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    856 Ansichten39 Seiten

    BS 7448 Part 1-1991 Fcracture Mechanics Toughness Tests

    Hochgeladen von

    Tien Hong Do
    standard

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BRITISH STANDARD Fracture mechanics toughness tests Part 1. Method for determination of Ki, critical CTOD and critical J values of metallic materials . Mécanique de la rupture ~ Essais de ténacté _Prifung.der Bruchmechanik Panie 1. Méthode de détermination des valeurs ‘Teil. Bestimmung des Bje-Werts, cer de Bjo, de Vécartement 3 fond de fssure kritischen Rigaffnungswerschiehung und des (CTUD critique) et des valeursenniquesdeJ ——_J-Wertesmetallscher Werkstoffe pour les matériaus métaliques SECIS NEE | BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 ES Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword 3 Method tL Scope 4 2 Definitions 4 3 Symbols and designations 4 4 Principle 6 5 Test specimens 6 6 Specimen preparation and fatigue precracking n 7 Test equipment 7 8 Test procedure ai 9 Analysis of test data 23 40 Validity check tists 30 11 Test report 30 ‘Appendices A Bibliography B Crack plane identification C_ Measurement of load-line displacement (q) in a three point bend test Tables 1 Dimensions of specimens that may’ lead to valid Kj. values u 2 values off (3) forte pint bend specnens i 3 Values of f* (%} for compact specimens 17 Figures 1 Flow chart for choice of fracture toughness parameter, specimen design and displacement measurement 7 2 Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a rectangular scetion bend specimen 8 3. Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a square section bend, specimen 8 4 Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a ‘straight notch compact specimen 9 5 Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a stepped notch compact, specimen 0 6 Acceptable fatigue crack starter notches and fatigue crack configurations 12 7 Chevron notch 12 8 Outward pointing Knife edges and corresponding notch geometries 13, 9 fnward pointing knife edges and corresponding notch geometries 4 10 Fixture for three point bend tests 15 u 2 V2) for the deter ‘Typical design of clevis for applying a tensile force to a compact specimen using a circular hole in the clevis, and a pin having a diameter of 0.25W — 0.005W, - 0.0151" ‘Typical design of clevis for applying @ tensile force to a compact specimen using a hole with a flat in the clevis, and a pin having a diamter of 0.247 + 0.0001%, — 0.0051” Characteristic types of force versus displacement records in fracture tests Assessment of pop-in behaviour Definition of Fo (for the determination of Ka) Definition of Vj (for the determination of CTOD) Definition of Jy (for the determination of J} Basic fracture plane identification: rectangular section Basic fracture plane identification: cylindrical sections Non-basic fracture plane identification Principle of the ‘comparator’ bar measurement Displacements associated with three point bend specimens Simultaneous determination of extraneous displacements (4; + 49) Location of two notch opening displacement measurements (Vj and ination of load-line displacement BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 I Foreword ‘This Part of BS 7448 has been published under the direction of the Iron and Stee! and the Non-ferrous Metals Standards Policy Committees. It gives a method for determining plane strain fracture toughness (Kj.), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)!) and critical J fracture toughness values for metallic materials under displacement controlled monotonic loading at quasistatic rates. ‘This Part of BS 7448 combines and extends the methods for determining Kie values, given in BS 6447, and the method for determining crack opening displacement (COD), given in BS 5762, BS 5447 : 1977 and BS 3762 : 1979 are withdrawn, Three further Parts of BS 7448 are in preparation, as follows: Parr 2 describes a method for determining the fracture toughness of weldments in metallic materials. Part 3 describes a method for determining dystamic fracture toughness Part 4 describes a method for the determination of fracture toughness tearing resistance (28) curves. thas been assured in the drafting of this standard that the execution of its provisions ts entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people. Safety note. It is important to note that tests of the type described involve the ‘use of large forces, and may involve the rapid movement of machine parts and fractured test specimens. Therefore itis important to consider the safety of machiae operators. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immuanicy trom fegaf obligations. wen refers crack tip opening displacement. bs cs Brit Seated he toemt CY sven wit the term COD i BS 5762, BS 7448: Part 1: 1991 ed Method 1 Scope ‘This Part of BS 7448 specifies a method for determining the opening mode plane strain fracture toughness (Kio), the eritical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) fracture toughness, and the critical J fracture toughness of metallic materials. ‘The method uses fatigue precracked specimens. ‘Taese are tested in displacement eontrolied monotonic loading at a constant rate of increase in stress intensity factor within the ran 0.5 MPa-m0:®5—} to 8.0 MPa-m-55~!" during the initial elastic deformation. The specimens are Joaded to fracture ot the maximum force associated with plastic collapse, The method is especially appropriate to materials that exhibie a change from ductile to britdle behaviour with decreasing temperature. No other influences of environment are covered. ‘The definition of fracture toughitess values relevant to particular structural integrity assessments is outside the scope of this British Standard, NOTE 1, The titles ofthe publications referred coin this ‘Sandatd are listed on the inde back cover [NOTE 2, Numbers in square brackets in the text yefer to rumbered fem isthe biblogrophy inaappendix A. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 7448 the following definitions apply. 2.1 stress intensity factor (1) ‘The magnitude of the stress fleld near the crack tip (a stress-field singularity) for a particular mode (see 2.2) in a homogeneous, ideally linear-elastic body. OTE, tes function of anpied force, crack fect and, specimen geometry, and is expressed in units of MPa rin” 22 opening mode Opening displacement of the surfaces of a crack in a direction normal to the original (undeformed) crack plane near the crack tip. 2.8 plane strain fracture tougitess (Kix) A measure of 4 material's resistance to crack ‘extension when the stress state near the erack tip is predominantly plane strain, plastic deformation is limited, and openinig mode nionotonic toading is applied. 