INTRODUCTION

Terrorism is a system of frightening people, to make them do what the terrorists

want. Senator Denton has called it "the most widely practiced form of modern
warfare. These activities of terrorism are both fashionable and criminal actions.
The motives behind terrorism may be personal or political. Whatever the motives
of the terrorists may be, they affect National Integration.

Terrorism is derived from the word Terror which means extreme fear. The
persons who make atmosphere of extreme fear among masses are called terrorists.
Such type of activities is called terrorism. The aim of a terrorist is to spread terror
among people. They kill those persons or officials who oppose their evil deeds.
Thus they create an atmosphere of terror to suit their designs.

Today, terrorism is a world-wide problem ranging from aircraft hijacking, planting

of bombs in air crafts, brutal killing of opponents and innocent people by the
terrorists are heard every day from far and near. It is often seen that terrorist groups
whether in India or Sri Lanka or elsewhere in the world, receive money, weapons
and training from other foreign countries. These terrorists have unlimited access to
sophisticated weapons. They believe that the highest form of revolutionary
terrorism should utilize the most advanced science and technology.

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is a spinoff of the al-Qaida terrorist
group active in the Middle East. The group strives to bring Muslim-inhabited areas
around the globe under its control and claims to be a religious authority for all
Muslims. As a Sunni extremist group, it adheres to global jihadist principles known
as Jihadist Globalism. This applies to an aggressive and violent set of religious and
political ideologies that form the strategies and agenda for this terror group. The
overarching goal is to set up a powerful global caliphate. The title of caliph refers
to an Islamic political religious leader. By calling itself a caliphate and utilizing
global jihadist principles, ISIS is attempting to create a worldwide Muslim
movement.

ISIS has grown tremendously since its beginnings as a spinoff group from al-
Qaida, generating revenue from each territory it has conquered. It has recently
been called the worlds richest terrorist group, with an estimated $2 billion on
hand. This figure is astoundingly higher than the funds available to the Taliban,
Hezbollah and al-Qaida.

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 HISTORY OF TERRORISM AND TERRORISM
DEFINED

HISTORY
The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant
individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly,
with terrorism. Scholars agree that terrorism is a disputed term, and very few of
those labeled terrorists describe themselves as such. It is common for opponents in
a violent conflict to describe the other side as terrorists or as practicing terrorism.[1]
Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots and practice of terrorism
can be traced at least to the 1st-century AD Sicarii Zealots, though some dispute
whether the group, which assassinated collaborators with Roman rule in the
province of Judea, was in fact terrorist. The first use in English of the term
'terrorism' occurred during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, when
the Jacobins, who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass
executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and intimidate regime
enemies. The association of the term only with state violence and intimidation
lasted until the mid-19th century, when it began to be associated with non-
governmental groups. Anarchism, often in league with rising nationalism and anti-
monarchism, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism. Near the end
of the 19th century, anarchist groups or individuals committed assassinations of a
Russian Tsar and a U.S. President.
In the 20th century, terrorism continued to be associated with a vast array of
anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist groups, many of them engaged in 'third
world' anti-colonial struggles. Some scholars also labeled as terrorist the systematic
internal violence and intimidation practiced by states such as the Stalinist Soviet
Union and Nazi Germany
Prior to 11th September the conventional wisdom was that the use of terrorism was
endemic in low intensity conflict around the world but that it rarely, if ever, posed a
strategic threat to the security of a major powers or the international community.
Some specialists in the study of terrorism did point out examples of the use of
weapon of terror having a strategic impact on international politics, for example in

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the hastening the withdrawal of colonial powers from countries such as Cyprus and
Algeria or derailing the peace process between the Israelis and Palestinians. Others
warned of the dangers of terrorists obtaining and using a weapon of mass
destruction, but these warnings were largely ignored.

11th September 2001 changed these conventional attitudes towards terrorism

dramatically and irrevocably. Only a simpleton could fail to recognize that these
attacks had enormous strategic consequences for both the United States and the
international community

DEFINITION
"Ordinary citizens, the media, and politicians throw around the term terrorism so
loosely that in ordinary conversation it has lost all but the most vague meanings,"
said Lance Janda, a military historian at Cameron University in Lawton, Okla.
"Some folks use it as a catch-all term to describe attacks or events that they don't
like rather than being more precise."

