JAWAHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SALIGRAMAM, CHENNAI - 93

MA6151 MATHEMATICS I

SEMESTER - I

UNIT 1(MATRICES)

PART- A

1. If 1 and 2 are the eigen values of a 2 x 2 matrix A, what are the eigen values of A2 andA-1?
The Eigen values of and are (1) , (2) and (1) , (2)
The Eigen values of and are 1, 4 and 1,

2. State Cayley Hamilton theorem.

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
1 2
3. If -1 is an eigen value of the matrix A = , find the eigen values of A4 using properties.
3 2
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the elements of the main diagonal. Let be the 2nd eigen value.
i.e., -1 + = 1 + 2 or = 4.
Eigen values of A are -1 and 4.
4 4 4
Eigen values of A are (-1) and (4) . Or 1 and 256.
4. For a given matrix A of order 3, |A| = 32, and two of its eigen values are 8 and 2. Find the sum of the
eigen values.
By properties of Eigen values, Product of the Eigen values = |A|
Let the Eigen values be ,, ,
Given = 8 and =2
Therefore product of the Eigen values = 8 x 2 x = |A|
16 = 32, given.
or = 2
Sum of the Eigen values = 8 + 2 + 2 = 12.
5. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 x 3 matrix A are equal, find the value of |A|.
By properties of eigen values,
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the elements of the main diagonal.
But sum of the main diagonal elements = Trace of the matrix
Therefore sum of the three eigen values = sum of two eigen values
i.e., + + = +
= 0.
One of the eigen values is zero. It is a singular matrix. Hence |A| = 0.
1 2
6. Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find (A4 4A3 5A2 + A + 2I), when A = .
4 3
Characteristic equation of A is - + = 0.
 = sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + 3 = 4
= |A| = (1)3 (2)4 = 3 -8 = -5

C.Eqn. of A is - 4 - 5 = 0.

By Cayley Hamilton theorem A Satisfies its Characteristic Equation.

Therefore 4A 5I = 0.

A4 4A3 5A2 + A + 2I = ( 4A 5I) + A + 2I

= (0) + A + 2I

1 2 1 0 3 2
= A + 2I = +2 = .
3 4 0 1 3 6

1 0 0
2 3 0 , Find the eigen values of A .
2
7. Given A =
1 4 2
Given: Matrix A is a lower triangular matrix. Then Eigen values of the matrix are the diagonal elements .
The Eigen values are -1, -3 and 2
The Eigen values of are (1) , (3) , (2)
The Eigen values of are 1, 9, 4
The Eigen values of are (1) , (4)
The Eigen values of are 1 and 256
2 1 0
8. Find the eigen values of A = 0 3 4 . Also find the eigen values of -3A.
0 0 4
As A is a upper triangular matrix, the eigen values are 2, 3, 4
The eigen values of - 3A are -6, -9, -12.
2 2 2
9. Write the matrix of the quadric form x1 + 2 x2 + x3 - 2 x1 x2 + 2 x2 x3.
1 1 0
The matrix corresponding to the given quadratic form is 1 2 1
0 1 1
6 2 2
10. The product of two eigen values of the matrix A = 2 3 1 is 16.
2 1 3
Find the 3rd eigen value of A.
By properties of Eigen values, product of the Eigen values = |A|
Let the Eigen values be ,, ,
16 = 32 or = 2
1 1 3
11. If 3 and 6 are two eigen values of A = 1 5 1 ; write down all the eigen values of A-1.
3 1 1
By properties of eigen values, sum of the eigen values = sum of the elements of the main diagonal
i.e., + + = 1+5+1
 3+6+ = 7
= -2
The eigen values of A are 3, 6, -2

The eigen values of are , ,

0 5 1
12. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix 5 1 6 .
1 6 2
2 2
The quadratic form is y + 2z + 10xy -2xz +12yz.
2 0 2
13. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix 0 2 1 .
2 1 2
2 2 2
The quadratic form is 2x + 2y - 2z - 4xz +2yz.

3 1 4
14. Find the eigen values of A-1 where A = 0 2 6 .
0 0 5
The eigen values of A are 3, 2, 5

The eigen values of are , ,

2 2
15. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form 2x + 8z + 4xy + 10yz - 2xz .

