berbentuk pepejal.
Explanation
antara zarah-zarah udara yang Potassium manganate(VI/) is made up of Copper(I/) sulphate, CuSO. is made up of

berbentuk gas. potassium ions and manganate(VI/) ions. The copper(I/) iCi.".S, and SUlphate

Bromine rrl.o.'I'l.c.(J!e.~ diffuse .c!.u.i~k.'r.. . .. il?".~ diffuse s.''?~/r.. between .......JCi.".S, The JCi.".S, diffuse very
close ~. . .........S,ICi.w.. between ~/ClI>.e.IY..p.a.~k.e..d.
.
between 'a..rfJe. space of air particles ...........................space of water particles which IS

which is in gas form. in liquid form. space of gel particles which is in solid form.

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 Struktur Atom The Structure of Atoms

4 Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:

Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Bahan Jenls zarah Bahan Jenls zarah Bahan Jenls zarah

Subsfllnces Type of particle Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle

Gas hidrogen (H2) Molekul Sulfur dioksida (S02) Molekul Tetraklorometana (CCI.) Molekul
Hydrogen gas (H2) Molecule Sulphur dioxide (S02) Molecule Tetrachloromethane (GGI,) Molecule

Kuprum(lI) sulfat
(CuSO.) Ion Ferum (Fe) Atom Zink klorida (ZnCI2) Ion
Gopper(/I) sulphate Ion Iron (Fe) Atom Zink chloride (ZnGI2) Ion
(GuSO,)

Argon (Ar) Atom Karbon (C) Atom Hidrogen peroksida (H202) Molekul
Argon (Ar) Atom Garbon (G) Atom Hydrogen peroxide (H202) Molecule

5 Resapan / Diffusion
(a) Jirirn terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalarn gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah
berjauhan antara satu sarna lain, dalarn cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rap at dan dalarn pepejal, zarah-zarahnya
disusun dengan sangat padat dan teratur.
The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart from each
other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed and in orderly manner.
(b) Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah sesuatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.
(c) Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkanjadual berikut:
Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:

Resapan dalam gas Resapan dalam cecalr Resapan dalam pepeJal

Diffusion In a gas Diffusion In a liquid Diffusion In a solid

Selepas
Air
Water Agar-agar -f-
... '

l~i
'0'
.'
beberapa Gel 0 :.
Beberapa titis Selepas
bo~~'r,l=
Eksperlmen
Experiment
cecair bromin
A Jew drops oj
bromine liquid
_
minit
After a few
minutes
cz: ~~iiiiIiIi
:~:~:~:~:::::~:~:~:~: Kuprum(II)
sulfat ""
sehari
After a
','::',
....:.
day '0

Kalium manganat(VII) Copper(lJ) "-

~~ Potassium manganate(VII) sulphate
=

Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak Warna ungu pepejal kalium Warna biru kuprum(lI) sulfat, CuSO.
dengan ~(;l!:JC'it memenuhi manganat(VII), KMnO. merebak merebak ~c:t.n.~c:t~.p~r.Ic:t~c:t0.
di dalam

Pemerhatlan kedua-dua balang gas. dengan .P.(;lr.IC'i~c:tn. di dalam air. agar-agar.

Observatlon The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br2 The purple colour of solid potassium The blue colour of copper(/I) sulphate,

spreads !~i>L throughout the two manganate(V/I), KMnO, spreads GuSO, spreads .v.e.'Y.i>'.D..w.'Y...thro.ughout

jars. ..........s.'9.~/r. throughout the water. the gel.

Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri Kalium manganat(Vll) terdiri daripada Kuprum(lI) sulfat, CuSO. terdiri daripada
daripada rTl.?.'~~.u..I . ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII) . . i.?n. kuprum(lI) dan J?n. .
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made up of .........'.?n..~.i.?n. ini meresap sulfat. I<:>0.~i<:>n. ini meresap
molecules ..p.~r.IC'i~C'in. antara ruang dengan sangat p.El.rl.a..h..a..n.........
antara
....~.?I~.~.u..I bromin meresap rc:t!:Jc:tt
........... zarah air yang berbentuk ruang .P.c:t~c:t~ zarah agar-agar
Penerangan ......P..a..n.~a.:~melalui ruang besar cecair. yang berbentuk pepejal.
Explanation
antara zarah-zarah udara yang Potassium manganate(V/I) is made up of Copper(/I) sulphate, GuSO, is made up of

berbentuk gas. potassium ions and manganate(V/I) ions. The copper(/I) i().n.s. and sulphate

Bromine r::!.D.'f!.c.I!'.e.i>diffuse !J.LJi~k.'r. . ions diffuse s.'9.~/r. between ions The i().n.s. diffuse very
I
between ..'~.rf!.e. space of air particles close space of water particles which is slow between ~/()I>.e.IY..p.a.~k.e..d.

which is in gas form. in liquid form. space of gel particles which is in solid form.

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 3
11- __ M;..;.odUI Kimia Tingl<atan 4

(d) Kesimpulan: / Conclusions:

(i) Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalarn gas berbanding di dalarn cecair, Terdapat ruang yang
lebih besar antara zarah-zarah gas berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah gas adalah
berjauhan antara satu sarna lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah lebih rapat antara satu sarna lain.
Diffusion occurs faster in gas than in liquid. There is larger space in between the particles of a
__ .=g:....a_s
__ than a liquid. Particles in a __ __a_s
""gc... are _--,fi:....u_r_th_e_r
__ apart. The particles in the liquid are
closer
______ together.

(ii) Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalarn cecair berbanding di dalarn pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang
lebih besar antara zarah-zarah cecair berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun
sangat rap at dan padat antara satu sarna lain.
Diffusion occurs faster in a liquid than in solid. There is larger space in between the particles of a

liquid than a solid. The particles in the solid are very close together.

(iii) Gas brornin, kalium rnanganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah h_a_lu_s
__ dan
diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak
Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of tl_ny"--
__ and __ d_l_'sc_",_e_te
__
particles that are constantly moving/constant motion

Teori Kinetik Jirim / The Kinetic Theory of Matter

1 Jirim wujud dalarn tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal ce_c_a_ir dan g=a_s _
Matter exists in three different states which are so_l_id_____ _ '_iq-'--ul_d and ....:g"'a_s _

2 Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah h_a_lu_s dan d_i_skri_'_t yang sentiasa be_r,."g'--.e_ra_k
_
Matter that made up of tiny and d_i_sc_r_e_te particles which are always in constantly n_lO_v_i....:ng",-
__

3 Apabila suhu rneningkat, tenaga __ ki_'_ne_t_ik

__ zarah-zarah akan bertarnbah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan
lebih cepat
As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases and the particles move .::..fi_a_st_e_r_

4 Zarah-zarah dalarn keadaan jirirn yang berbeza rnernpunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan
kandungan tenaga yang berbeza.
___ R_a_r_tl_'c_le_s in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength offorces between them, movement and energy
content.