It's ironic -- the word "terrorism" appears constantly in newscasts, congressional

debates and speeches by world leaders, often as a way of securing public support
for one security measure or another. But for such a widely used word, there's
actually no single definition of what "terrorism" means. There are many, and often,
they're incompatible.

Sometimes its easier to define what terrorism is not than what it is. Here are some
of the notions that Hoffman considers distinct from terrorism:

Terrorism isnt ordinary criminal activity. Yes, terrorism can inspire some
criminal activities for the purposes of raising money for the ideological cause, and
some criminal gangs can use tactics that are as terror-inspiring as any terrorist
group. But when a bank robber waves a gun in a tellers face, Hoffman writes, he is
"conveying no message (political or otherwise) through his act of violence
beyond facilitating the rapid handing over of his loot. The ordinary robber
doesnt care about changing the system."

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 Terrorists arent "lunatics." Terrorists may attempt to assassinate political
leaders, but that doesnt mean every assassin is a terrorist. "The lunatic assassins
goal is more often intrinsically idiosyncratic, completely egocentric and deeply
personal," Hoffman wrote, citing John Hinckley, who tried to kill President Ronald
Reagan in 1981 to impress the actress Jodie Foster.

Terrorists are more than just extremists. A credible threat of violence can
qualify under this category, as can an act that aids a subsequent violent act. But a
terrorist cant simply think about violence; he or she has to take action. "Many
persons, of course, harbor all sorts of radical and extreme beliefs and opinions, and
many of them belong to radical or even illegal or proscribed political
organizations," Hoffman wrote, "However, if they do not use violence in the
pursuance of their beliefs, they cannot be considered terrorists."

Hoffman, for what its worth, concluded in his book that that terrorism is "the
deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of
violence in the pursuit of political change."

Hoffmans logic was that "all terrorist acts involve violence or the threat of
violence. Terrorism is specifically designed to have far-reaching psychological
effects beyond the immediate victim or objects of the terrorist attack. It is meant to
instill fear within, and thereby intimidate, a wider target audience that might
include a rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country, a national government
or political party, or public opinion in general."

The UN General Assembly Resolution 49/60 (adopted on December 9, 1994),

titled "Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism," contains a provision
describing terrorism:
Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general
public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any
circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political,
philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be
invoked to justify them.

The UN Member States still have no agreed-upon definition of terrorism, and this
fact has been a major obstacle to meaningful international countermeasures.
Terminology consensus would be necessary for a single comprehensive convention
on terrorism, which some countries favor in place of the present 12 piecemeal
conventions and protocols. Cynics have often commented that one state's
"terrorist" is another state's "freedom fighter".
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The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism was adopted by the Council
of Arab Ministers of the Interior and the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice in
Cairo, Egypt in 1998. Terrorism was defined in the convention as:
Any act or threat of violence, whatever its motives or purposes, that occurs in the
advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to sow
panic among people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives, liberty
or security in danger, or seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public
or private installations or property or to occupying or seizing them, or seeking to
jeopardize national resources.

UN Security Council Resolution 1566 (2004) gives a definition:

criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death
or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state
of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons,
intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to
do or to abstain from doing any act.

A UN panel, on March 17, 2005, described terrorism as any act "intended to cause
death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of
intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international
organization to do or abstain from doing any act.

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History of ISIS
ISIS is an acronym standing for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria; it is also
sometimes known as ISIL, because sometimes "Syria" is replaced with the term
"the Levant". At a certain level, one gets the impression that ISIS just emerged
from nowhere: the organization was not a presence in Iraq when the United States
was actually engaged in full-scale military operations there and has only emerged
as a strong political power since the American withdrawal from Iraq. Ward has
pursued the hypothesis that the origins of ISIS can be traced back to an American
prison camp in Iraq called Camp Bucca: "According to a CBS News investigation,
at least 12 of the top leaders of ISIS served time in Camp Bucca, including the man
who would become the group's leader, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi. CBS News obtained
photos of 10 of them in Bucca's yellow prison jumpsuits. So, it would seem that a
group of prisoners met in Bucca and began developing political ideology and
strategy; and this was the beginnings of the organization known today as ISIS.