2 2 1
The matrix corresponding to the given quadratic form is 2 0 5
1 5 8

16. If 2, -1, -3 are the eigen values of the matrix A, find the eigen values of A2 2I
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of A 2I are 2 2, (-1) 2, (-3) -2
2
i.e., The eigen values of A 2I are 2, -1, 7
2 2
17. If is the eigen value of A then prove that is a eigen value of A .
is a eigen value of A. Then AX = X . Now premultiplying by A we have
A (AX) = A (X)
= (AX)
= (X)
2 2
A X= X
2
Therefore 2 is an eigen value of A .
2 0 1
18. If 2 and 3 are two eigen values of A = 0 2 0 , find the value of b.
0 2
By properties of eigen values, sum of the eigen values = sum of the elements of the main diagonal
i.e., + + = 2+2+2
2+3+ = 6
=1
 The eigen values of A are 2, 3, 1.
Product of the Eigen values = |A|
i.e., 2 x 3 x 1 = 8 2b
8 2b = 6
or b=1
8 6 2
19. Find the sum and product of all eigen values of A = 6 7 4
2 4 3
By properties of eigen values, sum of the eigen values = sum of the elements of the main diagonal
i.e., 8 + 7 + 3 = 18
Product of the Eigen values = |A|
= 8(21-16) + 6(-18 + 8 ) + 2 (24 14)
= 0
1 0 0
20. Find the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is A = 0 1 0
0 0 2
As A is a upper triangular matrix, the eigen values are -1, -1, -2
All the eigen values are negative.
The nature of the matrix is negative definite.
3 1 4
21. Find the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is A = 0 2 6 .
0 0 5
As A is a upper triangular matrix, the eigen values are 3 , 2 , 5
All the eigen values are positive.
The nature of the matrix is positive definite.
2 2 2
22. What is the nature of the quadratic form x + y + z in four variables?
2 2 2 2
As the quadratic form has only square terms in four variables, the quadratic form is x + y + z + (0) t
the eigen values are the coefficients of squared terms.
i.e., 1, 1, 1, 0
The nature of the quadratic form is positive semi definite.
1 5
23. Find the eigen values of the matrix A-1 , if A = .
0 4
As A is a upper triangular matrix, the eigen values are 1, 4
1 7 5
The eigen values of are 1 , . Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of A = 0 2 9 .
0 0 5
Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 5
Sum of the square of the eigen values = 1 + 4 + 25 = 30.
1 2
24. Prove that the eigen values of -3A-1 are the same as those of A = .
2 1
Characteristic equation of A is - + = 0.
= sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + 1 = 2
 = |A| = (1)(1) (2)(2) = 1 - 4 = -3
C.Eqn. of A is - 2 - 3 = 0.
The eigen values of A are 3, -1.

The eigen values of A-1 are , -1.

The eigen values of -3A-1 are -1, which are same as the eigen values of A.

PART B
2 1 1
4
1 2 1 . Hence find A and A .
-1
1. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A given A =
1 1 2
2 1 1
2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A = 1 2 1 .
0 0 1
3. Reduce the given quadric form Q to its canonical form using orthogonal transformation:
2 2 2
Q = x + 3y +3z -2yz.
4. Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find the value of the matrix given by
2 1 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
(A 5A + 7A -3A + 8A - 5A + 8A -2A +I), if the matrix A = = 0 1 0 .
1 1 2
2 2 3
5. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A = 2 1 6 .
1 2 0

2 2 2
6. Reduce the quadratic form x1 + 2x2 + x3 - 2x1x2 + 2x2x3 to the Canonical form through an orthogonal
transformation and hence show that it is positive semi definite. Also give a non-zero set of values
(x1, x2 , x3) which makes this quadratic form zero.
2 1 1
7. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and hence find A-1 for A = 1 2 1 .
1 1 2
2 2 2
8. Reduce the quadratic form 10x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 + 6x2x3 -10x3x1 - 4x1x2 to a Canonical form through an
orthogonal transformation and hence find rank, index, signature and also give a non-zero set of values
x1, x2 , x} (if they exist), that will make the quadratic form zero.
2 2 1
9. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 1 3 1 .
1 2 2
2 1 2
10. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find A-1 when A = 1 2 1 .
1 1 2
 UNIT II (SEQUENCES AND SERIES)

PART A

1. Define a Sequence.
An ordered set of real numbers , , , , is called a sequence and is denoted by { } or ( ).
Ex: {1, 2, 3, , 14}.
2. Define a series.
If , , ,, ,be an infinite sequence of real numbers , then

+ + ++ +is called an infinite series and is denoted by

Ex: 2 + 4 + 6 + .+ 2n +

3. Define sequence of partial sums of a series.

If , , ,, ,be an infinite sequence of real numbers , then
+ + ++ +is called an infinite series and is denoted by .
Sum of the first n terms of the series is called sequence of partial sums and is denoted by .
4. When do you say that the series (i) converges and (ii) diverges?
If , the sequence of partial sums tends to a finite number as n , then the series is said to be a
convergent series .
If , the sequence of partial sums tends to infinity as n , then the series is said to be a divergent
series.
5. If is a convergent series, show that lim = 0.