5 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah: / Complete the following table:

Keadaan jirim Pepejal Cecair Gas

State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah

(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili
dengan' 0'
Draw the particles arrangement.
Each particle (atom! ion/molecule) is
represented by 0
Zarah-zarah tersusun .P.~?~t . Zarah-zarah t.~.r'p'i.~~h.)Cl..u.~
..
Zarah-zarah tersusun .~~~Wlt
tetapi ti.~~.k..~El.r.Cl..t':lr.. antara satu sama lain .
Susunan zarah .... .P.~?~t dan tE'lr.Cl..t':lr. .
The particles are arranged The particles are very ~i'!~/r.
Particles arrangement The particles are arranged ~'.o.~.~/JI..
..
.....................
c.I".s.~lY... packed but ............~.~P..~'.~.t~'!.'.a.'..~P..~.rr. from
packed in o.'.ct.e.rlr. manner.
not in orderly manner each other.

Zarah ....~El.r.9..El.tCl.r.
. , ..b..e.r.P.':lt~r.
.. dan Zarah b..~r.~E'lt~r. , .....b.~r.p.~.t~r.
....
Zarah ...b..e.r.~.El.t~r.
.. pad a kedudukan
......~.El.r.~.e..r~~
..~El~Cl.~ dalam cecair. dan ~El.r.9..e..r~~ rawak .
Pergerakan zarah tetap.
Particles can v.i?'.~.te. , rotate Particles can v.i~'.a.t~ ,
Particles movement Particles can only v.i?'.a.t~ at
and '!'.o.v.e..~'.~.e.'Y.. throughout the ...... '.o.ta.t~ and '.n.".v.~ .
their fixed position.
liquid. randomly.

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Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd
 Struktur Atom TheStruclureofAloms

Oaya tarikan yang ~.u..C1~ .

antara zarah-zarah tetapi
Oaya tarikan yang sangat ..~u..<l:t
.. Oaya tarikan yang I.~.r11.<l:~
_..
. I.~.~.i.~
..I.~.n.:'<l:~ berbanding di
Oaya tarikan antara zarah antara zarah-zarah. antara zarah-zarah.
dalam pepejal.
Attractive forces between the particles Very ti.tr.O'r1.9. forces between ......... I'.'.fJ.i:l.k. ........ forces between the
.........?t'.~.n.9.. forces between the
the particles. particles.
particles but vv.e.~~e..r than the

forces in the solid.

Kandungan tenaga ....I.~.~.i.~

..t.i.~.~.~.i
....
Kandunqan tenaga sangat daripada pepejal tetapi Kandungan tenaga ~<l:~.~.~.t.
Kandungan tenaga zarah rendah ......IE'l~i.h.
..r.~.n.9<:1.h.daripada gas. tinggi.
Energy content of the particles
Energy content is very ......'?I\I .. Energy content is h.i9..h.fJ.r than Energy content is v.e.'Y high.

solid but '.O'I\IfJ.r than in a gas.

6 Perubahan keadaan jirim / Changes in the state of matter

(a) Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga h_a_b_a di serap dibebaskan
atau -------
Matter undergoes change of state when h_ea_t energy is a_b_so_r_b_e_d or r_e_Ie_a_s_ed_/,_I_o_se
_

(i) Apa su
1 a tenaga haba diserap oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan, ) tenaga kinetik zarah
bertambah
------ dan zarah terse but bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles __ in_c_",_ea_s_e_s_
and they vibrate faster.

(ii) Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan olehjirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah __ b_er_ku_r_an--,g",--_
dan zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
When matter __ r_e_Ie_a_s_es
__ heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles __ d_ec_",_e_a_se_s_
and they vibrate
less vigorously,
(b) Perubahan keadaan j irim:
Inter - conversion of the states of matter:
Pemejalwapan / Sublimation
----
. 1 Peleburan / Melting PendidihanIPenyejatan / Boiling/Evoporation
--..
PepeJa Cecair Gas J
--
Solid 0( Liquid [~_G_a_s~
~mbekuan / Freezing Kondensasi / Condensation

Pemejalwapan / Sublimation
7 Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena / Determination of melting andfreezing points of naphthalene
Bahan / Materials: Serbuk naftalena, air / Naphthalene powder, water
Radas / Apparatus: Tabung didih, kelalang kon, bikar, kaki retort, penunu Bunsen, termometer 0 - 100C, jam randik,
kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga / Boilif}g tube, conicalfiask, beaker, retort stand with clamp, thermometer 0 - 100C,
stopwatch, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand
Prosedur / Procedure:
I. Pemanasan naftalena / Heating of naphthalene
Susunan radas / Set-up of apparatus:
IH------- Termometer/ Thermometer

1--,---- Tabungdidih/ Boiling tube

.~----- Air / Water

_-_-
__
~-==*"~I------.
Naftalena/ Naphthalene

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1,"-_...:M,;;;.;:Da="1 '''mill Tlngklltlln 'I

(a) __ 'I_ab_Ull---=g=--dl_
d_ih
__ diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi 3_-_5_c_m dan __ te_rm_o_m_et_e_r
__

diletakkan di dalamnya.
A boiling tube is filled 3_-_5_c_m height with naphthalene powder and a __ t_h_erm_o_m_e_t_er
__ is placed
into it.

(b) Tabung didih diapitkan di dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air
lebih tinggi daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
The boiling tube is suspended in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath is higher
than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.

(c) Air dipanaskan dan naftalena d_ik_a_c_a_u perlahan-lahan dengan te_rm_o_m_e_t_e_r _

The water is h_e_at_e_d and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with t_h_er_m_o_m_e_t_er
_

(d) Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai 60C , mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap
30 saa t sehingga suhunya mencapai 90C _

When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60C , the stopwatch is started. The temperature of naphthalene is
recorded at 30 secon ds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90C _

II. Penyejukan naftalena / Cooling of naphthalene

Naftalena
f-J>c------- Naphthalene

(a) Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon
seperti dalam gambar rajah.
The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a conical flask as shown in the
diagram.
(b) Kandungan dalam tabung didih d_ik_a_c_au perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses
penyejukan untuk mengelakkan penyejukan lamp au (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat
beku tanpa pembentukan pepejal).
The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly with thermometer throughout cooling process to avoid
supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without the appearance of a solid).
(c) Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 60C
The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops to
60C

(d) Graf s_uh_u melawan m_as_a dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.
A graph of __ te_m-"p,-e_r,_Q_tu_re
__ against ti_m_e is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.

