RxPG AIPG 2003 Book by Jaypee Brothers

Author : Dr.J.Mariano Anto Bruno Mascarenhas

Few Words Regarding Forensic Medicine

I am giving references from 2 books.
1. The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy and
2. Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition
Nandy is a complete book and those who are in the Idea of going to Govt Services (that means you have to be Medico legal experts may
better read Apurva Nandy)
The Pages of Narayana Reddy are not mentioned because, to the best of my knowledge, if there is a group of five people preparing for PG
Entrance, it is certain that there are five editions!!!

Questions in AIPG 2003 Came from

1. Medical Ethics - 1 Question
2. Identification - 1 Questions
3. Firearms - 1 Question
4. Post mortem changes - 4 Questions
5. Toxicology - Snakes - 1 Question
6. Forensic Psychiatry - 1 Question
All the questions were spotters and all are repeats 8 out of the 9 questions (except section 193 for Perjury) had been asked more than once and
are given in SARP, Sure Success in PG and in PG Entrance Made Easy. One question is directly from Parikh

Question.
69. Perjury means giving willfull false evidence by a witness while under oath, the witness is liable to be prosecuted for perjury and the
imprisonment may extend to seven years. This falls under which section of IPC?
1. 190 of Indian Penal Code.
2. 191 of Indian Penal Code.
3. 192 of Indian Penal Code.
4. 193 of Indian Penal Code.
Answer
4. 193 of Indian Penal Code.
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 2 about recording evidence
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 7
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Discussion

Medico legally relevant Indian Penal Codes and Crime Penal Codes
Please note that the codes marked bold also deal with Poisons (Toxicology)

Cr.PC Pertaining to

39 Every person, aware of the commission of, or of the intention of any other person to commit any offence punishable under
IPC shall forwith give information to the nearest Magistrate or police officer of such commission or intention

40 Poisons

174 Inquest

175 Poisons

174 Death in Police Custody

IPC Pertaining to
 35 Poisons

44 Injury

82 No Criminal responsibility below 7 years

83 Children with normal maturity between 7 and 12 with normal maturity - responsible

84 Criminal Responsibility of Insane-McNaughten

84 Intoxication without knowledge/against will

85 Voluntarily taking alcohol

87 Below 18 years no valid consent for physical examination

88-93
Legal protection to Medical Doctors
89
Consent from Guardians for age below 12
90
Validity of Consent - fear, Intoxication etc
118
Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
176
Poisons
177
Furnishing False Information
178
Refusing Oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it
179
Refusiong to answer public servant authorised to question
182
False information with aan intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person
190
Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
191
Giving false evidence.
192
Fabricating false evidence
193
Punishment for false evidence 7 years
194
Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence
195
Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or
imprisonment
197
Issuing or signing False Certificate
201
Causing disappearence of evidence of offence or giving false information to screen offenders
202
Not informing Police
203
Giving false information respecting an offence committed
204
Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence
272
Adulterating Food or Drink (6 months/Rs 1000)
273
Selling adulterated food or drink
274
Adulteration of drugs (in West Bengal - life imprisonment)
275
Selling Adulterated drugs
276
Selling a different drug
277
Fouling Water / Spring / Reservoir
278
Making Atmosphere noxious
284
Negligent Act with respect to Poisons
294
Punishment for Exhibitionism
299
Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder {Likely to cause death} for example 1.Provocation( e.g. Adultery) 2.Exceeding
personal limits (Private Defence) 3.Heat of Passion (Argument) 4. Consent (Euthanasia)
300
Murder {Sufficient to cause death} / Infanticide
302
Punishment for Murder / Infanticide
303
When a life imprisonment prisoner kills another prisoner (removed from IPC now)
304
Punishment for Culpable homicide
304 A
Criminal Negligence/Rash & Negligent Act
304 B
Dowry Death
306
Abetment of Suicide
309
Attempt for Suicide
312
Medical Negligence / Causing Miscarriage
313
Causing Miscarriage without the consent of the female
314
Death by an act done for miscarriage
315
Act to prevent child birth or to cause it die
316
Death of quick unborn child / Criminal Abortion
317
Abandoning Infant
318
Concealment of Birth / Punishment for Abandonment
319
Hurt
320
Grievious Injury
323
Punishment for Hurt
324
Dangerous weapons / Poisons / Corrosives
325
Punishment for Grievious Injury
326
Dangerous weapons / Poisons / Corrosives
328
Poisons
331
? Assault
351
Assault Definition
354
Punishment for Indecent Assault
355
Punishment for Indecent Assault
361
Rape is a punishable Offence / Kidnap of minor(boy below 16 and girl below 18)
366 A
Kidnapping an Indian girl below 18 for Prostitution
366 B
Importing any foreign girl below 21 for Prostitution
369
Kidnap a child below 10 years for movable property
375
Rape
376
Punishment for Rape
376A
Man with his wife during separation
376B
Public servant with women in custody
376C
Superintendent of Jail, Remand Home
376D
Member of the management or staff of a hospital with any women in that hospital
377
Unnatural Offences / Lesbianism