2.4 maximum fatigue stress intensity factor (5) The maxima value of opening mode stress intensity factor which is applied during the final stages of fatigue erack extension * O.USLE MParn® =f Nome? a 0.0926 BBS 11 aim! = 1 ssi? 4 2.5 crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) ‘The displacement of the surfaces of a crack normal to the original (undeformed) crack plane at the tip ‘of the fatigue precrack, expressed in tim. 2.6 eritical COD A.value of CTOD associated with a particular type of crack extension (see clause 8) 2.7 integral A mathematical expression for a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front. from one crack surface to the other, used to charactetize the Tocal stress-strain field around che crack front {2}, expressed in Jimmn*t, 287 An experimental equivalent of the J-integral, 2.9 critical J Avvalue of J associated with a particular type of crack extension (see clause 3). 2.20 brittle crack extension ‘An abrupt crack extension which occurs with or ‘without prior stable crack extension (see 2.11). 2.11 stable crack extension Slow stable crack extension that includes ¢he stretch zone width (see 2.12). NOTE. inte displacement control the crack extension usually stops when the applied alsplacenent is held constant, 2.42 strecch zone width (S2W) The length of crack extension that occurs during crack tip blunting; that is, prior to the onset of brittle crack extension, pop-in (see 2.13} or stow stable crack extension, and which occurs in the same plane as the fatigue precrack. 2.18 pop-in A discontinuity in the force versus displacement. record, NOTE. The ponrin corresponds toa sudden inerease fn displacement. and, generally a sudden decrease in fore Subsequently, the dlsplacement a fore increase tively Slowly to above their respective values at pop-in(s¢ 9.1). 8 Symbols and designations For the purposes of this Part of BS 7448 the following symbols and designations apply @ nominal erack length (see figures 2 to 6) for the purposes of fatigue preeracking (see 6.4.5 and 6.4.6), an assumed value average original crack length (see 8.7.2) specimen thiekrtess total width of compact specimen ans Young's modulus of elasticity at the temperature of interest emati “8) or (% a mathematical function of Fp} or (Fp for bend specimens thematical function of “} ox (%} a mathernatical function ot “$p) ox (72) for compact specimens applied force particular value of F as shown in figure 15, applied force at the onset of brittle crack extension or pop-in when Aa is les$ than 0.2mm maximum fatigue precracking force during the final stages of fatigue crack extension (see 6.4.5 and 6.4.6) applied force at the first attainment of a maximum force plateau for fully plastic behaviour maximum force in a Aje determination (see figure 15) particular value of F, as shown in figure 15 appiled force at che onset of a brittle crack extension of pop-in when the event is preceded by sc eqteat to or areater than 0.2 mm experimental equivalent of the crack tip J-integral critical Jat the onset of brietle crack extension or pop-in when a is less than 0.2 ram, value of Jat the first attainmenc of @ maximum force plateau for fully plastic behaviour critical Jat the onset of brittle crack extension or pop-in when the event is preceded by Aa equal to or greater than 0.2 ram, stress intensity factor rate of change of K with time plane strain fracture toughness maximum fatigue stress intensity factor applied during the final stages of fatigue crack extension provisional value of Ke displacement of bend specimen or stepped. notch compact specimen afong the toad: tie value of @ at the onset of brittle crack extension or pop-in when a is less than 0.2 mm Gm 4 qu BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 ST value of q at the first attainment of a maximum force plateau for fully plastic behaviour plastic component of q corresponding to Fe, Fy and Fy value of q at the onset of brittle crack extension or pop-in when the event is preceded by a equal to or greater than 0.2 mmm fatigue force ratio, i.e. the algebraic ratio of minimum to maximum fatigue preeracking force during any single cycle of fatigue operation span between outer ioading poines in chree point bend test test temperature plastic component of area under plot of force (F) versus specimen displacement along the load-tine (see figure 17) noteh opening displacement at or near to notch mouth NOTE. ina stepped natch eunpace specimen ¥ = 4 value of Vat the onset of brittle crack extension or pop-in when Aa is less than 0.2 min value of Vat the first attainment of a maximum force plateau for fully plastic behaviour plastic component of ¥ corresponding to Fe, Fy and Fry (see figure 16) value of Yat the onset of brittle crack extension or pop-in when this is preceded by Ac equal to or greater than 0.2 mm effective width of test specimen half the distance between knife edge fixing points, as shown in figures 8 and 9 distance of the notch opening gauge location above the surface of tite specimen (see figure 8(b)) crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) cetitical CTOD at the onset af brittle crack extension or pop-in when Aa is less than O.2 mat value of CTOD at the first attainment of a maximum force plateau for fully plastic behaviour critical CTOD at the onset of brittle erack ‘ension of pop-in when the event is preceded by da equal to or greater than 6.2 mat Bs (440 «twee = average stable crack extension, including SZW (see 8.7.3) gifference between the maximum and minimum values of K during any single cycle of fatigue precracking Poisson’s ratio tensile strength at the temperature of fatigue precracking 0.2 % proof strength at the temperature of the fracture test!) 0.2 % proof strength at the temperature of fatigue precracking be ovs ovsp, 4 Principle ‘A fatigue crack is extended in a single edge notched bend or compact specimen by applying an alternating force within controlled limits. The specimen is then subjected co an increasing monotonic force. Measurements are made of the forces and displacements to the point when either brictie crack extension occurs of the specimen reaches a maximum force condition. The applied force is plotted against displacement to define cis point on a curve. This is analysed, and when specified validity criteria are met, the point is used fo determine a plane strain fracture toughness (Kj). When the valiaity criteria are not met, the point is used to determine either a critical CTOD fracture toughness, or a critical J fracture toughness, or both. depending on the choice of specimen design and displacement messurertent, as indicated in figure 1 5 Test specimens 5:1 General 5.11 Each specimen shall be of one of the