-6 Nllam Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom
--------------~
Penerangan Proses Pemanasan / The explanation of the Heating Process
1 Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
The heating curve of naphthalene:

SuhuJC
Temperaturel"C

D E

B C

Masals
Time/s

2 Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak bergetar dengan __ l_eb_ih_ku_at
__ disebabkan
kandungan tenaga bertambah. Tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan perubahan keadaanjirim.
When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and vibrate __ --"fi_a_s_te_r as its energy content increases. As the heat energy
is absorbed , the state of matter will change.

Titlk Keadaan jirlm Penerangan

Point Stste of mstter Explanation

Tenaga haba ~.i~.~.r~p. oleh zarah-zarah .P..~p.~i('\I naftalena menyebabkan tenaga ~i.n.E:lt.i.~ .
akan ~E:lr.t.Cl..~~<i.~dan zarah bergetar dengan ..'.El~i.h.
..<:.~p.~~ Suhu semakin ~E:l':'!':'~~<i.t .
A ke B Pepejal
Heat energy is ~~s,?rl:J.e..d. by the particles in the ~?I!d. naphthalene causing their
AloB Solid
................
k.ifl.e.t!c. energy to !n.~'.e.~~.e. and vibrate !.a.~.te.'. The temperature
increases

Tenaga haba yang ~.i.~.~.r~p. oleh zarah-zarah dalam .P..f3.P..f3J('\Inaftalena c:li~.u.n.C'\~('\':'untuk

.....':fl.El.n..~.Cl..tC'\~.i
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya .P..f3.P..f3.i('\Iberubah menjadi <::f3<:.Ci.i.r. Suhu
B ke C Pepejal dan Cecair adalah t~t.Cl..P.. .
BtoC Solid and Liquid All the heat energy a.~s,?rl:J.e.c} by the particles in the ~?I!d. naphthalene is yS,fi.d. to
..............
?v.e.'.c,?'!'.e. forces between particles so that the ~?!!d. turn to ..'iqu.i'! The temperature
remains constant

Tenaga haba ~.i.~.El.r~p. oleh zarah-zarah <::f3c::CiJ.r.naftalena menyebabkan tenaga ~i.n.Elt.i.~ .

C ke 0 Cecair akan ~E:lr.t.Cl..rTl.~<i.~
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan ~El~i.h.
..<:.El.P.C'\~ Suhu semakin ~El':'in.~~Ci.t .
CtoD Liquid Heat energy a.~.s,?rl:J.e.c} by the particles in the ..'iCi.U.i'! naphthalene causing their k.ir!.l!.tic:. : .
energy to ill.c,'.e.~~e. and move ..!.a.~.te.'. The temperature Jfl.c.'.I!.'3.5.fi.5. ..............

Tenaga haba ~.i.~.~.rC'\p. oleh zarah-zarah dalam <::f3<:.Ci.!r. naftalena c:li~u.n.C'\~'i.':'untuk

.....':fl.El.n.9.Cl..t('\~.!
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak ~El~c:l!> untuk membentuk
o ke E Cecair dan Gas .............
~C'\~ Suhu adalah t.El~<i.p. .
DtoE Liquid and Gas Heat energy '3.~s,?rl:J.e.c} by the particles in the ..'iCilJ,i'! naphthalene is yS,fi.d. to
............
?v.e.'.c,?'!'.e. the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move fEl.n.'!".".'ly to form a
.................. f7.i3.s, The temperature .'.fi.".''3.ifl.s,.c;.D.fl.s,t.<lfl.t .

1ienaga ha ba otserap' 0 Ie h zara h-zara h gas na ft a Iena menye ba bk an t enaga kinetik a kan
Eke F Gas bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan IEl~i.h.
..<:E:lec:l~ Suhu semakin ~Eln.in.9.~Cl.t .
EtoF Gas Heat energy is a.~.s,D..rI:J.e.c} by the particles in the gas causing their k.in..e.t!c. energy to increase and
move !.a.5..te.'. The temperature ,ifl.c.'.e.'3.5.fi.5. .

Nllam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 7
____ M-.od-.UI Kimia Tingkatan 'I

3 Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil takat lebur
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah __ d_i=g_u_na_k_a_n
__
untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecalr
The constant temperature at which a solid changes to become a liquid is called the melting point
During the meltingprocess, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy __ a_b_s_o_rb_e_d
__ by the particles is __ u_s_e_d
__
to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to a liquid
4 Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecaJr berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil
takat didih . Semasa prose~ pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-
zarah digunakan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to become a gas is called the boiling point
During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy ab_s_o_r_b_e_d
__ by the particles is
used to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid change to a gas.

Penerangan Proses Penyejukan: / The Explanation for the Cooling Process:

1 Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:
The cooling curve of naphthalene:
Suhu/C
Temperature/'C

Q R

S
Masa/s
Time/s

2 Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah cecair membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin perlahan
kerana kandungan tenaganya berkurang. Keadaan jirim berubah semasa tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.
When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as its energy content decreases.
As the energy is released to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.

Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan

Point State of matter Explanation

Haba ~.i.~.E!.~.Ci.S.~Ci.n.
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam <:.E!.<:(li.r naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
..........<:.E!.~(lir. kehilangan tenaga kinetik dan ~.E!.r.9.E'!r.a.:~ semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin
P ke Q Cecair menurun
PtoQ Liquid
Heat is '.~/I!.a.s..~cf/.9.!v.I!~.CJ.l!.t to the surrounding by the particles in the li9Yid. naphthalene. The particles in

the .'iql!!d. lose their ~!".f!tic: energy and rTl.CJ.v.I! ........ slower. The temperature d.f!c.'.e.':.s.I!.s.

Haba ~.i.~.E!.baskan. ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam <:.E!.~(lir naftalena ~.i.ir:rlb.(l':19.i

..
oleh tenaga h..Ci.b.Ci yang t.E!.r.b.E'!.~(l.s. apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk
Cecair dan membentuk .P..E!PE'!i.Ci.1 Suhu adalah ..t.E!~i:lP.
..
Qke R
Pepejal
QtoR The heat r~/I!.a.s..e.ci. to the surrounding by the particles in li9.l!!d. naphthalene is ~':'.a.".c.I!.d.........by the
Liquid and Solid
heat energy f '.I!'.e.':.s.I!.d. during the cooling process. The particles attract one another to form a

solid The temperature rerTl.':!ns...c.CJ.f1!.'.t':.f1t. .

Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena r:rl.E!.r:rl.~.E!.~.ClS..k.i:I~

haba dan bergetar dengan I.E!.b..i.h.
..P.i'l.r.ICi.h..Ci.n.
R ke S Pepejal
Suhu semakin r:rl.~~.~.r.~.n. .
RtoS Solid
The particles in the solid naphthalene '.~/I!.a.s..e.s. heat and vibrate s.I.CJ.~~'. The temperature ci.e.c:!I!.a.s..e.s. .

