Lecture 3 - Introduction To Air Standard Cycle and Their Cycles

IC Engines MEE 6003
Lecture 3
Introduction to Air Standard Cycle and Their Cycles
Course Instructor
Mr. Nitin Kukreja
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GLA University Mathura, India 1
IC Engine | Module 1 | GLA University | Mr Nitin Kukreja 1/27/2017
Lecture 3 Air Standard Cycle
Content
Introduction to Air Standard Cycle Stirling Cycle
Assumption of Air Standard Cycle Ericsson Cycle
Basic Relations of Different Comparison of Otto, Diesel, &
Process Dual Cycle
Carnot Cycle Lenoir Cycle
Otto Cycle Atkison Cycle
Diesel Cycle Brayton Cycle
Dual Cycle Home Assignment - EOQ
Comparison of the Otto and the Class Discussion - POQ
Diesel Cycle Book References
2
Air Standard Cycle

A thermodynamic cycle in which the working fluid is
considered to be a perfect gas with such properties of air.
The following assumptions are commonly known as the air-standard
assumptions:
1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop (cycle). Air
is considered as ideal gas.
2. All the processes in (ideal) power cycles are internally reversible.
3. Combustion process is modeled by a heat-addition process from an external source.
4. The exhaust process is modeled by a heat-rejection process that restores the working
fluid (air) at its initial state.
Assuming constant specific heats, (@25C) for air, is called cold-

air-standard assumption.
3
Air Standard Cycle

Assumptions :
Air is a working fluid.

Air behave as an ideal gas.
Mass of air remains constant i.e. closed system analysis.
Specific heat of air remains constant.
The working fluid does not undergoes any chemical
changes.
All process are reversible.
4
Basic Relation for Different Process
5
Carnot Cycle
The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot cycle,
consisting of two reversible isothermal processes and
two reversible adiabatic processes.
In order to approach the Carnot efficiency, the processes
involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and
involve no change in entropy.
This means that the Carnot cycle is an idealization, since
no real engine processes are reversible and all real physical
processes involve some increase in entropy.
6
Carnot Cycle
The conceptual value of the Carnot cycle is that it establishes
the maximum possible efficiency for an engine cycle operating
between TH and TC.
It is not a practical engine cycle because the heat transfer into

the engine in the isothermal process is too slow to be of
practical value.
As Schroeder puts it "So don't bother installing a Carnot

engine in your car; while it would increase your gas mileage,
you would be passed on the highway by pedestrians."
7
Carnot
.
Cycle
Process 1-2: Reversible isothermal heat addition
at high temperature, TH > TL, to the working
fluid in a piston-cylinder device that does some
boundary work.
Process 2-3: Reversible adiabatic expansion
during which the system does work as the
working fluid temperature decreases from TH to
TL.
Process 3-4: The system is brought in contact
with a heat reservoir at TL < TH and a reversible
isothermal heat exchange takes place while work
of compression is done on the system.
Process 4-1: A reversible adiabatic compression
process increases the working fluid temperature
from TL to TH P-v diagram for Carnot heat engine
8
Carnot Cycle
P-v diagram for Carnot heat engine P-v diagram for Carnot refrigerator
You may have observed that power cycles operate in the clockwise direction when
plotted on a process diagram.
The Carnot cycle may be reversed, in which it operates as a refrigerator.
The refrigeration cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction. 9
Carnot Cycle
10
Carnot Cycle
P V and T S Diagram for Carnot Cycle

11
Carnot Cycle (Animation)
12
Efficiency of Carnot Cycle
T S & P V Diagram of an Carnot Engine

13
Different Relation of Carnot Cycle
14
15

Mean Effective Pressure:
It is an Imaginary constant pressure working on

the piston during expansion stroke, which gives
the same working output as undergone by the
complete cycle (over same length of stroke)
16

Mean Effective Pressure:
17
Other Useful Link Carnot Cycle

Website Links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/carnot.html
Lectures
http://www.gitam.edu/eresource/Engg_Phys/semester_1/THERMODYNAMICS/carno
t.htm
NASA Lecture
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/carnot.html
NPTEL Lecture
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112106133/Module_4/2_carnot_cycle.pdf
18
Otto Cycle
The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating
engines.
It serves as the theoretical model for the gasoline engine.

Consists of four internally reversible processes.
Heat is transferred to the working fluid at constant volume.