420
!!!!
493
Cohabitation by deceitfully inducing to a belief of lawful marraige
497
Adultery / Artificial Insemination
498A
Dowry death Relatives

Indian Evidence Act 32

Dying Declaration

Year
Opium Act / Other Regulations
1843
Mc Naughtens Rule
1857
Only the central govt can cultivate opium
1878
Import export of opium prohibited
1919
Import Export permitted
1919
Indian Medical Degrees Act
1923
Workmens Compensation act
1930
Dangerous Drugs
1933
Indian Medical Councils Act - Uniform Standard
1933
Dangerous Drugs
1938
Dangerous Drugs
1940
Drugs and Cosmetics
1948
Declaration of Geneva
1948
ESI
1948
Indian Factory Act 63
1950
Drug Control Act for Maximum Price
1951
Plantation Labour Act
1954
Durham
1954
Drugs and Magic Remedies not for Abortion, Contraception, Increased Sex, Menstruation, Venereal Diseases
1955
Medicinal and Toilet preparation Act
1956
Indian Medical Councils Act
1960
Court for Juvenile Offenders
1960
Geneva Convention Act - Red Cross Emblem
1962
Drugs and Cosmetics
1964
Durham
1971
Acccepted by West Bengal ( 9.2.1971)
1974
Bengal Medical Act
1986
COPRA

Drugs and Schedules

 C
Biological and Special Products
H
Poisons
L
Antibiotics, Antihistamines

Explanation
1. IPC 190 deals with Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
2. IPC 191 deals with Giving false evidence.
3. IPC 192 deals with Fabricating false evidence.
4. IPC 193 deals with Punishment for false evidence. And reads Whoever intentionally gives false evidence in any stage of a judicial
proceeding, or fabricates false evidence for the purpose of being used in any stage of a judicial proceeding, shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine,
and whoever intentionally gives or fabricates false evidence in any other case, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Comments
Though IPCs 190 to 229 deal with FALSE EVIDENCE AND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE., the punishment of Perjury is mentioned
in Section 193
Tips
A complete list of IPCs is found at www.rxpg.com www.rcpgonline.com and www.targetpg.com

Question.
70. The most reliable criteria in Gustafson's method of identification is:
1.Cementum apposition.
2.Transparency of root.
3.Attrition.
4.Root resorption.
Answer
2.Transparency of root.
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 4 about Gustafsons Method
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 63
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Discussion
After 21 years, age can be determined by examining few characteristic features in the teeth. Gustafsons method uses the following
1. Attrition
2. Periodontitis
3. Secondary Dentine
4. Root Resorption
5. Cementum Apposition
6. Transparency of Root
Even though, there are individual criteria in each of these, they are beyond the scope of this book and interested reader may please refer
Principles of Forensic Medicine 1st Edition by Apurva Nandy
Miles remarked that of all the criteria used by Gustafson, Transparency or Translucency of Root is the single most dependable criteria
Explanation
1.Cementum apposition.
2.Transparency of root is the most reliable
3.Attrition.
4.Root resorption .
Comments
Since Questions from Gustafsons method may not go beyond this, let us see something more important and more often asked.