following designs (see 5.2): (a) rectangular cross-section three point bend (see figure 2); (b) square cross-section three point bend (see figure 3); (e) straight natch compact (see figure 4): (a) stepped notch compact (see figure 5) [NOTE 1, agreed by the pares concerned the following ‘liermative width (HF) to thickness (B) ratios may be used: (a) reetang dat section hend specimens: 1.0 -< WB! = 4th () strighe notch compact specimen (see figure 4): Ose hes 40, NOTE. Specimens having WE ratios greater than 2 will have an iuereased tendency to buckle 5.1.2 The test specimen shalt have the dimension B equal to the full thickness of the material to be tested However provided that they are reported (see clause 11), test specimens having thicknesses less than the test material (sub-size and/or side grooved specimens) may be used in one or more of the following circumstances: (a) when a particular combination of specitnen design, material atte temperature has been demonstrated to give values of fracture toughness that are independent of specimen thickness; NOTE 1. This cireamstance may apply when the spectonen has adegtate Buekness so give a vat Ae tale (See 5.3 and table 1). (b) when there is an establishet! correlation for specimen thickness for the sub-size thickness tested {o) when no value of thickness is given in a product specification, In this ease the specimen dimension B shall be as large as possible. NOTE 2. Sub-size andor side grooved specimens may ave ‘alles of fracture loueliness that are diferent to those associated with full thickness shetimeny, and shout be used wih eatio. 5.1.8 The notch profile shel! be such that it is within the envelope shown in figure 6. In order to expedite fatigue precracking the machined notches in the test specimens are normally produced by milling, sawing or dise grinding. When a milled notch is used the notch ruot radius shall be not greater than 0.10 mim, When a sawn, disc ground or spark eroded noteh is used, the notch tip shail have a width of not greater than 0.15 mm. Because it is generally impractical ¢o machine 0.15 mm wide notches to depths greater than 2.5 mm, it is allowable to machine a stepped width atch. Alternatively, if fatigue crack initiation andor propagation is difficult to concro! (see 6.4.7). @ chevron notch configuration as shown in figure 7 may be used. When a chevron notch is used, the root radius shall be not greater than 0, The plane of the noteh shall be pe the specimen surfaces to within + 2° "At present no British Standard existe forthe measurement of tens properties lew andes cemperate. In these eases the celle cue used! are subject to afreement between the Parties concerted BS 7448 : Part 1: 1591 BS 7448 : Part 1 All designs of specimen except straight natch ‘compact. (figures 2, 3 and 5) All designs (figures of specimen 2 to 8) Notch opening displacements (¥) Figure 1. Flow chart for choice of fracture toughness parameter, specimen de: displacement measurement Le BS 7448: Part 2: aes OR When required, knife edges shall be machined into che specimen of attached, They shall be one of the types shown in figures 8 and 9, The dimension 2. shall be within the working range of the aotch opening displacement gauge. The knife edges shall bbe square with the specimen surfaces and parallel to within 0.8°, For all types of knife edge, the notch opening displacement gauge shall be free to rotate about the points of contact between the gauge and knife edge. [ROTE, For this reason, when inward pointing knite edges or razor blades are used i may be necessary 1 ust an eDlarsed hotch mouth, as shown in figures 6 and 9 (see 7.3.3 and gure 10), See figures 6t08 and 51.3 \ | Af ff Section through :) a | = | ir tL = | { (loz 7wi a | | een) ieee | Pl Propet dno hrc tr arena econ bn pcinen | See figures 6t08 and 51.3 © 230 Bis the thickness (see 6.1) Wideh W = 2 Crack length, «= 0.451 1 0.558 Surface finish fy micremeeres ———— Figure 3. Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a square section bend specimen Section through notch ee) Ll peor | | | BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 See figures 6 ta 8 and 5.1.3 _f Fe Section through fotch 21% 60° nominal ro [mses [moan _| (ZiszteMT& 508% |___Fan vw] isthe thickness Wisthe etfective width W = 2B (see 3.0) ‘otal width, C= 125M min, Mal height, [f= 0.617 Hole diameter, if = 0.25 Half dstance between holes, h = 0.2750 Crack length, a = 0.451710 0.5507 suctace Finks stn sloronectes Figure 4, Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a straight wotch compact specimen = [ 0.315 W208% ‘| re See figures 6 to8, 0/18W max. and 5.2.3 dr94% 1 uN OAWmax. es | Section through notch 0.8 Bis the thickness Wis ehe effective with W = 28 (see 8.1) ‘Total width, C = 1.25" min, Half height, 1 = 0.6 Hole diameter,» 0.251F Crack fength, « Surface finish isin nierometres. Figure 5. Proportional dimensions and tolerances for a stepped notch compact specimen BS 7448. Part 1: 1991 3.2 Choice of specimen design ‘The choice af specimen design shu! take into consideration the “sely outcome of the fest Gee 5.2), any preference for CTOD or J fraccure toughness values (See 9.1), and the crack plane orientation to be used in the test (See 6.2). OTE 1, As indicated in fure 4 ll four desks of speeinens Gee figures 409) ae suleable for the determination 9 Kje and {TOD values, ant al except ehe straight note compact specimen (se fre 4} are sulentle foe the deveeminaclon of I values NOTE 2. When tured opening displacement (19 ly measited 00 the lnac-ine, V = for a stepped aoteh compact specimen (see gure, ‘hich i equally gett forthe determination Of Ke, GOO and J values (se 9.0) NOTE 3. A compact specimen requires less materia chan a bend Specimen but reqltes more machining ar tre complicated ituces for Tatiue precracking and testing NOTE 4, For tess vn a p-ctangular section (see 6.2 and opens) es nora (see 5.1.2) To use rectangular erecsection few specimen (sce figure 2) 13 core Specimen (vee thaires tant 5) for through uekress rack tmrontadions ry XV YX i append B), Tees aso normal (Gee 8.1.2) to uw esquire costseetion bend specimen (see Fiquee 3i for slave crack nrestarions (see X-Zand 2 in append B 3 Specimen dimensions necessary for a valid determination of Kic ‘The achievement of 2 valid Kie value will depend on the shape of the force versus displacement record (see 9.2), the specimen size and form, and the 0.2 % proof strength (oys) and toughness of the inacerial at the temperature of interest. Por a valid Kje measurement the specimen shall have a crack iecigeit (af), thickness (5) aad tite wneracked ligament (W ~ @) each not less than (Kic) Vays) NOTE, This requirement may bo used to estimate the specinnen Sze (full ricki or susie) Tora vale Aj result. The