= + + ++

lim = k ( a finite quantity) (1)

lim = k ( a finite quantity) (2)

= +

= -

lim = lim ( ) = lim ( ) - lim ( ) = k k = 0. (by (1) & (2))

lim = 0.

6. Prove that if a1 + a2 + a3 + converges to a, then a2 + a3 + converges to a - a1.

If a1 + a2 + a3 + converges to a then lim = a ( a finite quantity)

i.e., lim ( a1 + a2 + a3 + + )=a

Therefore, + lim ( a2 + a3 + + )=a
lim ( a2 + a3 + + )=a-
Therefore, a2 + a3 + converges to a - a1.
7. Prove that the series converges.
( )

It is a p-series with p = 2 > 1.Therefore it is convergent.

8. Define alternating series.

A series in which the terms are alternatively positive or negative is called an alternating series.
9. State Leibnitzs test for checking the convergence of an alternating series.
An alternating series - + - + converges if
(i) - <0
(ii) lim =0

10. Show that the series 1 - + - + converges.

Here = , =

- = - <0

lim = lim =0

Both the Leibnitzs rules are satisfied.

The given series is convergent.

11. Examine the convergence of =1+
Given =1+

lim = lim (1 + )

= 1 + 0 = 1 => the given sequence is convergent.

12. Examine the convergence of = 2n

Given = 2n

lim = lim ( 2 ) = .

Since limit is infinite the sequence is divergent.

13. Examine the nature of the series 1 + 2 +3 + 4 +
( )
Let = 1 + 2 + 3 + .+ n = ( series is in A.P)

( )
lim = lim ( )=

Since limit is infinite the sequence is divergent.

14. Define absolute convergence.
If the series of arbitrary terms + + ++ + be such that the series

| | +| | +| | + +| | + is convergent, then the series is said to be absolutely

convergent.
15. Define conditional convergence.
If | | is divergent but is convergent, then is said to be conditionally convergent.
16. Discuss the nature of the series 3 3 +3 3 + 3 3 +
Let = 3 3 +3 3 + 3 3 + n terms
= 0 if n is even
= 3 if n is odd
Here does not tend to a unique limit. Therefore the series is oscillatory.
17. Test whether convergent series is absolutely convergent? Justify.
The convergent series need not be absolutely convergent. For,

Consider the sequence 1 - + - +

| | = , here p = 1.Implies is not absolutely convergent

18. Test the convergence of

The given series is a p- series with p =2. Therefore the given series is convergent as p = 2 > 1.

19. Check the convergence of the series =1 .

= . Let =

lim = lim = 1 (finite)

is a p-series with p = 1. Therefore the series is divergent. Hence by comparison test

is also divergent.

20. State Ratio test for convergence.

The series of positive terms is

(i) convergent if lim < 1, and

(ii) divergent if lim > 1.

(iii) If lim = 1, the test fails.

21. State Integral test for convergence.

If , is a series of positive terms and if = f(x) be such that
(i) f(x) is continuous is 1< x < ,
(ii) f(x) decreases as x increases then , the series is convergent or divergent according as the
integral ( ) is finite or infinite.
22. State Comparison test for convergence.

If two positive term series and be such that lim = finite quantity ( 0) then
 and converge or diverge together.

23. Check the convergence of the series =1

= . Let = . Then

lim = lim = (finite )

is a p-series with p = 2 > 1. Therefore the series is convergent. Hence by comparison test

is also convergent.

24. Test the convergence of =1 sin

= sin . Let = . Then

1
sin
lim = lim = 1 (finite )

is a p-series with p = 1. Therefore the series is divergent. Hence by comparison test

is also divergent.

25. Test the convergence of =1 tan

= tan . = . Then
1 1
2 tan
lim = lim = 1 (finite )

is a p-series with p = 3 > 1. Therefore the series is convergent. Hence by comparison test
is also convergent.

PART B

1. State and prove the Leibnitzs Rule for checking the convergence of an alternating series.
2. State and prove the Ratio test.
3. State and prove the Integral test.
2
4. Show that the series 1 + r + r + (i) converges if |r| < 1 (ii) diverges if |r| 1 and
(iii) oscillates if |r| -1.

5. Show that the p-series, = + + +

(i) converges for p > 1 (ii) diverges for p 1.

6. Test the convergence of the following series:
 (1) + + + .
. . .

(2) + + + .
. . .

(3) + + + .
. . . . . .

(4) + + + .
27 64

. . .
(5) + + + .
. . . . . .
! ! !
(6) 1+ + + + .

(7) + + + + .
( )( ) ( )( )( )
(8) 1+ + + +
( )( ) ( )( )( )

(9) x+ + +

(10) 1 + + + ++ +

Test for conditionally and absolute convergence:

( ) ( ) ( )
(1) . (1)(a) (1)(b)

(2) 1 - + - +
. . .
(3) 1 - + - + .
. . .

(4) x - + + .
2
(5) - x+ x -

UNIT III (APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS)

PART- A

1. Find the envelope of the lines y = mx + where m is the parameter.

y = mx +
y mx = +
( ) = +
-2mxy + - - =0
( - ) -2mxy + ( - )=0
It is a quadratic equation where m is the parameter.
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0
i.e., (2 ) 4( - ) ( - )=0
 4 - 4 +4 +4 -4 = 0
+ =

+ = 1 is the required envelope.

2. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x).

The curvature at any point P of a curve is equal to the curvature of the circle which passes through P and
two close points on the curve on either side of P. Such a circle exists for each point of the curve. It is
called the Circle of Curvature of the curve at any point.
3. Write down the formula for Radius of Curvature in terms of parameter co-ordinates system.

Radius of Curvature = where f = f(t) and g = g(t) are functions of a parameter t.

4. Write down the formula for Radius of Curvature in terms of Cartesian Co-ordinates system.

Radius of Curvature =

5. Write down the formula for Radius of Curvature in terms of implicit form.

Radius of Curvature = .

6. Write down the formula for Radius of Curvature in terms of polar Co-ordinates system.
( )
Radius of Curvature =

7. Find the envelope of the curve y = mx + , where m is a parameter.

y = mx +

my = x+a
x my + a = 0
It is a quadratic equations in the parameter m.
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0 where A = x, B = -y and C = a.
( ) - 4 x a = 0
.e., = 4ax is the required envelope.
8. Find the curvature of the curve x2 + y2 + 5x - 2y + 1 = 0.
The given curve is a circle. The radius of curvature is the radius of the circle.

Radius of the circle = + 1 1 = units.

9. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx + , where m is a parameter.

y = mx +

my = x+1
x my + 1 = 0.
 It is a quadratic equation in the parameter m.
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0
( ) - 4 x = 0
.e., = 4x is the required envelope.
x
10. Find the radius of curvature for y = e at x = 0.

y = ex , = ex , =

At x = 0, = 1, = 1.

( )
= = 2 2 units.
11. Find the envelope of the family of (x - a)2 + y2 = 2a, where a is a parameter.
(x - a)2 + y2 = 2a
2 + + 2 =0
It is a quadratic equation in the parameter a.
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0

(2 + 1) -4( + )=0
4x2 - 4x + 1 4x2 4y2 = 0

y2 = is the required envelope.

12. Find the curvature of the curve x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y - 1 = 0 at any general point.

The given curve is a circle. The radius of curvature is the radius of the circle.
Radius of the circle = ((1) + 1 + 1) = 3 units

Curvature = =

13. Find the envelope of x cos + y sin = a sec where is the parameter.
x cos + y sin = a sec
x + y tan = a sec
x + y tan = a ( 1 + tan )
a tan y tan + a - x = 0
It is a quadratic equation in tan
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0
( ) - 4a ( a x ) = 0
y2 = 4a ( a x ) is the required envelope.
14. Write the properties of Evolutes.
1. The normal at any point of a curve touches the evolute at the corresponding center of curvature.
2. The length of an arc of the evolute is equal to the difference between the radii of curvature at the
points on the original curve corresponding to the extremities of the curve.
15. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos+ y sin = a where is the parameter.
x cos+ y sin = a (1)
Differentiating with respect to ,
- x sin + y cos = 0 (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get,
x2 + y2 = a2 is the required envelope.

16. Find the envelope of the family of lines + yt = 2c, where t is the parameter.

+ yt = 2c or x + y = 2ct

i.e., y - 2ct + x = 0
It is a quadratic equation in t
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0. => 4 - 4 xy =0
or xy = is the required envelope.
17. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x - )2 + y2 = r2, where is a parameter.
2 2 2 2
(x - )2 + y2 = r2 or x -2ax + a + y = r
2 2 2 2
i.e., a - 2ax + x + y r = 0
It is a quadratic equation in t
Envelope is given by - 4AC = 0
2 2 2 2
4x 4 (x + y r ) = 0
2 2
y = r or y = r is the required envelope.
18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y - 8 = 0.
The given curve is a circle. The radius of curvature is the radius of the circle.
Radius of the circle = ((2) + ( 1) + 8) = 13 units

19. Find the radius of curvature at x = on the curve y = 4 sin x.

y = 4 sin x , = 4 cos x , = - 4 sin x

At x = , =0, = - 4.

( )
= = = or | | = | | = .
20. Find the radius of curvature at x = on the curve y = 4 sin x sin 2x

y = 4 sin x, = 4 cos x - 2 cos 2x , = - 4 sin x + 2 cos 2x

At x = , =2, = -4

( )
= = = .

21. Find the radius of curvature at the point (c, c) on the curve xy =

xy = c2 , y = , = , =

At (c,c) = -1 , =

( )
= = = c2.

22. Find at ( 1 , 1 ) on + =1
Let f( x , y ) = + 1
2 2
= 3x ; = 3y ; = 6x ; = 6y ; =0
( 1 ,1 )
= 3; =3 ; =6 ; =6; =0

( )
= = = .

3 2 2 2
23. Find the curvature of the curve f ( x , y ) = x +3xy + 5x + 7y 6x at ( 0 , 0)
3 2 2 2
f (x ,y ) = x +3xy + 5x + 7y 6x
2 2
= 3x + 3y + 10x 6 ; = 6xy + 14y ; = 6x + 10 ; = 6x + 14 ; = 6y
( 0 ,0 )
= -6 ; =0; = 10 ; = 14 ; =0

(( ) )
= =
)
= .
( ( )
2 3 3
24. Find the curvature of the curve f ( x , y ) = xy + x a at ( a , 0)
2 3 3
f ( x , y ) = xy + x a
2
= y + 3x2; = 2xy ; = 6x ; = 2x ; = 2y
( 0 ,0 )
 2
= 3a ; =0; = 6a ; = 2a ; =0

(( ) )
= =
)
= a.
( ( )( )
2 2 2
25. Find the curvature of the curve f ( x , y ) = x y - ax - ay at ( -2a , 2a)
2 2 2
f ( x , y ) = x y - ax - ay
2
= 2xy 2ax ; = x - 2ay ; = 2y 2a ; = -2a ; = 2x
(2 , 2 )
2
= - 4a ; =0; = 2a ; = -2a ; = -4a

(( ) )
= =
)( )
= -2a.
( ( )( )

| | = 2a.
26. Find at ( 1 , 1 ) on + =1
Let f( x , y ) = + 1
3 3 2 2
= 4x ; = 4y ; = 12x ; = 12y ; =0
( 1 ,1 )
= 4; =3 ; = 12 ; = 12 ; =0

( )
= = = = .

PART B

1. Find the evolute of the hyperbola = 1 considering it as the envelope of the normals.

2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve + = at ( , ).

3. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the parabola y2 = 12x at the point (3, 6).

4. Find the envelope of the family of lines + = 1 subject to the condition that a + b = 1.

5. Find the radius of curvature at the point (0, c) on the curve y = cosh .

6. Obtain the equation the evolute of the curve x = a(cos + sin), y = a(sin cos ).
3 3
7. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a cos , a sin ) on the curve + = .

8. Find the envelope of the straight line + = 1, where a and b are parameters that are connected by the

relation a + b = c.

9. Find the radius of curvature at (a , 0) on y2 = .

10. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the rectangular hyperbola xy = 12 at the point (3, 4).
3
11. Show that the evolute of the parabola y2 = 4ax is the curve 27ay2 = 4(x 2a) .
12. Find the envelope of the straight line + = 1, where a and b are connected by the relation ab = c2,

c is a constant.
13. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid x = a ( + sin ), y = a (1 cos ).

14. Find the circle of curvature at ( , ) on + = .

15. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve + = at ( , ).

UNIT IV (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF SEVERABLE VARIABLES)

PART A

1. If u = (x - y)(y - z)(z - x), show that + + =0

u = (x - y)(y - z)(z - x)

= (y - z)(z - x) - (x - y)(y - z)

= - (y - z)(z - x) + (y - z)(z - x)

= - (y - z)(z - x) + (x - y)(y - z)

Adding all, we get + + =0

2. If x = r cos and y = r sin , find (i) (ii)

(i) = cos

(ii) = rcos
2 2
3. Using definition of total derivatives, find the value of given u = y 4ax, x = at , y = 2at.

= + (1)

u = y2 4ax

= -4a ; = 2y (2)

= 2at ; = 2a (3)

Therefore, substituting the values (2) and (3) in (1) we have

2 2
= + = -4a * 2at + 2y * 2a = -8a t + 8a t = 0

3 2 2 3 2
4. If u = x y + x y where x = at and y = 2at find .

= + (1)
3 2 2 3
u=x y +x y
2 2 3 3 2 2
= 3 x y + 2xy ; = 2x y + 3x y (2)
 = 2at ; = 2a (3)

Therefore, substituting the values (2) and (3) in (1) we have

2 2 3 3 2 2
= + = (3 x y + 2x y ) * 2at + (2x y + 3x y ) * 2a

5 7 5 6 5 7 5 6 5 7 5 6
= 24 a t + 32a t + 8a t + 12a t = 32a t + 44a t

( , )
5. If u = 2xy, v = x2 y2, x = r cos, y = r sin, then compute .
( , )

u = 2xy, v = x2 y2

= 2y ; = 2x ; = 2x ; = - 2y ;

= cos ; = - r sin ; = sin ; = r cos ;

( , ) 2 2 cos sin
.= =
( , ) 2 2 sin cos

2 2 2 2 3
= (4y + 4x ) ( r cos + r sin ) = 4 r .

2
6. Find if u = sin , where x = et, y = t .

= + (1)

u = sin

= cos ; = cos (2)

= ; = 2t (3)

Therefore, substituting the values (2) and (3) in (1) we have

= + = cos * +( cos )* 2t

= cos - cos

( , )
7. If u = ,v= , find .
( , )

u= ,v=

= ; = ; = ; =
 ( , )
= = =
( , )

8. Write the sufficient condition for f(x, y) to have a maximum value at (a, b).
If (a,b) = 0 , (a,b) = 0 , and (a,b) = A , (a,b) = B, (a,b) = C
(i) f (a,b) is a maximum value if AC B2 > 0 and A < 0 (C < 0)
(ii) f (a,b) is a minimum value if AC B2 > 0 and A > 0 (C > 0)
(iii) f (a,b) is not an extreme value (saddle) if AC B2 < 0
(iv) If AC B2 = 0 , the test is inconclusive.

]
9. If u = + , find + +

u(x,y,z) = +

u(tx,ty,tz) = + = + = u(x,y,z) => u is a homogeneous function of degree 0 in x, y and z.

By Eulers theorem + + = nu

Here + + = 0*u = 0 (as the degree is 0)

( , )
10. If u = and v = tan + tan , find .
( , )

]
= ; = ; = ; =
( ) ( )

( , ) ( )
= = =0
( , )
( )

11. If u = f( , , ) then prove that + + =0

u(x, y, z) = f( , , )

u(tx, ty, tz) = f( , , ) = f( , , ) = u(x, y, z) => u is a homogeneous function of

degree 0 in x, y and z.

By Eulers theorem + + = nu

Here + + = 0*u = 0 (as the degree is 0)

 ( , )
12. If u = ,v= , find .
( , )

= ; = ; = ; =

( , )
= = 2 =1 - 4 =-3
( , )

( , )
= ( , ) =
( , )
( , )

( , )
13. If u = xy and v = x + y find .
( , )

=y; =x; =1; =1

( , ) ( , )
= = = y x. therefore = ( , ) =
( , ) 1 1 ( , )
( , )

( , )
14. If x = r cos, y = r sin, then find .
( , )

x = r cos, y = r sin

= cos ; = - r sin ; = sin ; = r cos ;

( , ) cos sin
.= =
( , ) sin cos

2 2
= ( r cos + r sin ) = r.

15. If u = + + , find + + .

u= + +

= - implies x = -

= - implies y = -

= - implies z =] -

Adding all we get, + + =0

16. If x = u2 v2 and y = 2uv, find the Jacobian of x and y with respect to u and v.

= 2u; = -2v ; =2 ; =2
 ( , ) 2 2
= = = 8uv.
( , ) 2 2

17. If u = f( , ) then find + +

u(x, y, z) = f( , )

u(tx ,ty, tz) = f( , ) = f( , ) = u(x, y, z) => u is a homogeneous function of degree 0 in x, y and z.

By Eulers theorem + + = nu

Here + + = 0*u = 0 (as the degree is 0)

3 3
18. Find when x + y = 3axy.

3 3
f (x, y) = x + y - 3axy; =3 3 ; =3 3 .

=- =- =-

19. Find when y sin x = x cos y.

f(x, y) = y sin x - x cos y

= y cos x cos y

= sin x + x sin y

cos
=- =-

( , , )
20. If u = x - y , v = y - z , w = z - x , find .
( , , )

u=x-y,v=y-z,w=z-x

( , , )
1 1 0
= = 0 1 1 = 1-1 = 0
( , , )
1 0 1

( , )
21. If x = u 2v; y = 2u v , find .
( , )
 = 1; = -2 ; =2; = 1
]

( , ) 1 2
= = = -1 + 4 = 3
( , ) 2 1

22. What is the saddle point of the function f(x, y)?

If AC B2 < 0 for the solution (a, b) then f(x, y) has neither a maximum nor a minimum at (a, b) . in this
case , the point (a, b) is called a saddle point of the function f(x, y).

2 2
23. Find the minimum point of f(x, y) = x + y + 6x +12.

2 2
f(x, y) = x + y + 6x +12.

( , )= 2 + 6; (x, y) = 2y ; r = (x, y) = 2; t = (x, y) = 2; s = (x, y) = 0

The stationary points are given by = 0; = 0 implies 2x + 6 = 0 and 2y = 0

i.e., x = -3; y = 0; At (-3, 0), r = 2, t = 2, s = 0

2
Therefore, rt s = 4 0 = 4 > 0 and , r > 0 . i.e., (-3, 0) is a minima.

24. If x = u(1-v) and y = uv, find the Jacobian of x and y with respect to u and v.

= (1-v); = -u ; = ; =

( , ) 1
= = = u uv +uv = u.
( , )

( , )
25. If u = and v = find .
( , )

= 1; = ; =0; =

( , ) 1
= = = .
( , ) 0

PART B

1. If U = xy, show that UXXY = UXYX.

2 2
2. If U = log(x + y ) + tan-1 , prove that UXX + UYY = 0.
( , , )
3. Find the Jacobian of the transformation x = r sin cos, y = r sin sin and z = r cos.
( , , )
m n p
4. Find the maximum of x y z subject to the condition x + y + z = a.
 x rd
5. Find the Taylors series expansion of e siny at the point (-1, 4) up to 3 degree terms.

6. If u = f , , , prove that x +y +z = 0.

7. Examine the function f(x, y) = x3y2(12 x - y) for extreme values.

8. Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in the ellipsoid whose equation is

+ + = 1.
2 2
2 2
9. If z = f(x, y), where x = u v and y = 2uv, prove that +
2
= 4(u + v )
2
2 + 2 .
2 2 2 2
10. Find the Taylors series expansion of x y + 2x y + 3xy in powers of (x + 2) and (y - 1) up to 3rd degree
terms.
( , , )
11. If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw, prove that = u2v.
( , , )

12. Find the extreme values of the function f(x, y) = x3 + y3 3x 12y + 20.

13. If u = f(x, y) where x = r cos, y = r sin, prove that + = + .

2 2
14. Find the maximum and minimum values of x xy + y 2x + y.
15. A rectangular box open at the top, is to have a volume of 32cc.Find the dimensions of the box that
requires the least material for its construction.

UNIT V (MULTIPLE INTEGRALS)

PART A

1. Write down the double integral, to find the area between the circles r = 2sin and r = 4sin.
r = 2 sin is the circle with diameter 2.
r = 4 sin is the circle with diameter 4.
Initial line is the diameter and pole lies on the circle.
Thus the required integral is
4
I = 2 rdrd

= (varies from 2sin to 4 sin ) d

= ( 16 - 4 ) d = ( 12 ) d
( )
= 6 d = 3.

2. Evaluate: ( + ) dx dy.

2 2
( + ) dy dx = ( + ) dx

 = (( +) ( ) ) dx = (( )+ ( ) ) dx

7
5 3 5 2
= (( ) +(( 21 ) ) = ( + 2 )= -
10 6 15
2

3. Evaluate: dr d.

( )
dr d = d = d = .

4. Evaluate: dx dy.

dx dy = ( ) ( ) = ( - 1 ) (e 1)

5. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

( )( )( )
dx dy dz = ( ) = .

6. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

dx dy dz = dx dy dz.

= ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ).

7. Evaluate: dx dy .

dx dy =
1
dx = ( - ) dx = dx = = 1.

8. Evaluate: ( + ) dx dy.

2
( + ) dx dy = (
2 0
+ ( ) y ) dy = ( + by ) dy

2 2
=( + =( + )= ( a + b ).
2 2

9. Evaluate: dx dy.

1
dx dy = ( ) dy = ( 1 ) dy = ( ) dy

= =( )= .

10. Express f( , ) dx dy in polar co-ordinates.

x varies from 0 to , y varies from 0 to

In polar co-ordinates x = r cos , y = r sin and dx dy = rdr d
 r varies from 0 to and varies from 0 to

f( , ) dx dy = ( , ) r dr d.

11. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

+
dz dy dx = ( )0 = ( + 0)
2
= ( + ) = (( ) + ) dx
2

= ( + ) dx = = ( - )= .

2 2
12. Evaluate: ( + ) dy dx.

3
2 2
( + ) dy dx = ( ( ) +
3
) dx = ( + - 0) dx

= + = + = .

13. Evaluate: sin2 .

( 2 )
sin2 = sin = d = 2 * =

14. Evaluate: dx dy.

( )( )
dx dy = ( )= ( ) = 1.

15. Evaluate: dx dy.

( )( )
dx dy = = .)

16. Evaluate: dy dx.

dy dx = = 0 0 = .

17. Evaluate: .

= (log ) (log ) = (log b -0 ) (log a 0 ) = (log a ) ( log b).

18. Evaluate:

( ) ( )
= dx = 0 dx = (1) = .

19. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

 dx dy dz = dx dy dz = ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( 1) 1 ( 1)

20. Evaluate: dz dy dx..

dz dy dx = = (2 -0) ( 9 - ) ( 2 - ) = 26.

21. Evaluate: ( + + ) dx dy dz.

( + + ) dx dy dz = + + dy dz = ( + 3 + 3z) dy dz

= +3 + 3 dz = (9 + 6 + 6 ) = (15 + 3 ) = 18

22. Evaluate:

= ( ) dy dx = ( ) dy dx

= dx = dx = = .

23. Evaluate: ( + + )dy dx dz.

( + + )dy dx dz = + + dxdz = (2 +2 +2 ) dxdz

= (2 +2 ) dz = 4 dz = 0 (as is a odd function).

24. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

dx dy dz = = ( -0) ( 2 -0 ) ( 2 - ) = 1.

25. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

dx dy dz = dx dy dz = ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( 1)( 1)( 1).

PART B

1. Find the area inside the circle r = a sin but lying outside the cardiod r = a(1 cos ).

2. Evaluate: ( + + ) dx dy dz.

3. Change to spherical polar coordinates and hence evaluate dx dy dz where V is the

volume of the sphere + + = a2.

4. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate dy dx.

5. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate dx dy and then evaluate it.

6. Express in polar coordinates and then evaluate it.

( )
2
7. Evaluate: [(3 + ) + ( + 3 ) ] where C is the parabola y = 4ax from (0,

0) to (1, 1).

8. Evaluate: dx dy dz.

( )
9. Evaluate: dx dy using polar coordinates.

10. Change the order of integration in the integral x y dx dy.

2 2
11. Find, by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves y = 4ax and x = 4ay.

12. Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + = 1.

13. Change the order of integration in the integral x y dy dx and hence evaluate it.

14. By transforming into polar coordinates, evaluate dxdy over annular region between the

2 2 2 2
circles x + y = 16 and x + y = 4 .

15. Find the value of xyz dx dy dz through the positive spherical octant for which
2 2 2 2
x +y +z a .