- 8 Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom The Structure of Atoms

3 Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecair berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil __ ta_k_a_t_b_e_ku
__ . Semasa
proses pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh
haba yang terbebas apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk pepejal
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing point During thefreezing process,
the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced bv the heat released when
the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a solid
il
Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State of a Substance at Any Given
h-
Temperature:
1 Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan terse but lebih rendah daripada takat lebumya.
is A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point.
2 Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat
didihnya.
A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
3 Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
A substance is in __ -,g,,-a_s state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.

"'rcise

1 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.

The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Bahan I Substance Formula kimia I Chemical formula Jenis zarah I Type of partIcle

Argentum I Silver Ag Atom/Atom

Kalium oksida I Potassium oxide K20 lon/Ion

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molekul / Molecule

Klorin / Chlorine Cb Molekul / Molecule

(a) Nyatakanjenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalamjadual di atas.

State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
(b) Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskanjawapan anda.
Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.
Argentum dan klorin. Argentum dan klorin terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja / Silver and chlorine. Silver mid
chlorine are made up of only one type of atom

(c) Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskanjawapan anda.
Which of the substances are compound? Explain your answer.
Kalium oksida dan ammonia. Kalium oksida dan ammonia terdiri daripada dua unsur yang berbeza / Potassium oxide
and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements

2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan p, Q dan R.
The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substances P, Q and R.

Bahan I Substance Takat lebur I Melting point I C Takat didih I Bolling point I C

P -36 6

Q -18 70

R 98 230

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 9
 Struktur Atom

Penerangan Proses Pemanasan / The Explanation of the Heating Process

1 Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
The heating curve of naphthalene:

SuhulC
Temperature/iC

D E

B C

Masals
Timels

2 Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak bergetar dengan __ l_eb_i_h_ku_a_t
__ disebabkan
kandungan tenaga bertambah. Tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.
When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and vibrate __ --=fi'-a_s_te_r as its energy content increases. As the heat energy
is absorbed , the state of matter will change.

Tltlk Keadaan Jirlm Penerangan

Point Stat. of mstter Explanation

Tenaga haba ~.i.~.~.r~p. oleh zarah-zarah .f?~.f?~jl:ll naftalena menyebabkan tenaga k.if.1~t.i.~ .
akan I:l~r.t.Ci.rr.'~I:I~ dan zarah bergetar dengan I~l:li.h.
..~.~P..Ci~ Suhu semakin rr.'~f.1i.n.Qk.a..t .
A ke B Pepejal
Heat energy is E1.~s.'?'!!e..d. by the particles in the s.O"!d. naphthalene causing their
A toB Solid
................
~ifl.e.ti.c. energy to In.~:.e.E1.~.e. and vibrate !.a.~.te.:. The temperature
increases

Tenaga haba yang ~.i.~.~.r~p. oleh zarah-zarah dalam .f?~f?~.il:ll naftalena ~iQIJ.f.1I:1.k.I:I~
untuk
.....~.~.n..Q.Ci~~~.idaya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya .f?~f?~jl:l! berubah menjadi 9.~~a..~~ Suhu
B ke C Pepejal dan Cecair adalah ~~t~p. .
BtoC Solid and Liquid All the heat energy E1.~s.o..'!!e.cJ. by the particles in the s.o.'icJ. naphthalene is ys.~d. to
..............'?v.e.:.~(}'!'.e. forces between particles so that the s,O"i.d. turn to !iqu,ici. The temperature
remains constant

Tenaga haba ~.i.~.~.r~p. oleh zarah-zarah 9.~~a..i~ naftalena menyebabkan tenaga k.i.n.~~i.~ .
Cke 0 Cecair akan I:l~r:t.CI.r1l.~I:I~dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan !~l:li~..~.~P.CI~ Suhu semakin r1l~f.1if.1Qk.'i.t .
CtoD Liquid Heat energy a.b..s,o..'!!e.cJ. by the particles in the ..'ir:!.u,!ci. naphthalene causing their ~i'!.e.t!c. .
energy to .iI1.~:.e..a.~e. and move ..!.a.~.tfJ:. The temperature !I1.<?'.e.E1.s.~s. .

Tenaga haba ~.i.~.~.r~p. oleh zaran-zarah dalam 9.~~.a..i~ naftalena ~!QIJ.f.1I:1k.I:I~untuk

.....~.~.n..Q.CI.~I:I~.i
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak I:l~I:l':l~ untuk membentuk
o ke E Cecair dan Gas .............
~':l~ Suhu adalah t.~~I:If? .
DtoE Liquid and Gas Heat energy E1.b..s,o..'!!e.ci. by the particles in the ..'iqu,ici. naphthalene is I!.s.~d.. to
............o..v.e.'.~'?fTI.fJ the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move '.'I.'!C!.CJ'!'!Y.. to form a
..................
~a..s, The temperature .:.E1.fTlE1.!fl.S,.~O'I1.s.t<l.'!.t .

Tenaga haba ~!~~~a..P. oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga k.if.1~t.i.~ akan
Eke F Gas bertambah dan zarah-zarari bergerak dengan IE'll:li.h.
..~E'lp':l~ Suhu semakin r1lE'lf.1!!:1Q~.Cl.~
.
EtoF Gas Heat energy is E1.b..s,o..'!!e.ci. by the particles in the gas causltlg their k.!'!.e.ti.c. energy to increase and
move '.a.~.te.'. The temperature ,i'!.c.'.e.<l.s.~s. .

Nllam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 7
~ __ ;..;M~oa~UI Kimia Tingkatan 'I

3 Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil takat lebur
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah __ d_l-,,'
g,,-u_n_a_k_an
__
untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair
The constant temperature at which a solid changes to become a liquid is called the melting point
During the meltingprocess, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy __ a_b_s_o_rb_e_d
__ by the particles is __ u_s_e_d
__
to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to a liquid
4 Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecair berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil
takat didih . Semasa proses, pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-
zarah digunakan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to become a gas is called the boiling point
During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy a_bs_o_r_b_e_d__
by the particles is
used to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid change to a gas.

Penerangan Proses Penyejukan: / The E.xplanation for the Cooling Process:

1 Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:
The cooling curve of naphthalene:
SuhuJC
Temperature/iC

Q R

S
Masals
Time/s

2 Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah cecair membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin perlahan
kerana kandungan tenaganya berkurang. Keadaanjirim berubah semasa tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.
When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as its energy content decreases.
As the energy is released to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.

Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan

Point State of matter Explanation

Haba d.i.~.El.~.a..s.~.a..~
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam ~.El.~l:li.r naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
cecair kehilangan tenaga ~i.~~~i~ dan ~.El.r.~~r.a.:~.:semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin
P ke Q Cecair menurun
,
PtoQ Liquid
Heat is '.e./~.a.~.e.cJ/.9.!.v.~fl..CJ.u..t
to the surrounding by the particles in the Ii.'ly!.d. naphthalene. The particles in

the li9.u,!.d. lose their Jir:.e.tic; energy and "!CI.V.~ slower. The temperature d.e.c.'.e.f1.s.(J.s.
.

