Accepted Manuscript

CFRP Shear Str engthening of Reinfor ced Concr ete Beams in Zones of
Combined Shear and Nor mal Str esses

Noor Akroush, Tariq Almahallawi, Mohamed Seif, Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-

Ahmed

PII: S0263-8223(16)30876-5
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.11.075
Reference: COST 8036

To appear in: Composite Structures

Received Date: 11 June 2016

Accepted Date: 24 November 2016

Please cite this article as: Akroush, N., Almahallawi, T., Seif, M., Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed, E., CFRP Shear
Str engthening of Reinfor ced Concr ete Beams in Zones of Combined Shear and Nor mal Str esses, Composite
Structures (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.11.075

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CFRP Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Zones of Combined Shear
and Normal Stresses

Noor Akrousha, Tariq Almahallawia, Mohamed Seifa, Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmedb*

a
Senior Student, Construction Engineering Dept., the American University in Cairo, AUC
Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
E-
mails: noor.akroush@aucegypt.edu, tariqmohamed@aucegypt.edu, mohamedseif@aucegypt.
edu

b
Professor, Construction Engineering Dept., the American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue,
P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
E-mail: eysahmed@aucegypt.edu

Abstract
Strengthening RC beams using FRP laminate becomes one of the main strengthening
techniques. Failure of these beams is usually controlled by the bond strength between the
laminate and the concrete. As such, ACI 440.2-08 limits the bond strength via a bond reduction
factor, which is adopted to reduce the effective strain in the FRP laminate. Equations
characterizing the shear strength of such beams, which explicitly include the said bond
reduction factor, has been verified for region of high shear stress and negligible normal stress.
Such conditions simulate the high shear stress zone in a simply supported beam in the vicinity
of the support; however, they fail to mimic the high shear and normal stresses zones in
continuous beams existing in the vicinity of any intermediate support. Allegedly, the ACI
440.2-08 adopts the bond reduction factor for zones of combined high shear and normal
stresses because it is sufficiently conservative. Consequently, this paper presents an
experimental investigation performed on continuous RC beams strengthened with CFRP
sheets: sheets were U-wrapped around the intermediate support of eight two-span beams. The
investigation serves to confirm whether or not the currently adopted bond reduction factor is
conservative for regions of combined normal and shear stresses.

Keywords: bond reduction factor, CFRP debonding, carbon fibre; reinforced concrete
beams; shear strength.

*
Corresponding Author
Introduction
Shear failure of reinforced concrete (RC) beams occurs suddenly without pre-alarming
indicators and could lead to catastrophic results. RC beams could reach a point of shear
deficiency due to several reasons such as design faults, corrosion of shear reinforcement
(stirrups), and/or increase in the live loads acting on the structure. Any such deficiency needs
to be remedied to avoid shear failure. Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) laminate have recently
emerged as an alternative for the traditional materials and techniques adopted for strengthening
of concrete structures. While expensive, FRP has many advantages making it favorable for use
in reinforced and prestressed concrete strengthening [14]. In general, failure of RC beams
strengthened with FRP laminate is controlled by the bond strength between the laminate and
the concrete surface [57]. Likewise, when used for shear strengthening, FRP laminates are
also expected to undergo a failure mode involving delamination or debonding from the concrete
surface [810]. Therefore, codes of practice such as ACI 440.2-08 [11] define a bond reduction
factor to account for the debonding failure mode: this is done by limiting the strain or the stress
in the FRP laminate to a certain value.
Most of the current researches investigated the response and shear capacity of simply
supported RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP sheets: these researches scrutinized the
effects the concrete strength, the number of FRP sheets plies, effective bond length, orientation
of the FRP sheets, etc. [1220]. On the contrary, limited researches addressed response of
continuous RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP laminate [e.g. 21, 22]. As such, ACI
4402.2-08 still includes the following statement in the description of the strain (bond) reduction
factor N v : The methodology for determining N v has been validated for members in regions of
high shear and low moment, such as monotonically loaded simply supported beams. Although
the methodology has not been confirmed for shear strengthening in areas subjected to
combined high flexural and shear stresses or in regions where the web is primarily in
compression (negative moment regions), it is suggested that N v is sufficiently conservative for
such cases; no reference is defined for this hypothesis.
Consequently, the current paper investigates the applicability of the bond reduction factor
in regions of combined shear and normal stresses. For this purpose, two-span continuous beams
were strengthened in the vicinity of the middle support with U-wrapped Carbon Fibre
Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheets and monotonically loaded to failure. The U-wrap bonding
scheme for the FRP laminate is deemed to be the most practical one for strengthening RC
beams in shear. Eight beams were tested where two of them presented control specimens with
no CFRP sheets and the remaining six beams were provided with bonded CFRP sheets in
different configuration: different effective laminate depth and different spacing between the
laminate were investigated. All the tested beams were designed to fail in shear close the middle
support.

Experimental Investigation
An experimental investigation has been designed to scrutinize the shear strength of
continuous RC beams with bonded FRP laminate. The test programme involved eight
continuous RC beams. The beams have 150400 mm rectangular cross-sections and two 1.90
m spans (Figure 1). The 16 mm flexural reinforcement bars used in the beams have a yield and
an ultimate strength of 434 and 619 MPa, respectively and a 200 GPa modulus of elasticity.
The shear reinforcement (8 mm stirrups) is arranged as shown in Figure 1; the yield and
ultimate strengths of the stirrups are 259 MPa and 356 MPa, respectively.
The beams were designed to fail in shear in the vicinity of the middle support in order to
ensure that failure occurs at the region of combined shear and normal stress. Thus, sufficient
flexural reinforcement was provided with closely-spaced (100 mm) vertical stirrups in the
vicinity of the two end supports. The spacing between the stirrups was increased to 200 mm in
the vicinity of the middle support.
The tested beams were grouped in four groups (2 beams in each group) according to the
bonded CFRP sheets configuration. Group 0 represents the control beams with a 28-day
concrete cube compressive strength of 30.5 MPa.
Figure 2 shows the CFRP wrapping configuration for Groups 1, 2 and 3 which have a 28-
day concrete cube compressive strength of 34.0, 38.0 and 37.5 MPa, respectively. The 0.12
mm thick CFRP sheets have a 65 GPa elastic modulus and 894 MPa nominal tensile strength.
Furthermore, Group 3 beams were strengthened in flexure using an additional near surface
mounted (NSM) no. 16 Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bar which was added to the
beams after casting: calculations of the expected failure loads have shown that the wrapping
scheme of this group would not guarantee a shear failure near the middle support like the other
groups. Table 1 summarizes the material properties of the concrete, the steel reinforcement and
the CFRP sheets adopted in the tested beams.
Beams of Groups 1, 2 and 3 were wrapped with 500 mm wide CFRP sheets (Figure 2). For
Group 1, the CFRP sheets were placed end-to-end (i.e. centerline-to-centerline spacing of the
sheets is 500 mm) with a 200 mm effective depth which is half the beams depth. For Group 2,
the CFRP sheets have a 750 mm centerline-to-centerline spacing with an effective depth of 400
mm which is the full depth of the beam. Wrapping of Group 3 is similar to that of Group 1 but
the CFRP sheets have an effective depth of 400 mm. For all the groups the sheets extended
1.00 m on each side of the central support (Figure 2). As shown in Table 1 and Figure 2, each
beam was given a designation such as Gn-x-y-Bi where n refers to the group number, x is the
centerline-to-centerline spacing between the CFRP sheets, y is the effective depth of the sheet
and i is the beam number within the group.
The specimens where loaded monolithically to failure as shown in Figure 3. The load was
applied symmetrically 550 mm away from the middle support. Values of the applied load were
monitored using a load cell and the bending moment and shear force at the middle support
corresponding to each load level was calculated (Figure 3). Strain gages where applied to the
stirrups near the mid-support in all the test specimens with additional strain gages applied to
the CFRP sheets at the same locations. Mid-span deflections were monitored using LVDTs.