The Otto cycle consists of four internally reversible processes in
series.
19
Otto Cycle
Fig: T-s and P-v diagrams for Otto cycle

1 2 Isentropic Compression Process
2 3 Constant Volume Addition Process
3 4 Isentropic Expansion Process
4 1 Constant Volume Rejection Process 20
Otto Cycle
The Otto cycle is executed in a closed system. Neglecting the changes
in potential and kinetic energies, the 1st law, on a unit mass base, can be
written:
(qin - qout ) + (win - wout) = u kJ / kg
Where,
qin = u3 - u2 = cv (T3 - T2)
qout = u4 - u1 = cv (T4 - T1)
21
Otto Cycle
22
Otto Cycle
Typical compression ratios for spark-ignition engines are between
7 and 10. The thermal efficiency increases as the compression ratio
is increased. However, high compression ratios can lead to auto
ignition or engine knock.
Specific Work Transfer:

= = (3 4 ) (2 1 )
Work Ratio:
3 4 (2 1 )
=
(3 4 )
MEP (Mean Effective Pressure):

=

23
Other Useful Links - Otto Cycle

Website Links
http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2009.web/Isaac_Hebert/Otto_Cycle.html
http://mechteacher.com/otto-cycle/
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/SPRING/propulsion/notes/node25.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/otto.html
YouTube Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8RzTmeVWfM
NPTEL Link
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/IIT-
MADRAS/Applied_Thermodynamics/Module_4/5_Asoc.pdf
24
Diesel Cycle
The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for compression ignition engines. It is
very similar to spark-ignition, expect the method of ignition. In diesel
engine, air compressed to a temperature that is above the ignition
temperature of the fuel.
Fig : T-s and P-v diagram of Diesel engine. 25

Diesel Cycle
Fig : T-s and P-v diagram of Diesel engine. 26

Diesel Cycle
Thermal Efficiency of Diesel Engine
27
Diesel Cycle
28
Diesel Cycle
29
30
Mean Effective Pressure of Diesel Engine
31
Other Useful Links Diesel Cycle
Website Links
http://mechteacher.com/diesel-cycle/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_cycle
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/diesel.html
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/SPRING/propulsion/notes/node26.html
You Tube Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyadfj7NQq
NPTEL Link
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112106133/Module_4/6_Asdc.pdf
32
Comparison of the Otto and the

Diesel Cycle
Otto > Diesel for the same compression ratio
1. Diesel engines burn the fuel more completely since they usually
operate at lower rpm and air-fuel ratio is much higher than ignition-
spark engine.
2. Diesel engines compression ratios are typically between 12 and 24,
whereas spark-ignition (SI) engines are between 7 and 10.
3. Thus a diesel engine can tolerate a higher ratio since only air is
compressed in a diesel cycle and spark knock is not an issue
33
Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Combustion process in internal combustion engines either as
constant-volume (Otto cycle) or constant-pressure (Diesel
cycle) heat addition is overly simplified and it is not realistic.
Dual cycle is a better representation of the combustion process

in both the gasoline and the diesel engines
Both the Otto and the Diesel cycles are special cases of the
dual cycle.
34
T-s and P-v diagrams for an ideal dual cycle.

35
36
37
38
39
40
Dual Cycle Work Output
41
Dual Cycle Mean Effective Pressure
42
Stirling Cycle
The Carnot Cycle has a low mean effective pressure
because of its low work output.
Hence, one of the modified forms of the cycle to produce
higher mean effective pressure whilst theoretically
achieving full Carnot cycle efficiency is the stirling cycle.
It consist of
Two isothermal Process
Two Constant Volume Process
Heat Rejection and Addition take places at constant temperature.43

.
Stirling Cycle
From the figure it is clear that the amount of heat addition and rejection
during constant volume is same 44
Stirling Cycle
45
Ericsson Cycle
The Ericssion cycle consist of

Two Isothermal Process
Two Constant Pressure Process
The heat addition and rejection take place at constant pressure as

well as isothermal process.
46
Ericsson Cycle
This cycle has a advantage over Carnot and Stirling Cycle is its
smaller pressure ration for a given ratio of maximum specific volume
with higher mean effective pressure.
Since the process 2 -3 and 3-4 are parallel to each other on the T-S
diagram, the net effect is that the heat added only at constant
temperature T3 = T4 and rejected at constant temperature T1 = T2.
The Ericsson Cycle does not find practical application in piston

engine but is approached by a gas turbine employing a large number
of stages with heat exchanger, insulator and reheaters.
47
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle
In order to the compare the performance of Otto, Diesel and

Dual combustion cycles some the variable factors must be
fixed.
On the basis of following factors we will be finding which
cycle is more efficient for a given set of operating condition.
Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition

Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection
Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature and Heat Rejection
Same Maximum Pressure and Heat Input
48
Same Compression Ration and Heat Addition
The Otto Cycle 1 2 3 4 1

The Diesel Cycle 1 2 3 4 1
The Dual Cycle 1 2 3 4 1

> > 49
Same Compression Ration and Heat Rejection

> >
50


> > 51


> >
52
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle

> >

> >

> >

> > 53
Lenoir Cycle
The Lenoir cycle consist of the following process:

(1-2) Constant Volume Heat Addition
(2-3) Isentropic Expansion
(3-1) Constant Pressure Heat Rejection
This cycle is used for Pulse Jet Engine 54

Lenoir Cycle
55
Lenoir Cycle
Thus the efficiency of the Lenoir cycle depends upon the

pressure ration as well as the ratio of specific heats.
56
Atkinson Cycle
Atkinson cycle is an ideal cycle for Otto engine
exhausting to a gas turbine.
In this cycle the isentropic expansion (3-4) of an Otto
Cycle (1234) is further allowed to proceed to the lowest
cycle pressure so as to increase the work output.
57
Atkinson Cycle
58
Atkinson Cycle
59
Atkinson Cycle
60
Atkinson Cycle
61
Useful link for Air Standard Cycles