Haba d..i.~.El.~l:lS.~.Cl.~
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam ~.El.c:l:li! naftalena (j.~ir:'l.~I;I.n.~i.
oleh tenaga h..a..~.a. yang t.El.r.~~.~I;I.S.apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk
Cecair dan membentuk p.~p.~j.a..I Suhu adalah .. tetap
Qke R
Pepejal
QtoR The heat '.e.I(J.a.~.e.~ to the surrounding by the particles in liquid naphthalene is ~a.'.a.fl..c.(J.d. by the
Liquid and Solid
heat energy '.~'.e.a..s.~.d. during the cooling process. The particles attract one another to form a

solid . The temperature '.e."!a.ifl~..c.CJ.fls.ta..nt

......

Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena r:'l.El.rTl.~El.~.a.:s..~a.:~

haba dan bergetar dengan I.El.~i.h.
..P.E:l.r.I.a.:~.Cl.~
.
R keS Pepejal
Suhu semakin rTl.~~.~.r.~.~.
RtoS Solid
The particles in the solid naphthalene '.e.le.a.~.e.~ heat and vibrate ~'.CJ.~e.'. The temperature ~e.c;r.(J.a.~.e.s

- 8 Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom T Strurt"",r,f Atom-- ....
3 Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecaJr berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil _~ta_k_a_tb..:.-e_ku~_.
Semasa
proses pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh
haba yang terbebas apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk pepejal
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing point During thefreezing process,
the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced bv the heat released when
the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a s_ol_id _

Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State of a Substance at Any Given
Temperature:

1 Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.
A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point.
2 Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat
didihnya.
A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
3 Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
A substance is in __ ---'g"-a_s state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.

rclse

1 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.

The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Bahan I Substance Formula kimia I Chemical formula Jenis zarah I Typeof particle

Argentum / Silver Ag Atom/Atom

Kalium oksida / Potassium oxide K20 lon/Ion

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molekul / Molecule

Klorin / Chlorine Cb Molekul / Molecule

(a) Nyatakanjenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalamjadual di atas.

State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
(b) Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.
Argentum dan klorin. Argentum dan klorin terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja / Silver and chlorine. Silver and
chlorine are made up of only one type of atom

(c) Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskanjawapan anda.
Which of the substances are compound? Explain your answer.
Kalium oksida dan ammonia. Kalium oksida dan ammonia terdiri daripada dua unsur yang berbeza / Potassium oxide
and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements

2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan p, Q dan R.
The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substances P, Q and R.

Bahan I Substance Takat lebur I Melting point I C Takat didih I Bolling point 1C

P -36 6

Q -18 70

R 98 230

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

-9
MoaN' Klmla nngkatan 'I
(a) (i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan 'takat lebur'?
What is meant by 'melting point '?
Suhu tetap di mana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu. I The constant temperature at which
a solid change to a liquid at particular pressure.

(ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan 'takat didih'?

What is meant by 'boiling point '?
Suhu tetap di mana cecair berubah menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu. I The constant temperature at which a
liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure.

(b) Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.

Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.

o 0
o o 0
Bahan P / Substance P Bahan Q / Substance Q Bahan R / Substance R

(c) (i) Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu OC.
State the substance/substances that exist in the form of liquid at ae.
P,Q
(ii) Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Give reason to your answer.
OC adalah suhu di atas takat lebur P dan Q dan di bawah takat didih P dan Q I The temperature aoc is above the
melting point of P and Q and below the boiling point of P and Q

(d) (i) Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan mas a bagi pemanasan bahan
Q.
Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 1 aae. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating of
substance Q.

Suhu I Temperature 1C

70 -- --~------"

'-----------. Masa I Time Is

(ii) Apakah keadaan fizik bahan Q pada 70C?
What is the state of matter of substance Q at 7aOC?
J
Cecair dan gas I Liquid and gas
(e) Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkanjawapan anda.
Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.
Takat lebur bahan R adalah lebih tinggi daripada bahan Q. Daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R lebih kuat
daripada bahan Q. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R.
The melting point of substance R is higher than substance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R is stronger

than substance Q. More heat is needed to overcome the forces between particles in substance R.

-
10 Nllam Publication Sdn Bhd
 Struktur Atom The Structure ofAtoms

3 Takat Jebur asetamida boJeh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejaJ asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di
bawah. Suhu asetamida dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.
The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram below. The
temperature of acetamide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
tr.----- Termometer / Thermometer
k------ Tabung didih / Boiling tube