festmace may be hase 0 fa) an estimate ofthe Kip of ehe material, oF (0) the enter ofthe 0.2 &% proof strwugth (ay) to Younsts svextulus(E), 38 giver i table L Table L Dimensions of specimens that may lead to valid Ke values Graek lenght (a | tm) E ener eal Weisser} a 0.0050 100 0.0057 | 7 | 0.0062 | 63 pepo 5) 0.0071 | 38 | 0.0071, 0.0080 28 | 0.0080, 0.0005 | 13 re | 6 Specimen prepar precrecking 6.1 Material condition All specimens shall be tested in the finally heat treated, mechanically worked and environmentally conditioned state. Specimens shall be machined in this final state, However, for materials having a hardness greater than 600 HY 30 (see BS 427) for which machining is difficult, the final treatment may be cartied out after machining provided that the reuired dimensions and tolerances on specimen size, shape and overall surface finish are met (see 6.3) and that full account is taken of the effects of specimen size on metallurgical condition induced by certain heat treatments, e.g. water quenching of steels tion and fatigue 6.2 Crack plane orientation ‘The orientation of the crack plane shall be decided hefore machining (see 6.3), identified in accordance with the co-ordinate systems in appendix B, and recorded (see clause 11). SIME. The traceure toughness of a materi) is usually dependent ‘onthe orientation ul cirscton of propavation ofthe eetek hn ‘elation to the principal directions of inechaneal working OF sun lowe 6.3 Machining ‘The sizes, shapes, dimensional tolerances and. surface finishes for the specimens shall be as giver in figures 2 to 5, Details nf notches shall be as given in figures 6, 7 and $a). if tigate 7 specimen or { | { | i | — load-tine of compact specimen | sped {L machined sti — CFatigue Fatigue precrack precrack (2) Envelope (0) Noteh geometries Figure 6. Acceptable fatigue erack starter notches and fatigue crack configurations (see figures 7 and 8) see treo NOTE 1. A= Cwithin 0.00" NOTE 2. Cutter tip angle 0° max. Figure 7. Chevron notch BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 t | 50° ike too” | } i | ( | See Figures band7—w| (a) Invegral type i | esto ! See figures 6and 7. (b) Attached type ars wa Ry + erew thread diameter < IH7E Allene dlipensions are in mm. NOTE, 1f the Koife edges are glued or sinilaly attached to the edge of the specimen Qy = distance between points df aszaehaent Figure 8. Outward pointing knife edges and corresponding notch geometries (see figure 9) 14 eal ( Lin of bend or straight nofth fompact specimen Load-tine af stepped notch compact specinen’ See figures 6,?and 6 oe wre Duy + screw thread diameter = W2 All linear dimensions are in mm [NOTE 1, 1 the knife edges are glued or similarly steached to the edges ofthe specimen 2y = distance between extreme points of attachment NOTE 2. If razr blades are used instead of inward polnting knife edges, the dlsvtacement will ‘normally be measured ata point half the razor blade thickness above the load ine (see 8.14). Figure 9. Inward pointing knife edges and corresponding notch geometries (see figure 8) BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 ss eae Rubber band or spring fe lfesroes See cotter detail betow— Loo sows? . Bosses for rubber J bands or ‘springs 7 Figure 10. Fixture for three paint bend tests —— eee 6.4 Fatigue precracking 6.4.1 Fatigue precracking shall be done at room temperature With thle material already in the finally heat-treated, mechanically worked and environmentally conditioned state uniess particular fatigue precracking temperatures, and intermediate treatments between fatigue precracking and testing, are required to simulate the conditions for a specific structural application. 6.4.2 Measure the specimen thickness (B) and wideh (7) as deseribed in 8.1.2 and 8.1. respectively. The measured values of specimen thickness (B) and width (27) shat be recorded and ‘used to determine the maxiium fatigue precracking force (F}) according to 8.4.5 or 6.4.6 6.4.9. The test fixtures for fatigue precracking {see 7.5), shall be such that the stress distribution is uniform through the specimen thickness (B) and symmetrical about the plane of the prospective rack, 6.4.4 The fatigue precracking force shall be measured to an accuracy within + 2.5 % 6.4.5 For the three point bend specimens illustrated in figures 2 and 3, the maximum fatigue precracking force (Fr, see 6.4.7(a)), during the final 1.3 mm or 50 % of precrack extension, whichever is less (see 6.4.7(¢)) shall be the lower of: (a) _ BUM = a)? (oysp + onsp) ad a5 (®) a force corresponding to AKL 3.9 x 10-4m08 OF = 3.2 x 10-4 © 2.8 ry» BH fa SxS * (in tests that give valid Kie values (see and 9.2)) where Ky = 06 =) Key Ky is determined according to 9.2.3.2 ais an assumed crack lengtit $0, ad f (i) is given by equation (3) in 9.2.9.2 and in fabular form in table 2. Table 2. Values of f () for three point bend specimens!) 2.8 0.580 2.94 0.535 I 99 0.540 3.04 545 3.08 0.560 3.14 "For the purposes of fatigue prectacking an assumed value of crack length, a, may be substituted for ay 16 BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 6.4.6 For the compact specimens illustrated in figures 4 and 6, the maximum precracking force (Bp (see 6.4.7(a)) during the final 13 mm or 50 % of preerack extension, whichever is less (see 6.4.7(e)) shall be the lower of: @ Frm O2B UF = a) (aysp + orsp) te ews a) () 2 x 10-45 a torce such tas Mf © 08 y= BEBE Gin tests that. give valid re FF} eatues (ee 8.3 anc 9.269) where Kg is determined according to 9.2.3.3; ais an assumed crack length < ay and Lf (3) is given by equation (5) in 9.2.3.3 and in tabulat form in table 3. 6.4.7 A fatigue crack of restricted shape andl size shall be developed from the tip of the machined notch in the specimen as specified in (a) to (e) (@) For the initial fatigue precrack extension, the maximum stress intensity factor shall not exceed L.BK,. The fatigue force ratio (8) shall be in the range 0 to 0.1 NOTE. To expedite crak initiation (see 5.1.3), one oF more ‘yctes of opposite sign and equal or lower magnitude force imay be applied fret (b} For all four designs of specimen (see figures 2 to 6), the ratio a/W shall be in the range 0.45 to 0.55 (see 8.7} (©) The minimum fatigue crack extension shall be the larger of 1.3 mm or 2.5 % of the specimen width (9, (See 8.7.) (q) The difference between the two crack length measturements on the surfaces of the specime measured to + 0.05 mm, shall not exceed 15 of the average of the two measurements. (@) The crack cip sitall be within a limiting envelope as shown in figure 6, The plane of the fatigue preerack shall always be within 10° of the plane of crack extension. (See 5.1.2 and 8.7.) ot, saves ot” (9) or compact WV, specimens”) 0.470 3.83 0.475 8.96 0.480 