Permanent 3M 2M 1M 2PM 1PM Can Lat In Med In Med In Lat In Can 1PM 2PM 1M 2M 3M
Years 17-25 12-14 6 10 9 11 8 7 7 8 11 9 10 6 12-14 17-25
Temporary 2M 1M Ca Lat Med Med Lat Ca 1M 2M
n In In In In n
Months 24 12 18 8 7 7 8 18 12 24
 Months 24 12 18 9 6 6 9 18 12 24
Temporary 2M 1M Ca Lat Med Med Lat Ca 1M 2M
n In In In In n
Years 17-25 12-14 6 10 9 11 8 7 7 8 11 9 10 6 12-14 17-25
Permanent 3M 2M 1M 2PM 1PM Can Lat In Med In Med In Lat In Can 1PM 2PM 1M 2M 3M
Legend:
1. 3M is Third Molar, 2PM is Second Premolar, Can is Canine
2. For Temporary Teeth (Shown in the Inner four rows, the numbers refer to the months)
Few more points
1. Third Molar is the Wisdom Teeth
2. Other methods used in relation to the teeth are the
a. Boydes Formula
b. Stacks Method
Tips
About Mixed Dentition
1. Mixed Dentition occurs from Eruption of First Permanent teeth (First Molar) to the Last Canine
2. Remember that the total number of teeth increase only when the Permanent Molars erupt. It is because all other permanent teeth
erupt by pushing out a milk teeth
3. The number of teeth increases from 6 months to 2 years and at two years it is 20 (5 x 4)
4. At the sixth year, the number increases from 20 to 24, because the first molar erupts and no tooth falls (Remember that there are 4
first molars- Upper Right, Upper Left, Lower Right, Lower Left)
5. From 7 to 12 years the number remains 24 because as and when a tooth erupts, it displaces another and the number remains
constant.
6. There is an addition of more from the age of 12 to 14 when the second Molar erupts and the total number becomes 28
7. Then the number remains constant till 17 and again 4 more are added from 17 to 25 and the number is 32

Question.
71. Blackening and tattooing of skin and clothing can be best demonstrated by
1. Luminol spray
2. Infra red photography
3. UV light
4. Magnifying lens
Answer
2. Infra red photography
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 4 Identification
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 196
Parikh 6th Edition Page 2.37
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Apporva Nandy
Discussion
A large part of the spectrum and its relationship to the world around us is invisible because we are limited to seeing electromagnetic
wavelengths which extend only from those characteristic of violet-blues to those of the deep reds. Photographic materials can extend our vision,
especially when aided by special light sources and various filters.
Explanation
1. Luminol spray is used in detecting the blood stains. Luminol is a chemical that glows greenish-blue when it comes into contact with
blood even traces that are years old. To be exact, it reacts to hemoglobin. Luminol is so sensitive, it can detect blood at 1 part per
million. In other words, if there is one drop of blood within a container of 999,999 drops of water, luminol will glow. Investigators
typically use luminol at crime scenes where no blood is visible. They spray the chemical over a wide area in near-total darkness, so
any reaction is obvious. Officers then photograph or videotape the result, using a flash technique that picks up the glow while making
the area around it visible and identifiable on film, so the context of the crime scene isn't lost. But does a glow mean there's blood
present? Not necessarily. Luminol reacts to some metals, paints, cleaning products and plant matter. However, the chemical's reaction
to each differs in intensity; metals, for example, cause an immediate glow that quickly fades, while blood glows longer. A specialist can
tell the difference, and then perform more conclusive tests to determine whether the blood is human.
2. Infra red photography uses films that are sensitive to both the light we can see and some of the longer length (above 700 nm) infra-red
radiation. The film is also sensitive in the UV region (below 400 nm). There are scientific uses for such films which include forensic
applications and aerial crop and forest surveys. Here the absorption bands are numerous which gives a very complex pattern of the
graph for each material tested. It is used to find heat
3. UV light is also used for forensic purposes. It is commonly used in seeing Tattoo marks, Scars, Illegible ink etc
4. Magnifying lens can be used for a whole lot of purposes.
Comments
This is a question, which unless carefully read will misguide you. The question asks blackening and tattooing which are seen in firearm injuries
(for which infra red is the preferred choice) and not the Tattoo marks made in the skin, which are read by uv lamp
Tips
Even though the topic is very small. A lot of Questions are being asked from Firearm. This is best studied from Apurva Nandy.