U.l''""I---- Air / Water

~~~-~-t;---Asetamida / Acetamide

(a) Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?

What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?
Untuk memastikan pemanasan asetamida adalah sekata. Asetamida mudah terbakar. I To ensure even heating of

acetamide. Acetamide is easily combustible.

(b) Namakan atu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kuku air p rti rajah di
ata .
State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown in the above
diagram.
Naftalena I Naphthalene

(c) Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310C. BoJehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan
kukus air seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskanjawapan anda.
Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 31 ac. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the water bath as
shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.
Tidak, kerana takat didih air adaJah 100C di mana ia adalah kurang daripada takat Jebur natrium nitrat.

No, because the boiling point of water is 1aaoc which is lower than the melting point of sodium nitrate.

(d) Mengapakah asetamida daJam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
Why do we need to stir the acetamide in the boiling tube in above experiment?
Untuk memastikan haba disebarkan dengan sekata I To make sure the heat is distributed evenly

(e) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu meJawan mas a untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.
The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
Suhu / Temperaturel iC

T,
Q R
T,
TJ _- - -- - __ - - _

Masa rnme/s

(i) Apakah takat beku asetamida? I What is the freezing point of acetamide?
T20C

(ii) Suhu antara Q dan R adaJah tetap. JeJaskan. I The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain.
Tenaga haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang dibebaskan apabiJa zarah dalam cecair

asetamida menyusun semula untuk menjadi pepejal. I The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat

released by the liquid when the liquid acetamide particles rearrange themselves to become solid.
I

(f) Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yan!; terdiri daripada molekul.
Acetamide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.
Air/naftalena I Water/naphthalene

(g) Apakah takat lebur asetamida? I What is the melting point of acetamide?
T2C

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 11
 r Atom / The Atomic Structure

1 Sejarah perkembangan model atom:

History of the development of atomic models:

Saintis Model atom Penemuan

Scientist Atomic Model Discovery

(i) Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil ~~<:>f!1

o
atoms
Matter is made up of particles called .

(ii) Atom tidak boleh ~.i~.i.P..t1:l , ~.if!1.u.~':l1:l~atau 9.i.b..Cl.h.~~i

..
Dalton
Atoms cannot be created , cJ.fi.S.t'.o.r.e.c or!. cJ.iV.icJ.fi.cJ.
.

(iii) Atom daripada unsur sama adalah ~.Cl.fl,l<:l

.
identical
Atoms from the same element are

......
-.....
(i) Menjumpai ~I~~.tr.0n , zarah subatom yang pertama.
Sfera bercas PCl~i~if .
Discovered the fi.Ie.c:.tr.O'fJ.s. , the first subatomic particle.

Thomson ...
. ......
.. .
....."'.o.s.i~iv.fi/r..
.... charged sphere
(ii) Atom adalah sfera yang bercas .P()~i~if yang mengandungi

..
zarah bercas negatif dipanggil . elektron
.....~I~.~tr().n.
.....bercas negatif
Atom is sphere of .PC>.s.it!V.fi charge which embedded with negatively
Negatively charged fi/.e.~.trC>.rr
charged particles called e../fic:.tr.O'fJ.S. .

.. .
(i) Menjumpai ':l':l~.I~':I~ yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan
Elektron ...bergerak di
.....~E:lr.~.Cl.s.
..P..().s.i~if
..

g
.~:=:
luar nukleus
Discovered the flLJ.c.Ie..(jii. as the centre of an atom and
moves 00",," .positive.lr. charged

(ii) Proton adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.

Rutherford
. . Nukleus mengandungi Proton is a part of the nucleus.
. .. . .P..~.Cl~()':l. (iii) ~.I~~.tron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.
Nucleus that contains Electron .. moves outside the nucleus.
..Pr.o.~o.fJ.
(iv) t-:J':I~~~~.~ mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom .
Most of the mass of the atom found in the flLJ.c.Ie..us

r- !\...-,./ Petala / Shell

\ M) Nukleus mengandungi (i) Menjumpai kewujudan .. .p..~.t<:lI1:l elektron.

Neils Bohr
G: D proton Discovered the existence of electron s.~.e.llii. .

~ Nucleus that contains (ii) Elektron bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi nu~.I.~.u.~ .
'>">: proton Electrons move in the s.~.e.llii. around the nucleus.
Ele~;~~i"~;~~;;~n

Petala / Shell (i) Menjumpai kewujudan .... neutron

Discovered the existence of fli!(j.tr.o.rr. .
Nukleus mengandungi (ii) Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil ~.~~.tr.?~.
......P..r.().t?':l dan .. neutron
James dan zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil p.r?t.Cl.n.
..
Chadwick Nucleus that contains Nucleus of an atont contains neutral particles called fli!(j.tr.O'fJ and
......prC>.tC>.fI and.rri!(j.tr.O'fJ .
positively charged particles called .P..rC>.tC>.rr

Elektron / Electron (iii) Jisim ':l~~.t.r?~ dan p.r()t.Cl.n. adalah hampir sama.
The mass of a fli!LJ.tr.o.rr. and .P..'.o.tC>.rr is almost the same.

- 12 Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom Tre Structure of At

2 Struktur Atom: / The structure of an atom:

Petala I Shell

Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron

Nucleus that contains pluton and neutron

Elektron I Electron

(a) Atom mempunyai __ n_u_k_l_eu_s

__ di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam _---"p_e_ta_l_a
__ mengelilingi nukleus
terse but.
An atom has a central n_u_cl_e_us-'---- and electrons that move in the s_h_e_ll_s around the nucleus.
(b) ___ N_u_k_l_e_u_s
__ mengandungi proton dan neutron.
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
(c) Setiap proton bercas +1 . Setiap elektron bercas -1 . Neutron tidak mempunyai cas (ianya adalah
neutral ). Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sarna, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom
adalah sifar . Atom adalah neutral . (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau
menerirna elektron - pembentukan ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)
Each proton has charge of __ +_1__ Each electron has an electrical charge of __ 1__ The neutron has no __ c_h_a-,rg,,-e
__
(it is neutral ). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of atom is zero
Atom is neutral . (if an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion -formation of ion will be studied in Chapter 4)
(d) Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan
proton dan bilangan neutron

The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly from the number
of proton and neutron

(e) Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu lebih kurang 1 i40 daripada jisim proton dan neutron.

The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about 1 ;40 times the size of a proton or neutron.

3 Lengkapkanjadual di bawah:
Complete the following table:

Zarah subatom Simbol Cas Jisim relatif Kedudukan

Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative mass Position

- (negatif) 1 Pada petala

Elektronl Electron e
- (negative) 1840 - 0 In the shells

+ (positif) Pada nukleus

Proton! Proton p 1
+ (positive) In the nucleus

neutral Pada nukleus

Neutronl Neutron n 1
neutral In the nucleus

4 Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.

Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element.
Lengkapkan yang berikut: / Complete the following diagram:

Unsur natrium Un sur natrium Unsur natrium Atom natrium

Sodium element Sodium element Sodium element Sodium atom

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 13
Moil", Klmla nng/catan 'I
5 Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of elements)
(a) Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam a_to_m _
Proton number of an element is the number of proton in its atom
(b) Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sarna dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah neutral
The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because the atom is _n_e_u_tr_a_l_
(c) Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:
Every element has its own proton number:
- Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19. A_to_m kalium mempunyai __ ;;,,:19;....PLr:...:odi
;....to;;,,:n=---_
dalam
nukleus dan 19 elektron di dalam petala.
Proton number of potassium. K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk oksigen, 0 ialah 8. Atom oksigen mempunyai 8 proton di dalam
nukleus dan 8 elektron di dalam petala.
Proton number of oxygen. 0 is 8. Oxygen atom has __ 8:....p!:..,,~0:....to:....n..:.:s~_
in the nucleus and _...:;8....;e_Ie....;c_tr....;o_n..;.
in
the shells.

6 Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Un sur)

Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of elements)
(a) Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalahjumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu __ a_to_m
__
Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its a_to_m _
(b) Nombor nukleonjuga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.
Nucleon number is also known as mass number.
(c) Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.

Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu Unsur / Symbol of Element and
Standard Representation for an Atom of Element
1 Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti
ditulis dengan hurufbesar. Tetapijika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka hurufpertama merupakan hurufbesar dan
hurufkedua merupakan hurufkecil.
The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital letter. If it
has two letters. thefirst is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Contoh: / Example:
Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol
Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol

Oksigen/ Oxygen 0 Nitrogen/Nitrogen N Kalsium/Calcium Ca

Magnesium/Magnesium Mg Natrium/Sodium Na Kuprum/Copper Cu

Hidrogen/Hydrogen H Kalium/ Potassium K Klorin/Chlorine CI

Hurufyang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan hurufbesar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat
berguna semasa menulis formula kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana
adanya dua hurufbesar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula.
For example KCI. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCI because there are two capital letters represent potassium and
chlorine.

2 Perwakilan piawai bagi __ s_a_tu_at_o_m

__ sesuatu unsur boleh ditulis sebagai:
The standard representation of an a_t_o_m of an element can be writter; as:

Nombor nukleon/Nucleon number - A

X ~ Simbol unsur/Symbol of an element
Nombor proton/Proton number - Z

-14 Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom The Structure of Atoms

Contoh: / Example:
27 Al
13
Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
The element is Aluminium.
Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah 2_7 _
The nucleon number of Aluminium is 2_7 _
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah 13"--__
The proton number of Aluminium is 1_3 _
Atom Aluminium mempunyai 13 proton 14 neutron dan 1_3 elektron.
Aluminium atom has 13 protons 14 neutrons and 1_3 electrons.

3 Isotop / Isotope
(a) Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sarna tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Atau/ Or
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor __ ,,-p_ro_t_o_n
__ yang sarna tetapi nombor __ n_u_kl_e_o_n
__
yang berbeza.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same proton number but different __ n_'_lc_Ie_o_n
__ number.
Contoh: / Example:

1 H 2 H
1 1

Nombor nukleon/Nucleon number = 1 Nombor nukleon/Nucleon number =2

Nombor proton/Proton number = 1 Nombor proton/Proton number = 1

Bilangan neutron/Number of neutron =0 Bilangan neutron/Number of neutron = 1

- Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 adalah isotop. Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau ~.i.~~~~.~~
..P.r.<?t.o.~ .
yang sama tetapi nornbor nukleon yang ~~r.~~~.Cl kerana perbezaan b..i.I~~.~.~~
..~~.~t.r.o..n. .
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same n.l!"'.?e.'..o.!.P.r.CJ.tCJ.n.~ but

..............~i.".e.r.e..n.t. in nucleon number because of the difference in the n.u."'.~.e.'..CJ.f.~e..u.tr.?n.

.

- Isotop mernpunyat. SIif at kimia yang sama kerana mernpunyai. susunan eIe kt ron yang sama tet apt. SI'fat fizik .
yang berbeza.
Isotopes have the same 9.h.l!"'.ic.Gi.I properties because they have the same electron arrangements but different P..h.r.s.ic.'!.! properties.

(b) Contoh kegunaan isotop:

Examples of the uses of isotopes:
(i) Bidang perubatan
Medical field
Untuk mengesan barah otak.
To detect brain cancer.
Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Untuk mengulcur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Iodin-131
Iodin-131 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60
Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
Untuk membunuh rnikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan. Contoh: Kobalt-60
Cobalt-60 is used to kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
(ii) Bidang industri
In the industrial field
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.
To detect wearing out in machines.
Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

- 15
Mod"' Kimia Tingl<atan 4

Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah. Contoh: Natrium-24

Sodium-24 detect leakage of pipes underground.
Untuk menges an keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
Todetect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
(iii) Bidang pertanian
In the agriculture field
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan. Contoh: fosforus-32
To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. Example: phosphorus-32
Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
To sterile insect pests for plants.
(iv) Bidang arkeologi
In the archeology field
- Karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia sesuatu artifak.
Carbon- I 4 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.
4 Susunan Elektron
Electron arrangement
(a) Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-
unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton 1-20:
The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can befilled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements with
atomic numbers 1-20:
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimurn 2 elektron.
First shell can befilled with a maximum of 2 electrons.
Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
Second shell can befilled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
Third shell can befilled with a maximum of 8 electrons.

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)

First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

'I--+-- Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)

Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)

r---- Petala ketiga diisi 8 elektron (oktet)

Third shell isfilled with 8 electrons (octet)

(b) Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
S Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Complete the following table:
(a) Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan lengkapkan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:

Perwakilan
Lukiskan susunan elektron
piawai unsur
bagi atom Penerangan
Standard J
Draw electron arrangement Description
representation
of an atom
of an element

Bilangan proton/Number of protons 1

Atom Hidrogen
Hydrogen Atom
Bilangan elektron! Number of eletrons 1

1
1
H

0 Bilangan neutron! Number of neutrons

Nornbor proton/Proton number

Nombor nukleon/Nucleon number

0

Susunan elektron!Electron arrangement 1

- 16
Nllam Publication Sdn Bhd
 5truktur Atom The Structure of Atoms

Bilangan proton! Number of protons 11

Atom Natrium
Sodium Atom
Bilangan elektron/ Number of electrons 11

23
11 Na
(@) Bilangan neutron! Number of neutrons

Nombor proton/Proton number

12

11

Nombor nukleon!Nucleon number 23

Susunan elektron/Electron arrangement 2.8.1

(b) Pilih pemyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.

Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X

23
X
11

th Pernyataan Tanda(.f/X)
Statement Tick ( ,( I JC)

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.

Element X has 11 proton number.
X

Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.

./
The proton number of element X is 11.

Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.

./
The proton number of atom X is 11.

Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.

The number of proton of element X is 11.
X

Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.

./
The number of proton of atom X is 11.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.

./
Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23. ./

Nucleon number of atom X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.

Number of nucleon of element X is 23.
X

Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.

Atom X has 23 nucleon number.
X

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.

Neutron number of atom X is 12.
X

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12. I ./

Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.

Number of neutron of element X is 12.
X

Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

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Mod"' Kimia Tingkatan 4

1 Lengkapkan jadual berikut: / Complete the following table:

Perwakilan ! Bi/angan Bilangan Bilangan Nombor
Susunan
Bllangan
atom I Nombor elektron atom
Unsur proton elektron neutron nukleon elektron valens
Element
Standard
representation
foranstom
I
I
Number of
proton
Number
electron
of Number
neutron
of
proton
Proton number
Nucleon
number
Electron
arrangement
stom
of
Number of valence
electron

Hidrogen 1
H 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Hydrogen 1

Helium 4
2 He 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
Helium

Boron 11
5 5 6 5 11 2.3 3
Boron 5 B

Karbon 12 2.4
6 6 6 6 12 4
Carbon 6 C

Nitrogen 14
7 N 7 7 7 7 14 2.5 5
Nitrogen

Neon 20
10 Ne 10 10 10 10 20 2.8 8
Neon

Natrium 23
11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1 1
Sodium 11 Na

Magnesium 24
12 12 12 12 24 2.8.2 2
Magnesium 12 Mg

Kalsium 40
20 Ca 20 20 20 20 40 2.8.8.2 2
Calcium

2 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S. / The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, Rand S.

[~ ~~
__p ~_2_R ~_;_S ~]
(a) Apakah maksud nombor nukleon / What is meant by nucleon number?
Nombor nukleon suatu unsur adalah jumlah proton dan neutron dalam nukleus atomnya / Nucleon number of an
element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom

(b) Apakah nombor nukleon atom P / What is the nucleon number of P?

