Damage Detection in a Composite Structure by Vibration Analysis

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Acknowledgement

The immense satisfaction that I feel after the completion of seminar on review of the journal
paper titled Damage Detection in a Composite Structure by Vibration Analysis would be
attributed to the constant encouragement and guidance of some people, without them this
seminar would not have been a success.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my guide Dr. C V Chandrashekara,

Professor, Design Domain Lead, M. Tech Co-ordinator, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, PESU, Bengaluru whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped
me for the successful completion of the report. I thank him from bottom of my heart for his
support throughout the course of the seminar.

I express my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to Dr. K N Balasubramanya Murthy, Vice
Chancellor, PES University, Bengaluru and Dr. V Krishna, Chairperson, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, PES University, Bengaluru for providing the facility to carry out the
seminar in rendering co-ordination, guidance and encouragement during the course of seminar.

Finally, I want to thank my family, my parents, especially, have been a source of strength and
support for me. They continually push me to think critically and never settle for anything less
than my best. They kept me focused, on track and fed the final stretch of my project. For their
continual support, I am forever grateful.

Sanidhya Kumar Sanu

01FM16EME012

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Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 2

3. Damage-Localization Algorithm (Frequency Based Damage Detection Method) 4

4. Experimental Study 6

5. Presentation of Specimen 7

6. Experimental Strategy 7

7. Results 7

7.1 Transversal Vibration, Y direction 7

7.2 Transversal Vibration, Z direction 8

8. Interpretation and Discussion 10

8.1 On Y-axis: 10

8.2 On Z-axis: 10

References 13

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Flow Chart 2

Figure 2: Geometry of beam with crack 4
Figure 3: Non-destructive crack detection scheme 4
Figure 4: Pre-defect at the middle of the beam 7
Figure 5: Test General Assembly 7
Figure 6: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first frequency/point 1) 8
Figure 7: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (second frequency/point 2) 8
Figure 8: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first & second frequency/point 3) 8
Figure 9: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first frequency/point 1) 9
Figure 10: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (second frequency/point 2) 9
Figure 11: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first & second frequency/point 3) 9
Figure 12: First frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length 10
Figure 13: Second frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length 10
Figure 14: First frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length 10
Figure 15: Second frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length 11
Figure 16: Compared sensibility of damage modes 11

List of Tables

Table 1: Component Properties 6

Table 2: Modes Sensibility of Crack 11

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1. Introduction

This paper reviews the work carried-out on the Journal paper title Damages detection in a
composite structure by vibration analysis, Missoum Lakhdara, Djermane Mohammeda,
Labbaci Boudjemaa, Abdeldjebar, Rabia, Moudden Bachira published by Elsevier Ltd.

The choice of composite materials is no longer restricted to specific applications. In other

fields, using these new materials as innovation tool and performance rising of their products
such civil engineering. Replacement of metallic materials by composite one is often based on
an economy of mass (relatively low density). In addition, they offer to their low density, high
mechanical properties and some cases; specific and adapted. It is important first to have the
best possible knowledge about these materials in somehow to monitor any changes in these
properties and consequently their influence on the structure behaviour. And next, early
detection of damage is not necessarily visible from the external face and even when it is the
case of visual inspection does not realize its case state.

In order of reliable and efficient use of these new materials, the development of a measurement
system that can answer the following two questions of primary importance is required:

Could damage be measured directly in non-destructive testing and does it has as reliable
properties as compared to mechanical structures?
Is it possible to detect damage as quick as possible in order to monitor, evaluate and
repair the structure if necessary?

