29/4/2014 Torsion of Shafts

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Torsion of Shafts
Torsion of solid and hollow shafts - second moment of area
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Shear Stress in the Shaft

When a shaft is subjected to a torque or twisting, a shearing stress is produced in the shaft. The shear stress varies from zero in the axis to a maximum at the
outside surface of the shaft.

The shear stress in a solid circular shaft in a given position can be expressed as:

=Tr/J (1)

where

= shear stress (MPa, psi)

T = twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)

r = distance from center to stressed surface in the given position (mm, in)

J = second moment of area (mm4, in 4)

Note

the "Second Moment of Area" is a measure of a beam's ability to resist torsion. The "Second Moment of Area" is defined with respect to an axis
perpendicular to the area considered. It is analogous to the "Area Moment of Inertia" - which characterizes a beam's ability to resist bending -
required to predict deflection and stress in a beam.

Circular Shaft and Maxim um Mom ent

Maximum moment in a circular shaft can be expressed as:

Tmax = max J / R (2)

where

Tmax = maximum twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)

max = maximum shear stress (MPa, psi)

R = radius of shaft (mm, in)

Combining (2) and (3) for a solid shaft

Tmax = ( / 16) max D3 (2b)

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Combining (2) and (3b) for a hollow shaft

Tmax = ( / 16) max (D4 - d 4) / D (2c)

Circular Shaft and Second Mom ent of Area

Second Moment of Area of a circular solid shaft can be expressed as

J = R4 / 2

= (D / 2)4 / 2

= D4 / 32 (3)

where

D = shaft outside diameter (mm, in)

Second Moment of Area of a circular hollow shaft can be expressed as

J = (D4 - d 4) / 32 (3b)

where

d = shaft inside diameter (mm, in)

Diam eter of a Solid Shaft

Diameter of a solid shaft can calculated by the formula

D = 1.72 (Tmax / max)1/3 (4)

Torsional Deflection of Shaft

The angular deflection of a torsion shaft can be expressed as

= L T / (J G) (5)

where

= angular shaft deflection (radians)

L = length of shaft (mm, in)

G = modulus of rigidity (Mpa, psi)

The angular deflection of a torsion solid shaft can be expressed as

= 32 L T / (G D4) (5a)

The angular deflection of a torsion hollow shaft can be expressed as

= 32 L T / (G (D4- d 4)) (5b)

The angle in degrees can be achieved by multiplying the angle in radians with 180 /

Solid shaft ( replaced)

degrees 584 L T / (G D4) (6a)

Hollow shaft ( replaced)

degrees 584 L T / (G (D4- d 4) (6b)

Torsion Resisting Mom ents of Shafts of Various Cross Sections

Maximum Torsional
Resisting Moment
Shaft Cross Section Area - Tmax - Nomenclature

(Nm, in lb)
Solid Cylinder Shaft ( / 16) max D3

Hollow Cylinder Shaft ( / 16) max (D4 - d 4) / D

h = "height" of shaft
Ellipse Shaft ( / 16) max b 2 h b = "width" of shaft
h>b
Rectangle Shaft (2 / 9) max b 2 h h>b

Square Shaft (2 / 9) max b3

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Triangle Shaft (1 / 20) max b 3 b = length of triangle side

Hexagon Shaft 1.09 max b3 b = length of hexagon side

Exam ple - Shear Stress and Angular Deflection in a Solid Cylinder

A moment of 1000 Nm is acting on a solid cylinder shaft with diameter 50 mm and length 1 m. The shaft is made in steel with modulus of rigidity 79 GPa
(79 10 9 Pa).

Maximum shear stress can be calculated as

max = T r / J

= T (D / 2) / ( D4 / 32)

= (1000 Nm) ((0.05 m) / 2) / ( (0.05 m)4 / 32)

= 40.8 MPa

The angular deflection of the shaft can be calculated as

= L T / (J G)

= L T / (( D4 / 32) G)

= (1 m) (1000 Nm) / (( (0.05 m)4 / 32) (79 10 9 Pa))

= 0.021 (radians)

= 1.2 o

Exam ple - Shear Stress and Angular Deflection in a Hollow Cylinder

A moment of 1000 Nm is acting on a hollow cylinder shaft with outer diameter 50 mm, inner diameter 30 mm and length 1 m. The shaft is made in steel with
modulus of rigidity 79 GPa (79 10 9 Pa).

Maximum shear stress can be calculated as

max = T r / J

= T (D / 2) / ( (D4 - d 4) / 32)

= (1000 Nm) ((0.05 m) / 2) / ( ((0.05 m)4 - (0.03 m)4) / 32)

= 46.8 MPa

The angular deflection of the shaft can be calculated as

= L T / (J G)

= L T / (( D4 / 32) G)

= (1 m) (1000 Nm) / (( ((0.05 m)4 - (0.03 m)4) / 32) (79 10 9 Pa))

= 0.023 (radians)

= 1.4 o
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Related Topics
Mechanics - Kinematics, forces, vectors, motion, momentum, energy and the dynamics of objects
Statics - Loads - force and torque

Related Documents
Rotating Shafts and Moments - Torsional moments acting on rotating shafts
Modulus of Rigidity - Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing or torsion force

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