Question.
72. Mummification refers to:
1. Hardening of muscles after death.
2. Colliquative putrifaction.
3. Saponification ofsubcutaneous fat.
4. Dessication of a dead body.
Answer
4. Dessication of a dead body.
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 7 about postmortem changes
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 166
Parik 6th Edition 9.40 to 9.44
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Discussion
Mummification is a process of rapid drying of the dead body due to environmental factors, when the soft tissue becomes dark, hard and stay
preserved. The dry, hard skin gets almost adhered with the underlying bones
Explanation
1. Hardening of muscles after death is Rigor Mortis.
2. Colliquative putrifaction is seen in the brain.
3. Saponification of subcutaneous fat is Adipocere formation. It occurs in
a. Areas where there is moisture
b. Relative Dimunition of Air
c. Bacteria and Fat splitting enzyme
4. Dessication and dehydration of a dead body is Mummification. It occurs in
a. High temperature
b. Low moisture
c. Free Air circulation around the body (increasing the circulation)
Comments
Mummification helps in identification, and the place of disposal can be guessed
Tips
Post mortem changes are the source of maximum number of Questions from

Question.
73. In suspected case of death due to poisoning where cadaveric regidity is lasting longer than usual, it may be a case of poisoning due to:
1. Lead.
2. Arsenic.
3. Mercury.
4. Copper
Answer
2. Arsenic.
Reference
Parikh 6th Edition Page 9.10
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Discussion
In Acute Arsenic Poisoning, Rigor Mortis lasts longer than usual
Explanation
1. Lead.does not delay Cadaveric Spasm
2. In Acute Arsenic Poisoning, Rigor Mortis lasts longer than usual
3. Mercury does not delay Cadaveric Spasm.
4. Copper does not delay Cadaveric Spasm
Comments
Petechial haemorrhages under the endocardium of the left ventricle are important points for diagnosis
Tips
With modern day Advances in Forensic Medicine, Arsenic can hardly used as a Homicidal poison, as it can be easily detected

Question.
74 Post mortem lividity is unlikely to develop in a case of
1. Drowning in well
2. Drowning in fast flowing river
3. Post mortem submersion
4. Drowning in clorinated swimming pool
Answer
2. Drowning in fast flowing river
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 7 about postmortem changes
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 151
Parikh 6th Edition 3.10
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Discussion
Hypostasis is discolouration of the skin and organs after death due to accumulation of fluid blood in the dependent parts of the body. Post
mortem lividity is also called
Post mortem hypostasis
Livor Mortis
Vivices
Suggilation
Postmortem Staining
Explanation
1. Postmortem lividity develops in Drowning in well
2. Postmortem lividity does not develop in Drowning in fast flowing river as the position of the body is constantly changing
3. Postmortem lividity develops in Post mortem submersion
4. Postmortem lividity develops in Drowning in clorinated swimming pool
Comments
The colour normally is
at first Bluish pink,
then Bluish purple
The colour of the lividity changes in Poisoning due to various agents are
Pink Cyanide
Bright Cherry Red Carbonmonoxide
Color of the skin is bright cherry-red if saturation of carbonmonoxide in the blood is > 30%.
If < 20%, then such a coloration is not visible
Reddish Brown Aniline, Nitrites
Chocholate Brown Potassium Chlorate
Dark Brown Phosphorus
Greyish Brown Septic abortin caused by C. welchii
Black Opiates
Bluish green Hydrogen Sulphide
Tips
Contact palor is a phenomenon which refers to the paleness of the areas that are in direct contact with the surface. This is similar to Contact
Flattening in Rigor Mortis

Question.
75 The following situations are associated with rise of temperature after death EXCEPT
1. Burns
2. Heat Strokes
3. Pontine Hemorrhage
4. Septicemia
Answer
1. Burns
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 7 about postmortem changes
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 150
Parikh 6th Edition Page 3.29 to 6.31
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Discussion
In certain conditions, instead of promoting the process of cooling of the body, act in a way, so that, the body temperature is either high at the
time of death or is increased for sometime after death, so that, at a particular time after death the body may appear disproportionately warmer
than what it should have been. This is termed as Post Mortem Caloricity and the conditions are
1. Post mortem Glycogenolysis
a. This is a normal phenomenon and the rise is 3.6oF or 2oC
2. Various Causes of Death such as
a. Septicaemia,
i. Infectious diseases,
ii. Bacteremia
iii. Tetanus
b. Asphyxial Conditions
c. Severe convulsions
i. Tetanus
ii. Strychnine
d. Hyperpyrexia at death
i. Heat Stroke
ii. Pontine Haemorrhage
e. High Atmospheric Temperature
Explanation
1. Burns does not cause post mortem caloricity
2. Heat Stroke is a cause of post mortem caloricity
3. Pontine Hemorrhage is a cause of post mortem caloricity
4. Septicemia is a cause of post mortem caloricity
Comments
Early cooling of the body delays the process of Rigor Mortis and Decomposition.
When the heat of the body is preserved, the process of Rigor Mortis and Decomposition start Early
Tips
Site used for recording internal temperature
Rectum 4 above Anus
Subhepatic
Thermometer used
Chemical Thermometer
Graduation- 0oC or 50oC