This kind of controls is part of a framework for the structure health monitoring (SHM).To
achieve these two goals, it is possible to rely on methods based on vibration tests. The dynamic
response of a system gives us an idea of how a system will behave under a particular type of
dynamic force. This is very essential while designing any structure. It is one of the powerful
ways of probing the behaviour of a complex system in observing how it responds to a force
applied to it, especially the "indirect" effects that take place at different places or at other times
than the force. This is a way of probing the direct and indirect relationships of cause and effect.
Defects and Damage in Composite Materials and Structures explains how defects and damage
in composite materials and structures impact composite component performance. Providing
ready access to an extensive, descriptive list of defects and damage types which helps in
following ways:

Examine defect criticality in composite structures.

Recommend repair actions to restore structural integrity

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Fig.1: Flow Chart

2. Literature Review

The damages are inevitable in structures. The causes are varied. At the time of manufacturing,
the material may have defects such as cracks, others defects such as delamination and fatigue
are introduced at the time of the structure service. For this purpose, the modern practice of
engineers no longer considers the presence of damage as a tragedy. But to avoid failure, the
control and monitoring of this type of structure becomes an absolute necessity. This ability to

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detect damage as quickly as possible will provide the required remedy and repairs. The field
monitoring is done at four levels. It mainly consists of obtaining information about the
existence, location, extent of the damage and the prediction of the service life of a structure.
These techniques often use algorithms based on non-destructive methods, which has improved
measurement done by the integration of various technologies [sensor, signal processing,
modelling and correlation].

Historically, non-destructive controls techniques [CND] are very old methods. They are
developed in laboratories testing as a tool for the evaluation and improvement of material
properties. An extensive bibliography on the use of non-destructive methods is presented in the
work of Scott [2] (X-Radiography and Ultrasonic C-Scan). The majority of these experimental
methods are using physical and non-destructive procedures [2]. They became, thereafter,
practical tools to meet specific needs of reliability and safety. The non-destructive techniques
with an important field for the evaluation of the anomalies and forming a basis for any decision
of repair, rehabilitate or replace a structure [3]. CND also allows monitoring structures damage
in real time by a predictive maintenance. These investigative techniques differ from one
method to another. Choosing a method for a given application is important and it is conditioned
by a several criteria: area of application, accessibility to anomalies locations, composition of
the structure to test, microstructure of the material, implementation of material and the nature
of the anomaly to identify [2]. With the current possibilities of data analysis, signal processing,
image and deep understanding of the phenomenon of damage, the CND has developed efficient
algorithms in the context of monitoring structures. Actually, many non-destructive techniques
are used as a monitoring tool in industry and in civil engineering [4].Some of these techniques
use ultrasonic, radiographic or magnetic methods [5]. In recent decades, the use of data from a
vibration test has received particular attention [6]. Dice 1738, studies in this area seem to be
highly accelerated [7]. This area has a very rich and diverse literature. It can be divided into
two parts:

a. The use of vibration tests in order to identify the modal parameters to estimate the
mechanical properties of a material [8]. Modal Parameters are also used in the field of reset
of analytical solution, numerical and experimental [9]. In this context, Kim et al have
improved the performance of an experimental method by comparing experimental and
analytical solution [10]. Collins has used statistical vibration data to change the rigidity and
mass matrix in a finite element formulation [11]. General Control of the integrity of
structures can be for the purpose of extracting the dynamic characteristics [12]. Adams et
al [11] investigated the parameters influencing the damping of a structure. The same
authors subsequently used as a tool of vibration in several studies to investigate the
structures behaviour [13]. They showed later and through the literature review, the
effectiveness of vibration as a tool of non-destructive control [11].
b. Principles based on modal indicators: significant research has been conducted and the
studies were focused mainly on the possibility of using the modal response [14] and
variations in the dynamic characteristics for damage detection of structures [15]. Certain

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works of Adams et al [16] showed a good correlation between the presence of damage in a
structure and the appearance of its modal parameters change.