Results and Discussion

All the tested beams failed in shear with diagonal cracks extending from the point of
application of the load and propagating towards the middle support: failure always occurred at
the vicinity of the middle support. Samples of the strain measurements on the shear
reinforcement close to the middle support and the final failure mode of the beams are shown in
Figures 4 and 5. Both the loads encountered at shear cracking of the beams and the final failure
loads of the tested beams are summarized in Table 2.
 For the control beams, the first diagonal shear crack was observed near the middle support
at a load of 303 and 310 kN: at this load a sudden increase in the stirrups strain was recorded
as shown in Figure 4. Groups 1, 2 and 3 strengthened beams developed similar behavior in
terms of the failure mode as shown in Figure 5. Beams of the three groups had the first diagonal
shear crack appearing at average loads of 370 kN, 418.5 kN and 450 kN, respectively, which
was also verified by the strain measured on the stirrups of these beams as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 also shows a sudden increase in the CFRP strain at almost the same load at which
cracking is encountered.
The bonded CFRP laminate increased the load at which first crack appears in the
strengthened beams of Groups 1, 2 and 3 by 21%, 37% and 47%, respectively above that of the
control beams (Table 1). The greatest contribution corresponds to the continuous wrapping of
the CFRP laminate on the full depth of the beam, which matches the ACI 440.2-08 provisions
recommendation which states that full beams depth wrapping is the most effective scheme for
shear strengthening.
When debonding occurs, it causes loss of crack confinement and the crack starts to
propagate till final failure occurs. ACI 440.2-08 provisions estimate the shear capacity
corresponding to first cracking load for beams with bonded CFRP laminate. Table 2
summarizes these loads for each of the tested beams; it also shows the enhancement above the
recorded loads of the control beams which is achieved by bonding the CFRP laminate to the
RC beams in zones of high normal and shear stress. It is evident from the experimental data
(Table 2) that the load causing shear cracking significantly increases above that of the control
beam (21% to 47% increase) while the increase in the final failure load is only 7% to 8%. This
indicates that bonded CFRP laminate restrain the formation of the first crack to a higher load
but once it is formed, it quickly propagates causing final failure which typically occurs by
debonding.
A simple Strut and Tie Model (STM) has been adopted (Figure 6) to estimate the shear at
first cracking of the control specimen; it was found to be 347 kN. Then, a more detailed STM
has been analyzed using Cast software [24] which yielded a failure load of 310 kN. This values
well-agrees with both the experimentally recorded load at shear cracking and the calculated
shear resistance based on the ACI provisions considering the short shear span. The effect of
the short shear span (a/d=1.47 < 2.0) is considering in estimating the value of shear resistance
according to EN 1992-1-1:2004 [23] recommendation. The compression field theory has also
been used to detect the shear at first cracking: Response 2000 [25] is adopted for that purpose
and the shear at first cracking of the control beams was found to be 294 kN.

The Strain (Bond) Reduction Factor: ACI 440.2-08 provisions

The nominal shear force V n which can be supported by the cross section of a beam with
bonded CFRP laminate is calculated according to the ACI 440.2-08 provisions [11] by

Vn vu b d v cu  vsu  v fu  b d (1)

Where v cu and v su are the concrete and the steel stirrups shear resistance which may be
calculated based on equations of the same provisions with a material resistance factors of 1.0.
b and d are the width and depth of the beam which are 150 and 375 mm, respectively. v fu is the
contribution of the CFRP laminate to the shear strength of the beam.
Considering an FRP material resistance factor of 1.0, the 440.2-08 provisions [11] define
v fu by

A f f fe sin D  cos D  d f
v fu (2)
s f b d 

Where A f , s f and d f are the area of the FRP laminate, the spacing between the FRP laminate
and the FRP laminates effective depth, respectively. The angle D is the angle between the
fibres orientation of the FRP laminate and the longitudinal centerline of the beam. The
effective laminate stress f fe is given in terms of the effective laminate strain H fe and its Youngs
modulus E f by the following equation:

f fe E f H ef
(3)
H ef N v H eu d 0.004

According to the ACI 440.2-08 provision, a limit on the strain is imposed via a strain (bond)
reduction factor N v which is defined by

k1k 2 Le
Nv
11900 H fu
(4)
d f  Le
2/3
23300 f c/
Le k1 k2
nt f Ef d
27 f

Where n, t f , H fu and E f are the number of FRP laminate layers, the thickness of each FRP
laminate, the ultimate tensile strain in the laminate and the Youngs modulus of the FRP
laminates, respectively. f c / is the concrete cylinder compressive strength.