9.09 0.485 9.23 0.490 9.37 0.495 | 9.51 0.500 | 9.88 | 0.308 9.81 0.510 | 9.98 0.515 20.12 0.520 10.29 0.525 10.45 0.530 10.63 0.533 10.80 0.540 10.98 0.545 1.17 0.550 11.36 "forthe purposes of fatigue precracking an assmed value of crack Jenuth, a may be substitute fort. 7 Test equipment 7.1 Calibration ‘The calibration of measuring apparatus shall be traceable to the National Physical Laboratory either directly or indirectly through a hierarchical chain such as that provided by the National Measurement Accreditation Service (NAMAS) accredited Calibration Laboratories in accordance with the accuracy demanded by the test, ‘This includes automatic equfpment used for the determination of any one of the parameters described in this standard, 7.2 Force application 7.2.4 The machine far force apptication shall be capable of applying force at rates high enough to achieve the rates of change of stress intensity factor (K) specified in 8.5, BS 7448: Part 1: 1991 SL TRS 7.2.2 The systems for force application and recording shall allow the force signal to be recorded against the displacement of the test specimen. The combination of force sensing and recording device shall comply with grade 1.0 of BS 1610 : Part 1. NOTE. Thete requirements will permit the value of the force (F) fs used in clause 9 to be determined from the vest record to an accuracy within © 1% 7.3 Displacement measuring devices!) 7.3.1 The design of the notch opening displacement gauge, knife edges and specimen (see 5.1.8) shall allow free rotation of the points of contact between the gauge and knife edges. The gauge shail have an electrical output that represents the displacement (Vor q) that oceurs during the test. The response of the gauge shall be such that the deviation from true displacement, shall be not more than + 0.003 mm for displacements up to 0.3 mm and not more than £ 1 % of the recorded value for larger displacements. The gauge shall be calibrated before ‘each determination, except where identical speciinens and conditions are used, when less frequent calibration may be agreed between the parties concerned. OTE, The procedure outlined in BS S846 for calbration either ina rigor using an elastic devie, should be used for checking the response of ie gauge, but other meth capable or the same accuracy aye nor exchided. Guvation is particular itmportance for low teniperature tests, white a gauge is most likely to ave syns readings. When the gauge is well insulated fron the specimen, an ambient temperature ollcacon wi wsualty be adfoquate; however. so be “demonstrated thatthe calibration is satisfactory forthe test, condition Np prepattion, 18 mation ou Cw availablity of noted opening displacement gases write 16 Customer 7.8.2. The gauge used to measure displacements of the three point bend specimen along the central line of the applied force (F) shall have an accuracy equal to that of the notch opening displacement gauge (see 7.3.1). 7.4 Monitoring and recording equipment The response tine of monitoring and recording equipment shall be less than 20 % of the rise time interval of the input signal. [NUTE, Mecha hat may be Used Lo check this are gven in BS 7448 : Part 9° 7.5 Testing fixtures 7.5.1 Three point vend specimens (see figures 2 and 8) shall be tested using a loading fixture designed to reduce friction at the loading points to a minimum, Achieve this by allowing the rollers to rotate and move apart slightly, thus maintaining volling contact throughout the test. The diameter of the rollers shall be between Wand W72. NOTE, A design that has proved satisfactory ls shown In Sygure Ih 7.6.2 Compact specimens shall he loaded in tension using a clevis and pin arrangement that has been designed to minimise friction. This arrangement shall permit alignment-as the specimen is loaded. NOTE. Designs ofclevis that have proved satisfactory are shown, In figures 1 and 12 Yormation, BS, Linford Wowd, BS 7448: Part 1: 1991 ee | eur | | a4 ae | | com © cea | | All dimensions are it im. | Figure 11. Typical design of cievis for applying a tensile force to a compact 0.2510 SH, - G.0L5W (see figure [2) BS 7449) rare a. aves Raa (haw 0.0054" 0050 Voading flat = 3 | ow. | j__y seenote~ 5 st 0284 : | os a ors, ssn th t eee y eee Disiameter of loading rod thread! | oaswt (Lp2%wie) AT diensions ae in mn. Surface finish i in mlerometres NOTE. Corners ofthe clevis may be removed if necesary te accommodate the clip gauge, Figure 12. Typical design of clevis for applying a tensile force to a compact | specimen using a hole with a flat in the clevis, and a pin having a diameter of | O.24W’ + 0.0001, ~ 0.0051 (see figure 11) ‘BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 8 Test procedure 8.1 Specimen measurement B.LL The dimensions of the specimen shall comply with clause 5, Measurements shall be made both before testing, in accordance with $,1.2 to 8.1.5, and after testing, in acconiance with 8.7. The measurements sttall be recorded and used for the calculation of Kje or CTOD andor J values according to clause 9. 8.1.2, Measure the specimen thickness to £9,025 mm or + 0.1%, whichever is larger, at not less than three equally spaced positions along the anticipated crack extension path. The average of these measurements shall be taken as the thickness (8). 8.1.3. Measure the specimen width to the nearest +£0.025 mm or + 0.1 %, whichever is larger, at not fess than three squally spaced positions across the specimen thickness on line tiot further thant 10 % nf the nvininal width away from the etack plane. The average of these meastirements shall be taken as the width (4) 8.14 When outward pointing attached knife edges ‘igure 8(b)) are used, the knife edge thickess (=) shall be measured, If razor blades are used for the knife edges, the half thickness of these shall be taken as thé dimension z UTE 1. 12 loss than 1.0024, It may Be noe UTES. When inrarat or lsat pointing ntact Kafe wos are sed (see figures Sa) an 9), the dinvension 75 eal 8.1.5 When a straight notch compact specimen is used, measure the dimension (C = 1) 8.2 Three point bend testing Set up the test fixewre (see Figure (0) so the line of action of the applied foree passes midway between the centres of the rollers within £ 1 2% of the distance between these centres. Adjust the span (S) toaW + 0.2W, and record the actual span to £ 0.5 %%. Locate the bend specimen with the rack tip midway between the rollers to + 1% S, and square to the roller axes to withia £ 2°, For tests to measure Kj, or CTOD values, seat the notch opening gauge on the knife edges after squeezing the gauge beams together to maintain spring contact between the knife edges and beam seats. NOTE 1. The notch ons turing the rst For tests to meastire J values, arvange either dircet or indirect measurements of load-line displacement Gi) as ceseribent in appenilis €. NCTE 2, When an inline? fanned measitement ise relive the ang fst ean ech oF Teo tse ters ane robles Tes are the ete cone IW the Mears nn! toi acne hae a ste Snr esque hee ting in 8.3 Compact tension testing For tests to measure Kj. or CTOD values using a straight notch compact specimen (see 5.2 and jure 4), seat the notch opening garde on the knife eeigey on the edge of the specimen (see figures Sant 9), as deseribed in 8.2. For tests to measure Kj using a stepped noteh compact specimen (see 5.2 ant! figure 3), seat the notch opening gavge sn the attached ‘knife edges on the load-line of the specimen (see figure 9), as described in 8.2. 