biotechnology techniques

Based on naturally occurring properties of different cells,

genes, and enzymes

Adopted by researchers for their own purposes

Bacteria

Why use bacteria?

Bacterial DNA
plasmids

v
transformation

Process of
_______________________

DNA is released by bacteria

into the surroundings
(medium) and then taken up
and incorporated into the DNA
by another/nearby bacteria
Transformation

One of the basic principles of

genetic engineering
Viruses and gene transfer

Viruses

Viruses and gene transfer

Bacteriophages (phages)
viruses that infect
________________

Settle on bacterial host and inject

their DNA into cells

Information encoded in viral DNA

dictate bacterial cell to make new
virus parts (DNA and protein)

Result in newly constructed

viruses
 Viruses and gene transfer

Viruses can be thought of as the

first genetic engineers

Can modify cells of other species

to carry out their own genetic
instructions
Recombinant DNA

DNA that has been created

artificially

from two or more sources

incorporated into a single
molecule

1st requirement: small DNA

fragments

DNA snippers
Recombinant DNA
Restriction endonucleases
also called ____________

Snips DNA molecules at

particular sequence of
nucleotides

Different enzymes
recognize and cut different
sequences

Can produce standard DNA

fragment with known
sequence at cut ends
Recombinant DNA: restriction enzymes
Recombinant DNA:
cut and paste

Any 2 DNA cut by the same

restriction enzyme can be
joined together

Complementary sequences on
sticky ends (tails)

Binding is weak can be

broken by heat

Connection made more

secure with ______________
Putting new genes into cells
Recombinant DNA can be
introduced into host cell

rDNA usually contain gene not

found in host cell

Introduction of rDNA modifies

host cell in some way

Example: introduce gene

producing antiviral protein into
bacteria

Challenge: get rDNA into host

cells without disrupting normal
function
Making bacteria +
toad DNA
Production of
human interferon
from bacteria
 Gene expression and control
Presence of gene can make cell carry out genetic instructions
not always the case
Think..........

All cell in your body contains

same amount of genes

But cells are not alike

Why?
 Gene expression and control
_____________Switch mechanism that
control gene expression

_____________ encode proteins

Regulatory genes promote or inhibit

expression of structural genes

Promoter region located adjacent to

structural genes

Switches that control gene expression

should be included when transplanting
genes to make protein products
____________
identical genetic copy of either a piece of DNA, a cell, or a whole
organism
Cloning cells
Cloning DNA

plasmids most commonly

used in recombinant DNA
technology replicate in E. coli

engineered to optimize their

use as vectors in DNA cloning

contain little more than the Multiple cloning site (MCS)

essential nucleotide
sequences required for their Origin of replication (ORI)
use in DNA cloning
Antibiotic resistance gene
Making recombinant DNA

Selection of transformants
Cloning from plant cells
Genetic engineering: Bt corn
 Polymerase Chain Reaction
allows for the rapid synthesis of DNA fragments. In ~1hr, over 1
million copies of a DNA strand can be made.

Biotechnology, genetic engineering, gene mapping and forensic

science.
library.thinkquest.org
Kary Mullis: Surfer-Scientist

www.revolt.it
Polymerase Chain Reaction
 PCR

library.thinkquest.org
 PCR

library.thinkquest.org
 PCR

library.thinkquest.org
 PCR

library.thinkquest.org
Making transgenic plants
Agrobacterium-
mediated transfer
Gene gun
transformation
Bt Corn and corn borer
Making Bt corn
RNAi for gene
silencing
RNAi for gene silencing