Doebling et al gave one of the most detailed reports on the techniques proposed in this field;
detection. They presented a state of the art methods used in vibration monitoring of structures
[HMS] and a rich bibliography on the characterization of the structural damage using
techniques that examine changes in modal parameters (props frequency, mode form, damping,
fatigue etc. ..) [18].The change in the shape patterns was also used to detect the damage; we
can cite the work of Pandey et al [18] that have validated the approach on damaged beams,
advantage by providing sufficient information on a wide frequency band. Other approaches
propose to use directly the measured data of FRF to detect damage.

3. Damage-Localization Algorithm (Frequency Based Damage Detection

Method)

With reference to Figure 2, suppose a pristine (i.e., undamaged) is given MDOF structural
system with ith natural frequency, i and ith mode shape, i. Next, assume that at some later
time the structure is damaged (e.g., as shown in Figure 1) in one or more locations of the
structure. The resulting characteristic equation of the damaged structure yields, respectively,
frequencies and mode shapes i* and i*. Note that the asterisk (*) denotes the damaged state.

Fig.2: Geometry of beam with crack

Fig.3: Non-destructive crack detection scheme

For the MDOF structural system of NE elements and N nodes, the damage inflicted at
predefined locations may be predicted using the following sensitivity equation:

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= (1)
=1

in which j(-1 j0) is the damage inflicted at the jth location, i.e., the fractional reduction in
jth elements stiffness parameter. The term Zi is the fractional change in the ith eigenvalue due
to damage, if changes in mass are neglected, is given by:

= 2 2 (2)

, i2 = i*2 i2. The term Fij is the fraction of modal energy (i.e., sensitivity) for the
ith mode that is concentrated in jth element and is given by:

{} [ ]{ }
= (3)
{} []{ }

, { } is the ith mode shape vector, [C] is the system stiffness matrix, and [Cj] is the
contribution of the jth element to the system stiffness. Once the quantity Zi is experimentally
determined and the sensitivity Fij is numerically generated, Eq. (1) can be solved to locate and
size damage in the system. However, the inverse solution is possible only if the number of
damage parameters is close to the number of modes (i.e., NENM). In the case when NENM,
the system may become ill-conditioned and alternate methods to estimate damage parameters
must be sought. In an effort to overcome this difficulty, an algorithm was formulated using a
frequency-change ratio and a sensitivity ratio that are based on earlier works.

Consider a structural system with NE elements (j =1,2,,q,,NE) and a measured set of NM

vibration modes (i = 1,,m,n,,NM). Eq. (1) is rewritten for any two modes m and n (m
n), respectively. Dividing Eq. (1) for mode m by the Eq. (1) for mode n, gives:

=1
=
=1

1 1 + 2 2 +. . . + +. . . + (4)
=
1 1 + 2 2 +. . . + +. . . +

Assuming that the structure is damaged at a single location q, such that 0 when j=q but
= 0 when j q, Eq. (4) reduces to:

Zm /Zn = Fmq / Fnq (5)

In which Zm /Zn is the ratio of the fractional change in mth eigenvalue to the fractional change
in nth Eigen-value. Note also that Fmq / Fnq is the ratio of the sensitivity for mth mode and qth

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element to the sensitivity of nth mode and qth element. Thus the damage inflicted at that location
is defined by Eq. (5) equating the L.H.S to the R.H.S.

For all measured NM modes, Eq. (5) can be extended into:

= (6)
=1 =1

Since Eq. (6) is true only if element q is damaged, we introduce an error index into Eq. (6) as
follows:

= (7)
=1 =1

, eij represents localization error for the ith mode and the jth location, and eij = 0 indicates
that the damage is located at the jth location using the ith modal information. To account for all
available modes we form a single damage indicator (DI) for the jth member as:

1/2
2 (8)
= [ ]
=1

, 0 and the damage is located at element j if DIj approaches the local

maximum point.