Over time, ISIS has emerged as one of the most powerful forces active in Iraq,
with a quite large portion of Iraqapproximately a third, going by the relevant
political mapsunder its control. Over the course of the past several years, it is
likely that various parties that would later consolidate into ISIS participated in the
insurgencies against the United States (see Ward). However, for a considerable
period of time, it would seem that it was somewhat difficult to mark a meaningful
difference between Al-Qaeda proper, the precursors of ISIS, and the Ba'athists
loyal to Saddam Hussein. From an American perspective, the most important point
was likely that these different organizations were simply engaged in a military
alliance against the United States. However, ISIS clearly differentiated itself from
Al-Qaeda in 2013; and the organization declared itself the official government of
the parts of Iraq under its control in 2014.

The magnitude of the terrorist threat presented by ISIS may make it somewhat
misleading to merely identify the organization as a terrorist group. As Waddell has
pointed out: "Rather than using targeted attacks to further specific goals, ISIS is
waging full-out war on the Iraqi government in a campaign to capture territory,
then governing those territories in an organized fashion. ISIS is already laying
down new laws in Iraq. Conceptually, then, ISIS is not behaving in the way that
one might expect a terrorist group to behave. Rather, ISIS is conducting itself as a
rebel government that has the ambition of capturing more and more territory and
eventually becoming the official government of all of Iraq and the Levant (as its
name would indicate). If ISIS continues to be perceived as a terrorist group, then
this is surely not for geopolitical reasons but rather ideological ones: that is, the

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ideology of ISIS would seem to be very close to the ideologies of other Islamic
fundamentalist organizations (such as Al-Qaeda itself) that obviously are terrorist
in nature. At this point in the discussion, it may be helpful to turn to a closer
discussion of the ideology of ISIS.

Ideology of ISIS
Ideologically, ISIS would seem to draw from the fundamentalist Islamic movement
known as Wahhabism. According to the Islamic Supreme Council of America:
"The origins of nearly all of the 20th century's Islamic extremist movements lie in
a new Islamic theology and ideology developed in the 18th and 19th centuries in
tribal areas of the eastern Arabian Peninsula. . .. The premise of this new, narrow
ideology was to reject traditional scholars, scholarship and practices under the
guise of 'reviving the true tenets of Islam' and protecting the concept of
monotheism" (paragraphs 4-5). The man at the center of this ideology was called
Muhammed ibn Abd-al Wahhab. From a certain perspective, there would seem to
be a kind of analogy between what Wahhab tried to do for Islam and what Luther
tried to do for Christianity. However, given the cultural and historical context of
Wahhab's movement (notably the lack of Enlightenment and modernity), the
movement turned into an ultra-conservative ideology that was later to be adopted
by Islamic fundamentalists of all stripes.

When one reviews the fruits of this ideology within ISIS, one is automatically
tempted to wonder whether the organization is clinically insane. For example, as
McLaughlin has pointed out, ISIS's own publications explicitly promote: the
enslavement and rape of women, the murder of civilians, the sacking and
plundering of cities, the implementation of a policy of genocide, and the
condemnation of all people who do not adhere to ISIS's brand of Islam. Indeed, if
one were not aware of the reality of the threat currently faced by the world, one
would almost be inclined to wonder whether the ideology of ISIS is an elaborate
self-parody: these are the kinds of statements that one tends to make about other
organizations or peoples when one wishes to dehumanize them or associate them
with pure "evil"; there are surely not the kinds of statements that organizations and
peoples tend to proudly make about themselves. It can be suggested that the fact
that ISIS sees what most of humanity would think of as evils as being in fact being
merits should surely cause concern for anyone concerned with the cause of
freedom and basic human rights.