8.4 Specimen test temperature ‘The cempetature shall be controlled and recorded to an accuracy of + 2 °C, Place a thermocouple or platinum resistance thermometer in contact with the surface of the specimen in a region not further than 2 mm from the crack tip, or on the surface within the machined notch near the centre of che specimen. Tests shall be made in situ in suitable low or high temperature medin. Before testing in a liquid medium, the specimen shall be retained in. the liquid for at least 30 s/mm of thickness (B) alter the specimen surface has reached the test temperature. When using a gaseous medium, a soaking tine of at least I min/mm of thickness shal be used. If the spectmen is transferred from one medium to another, arte both are at the test temperature after the required soaking time has elapsed, then the specinien shall be soaked ta the new ciedium for the time taken for the transfer, after the test temperature is again reached. [SUTE, The tenperatuce change daring the transfer shoul not exceed 2 °C, 9.5 Testing Using displacement control apply a machine dlisplacement suck that « constant is achieved within the range 0.5 MPa-mn™s~! to 3.0) MPa-m®-*s°! during linear elastle specimen deformation (see 7.2.1). Reeord the value of & achieved (see clause 11). 8.6 Recording Make a recorti of the output of the force sensing device (see 7.2.2) versus the output from the notch opening displacement gauge (see 7.3.1) and/or the Joad-line displacentent of a three point bert specimen (see 7.3.2 and appendix ). When an autographic record is made for 2 subsequent manual analysis (see 9.1), the initial slope of the lurce versus notch opening displacement, nr force versus load-line displacement record shall be between 0,85 and 1.5, NOTE, Now-tiseariy often occurs a the boxinning af a pHConE Sine ths nay make ie itieul jn aval the rece sete 9.2.2), {emay te gs fo mnie hs monstinentay a eiivar Fri al uno ie Fee tt excreting Ff Gee 3 ful 6. 4.6), Llawever nonlawsaity rae by reek Hesse range esi ‘ontintte the Test Until the specimen cans further inevease in applied force (seo figure 13) BD $at0. any w popein Penn Frecture art, | g Beg / Mere ne. | | | | | | Notch opening displacement, Vor load-tine displacement ,q NOTE }. Fi isthe maximum force wsed in the determination of a provisional ig valve (see figure 15 and 9.2). NOTE 2. Fe, Fy and Fi Correspind t either be, by And bm respectively, oF Jey Jy and Jy, respectively. [NOTE 3. Pop-in behaviour isa function of the sesting machine/seckmert sawpllance and the recorder response Figure 13, Characteristic types of force versus displacement records in fracture tests 8.7 Crack measurements after costing to fracture 8.7.1 Generat After the test has been completed; the fracture surface of the speciaten shail be examined and measured to determine the original crack length (aq) and the amounts of any stable crack extension (aa), according to 8.7.2 and 8.7.3 respectively. NOTE. When the ves is terminated before she specimen has Fracuured in haf it wil be necessary to break the apectinen open ‘tvexpone the fatigue precrack ant any ctack estension that Mas ‘cured during the test. The later may be marked br heat tining, oF applying afew faigue eyces before breaking the specimen open. Tihs shold be done with cave minimise any adltional deformation of the specimen. Cooling ceri sets ough to ensure brittle behaviour on breaking open the Specimen wl he helpf 8.7.2 Original crack length Measure the crack length (1) to the tip of the fiigue precrack to # 0.25 % a or # 0.05 mm, whichever is the greater. The measurements shall be made at nine equally spaced points whe outer points are located at 1% B from the specimen stirface. The original crack length (4) shall be obtained by firstly averaging the two measurements at the outer points and thet averaging this value with the seven inner points. ‘This will involve the weighted summation of the crack length dimensions being divided by eight. For the test to be valid the crack length (4,) shall meet the following requirements, (a) The ratio ay 'W shal) be within the range 0.45 to 0.55. (b) The difference between any two of the nine crack length measurements shall not exceed 10 ® do, (c) No part of the fatigue precrack front shall be closer to the crack starter noteh than 1.3 min or 2.5 % W, whichever is the larger. (a) The fatigue precrack shall be within the appropriate envelope for the corresponding ag! W value (see figure 6). (e) The plane of the fatigue precrack shall be within 10° of the plane of crack extension. ‘The average crack length (a) shall be recorded for the determination of Kje, CTOD, or J values, according to clause 9) NOTE, Where there is na evidence of stable crack extension (see 8.7.8) five equally spaced measurements of ftigue crack Jengeh may be substitoted for the nine equally siaced rmeasurements referred io abore, With the gareeinent of the panies oncerned 8.7.8 Stable crack extension 8.7.8.1 If the specimen fails by brittle crack extension (see 2.10} prior fo the first attainment of a maximum force plateau (see figure 13, record type (4)), the fracture surface shall be examtined for evidence of stable crack extension (see 2.11), in the region between the fatigue precrack front and the start of brittle crack extension, NOTE. Evidence uf stable crack extension wil generally appear 484 flbsoustumball ahead ofthe fate } venck BS 7448 ; Part 1: 1991 oR 8.7.3.2 When there is evidence ¢# stable crack extension, this shall be measured to £ 0.05 min. ‘The measurements shall be made at nine equally spaced points where the outer points are located at 1% B from the specimen surfaces, The stable crack extension (Aq) shall be obtained by firstly averaging the cio measurements at the outer points and then averaging this value with the seven inner points, This will involve the weighted summation of the crack extension dimensions being divided by eight. 