4. Experimental Study

A major problem in damage identification by vibration analysis lies in the accurate

determination of natural frequencies that characterize the main modes of a damaged structure.
These parameters are unknowns. In the model used in this work, damage by crack is considered
as a geometrical discontinuity. The studied material is glass / polyester composite, with the
following physical and mechanical characteristics:

Table 1: Component Properties

Component Modulus of Elasticity, E in MPa Poissons Ratio,

Polyester 3800 0.37

Glass 73000 0

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5. Presentation of Specimen

The specimen presented has a defect which is introduced intentionally to study the behaviour
of the system. The defect is in the Z direction, which is pointing inwards.

Fig.4: Pre-defect at the middle of the beam

6. Experimental Strategy

The general assembly of the test is given in Figure 4, where:

a) The impact hammer is connected to the first input of the analyser and accelerometer is
connected to its second input.
b) The test structure is suspended by flexible son to realize the free-free boundary
conditions.
c) The position of the accelerometer is chosen to avoid a vibration node.

Fig.5: Test General Assembly

7. Results
7.1 Transversal Vibration, Y direction

Figures 6, 7 and 8 shows the superposition of the first and second frequencies of the beam
measured at points 1, 2 and 3 before and after damage by cracking scenario which is the
crack in the middle toward the Y direction.

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Fig.6: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first frequency/point 1)

Fig.7: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (second frequency/point 2)

Fig.8: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first & second frequency/point 3)

7.2 Transversal Vibration, Z direction

Figures 9, 10 and 11 shows the superposition of the first and second frequencies of the
beam measured in points 1, 2 and 3 before and after damage by cracking scenario which
is the crack in the middle toward the Z direction.

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Fig.9: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first frequency/point 1)

Fig.10: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (second frequency/point 2)

Fig.11: Crack influence in the middle of the beam (first & second frequency/point 3)

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8. Interpretation and Discussion

The summary of figures of the vibration in the given directions is given, as follows:
8.1 On Y-axis:

Fig.12: First frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length

Fig.13: Second frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length

8.2 On Z-axis:

Fig.14: First frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length

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Fig.15: Second frequency degradation related to the crack importance/beam length

Fig.16: Compared sensibility of damage modes

Table 2: Modes Sensibility of Crack

Crack depth(mm) Depth/Width (%) Freq 1 Freq 2 Freq 3

0 0 1.000 0.999 1.000

2 4.8 0.992 0.999 0.998

4 9.6 0.981 1.004 0.986

6 14.3 0.961 1.000 0.973

8 19.2 0.947 0.998 0.963

10 23.8 0.930 1.000 0.952

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It is found in this test that in most cases the presence of a crack results in a decrease in the value
of the natural frequency. In addition, this decrease gradually increases with the size of the
crack. It is possible to see through a separate analysis mode by mode that certain frequencies
are more sensitive to certain damage scenario than others, Figure 16.The obtained detection
limits at first glance, are 2mm (5% of the width) direction of the fibre Y-direction. While in
the direction perpendicular to the fibre, detection begins to appear only from 4 mm (10% of
the width). If it is wished to implement a reliable approach for the detection of damage by
vibration tests, it is imperative to refine the results by ridding them of inherent errors in the
experimental procedures. Particular attention will be given to:

Implementation of the material.

Repeatability tests.
The experimental simulation of boundary conditions.

At the beginning of this work, its sought above all a tool to detect defects in structures. The
area of fault detection by vibration method relies on very different work. Some models require,
others are choosing to work without a prior information. Yet these works have in common the
multidisciplinary aspect and state of knowledge of the behaviour of a damaged structure such
as the type of composite beam. Attempts in this section to answer the following questions:

How to use a rational behaviour of the natural frequency vis--vis the importance and
location of damage?
What is the level of influence of other sources outside of the damage on the final
detection results?

To refine the analysis, a set of scenario depth cracks is considered. The choice of impact points
and influence of damages are very interesting to have an experimental knowledge of this kind
of applications. By analysing the results of tests it was found that:

The natural frequency decreases as the degree of degradation of the rigidity (EI).
The position of the crack is probably detectable by comparing a specific vibration
mode, i.e. if the crack is to be submitted on a vibration node, none enough significant
variation in natural frequencies.
The experimental conditions are significant on the dynamic behaviour of the structure.

The beam geometry can also be affected by the direction of change of cracking. The
heterogeneity of the structure gives always critical sections that can foster the embrittlement
and propagation of micro cracks. These may change by the vibration effect and shocks, causing
the structure damage.

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References

[1] Guan- Liang Qian,Suong V.Hoa & Xinran Xiao. A vibration method for measuring
mechanical properties of composite, theory and experiment. Composite Structures 1997;
Vol.39, No.1-2, pp.31-38, (103).

[2] Jol Cugnoni. Identification par recalage modal et frquentiel des proprits constitutive de
coques en matriaux I.G. Scott and C.M. Scala. A review of non-destructive testingof
composite materials NDT INTERNATIONAL. APRIL 1982. 0308-9126/82/020075-12
$03.00 (112).

[3] Encyclopaedia of Materials: Science and Technology. Non-destructive Testing and

Evaluation: Overview. Elsevier Science 2001; Ltd. pp. 61776185.

[4] Jeong-Tae Kim , Yeon-Sun Ryu , Hyun-Man Cho, Norris Stubbs. Damage identification in
beam-type structures: frequency based method vs mode-shape-based method. Engineering
Structures 25 2003; 5767. (120).

[5] Christophe BOIS.Mesure et prvision de lvolution des endommagements dans les

composites stratifis. Thse docteur. Soutenue 17 dcembre 2003.

[6] Alireza Alvandi .contribution l'utilisation pratique de l'valuation dynamique pour la

dtection d'endommagement dans les pond. Ecole nationale des ponts et chausses 2001.

[7] J.-T. Kim. Crack detection in beam-type structures using frequency data .Journal of Sound
and Vibration 2003; 259(1), 145160 (100).

[8] Guan- Liang Qian,Suong V.Hoa & Xinran Xiao. A vibration method for measuring
mechanical properties of composite, theory and experiment. Composite Structures 1997,
Vol.39, No.1-2,103:31-38.

[9] Jol Cugnoni. Identification par recalage modal et frquentiel des proprits constitutive de
coques en matriaux composites, 2004 Ecole polytechnique fdrale Lausanne.

[10] S.Gopalakrish namurthy. Structural integrity inspection using dynamic responses.

University of Missouri- Colombia 2003.

[11] A. Frederick, A. just agosto. Damage detection based on the geometric interpretation of
eigenvalue problem. Virginia polytechnic institute 1997.

[12] Adams, R. D.; Cawley, P.; Pye, C. J.; Stone, B. J. A vibration technique for non-
destructively assessing the integrity of structures. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science
1978; vol. 20, p. 93-100.

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[13] P. cawley R. D. adams. The location of defects in structures from measurements of natural
frequencies. Journal of strain analysis 1979; vol 14 no 2.

[14] Seth S.kessler, S.Mark Spearing, Mauro J.Atalla, Carlos E.S. Cesnik, Constantinos Soutis.
Damage detection in composite materials using frequency response method. Composites: part
B 33 2002; 121:87-95.

[15] Cawley, P., Adams, R.D. The predicted and experimental natural modes of free-free CFRP
plates. Journal of Composite Materials 1978; Vol 12, pp336-347.

[16] Adams, R. D.; Cawley, P.; Pye, C. J.; Stone, B. J. A vibration technique for non-
destructively assessing the integrity of structures, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science
1978; 93-100.

[17] Scott W. Doebling. Minimum-Rank Optimal Update of Elemental Stiffness Parameters

for Structural Damage Identification. AIAA Journal 1996; Vol. 34, No. 12.

[18] A. K. Pandey, M. Biswas, and M. M. Samman. Damage detection from changes in

curvature mode shapes. Journal of sound and vibration 1991; 145:321-332.

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