Maximum Laminate Stress: Chen and Teng [9]

Another approach for limiting the strain in the FRP laminate is proposed by Chen and Teng
[9] to avoid the debonding failure mode. In this approach, the contribution of the FRP laminate
to the shear strength of the beam v fu is also defined by Equation 2 with a limit on the stress in
the FRP laminate f fe that is given by

Ef
f fe 0.315 E L EW f c/ d f tu  f (5)
tf

Where f c / is the concrete cylinder compressive strength. t f and E f are the number of CFRP
laminate layers and the Youngs modulus of the laminates, respectively.
The factors E L (bond length coefficient) and E W (strip width coefficient) are given by
 1.0 O t 1.0 2s f sin D  w f
EL EW
sin SO / 2  O  1.0 s f sin D  w f
(6)
Lmax Eftf
O Le Lmax d f / sin D
Le f c/

Where D is the angle between the laminate fibres orientation and the longitudinal centerline
of the beam. w f , t f and d f are the width, thickness and effective depth of the FRP laminates,
respectively. s f is the spacing between the FRP laminates and L e is effective bond length of the
FRP laminate.

Maximum Laminate Stress: Kalifa et al. [8]

Kalifa et al. [8] also limits the stress in the FRP laminate by a factor R which is deducted
based on an experimental analysis. The contribution of the FRP laminate to the shear strength
of the beam v fu is given by Equation 2 where the stress in the laminate f fe is limited to

f fe R f tu  f (7)

Where f tu-f is the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate and the reduction factor R is given
by

R 0.5622 U f E f   1.2188 U f E f   0.788

2

2 t f wf (8)
Uf Ef Ef d 1.1 GPa
bsf

Where t f and w f are the thickness and width of the FRP laminate, respectively. E f is the
Youngs modulus of the FRP laminates and s f is spacing between the laminate.

Discussion of the Experimental Investigation Results

The current experimental analysis results are mainly used to confirm the applicability of the
bond reduction factor N v of the ACI 440.2-08 provisions to continuous RC beams with bonded
FRP laminates as it was initially derived for simply supported beams. As such, the shear forces
at first cracking calculated using ACI 440.2-08 provisions [11] and other approaches are
compared to those recorded experimentally: in all these calculations, the material resistance
factor was considered to be 1.0. Table 3 shows the outcomes of this comparative analysis.
It is evident for the data of Table 3 that the currently adopted procedures of ACI 440.2-08
is applicable to zones of high shear and normal stresses: the three approaches adopted to
calculate the shear strength of the tested beams shows good agreement with the experimental
results. Table 3 reveals that ACI 440.2-08 prediction for the shear strength of beams with
bonded CFRP laminate is 94% to 96% of the experimentally recorded values. This means that
the currently adopted value of N v of this provisions which is derived for zones of solely high
shear stress (simple beams) is also applicable to zones of high shear and normal stresses
(continuous beams).
All the analyses reveals that only 30% to 60% of the laminate strength is used up to the shear
cracking load. This low limit on the strain account for the debonding failure: ACI 440.2-08
provisions reduce the strain in the FRP laminate via N v to account for this failure mode.
Furthermore, Table 3 shows that a reserve shear strength (post-cracking) ranging between
37% and 62% is attained for all the CFRP strengthened beams. This post-cracking strength
decreases as the amount of CFRP laminate increases.

Conclusions
In this paper, shear behavior of continuous RC beams with boned CFRP laminate was
experimentally investigated. The test results showed that the CFRP laminate has significant
contribution to the shear strength where the load at which first shear crack appeared in the
strengthened beams increased by 21% to 47% above that of the unstrengthened beams. This
strength enhancement is highest for beams wrapped with CFRP along the entire beams depth.
The analysis also showed a reserve shear strength (post-cracking) for all the strengthened which
ranged between 37% and 62% above the load value at which first shear crack was encountered.
This post-cracking strength decreases as the amount of CFRP laminate increases.
The results of the current investigation confirmed that the bond reduction factor adopted by
the ACI 440.2-08 provisions, which was initially derived for zones of solely high shear stress
(simple beams), is applicable to zones of high shear and normal stresses (continuous beams).
The experimentally recorded shear strength of continuous beams with bonded CFRP laminate
showed only 4% to 6% difference from the load predicted based on the current ACI 440.2-08
provisions with the said bond reduction factor concept.

Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the excellent support provided by all the technical staff in the
Construction and Architectural Engineering Department at The American University in Cairo.

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Figure Caption

Figure 1. Cross section and reinforcement details of the tested RC beams.

Figure 2. U-wrapping scheme of the CFRP sheets in different configurations for the tested
beams.
Figure 3. Test set-up and straining actions acting on the tested beams.
Figure 4. Samples of the strain recorded in the stirrups and the CFRP sheets near the middle
support for the some of the tested beams.
Figure 5. Failure mode and load-deflection of the tested beams.
Figure 6. Shear analysis of the control beams using STM and the compression field theory.
 Table 1. Concrete, Steel and CFRP properties.
Conc- Longitudinal Vertical CFRP sheets
Beam groups and rete Reinforcement Stirrups 0.12 mm thick, 500 mm wide
designation f cu Fy Fu Fy Fu F tu-f Ef CL-to-CL Effective
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa) spacing (mm) depth (mm)
G00000B1,2 30.5 -- -- -- --
G10.50.2B1,2 34.0 500 200
434 619 259 356
G20.750.4B1,2 38.0 894 65.4 750 400
G30.50.4B1,2 37.6 500 400

Table 2. Shear cracking and failure load recorded for all testes beams of the experimental
programme.
Load at 1st cracking (kN) Failure load (kN)
Beam group & designation
P cr P cr-av V cr % inc Pf P f-av Vf % inc
G00000B1 303 604
Group 0 306.5 137.6 -- 574 256.2 --
G00000B2 310 544
G10.50.2B1 --- 595
Group 1 370 165.8 21% 604 269.5 7%
G10.50.2B2 370 614
G20.750.4B1 420 639
Group 2 418.5 187.3 37% 619 276.1 8%
G20.750.4B2 417 599
G30.50.4B1 450 617
Group 3 450 201.2 47% 617 275.2 7%
G30.50.4B2 --- ---

Table 3. Results of the experimental programme and predictions of the shear strength of RC
beams with bonded FRP laminate.
Chen & Teng Khalifa et al.
Experimental Results ACI 440.2-08 [11]
Beam [9] [8]
group V cr Vf
V ACI V Ch V Kh
 Nv (kN)
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
Group 0 137.6 256.2 1.86 -- -- 141 1.025 -- -- -- --
Group 1 165.8 269.5 1.62 0.307 0.29 157 0.947 164 0.989 174 1.049
Group 2 187.3 276.1 1.47 0.608 0.58 180 0.961 180 0.961 187 0.998
Group 3 201.2 275.2 1.37 0.602 0.57 194 0.964 184 0.914 202 1.004
 2 no. 16
1 no. 16

1 no. 16
2 no. 16

no.8@100mm no.8@200mm no.8@100mm

1 2

1 2
1100mm 900mm 900mm 1100mm
100mm 1900mm 1900mm 100mm

2 no. 16 3 no. 16
375mm
400mm
375mm
400mm

no.8@100mm no.8@200mm

3 no. 16 3 no. 16
150 mm 150 mm

Sec 1-1 Sec 2-2

 800
700 Control Beams Defection Midspan 1
600 Defection Midspan 2
500
Load (kN)

400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Midspan deflection (mm)

800
Group 1 Beams Defection Midspan 1
700
Defection Midspan 2
600
Load (kN)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Midspan deflection (mm)

800
Group 2 Beams Defection Midspan 1
700
Defection Midspan 2
600
500
Force (kN)

400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Midspan deflection (mm)

800
700 Group 3 Beams Defection Midspan 1
600 Defection Midspan 2
500
Force (kN)

400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Midspan deflection (mm)
 F=P/2 F=P/2

(P/2 multiplier)
400 mm

250 300
550 mm Strut and tie
550 mm
model (STM)

(P/2 multiplier)
(STM) simulated on
Cast software [24]

Cross Section
120.0
Shear Force (kN)

90.0 Stirrups yielded Compression field theory simulated

segments using Response 2000 [25]
60.0
30.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
MMid-span
i D fl deflection
ti ( ) (mm)