8.7.3.3, When there is evidence of arrested brittle crack extension and subsequent stable crack extension, and this can be associated with pop-in behaviour of subsequent fracture prior to the first attainment of a maximum force plateau (see figure 15), the total amounts of Sa prior to each pop-in and fracture shall be measured and recorded as specified in 8.7.3.2. NOTE. The total amounts of Sa wll include any stable crack extension abvead of the fatigue precrack, and any stable crack extension associated with any pop-in before the parieulae poosin or fracture behaviour being recowedt 8.7.3.4 The shape of the fatigue precrack, and any evidence of stable crack extension or arrested brittle crack extension prior to the first attainment of a maximum force plateau, shall be recorded on a diagram of the fracture surface. The diagram shail also record any unusual features of the fracture surface, such as splits or delaminations in planes that are perpendicular to the fracture surface, NOTE. Splits and delaminations can result iv pop-ins with ne Uaiete erack extensing in the Dlane uf the Fatigue 9 Analysis of test data 9.1 General Plane strain fracture toughness, Kje, CTOD, or J values are deterinined from a Knowledge of the dimensions of the test specimen (B, Wand C - W determined in accordance with 8.f, dg determined in accordance with 8.7, and where appropriate, 2 determined in accordance with 8.1.4), the 0.2 % proof strength (oys) at the temperature of the fracture test, and specific data from the force versus displacement record of the fracture test Gee 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4) When the fracture occurs under elastic-plastic conditions, and it is ant possible to determine valid Kjc values (see 9.2.4), it will normally be possible tn cletermine either critieat CTOD or critical J values, ay described in 9.3 and 9.4, respectively. Data for the determination of Kie are obtained from either a force (F) versus notch opening displacement (V) record, or a force (F) versus foact-fine displacement (q) recor, However, data for the determination of CTOD values shall be obtained from a force (F) versus notch opening displacement (V) record, and data for the determination of J values shall be obtained from a force (F) versus load-tine displacement (9) record, [NOTE 1. Fora stepped notch compact specimen (see figure 5), the notch opening dspiscement(¥9 is equal co ee loadetire displacement (a). Therefore the same force versia displacement recor aay be tse! 9 devermine waives of Bots CTD and J. ‘The force versus displacement record of the test will usually have the appearance of one of the six types shown in figure 13, Recortis of types (1), (2) and (3), involving crack extension within or close to the linear force versiis displacement behaviours, are most likely to result in valid plane strain fracture toughness, Ke, values (see 8.2). The highest values of elastic plastic fracture toughness (CTOD or J) will be associated with record types (4), (5) and 6). NOTE 2. A revord of the fest artalnnient of & maximum force plstean inay show a more abrupt denp in force than is shown by fhe type (8) recordin figure 13, especialy in tests on Mish Seventh materials Pop- ins (see figure 14) giving both force drops (2) and displacement increases (2) of less than } f% shall be ignored. All other pop-ins shall be considered significant, and shalt be assessed according to either: (a) the procedure given in 9.2 for valid Kig determinations; or (b) the following equation for force drop at constant displacement (2[, and the procedures in 9.3 and 9.4 for critical CTOD and critical J determinations, respectively. where the main symbols are as defined in figure 14, and the subscript mn indicates the partictlar pop-in being assessed. ia) 9,2 Determination of plane strain fracture toughness, Kie 9.2.1 General Interpret the test record according to 9.2.2, calculate 2 provisional result, Kg, according to 9.2.3, and then determine whether the specimen userf to determine this &q value meets the size requirements appropriate to the 0.2 % proof strength (ays) of the specimen at the tiine of the test according to 9.24. BS 7448: Part 1: 1991 ET ate | 1 ear 9.2.2 Interpretation of test record Fa is either the highest foree that precedes Fe, as Referring to figure 16, draw the line OF through Shown in figure 16 for the type I and I! records, or the origin with a slope of a%/ less than the slope _the force that coincides with Fy, as shown in of the tangent OA to the initial part of the record. _ figure 15 for the type III record. “he value of d%F shall be 5 % when interpreting a Record the maximure force (see figure 18) iorce (F) versus noteh opening displacement (V)_ sustained by the specimen, and calculate the ratio record, and, for a lend specimen only, 4% when Finay/Fq. If this ratio exceeds 1.10, it is possible interpreting a force (F) versus load-line that Kq bears insufficient relation to Kje, and the displacement (q) record. Also, for the purpose of record shall be interpreted according to 9.3 or 9.4. constructing the line OFy, the test record for the If Fmax/Fq is less than 1.10, proces to calculate stepped notch compact specimen (see figure 5) Ka acconting to 9.2.3. shall be treated as an F versus V record, i.e ignoring the fact that for this specimen, V is also equal to 4, BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 d%F Force, F (see 9.2.2) Notch ageniag displacement, Vor (oad-tine displacement, q NOTE. The 4%F offset slopes are exaggerated for clarity Figure 15. Definition of Fg (for the determination of Kg) 9.2.8 Calculation of Ka 9.2.8.1 Calculate Kg from Fq using the relationships in 9.2.3.2 and 9.2.3.3, and the values of B and W determined according to 8.1, and a, determined according to 8.7. 9.2.3.2 For bend specimens calculate Kq using equation (2) [3]. (2) (8) To facilitate the calculation of Ka, values of f (3) are given in table 2 for specific values of $2. 9.2.8.8 For compact specimens calculate Kq using equation (4) (3) neo pists where ae a3 oe) ~W3i92 Foy + 14.72 Fry - 8.6 285 (4) © BD (440 rates. aves | 9.2.4 Caleulation of Kic Galeulate the factor 2.5(Kg‘oys)2. I this is less than the crack length (aq), thickness (8) and ligament (W ~ ag}, and all other criteria are met, then Kje = Ka. If 2.5(Kg/oys)* is greater than any one or niore of Gy, B or W - dg, or if any of the other validity criteria are not satisfied, the Kj, test is invalid, and only a Kg value can be reported. In this case the test data shall be re-assessed to sez if valid CTOD or J values can be determined according to 9.8 or 9.4 respectively. 