Website Link
https://gradeup.co/air-standard-otto-diesel-and-dual-cycles-i-056f193b-bc3a-11e5-96f1-4227910926f4
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/thermodynamics/4125-air-standard-cycle-part-one/
http://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20461/Notes/Internal%20Combustion%20Engine.pdf
YouTube Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ol2jeApbjjQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOqmeV2BIeU
NPTEL Link
http://www.iitg.ernet.in/scifac/qip/public_html/cd_cell/chapters/uk_saha_internal_combustion_engine/qip-ice-07-
air%20standard%20cycles.pdf
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/Basic_Thermodynamics/ui/Course_home-29.htm
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112106133/5
Gate Purpose
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiKioMvpCJY
62
Class Discussion Placement Oriented Questions
1. Please tell us the difference between Otto and Diesel Cycle.

2. Can you tell four different process of Dual, Diesel and Otto Cycle.
3. Why do we only use P-V and T-S diagrams to decide the characteristic of
any cycle.
4. Except on the basis of cyclic operation, how can differentiate in between
Diesel and Petrol Engine.
5. Does knocking phenomenon occurs in diesel engine? If No, then why not.
6. What exactly happens in isentropic process heat addition process of an
Otto cycle.
7. In which process of Dual Cycle heat is added to the engine.
8. Please tell at least one application of - Otto, Diesel, Dual, Stirling, Ericsson
Cycle, Atkinson and Lenoir Cycle.
63
Home Assignment - Examination Oriented Questions

1. What is the use of Air Standard Cycle Analysis.
2. Where do the following cycles have applications:
Otto, Diesel, Dual, Stirling, Ericsson Cycle, Atkinson, Lenoir and Carnot Cycle.
3. Comparisons of Air Standard Cycle i.e. Otto, Diesel and Dual
Cycle.
4. Derive expression for efficiency, mean effective pressure and work
transfer of :
1. Carnot Cycle
2. Otto Cycle & Diesel Cycle
3. Dual Cycle.
5. Sketch the P-V and T S diagrams of Lenior, Stirling, Ericsson,
and Atiknson Cycle.
6. Write down the applications of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle. 64
Reference Books
1. Internal Combustion Engines Applied Thermosciences by
Colin R. Ferguson & Allan T. Kirkaptrik. ISBN: 978-81-265-
3007-6. Wiley Publication.
2. Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals by John B.
Heywood - Mc Graw Hill Education. ISBN: 978-1-25- 900207-6
3. Internal Combustion Engine by M. L. Mathur & R. P. Sharma
4. Internal Combustion Engine by Anand V. Domkundwar
5. A hand book on Mechanical Engineering for IES, GATE & PSU.
6. Internal Combustion Engine 4th Edition by V Ganesan.
65

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IC Engines MEE 6003

Air Standard Cycle

Assuming constant specific heats, (@25C) for air, is called cold-

Air Standard Cycle

Air is a working fluid.

Basic Relation for Different Process

It is not a practical engine cycle because the heat transfer into

As Schroeder puts it "So don't bother installing a Carnot

P V and T S Diagram for Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle (Animation)

Efficiency of Carnot Cycle

T S & P V Diagram of an Carnot Engine

Different Relation of Carnot Cycle

Different Relation of Carnot Cycle

Different Relation of Carnot Cycle

It is an Imaginary constant pressure working on

Different Relation of Carnot Cycle

Other Useful Link Carnot Cycle

It serves as the theoretical model for the gasoline engine.

Heat is transferred to the working fluid at constant volume.

Fig: T-s and P-v diagrams for Otto cycle

(qin - qout ) + (win - wout) = u kJ / kg

Specific Work Transfer:

Other Useful Links - Otto Cycle

Fig : T-s and P-v diagram of Diesel engine. 25

Fig : T-s and P-v diagram of Diesel engine. 26

Mean Effective Pressure of Diesel Engine

Other Useful Links Diesel Cycle

You Tube Link

Comparison of the Otto and the

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Dual cycle is a better representation of the combustion process

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

T-s and P-v diagrams for an ideal dual cycle.

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

Dual Cycle Work Output

Dual Cycle Mean Effective Pressure

Heat Rejection and Addition take places at constant temperature.43

IC Engine | Module 1 | GLA University | Mr Nitin Kukreja 1/27/2017

The Ericssion cycle consist of

The heat addition and rejection take place at constant pressure as

The Ericsson Cycle does not find practical application in piston

Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle

In order to the compare the performance of Otto, Diesel and

Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition

Same Compression Ration and Heat Addition

The Otto Cycle 1 2 3 4 1

Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition

Same Compression Ration and Heat Rejection

The Otto Cycle 1 2 3 4 1

Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature and Heat Rejection

The Otto Cycle 1 2 3 4 1

Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature and Heat Rejection

Same Maximum Pressure and Heat Input

The Otto Cycle 1 2 3 4 1

Same Maximum Pressure and Heat Input

Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle

Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection