EE2 Unit 1

09-11-2013
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Books to view
S.K. Garg
B.C. Punmia
Chapter 1
09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 2
M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 1
09-11-2013
Sewer System
A Sewer system is a network of pipes used to
convey storm runoff and / or wastewater in an area.
Sewage
Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or
suspension, that is intended to be removed from a
community. Also known as wastewater, it is more than
99% water and is characterized by volume or rate of flow,
physical condition, chemical constituents and the
bacteriological organisms that it contains.
Sources of Wastewater Generation.

Domestic (household wastes): toilet, shower, cooking,
washing and laundry
Commercial/service: schools, hospitals, restaurants,
offices, hotels, small businesses
Industrial: processing wastewater, cooling water.
Non-point sources:
a. Infiltration from groundwater into sewers
b. Inflow from storm water surcharge into sewer manholes
c. Combined storm/sewer overflows, older sewer systems
where storm sewers discharge into sanitary sewers
(Chicago, San Francisco, etc.)
d. Runoff from streets: sand and petroleum and tire residues
(infiltration, not a direct discharge).
09-11-2013
Current status of India
The wastewater generation increased from

7,000 mld in 1978-79 to 17,000 mld in 1994-
95 in Class I cities.
39% of wastewater was treated in the year
1978-79.
But, in the year 2003, only 26% of
wastewater generated in cities was treated
27 cities have only primary treatment
facilities
Current status of India

The mode of disposal is:
indirectly into the rivers/ lakes/ ponds/ creeks in 118
cities;
on to the agriculture land in 63cities
directly into rivers in 41 cities.
in 44 cities, it is discharged both into rivers and on
agriculture land.
In many of the coastal cities, the wastewater finds its
way into estuaries, creeks, bays etc. (Around 25% of
total wastewater)
09-11-2013
Statistics of India
Per Capita Sewage
Per Capita Water
production (80% of
Population demand
demand)
(l/d/person)
(l/d/person)
Less than 20,000 110 90
20,000 50,000 110 150 90 120
50,000 2 lakhs 150 180 120 150
2 lakhs 5 lakhs 180 210 150 170
5 lakhs 10 lakhs 210 240 170 190
Over 10 lakhs 240 270 190 200
Paradigm Shift
In the past, wastewater was a problem
Now, it is considered as a resource
Example:
Newater scheme in Singapore
Treated domestic wastewater for Industrial use
Zero Discharge norm for major industries
Recycled water for domestic use
Treated wastewater for groundwater recharge &
irrigation
09-11-2013
Estimation of Sanitary sewage flow
The sewage discharge which has to pass through

a sewer must be estimated as correctly as
possible other wise inadequate overflow
wasteful investment.
Qty of Sewage = Domestic + Industrial
Net qty of sewage produced = Estimated
wastewater generation rate + Unaccounted
private water supplies + Infiltration water
losses water not entering the sewage.
Estimation of Storm runoff

Runoff depends on various factors like,
1. Type of Precipitation
2. Intensity
3. Duration of rainfall
4. Rainfall distribution
5. Soil moisture deficiency
6. Direction of the prevailing storm
7. Climate conditions
8. Shape, Size & type of Catchment basin
09-11-2013
No proper formulas found to define the runoff rate

till now and all factors are interdependent.
So, a rational method was adopted commonly for
calculating (approx) the runoff of that area. But now
urban storm drainage were analyzed through
Digital computer Simulations.
Rational formula (Used for area more than 500 hectares)
Qp = Peak rate of runoff in cumecs,

K = Coefficient of runoff, (Pg No: 19)
A = Catchment area, in hectares, Pc = Critical rainfall intensity, in cm/hr.
Critical rainfall intensity = Rainfall intensity during the

critical rainfall duration which is equal to the time of
concentration.
Time of concentration = Ti + Tf
Intensity duration curve,
PC = P = Rain intensity in cm/hr

T = Time in minutes, a & b = Constants
09-11-2013
For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,

a = 75 & b = 10,
For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,

a = 100 & b = 20,
For localities where rainfall is frequent,
For localities with rainfall frequency of 10 years,
For localities with rainfall frequency of 1 years,
Kuichlings formula
Storm frequency = 10 years Storm frequency = 15 years

09-11-2013
Waste water Characteristics.
Characteristics are categorized as:

- Physical
- Chemical
- Biological
Concentrations characterize wastewater as:

weak, medium, and strong.
09-11-2013
Factors affecting Characteristics and

Composition of sewage and its
significance.
Effect of factor on
Significance of
S. No Factor
the effect
Characteristic Composition
Effluent Standards

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09-11-2013

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 2

Sources of Wastewater Generation.

Current status of India

The wastewater generation increased from

Current status of India

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 8

Estimation of Sanitary sewage flow

The sewage discharge which has to pass through

Estimation of Storm runoff

No proper formulas found to define the runoff rate

Qp = Peak rate of runoff in cumecs,

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 11

Critical rainfall intensity = Rainfall intensity during the

Intensity duration curve,

PC = P = Rain intensity in cm/hr

For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,

For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,

For localities where rainfall is frequent,

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 13

For localities with rainfall frequency of 10 years,

For localities with rainfall frequency of 1 years,

Storm frequency = 10 years Storm frequency = 15 years

Waste water Characteristics.

Characteristics are categorized as:

Concentrations characterize wastewater as:

Factors affecting Characteristics and

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 17

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 18

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