9.3 Determination of CTOD 9.3.1 Interpretation of the force (F) versus notch opening displacement () record NRE, THe record will normally be one of the six types shown in figure 18, 9.8.1.1 Determination of Fe and Ve, or Fy and Vy Refer to figure 13, record types (1) to (5), and the amount of Sa (see 8.7.3). Measure and record the critical values of F and \, or Fy, and V, (as appropriate to the amount of Aa) from the test record at points corresponding to: (a) fracture, when there are no significant pop-ins (see 8.1); NOTE, Exaniples ofthese criical forces and displacements are sven in igure 13 record types (1). (2) and (8). (b) the earliest significant pop-in prior to fracture (see figure 13 record types (3) aite (5)) or prior to the first attainment of a maximum force plateau for which the force drop ay %F; equals or exceeds 5 % (see 9.1, equation (1) and figure 14); (0) fracture, when all significant pop-ins prior to fracture give values of dy %F), that are tess than 5%, 9.3.1.2 Determination of Fy and Viq Refer to figure 18, record type (6). Where fracture or significant pop-ins having dy%F) values equal to or greater than 6 % (see 9.1, equation (1) and figure 14) have not occurred prior to the first attainment of a maximum force plateau, measure and record the values of Fy and Viy from the test record at the point corresponding to the first attainment of the maximum force. (See 9.1, note 2.) Force, F. | | Figure 16. Definition of V, (Cor the determination of CTOD) ‘sor Fry (see figure 131 Ye .Vyor Ym, Corresponding to 26 BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991 9.3.1.3 Determination of Vp Refer to figure 16. Determine and record the plastic compunent of notch opening displacement (Vj) from the test record, i.e, corresponding to the appropriate notch opening displacement, Ve, Vy of Vig as determined in 9.3.11 and 9.3.1.2 Determine Vz either graphically or analytically, The graphical method is performed either manually from the test recotd, or using computer techniques. The analytical method! is based on elastie compliance techniques, and involves subtracting the theoretical elastic notch opening displacement (Vg) from the appropriate total notch opening displacement. NOTE. Waer attached Koife edges are used (Se figures {b) and 8), the raso of Knife edge thiekness to specimen width, need fo be Laken into consideration inthe elastic compliance relationship Gee 8.2) may 9.3.2 Cafeutation of CTD 9.3.2.1 General Using the dimensions 8, # (C — H) and 2, (as determined in 8.1), the dimension ag (as determined in 8.7.2), the forces of F, Fy ot Fi (as detertrined in 9.3.1), and the corresponding value of Vp (as determined in 9.3.1.3), calculate either 8, using Fa, oF 6, Using F, OF dy, Using Fry, from the relationships given in 9.3.2.2 to 9.3.2.4 9.8.2.2 Bond specimens For a bend specimen (see figures 2 and 3), FS. - (49) J2 (0 - 2 0.4 (W ~ = [ates OF) Se? ee a O4W + Va, + where S is the bending span (see 8.2), and f ) is given by equation (3) in 9.2.3.2, or by the values in table 2 corresponding to specie values of $2 9.3.2.8 Streright notch compact specimens Fora straight notch compact specimen (see figure 4), Fp (A) ]2 2), OB = 0) Vp " “eve \W)] “Toes * TAEW 4 0.640, + (C- Wee om where J” i) } is given by equation (5) in 9.2.3.3, or by the values In table 3 corresponding to specific values of $e 3.2.4 Stepped notch compact specimens For a stepped notch compact specimen (see figure 5), ~ xt @ yy 201-7) | 0.46 (W = do) Vy & (ares ed if “Dov * T46W + Bday +z ) wheres” (3) DD errs swes a 9.4 Determination of J 9.4.1 Interpretation of the force (F) versus load-line displacement (4) record NOTE. The record will normally be one ofthe ss types shower fn fg 18. 9.4.1.1 Determination of Fe and qe, or Fy and qu Refer to figure 18, record types (1) to (5), and the amount of Aa (see 8.7.3). Measure and record the critical values of Fe and ge, or Fy and @ (as appropriate to the amount of Aa) from the test record at points corresponding to: (a) fracture, when there are no significant pop-ins (see 9.1); NOTE 1. Esanties of these eitical forces and dispar ements are given i fluce £3 for record types 1) (2) ana (b) the earliest significant pop-in prior vo fracture or the first attainment of a maximuze force: plateau for which the force drop dF", equals or exceeds 4% fora bend specimen oF & % for a stepped notch compact specknen (see 9.1, equation (1), and figure 14); NOTE. 2. Examples of these ertical forces and displacements are seven in igure 13 for recor types (3) and (8). (0) fracture, when all significant pop-ins prior to fracture give values of dy%F) that are less thar 4% for a bend specimen and less than 5 % for a stepped notch compact specimen. 9.4.1.2 Deterrn ination, af Foy Md doy Refer to figure 13, record type (6). Where fracture or significant pop-ins having dy values equal to or greater than 4 % ig @ bend Specimen, of 8 % in a stepped notch compact specimen (see 9.1, equation (1) and figure 14) have not oceurred prior to the first attainment of a maximum force plateau, measure and record the values of Fiy and qyy from he test record at the point corresponding te the first attainment of the maximum force. (See 9,1, note 2.) 2.4.1.8 Deterneination of Up Refer to figure 17. Determine and record the plastic component of the work done (2), by measuring the area indicated in figure 7, and conesponding to the appropriate load-line displacements g.. 4 oF dy (as determined in 9.4.1.1 and 8.4.1.2). The area corresponding to Uy in figure 17 may be determined either directly from the test record (e.g. by using a polar planimeter), or by numerical integration by computer techniques, or by a combination of the latter and an analytical method based on elastic compliance, which involves the subtraction of the theoretical elastic area (U) from the toral area (0). OTE. Wien the analytival method is used, and the specimen hav attached knife edges (see flzures (0) and), the rato af ‘he kale ede Uhm tospectnien wid = pay ewe Deaker ineo consideration in the elastic complianee relationship (Gee 81-4 | | Figure 17, Definition of Cj, (for the deterstination of J) 9,09, correspond.ng to Fi. Fyork, ~Paratiet toOk BS 7448 : Part 1: 1991. 9.4.2 Calculation of 7 B42. Generel Using the dimensions B and W (as determined in 8.1) the dimension ay (as determined in 8.7.2), the forces Fo, Fy or Fy, (as determined in 9.4.1), and the corresponding value of Li, (as determined in 9.4.1.9), calculate either J, using Fs, Jy using Fy, ot Jp using Fx, from the Felationships given in 9.4.2.2 and 9.4.2.3. 9.4.2.2 Bend specimens For a bend specimen (see figures 2 and 3), FS_ (ac) ]2(L 20p J [airs «(GJ EF * RW a) @ where $ fs the bending span (see 8.2), ana {' #) is glven by equation (3) in 9.2.3.2, or by values in table 2 corresponding to specific values of $2. 9.4.2.3 Stepped notch compact specimens For a stepped notch compact specimen (see figure 5), FP ag} ]2 = 2 Up o~ [anos

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