35
(c) Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P / State the number of neutron in atom P.
18

(d) Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P / State number of proton in atom P.

17

(e) (i) Apakah maksud isotop / What is meant by isotope?

Isotop adalah atom-atom dari unsur yang sarna dengan jumlah proton yang sarna tetapi jumlah neutron yang
berbeza / Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons
(ii) Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan / State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown.
P dan S / P and S
(iii) Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii) / Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii).
Atom P dan S mempunyai bilangan proton yang sarna tetapi jumlah neutron yang berbeza / Atom P and Shave
same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron

- 18 Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd

 Struktur Atom The Structure of Atoms

(f) Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.
14 R
6
3 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.

Unsur Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron

Element Number of proton Number of neutron

P 1 0

Q 1 1

R 6 6

(a) Berdasarkanjadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkanjawapan anda.
Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.
P dan Q. Atom P dan Q mempunyai bilangan proton yang sarna tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza II nombor
nukleon berbeza I P and Q. Atoms P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron II nucleon number.
(b) (i) Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
Write the standard representation of element Q.

2Q
I
(ii) Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nombor proton bagi unsur Q adalah I I The proton number of element Q is 1.
Nombor nukleon bagi unsur Q adalah 2 I Nucleon number of element Q is 2.

Bilangan neutron = 2 - I = 1 I Number of neutron = 2 - 1 = 1

Nukleus mengandungi satu proton dan satu neutron I Nucleus of atom Q contains 1 proton and 1 neutrons.
(c) (i) Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.
Draw atomic structure for atom of element R.

t--+-_t------ 6 proton + 6 neutron

6 protons + 6 neutrons

(ii) Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).

Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i).
Atom terdiri daripada 2 bahagian: bahagian tengah yang disebut nukleus dan bahagian luar yang disebut
petala elektron. I The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called
electron shell.

Nukleus terdiri daripada 6 proton yang bercas positif dan 6 neutron yang neutral I The nucleus consists of 6
protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.

Elektron dalam dua petala, petala pertama terdiri daripada dua elektron dan petala kedua terdiri daripada
empat elektron I The electrons are in two shells, the first shell con~ists of two electrons and the second shell consists

offour electrons.

Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus pada petala I Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.

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MocIlil Kimia flngkatan 4

(d) Unsur P bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan
lakaran graf apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27C disejukkan sehingga -5C.
Element P react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph when
liquid Z at room temperature, 27C is cooled to -5e.
Suhu/oC
Temperature fOe

27 R

o M~~
Time/s

-5 S

(i) Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.

What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t/ to t]? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from t/ to t].
Cecair dan pepejal. Haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang dibebaskan apabila
zarah-zarah dalam cecair menyusun semula menjadi pepejal / Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is

balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become solid

(ii) Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20C. / Draw the arrangement of particles ofZ at 20e.

(iii) Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke -5C.
Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooledfrom room temperature to -5e.
Zarah bergerak semakin perlahan / The particles move slower

ve Questions
1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan
yang mengalami perubahan keadaan fizik melalui proses X.
The diagram shows the arrangement of particles for a type of matter
that undergoes a change in physical state through process X
3 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.
The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X
Suhu C / Temperature -c

.mEj
u

p
~ L- ---.,~ Masa (min) / Time (min)

What is process X? Bahagian manakah pada grafberJaku proses pendidihan?

Apakah proses X? Which region of the graph does boiling process occur?
A Peleburan ./C Pembekuan A PQ ./C ST
Melting Freezing B QR D TU
B Pendidihan D Pemejalwapan
Boiling Sublimation 4 Antara pemyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betu!?
Which of the following information is true?
2 Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami pemej alwapan
apabila dipanaskan? Perubahan keadaan Proses Tenaga haba
Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation when Change of state Process Heat energy

heated? A Pepejal - Cecair Peleburan Dibebaskan

A Sulfur C Glukosa Solid --+ Liquid Melting Released
Sulphur Glucose
B Cecair+- Gas Penyejatan Dibebaskan
./B Ammonium klorida D Natrium klorida LiqJid--+ Gas Evaporation Released
Ammonium chloride Sodium chloride
./C Gas - Pepejal Pemejalwapan Dibebaskan
Gas--+ Solid Sublimation Released

D Gas - Liquid Condensation Absorbed

Gas--+ Cecair Kondensasi Diserap

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20 Nilam Publication Sdn Bhd
 Strulrtur Atom The Structure of Atoms

5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila Bahan Takat leburl"C Takat didihioC
cecair Y disejukkan. Substance Melting pointl"C BOiling pointl"C
The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time when
a liquid Y is cooled. S -182 -162
Subu C / Temperature C T -23 77
U -97 65
T, P
V 41 182
W 132 290
T,
Q R

Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?

Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature?
T, -------------------- S A S sahaja ,/ C T dan U sahaja
L---------------l~ Masa (min)
Time (min) S only T and U only
B S dan T sahaja D V dan W sahaja
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang
Sand T only Vand Wonly
lengkung itu?
Which of the following statements are tnle about the curve?
8 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom kuprum.
I Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku.
The diagram below shows standard representation of an atom copper.
At Q, liquid Y begins tofreeze.
II Pada PQ, zarah
persekitaran.
dalam Y menyerap

At PQ, particles in Yabsorb heat from the surroundings.

haba dari
[ ~:cu J
III Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S. Antara berikut, yang manakah betul berdasarkan rajah di
Liquid Yfreezes completely at S. atas?
IV Takat beku bagi Y adalah T2C. Which of the following is correct based on the symbol the diagram?
Thefreezing point ofY is T1C.
A I dan III sahaja C II dan III sahaja Nombor proton Nombor nukleon Bilangan elektron
I and III only II and JJJ only Proton number Nucleon number Number of electron

IB I dan IV sahaja D II dan IV sahaja ,/A 29 64 29

I and IV only II and IV only
B 35 29 64
6 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan mas a apabila C 64 35 29
pepejal Z dipanaskan.
Thediagram below shows the graph of temperature against time when D 29 64 35
solid Z is heated.
Subu C / Temperature C 9 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom
berillium.
The diagram below shows the standard representation of beryllium
atom.

80

Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?

What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?
IL-+---+_+---+_+---+_+---+_+- ~ Masa (min)
'/A 2 C 4
Time (min)
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B 3 D 7
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit
keempat? 10 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan
Which of the following is true during the fourth minute? neutron bagi atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.
A Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak. The table below shows the proton number and the number of neutrons
All the molecules are in random motion. for atoms of elements W,X. Y and Z.
B Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.
All the molecules are closely packed and in random motion. Atom Nombor proton Bilangan neutron
Element Proton number Number of neutrons
C Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap.
All/he molecules are vibrating atfixed positions. W 7 7
ID Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan X 8 8
sebahagian bergerak secara rawak.
y 8 9
Some of the molecules are vibrating atfixed positions but some
are in random motion. Z 9 10

Antara pasapgan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?

7 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih
Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?
bahan S, T, U, V dan W
A WdanX ,/C XdanY
The table shows the melting point and boiling point of substances S, T.
U. Vand W WandX XandY
B WdanY D YdanZ
WandY YandZ

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