Question.
76. A patient has been allegedly bitten by cobra snake. The venom in such a bite would be:
1. Musculotoxic.
2. Vasculotoxic.
3. Cardiotoxic.
4. Neurotoxic.
Answer
4. Neurotoxic.
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 29 Organic Irritant Poisons
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 7
Parikh 6th Edition 9.40 to 9.44
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Discussion
The poisons of Snakes can be
1. Neutotoxic
a. Seen in
i. Cobra
ii. Krait
b. Venom
i. Paralysis of Muscles of face
ii. ResemblesCurare
iii. Symptoms at the site of bite is minimal
iv. Krait only paralysis
v. Cobra convulsions and Paralysis
2. Vasculotoxic
a. Seen in
i. Viper
b. Venom
i. Enzymatic destruction of cell wall
ii. Coagulation disorders
iii. Acts on Endothelial cells and RBC hemoilysis
iv. Symptoms at the site of bite are severe
v. Cellulitis may be seen
3. Myotoxic
a. Seen in
i. Seasnake
b. Venom
i. Myalgia
ii. Myoglobulinuria
iii. Respiratory Failure
Explanation
1. Venom of Sea snake is Musculotoxic.
2. Venom of Vipers are Vasculotoxic.
3. Cardiotoxins are seen in venomo ffew snakes
4. Venom of Neurotoxic.
Comments
The other substances seen in venom of snakes are
Neurotoxin
Hemolysin
Proteolysin
Fibrinolysin
Cholinesterase
Coagulase
Cardiotoxin
Nucleotidase
Hyaluronidase
Phospholipase A
Tips
Snakes are such an important topic in FM that one can hardly set a question paper (MCQ as well as theory) without asking a question from that.
Be prepared to face a question about what snake belongs to Elapidae and and what is Viviparous !!!

Question.
77. All the following are related to legal responsibility of an insane person except.
1. Mc Naughten's rule
2. Durham 's rule.
3. Curren's rule.
4. Rule of nine.
Answer
4. Rule of nine.
Reference
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayana Reddy Chapter 21 Forensic Psychiatry
Principles of Forensic Medicine by Apurba Nandy 1st Edition Page 381
Parikh 6th Edition Pages 6.29 to 6.31
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Discussion
There are few laws which deal with situations where one has to deal with persons who dont have a sound mind and McNaughtens Rule,
Durhams Rule and Currens Rule deal with those situations
Explanation
1. Mc Naughten's rule states Every man is to be presumed to be sane, and to possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his
crimes, until the contrary be proved to the satisfaction of the Jurors; and that to establish a defense on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly
proved tahgt at the time fo committing the act, the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from the defect of mind, as not to
know the nature and quality of the act, he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong. It is similar to IPC
84 that states Nothing is offence which is done by a person who at the time of doing it by reason of unsoundness of mind is incapable of
knowing the nature of act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law
2. Durham 's rule of 1954 States that an accused person is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act is the product of mental disease or
mental defect.
3. Curren's rule of 1964 states that an accused person is not criminally responsible, if a the time of commiting the act, he did not have the
capacity to regulate his conduct to the requirements of the law, as a result of mental disease or defect.
4. Rule of nine is used for assessing the burns. The percentage of area attributed to different parts are
Head and Neck - 9 % of the total body area
Front of Chest - 9 % of the total body area
Back of Chest - 9 % of the total body area
Front of Abdomen - 9 % of the total body area
Back of Abdomen - 9 % of the total body area
Right Upper Limb - 9 % of the total body area
Left upper Limb - 9 % of the total body area
Right Thigh - 9 % of the total body area
Left Thigh - 9 % of the total body area
Right Leg - 9 % of the total body area
Left Leg - 9 % of the total body area
Pudental Area - 1 % of the total body area
Comments
Generally
Increase in Depth of Burns leads to increased Morbidity and
Increase in Area of Burns leads to increased Mortality
Males can withstand burns better than females
Tips
There are various classification of Burns. Aspirants should know atleast
Dupuuytrens and
Wilsons