The historical record also makes it clear that this is not mere rhetoric on the part of
ISIS. As the UN News Service has indicated regarding ISIS: "a staggering array of

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gross human rights abuses and acts of violence of an increasingly sectarian nature
were committed by the group . . . over a period of nine weeks" (paragraph 1). So,
ISIS not only openly adheres to an ideology of committing a full spectrum of
atrocities against all perceived enemies, it also has a demonstrated willingness to
put this ideology into concrete practice. Therefore, if ISIS were to actually win
governance of all of Iraq, then it is fully to be expected that the nation of Iraq will
all under what would essentially be a reign of terror. Moreover, it is clear from
ISIS's political agenda that the organization perceives its legitimate jurisdiction to
be not just Iraq but surrounding areas as well; this could potentially lead to the
ideological destabilization of all of the Middle East.

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 TERRORISM RELOADED: USE OF SOCIAL
NETWORKING SITES

In the years after 9/11, Osama bin Laden continued circulating al-Qaeda
propaganda through videos he shot while in hiding. They were grainy, required
virtually no editing, and were filmed with some sort of mountainous terrain as a
backdrop. The al-Qaeda leader also typically wore a baggy camouflage jacket, kept
an AK-47 within sight, and held onto a large wired microphone while speaking.
There were dozens of these amateurish videos, which the jihadist organization
smuggled to Arabic television stations so they could be distributed across the
globe. As rough as they were, the videos were bin Ladens primary means of
taunting enemies and igniting morale within al-Qaeda fighters, even if some of
them prompted speculation about his health and whether he was injured.

Fast forward a decade, and grainy videos of Middle East terrorist groups have
evolved into high-definition films shot with drones and DSLR cameras, topped off
with 3D graphics and musical scores that are a trademark of the tech-savvy
YouTube generation. Instead of simply displaying a weapon in the background to
convey power and intimidate as bin Laden did, these videos are now filled with
bloody acts of violence. In lieu of waiting on TV stations to broadcast videos,
groups upload their videos straight to social media, and announce them to their
followers with a tweet and hashtag. This is all part of the propaganda machine of
the Islamic Statethe group that split from bin Ladens al-Qaeda in early 2014
after they were deemed too violent.

IS (previously known as ISIL or ISIS) has used social media to recruit foreigners
from all corners of the globeand it's working a hell of a lot better than you might
think. IS supporters and fighters have used Facebook, Twitter, Ask.fm, Pinterest,
YouTube, WordPress, Kik, WhatsApp, and Tumblralmost any network available
to reach new audiences. In late 2014, there were a reported 2,700 Westerners
fighting for IS and similar jihadist groups in the Middle East. As of early 2015, that
number has swelled to 3,400. In all, some 25,000 foreign fighters from more than
100 countries have joined jihadists groups including IS.

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IS is run by people raised on the Internet, and they understand how to talk to young
people using their language. By being technically and socially versed, they attempt
to use these videos and images to tap into the hollow spaces of a person's psyche
that have left them vulnerable. Hate how your life turned out? Join us and become
something more. IS baits recruits with gifts like homes with free electricity, no
rent, or the chance of something "better" in the afterlife. Living in the West, I
know how you feelin the heart you feel depressed, says British IS member, Abu
Bara al-Hindi, in a video called There Is No Life Without Jihad, released by the
Al Hayat Media Center (yes, IS has their own media center). The cure for
depression is jihad, he continues. It's Marketing 101.

Aside from snuff films that are their own form of clickbait, IS fighters post things
like pictures of them hanging with cats, eating meals, or giving out toys to
children. It's this combination of normalcy (and familiarity) mixed with the
glorification of the warrior lifestyle, which can be appealing to young men who
mistake it for adventure or camaraderie. The lives of IS fighters can seem luxurious
depending on how they tailor the images of themselves on their social profiles.
They're purposely targeting potential fighters from the West, South Asia, and the
Middle East, according to a Washington Institute for Near East Policy report. Of
course, reasons for joining the group vary from recruit to recruit, but IS casts a
wide net in the digital sea, and they only need a small catch.

Theres no question that what were combating with ISILs propaganda machine is
something we have not seen before, said U.S. State Department spokeswoman Jen
Psaki, adding that the department encounters some 90,000 pro-IS tweets a day.
According to a report by Brookings Institution, there were at least 46,000 Twitter
accounts linked to IS as of the end of 2014, which have helped spur pro-IS
hashtags like #AllEyesonISIS or #CalamityWillBefallUS. If all of this intricacy
reminds you of a U.S. company's thirst when it comes to social media PR, then this
wont surprise you: IS also has illustrated reports on its performance that are
hundreds of pages long. Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook, have stepped up their
game when it comes to suspending accounts, which led IS supporters to threaten
the lives of Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey and other execs in January after they
interpreted the account deactivations as an act of war. Brookings' report also said
that 69 percent of the accounts used Android to post to Twitter, while 30 percent

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used iPhone, and one percent used Blackberry (IS banned iPhones in December for
security reasons, but Brookings found there was only a 1 percent drop after the
ban). IS had their own Android app for a short time.

The truth is, at any given moment, it isn't hard to find IS supporters and
propaganda within a few clicks. There are e-books on Scribd and Tumblr blogs that
give detailed instructions on how Westerners can travel to Turkey, and make their
way to Syria, without getting stopped by government agents. Aqsa Mahmood, the
Swedish teen who left her family to become a bride for an IS fighter, has a Tumblr
blog where she writes pieces on why other girls should join. Tumblr is known for
having relaxed attitudes towards sensitive content (like nudity), and they've left the
pages untouched. Mahmood is suspected of recruiting three UK schoolgirls to join
IS in February, and authorities have said that she'll be prosecuted if she ever returns
home.

Even when a foreign recruit dies in battle, IS spins it as martyrdom. Canadian

Andre Poulin joined IS in 2014 and was the focus of a video where he reaches out
to other Canadians to join him and offer their skills. Youd be very well taken care
of here, he says. The video ends with Poulin in battle, killed by an explosion. This
is a strategy IS often uses: once they successfully recruit a foreigner, they use that
foreigner to recruit others though social media.

The hacktivist group Anonymous declared war on IS, and notified Twitter and
Facebook of hundreds of accounts that were linked to the group. Many of them
were suspended after Anonymous revealed their IS connections, but nothing keeps
IS supporters from opening new accounts. Sometimes, it might be best to leave the
accounts active, since U.S. agencies are able to monitor their conversations before
they're moved to an encrypted network or private apps like Kik or WhatsApp. (IS
supporters usually include their Kik usernames in their profiles just in case a
recruit wants information).

Yet forces against IS are slowly trying to retaliate on social media. The U.S.
government started the Twitter account @ThinkAgain_DOS, which tweets out

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criticisms of IS and the occasional uplifting quote. But they recently went old
school and air-dropped cartoons in Syria that featured an anti-IS image.

Japanese Internet users had their own surprisingly comedic response when ISs
Jihadi John murdered hostages Kenji Goto and Haruna Yukawathey turned
Jihadi John into a super kawaii meme. You can kill some of us, but Japan is a
peaceful and happy land, with fast Internet," Twitter user @jlist said in a tweet. "So
go to hell.

The Islamic State had years to refine jihadist propaganda, but the Internet is a
quickly evolving beast itselfIS may only be able to keep up for so long until
trends and hashtags leave them behind. Let's hope the day comes quickly.

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 ISIS THREAT TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

To decide whether or not terrorism is a threat to security it must first be discussed

what security actually is. Often, security is regarded as synonymous with survival
however it is more accurately the alleviation of threats to cherished values;
especially those which, if left unchecked threaten the survival of a particular
referent object in the near future this means that security is the protection of a way
of life not just protection from direct invasion or, as Ken Booth put it survival-
plus. During the Cold War security only went as far as the four Ss: States,
strategy, science and the status Quo States were seen as the most important part of
security and the other three Ss were based on this assumption. Strategy was the
planning of strategy in case of another war between industrialized nations or
nuclear war. Science was emphasized as security was approached in a scientific
manner to plan effectively. Finally, the status Quo was there as any radical change
in the international system was seen as unacceptable. This view is still held by
some today as being the only real focus of security however the term security now
encompasses a much wider subject area. The perception of security as a purely
military matter was challenged by Barry Buzan in his book People, States and
Fear where he doesnt refer to states alone but to all human collectives and he
developed his five sectors of security. The military aspect that was the sole focus of
the four Ss was downgraded to one of the five factors, it was still a very important
part but the newly dubbed strategic studies was no longer the sole focus of security
studies. The political sector focuses on the stability of states and types of
government and the legitimacy of certain ideologies. The economic sector focused
on the resources, finance, and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of
welfare and state power. The societal sector focused on culture, religion and
national identity. The societal sector has become more important since the start of
the Global war on terror where the west is waging wars in states with vastly
different and diverse cultures within them. The Environmental sector is last and
focuses on the natural environment as it is the essential support system on which
all other human enterprises depend and is ignored in the four Ss.

Whose security it the term security actually referring to? The view has
traditionally been that the state is at the heart of security with national security
dictating what the security issues are, however at the end of the Cold War analysts
began to shift the emphasis onto the individual however this creates its own
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problem of which people to prioritize since the government cannot provide
everything for every individual in the state. This is overcome by the concept of a
society so individuals are grouped together based on any combination of location,
age, nationality, sexual orientation etcetera. The needs of these groups are much
easier to cater for and their security easier to ensure. Recently the question of
ecological security has become more prominent, it is argued that at a basic level,
security policies must make ecological sense this is true of societal, political and
economic security as if some of the direr predictions regarding global warming are
correct it would certainly become a threat to cherished values and to the way of life
of people all over the world. However, the question of ecological security cannot
be applied to military security issues as they must be free from the restrictions on
their ecological impact and focus entirely on the ability to defend the state and the
people from direct outside military threats.

The question of what a security issue actually is a controversial one and subject to
individual perspective, the political power of the individual or the society that
decides what a security issue is greatly effects whether or not it can or will be acted
upon, the conflict of interest between the powerful and less powerful becomes
much more obvious here. In the view of the United States Al-Qaeda posed a
serious security threat post September 11th however the pre-invasion Taliban
government of Afghanistan did not see them as a security issue however as a result
of the United States higher level of power Al-Qaedas training facilities and bases
in Afghanistan were destroyed and they are now being pursued worldwide. The
United Nations panel on Threats, challenges and Change has said that there are six
types of threat: economic and social threats; inter-state conflict; internal conflict;
nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons; terrorism; and
transnational organized crime and while it does go into detail on the nature of the
threats there is no attempt at prioritization leaving it up to states to prioritize for
themselves meaning western states will tend to prioritize terrorism and weapons of
mass destruction while states from the developing world place more emphasis on
armed conflict and economic and social threats.

To conclude on security, it can be defined as the alleviation of threats to cherished

values; especially those which, if left unchecked threaten the survival of a
particular referent object in the near future. During the Cold War this extended
only as far as state security however it has since been extended to include; the
military, political, economic, societal and environmental sectors of security. The
United Nations has published a list of security threats which amounted to
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economic and social threats; inter-state conflict; internal conflict; nuclear,
radiological, chemical and biological weapons; terrorism; and transnational
organized crime and this is the most inclusive list of threats published to date.
Security can be applied to the individual, society, or the state and where the
emphasis lies is a matter of debate as is which threats take priority over the others.

In conclusion, terrorism is:

The use, or threat of use, of violence by an individual or a group, whether acting

for or in opposition to established authority, when such action is designed to create
extreme anxiety or fear-inducing effects in a target group larger than the immediate
victims with the purpose of coercing that group into acceding to the political
demands of the perpetrators.

And while it is not a major cause of human suffering it does have an effect beyond
the immediate suffering it does cause due to its malicious and random nature and
the targeting of symbolic buildings for political goals leading to fear in the
populace. Security is the alleviation of threats to cherished values; especially
those which, if left unchecked threaten the survival of a particular referent object in
the near future. and since terrorism does fall with this definition terrorism is a real
threat to security but it is not the most serious threat to the security of western
states

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